892:
61:
1345:
1289:
997:
969:, to maintain waterways inside polders and to control various water levels in and outside local polders. The mandate of these water boards (which remains largely unchanged) was maintenance of dikes, dunes and waterways (and roads too, in several municipalities), control of water level and quality of all surface water (including punishment of polluters). The original water boards varied much in organisation, power and area they managed. The differences were often caused by different circumstances, whether they had to defend a sea dike against a storm surge or keep water level in a polder within bounds.
985:
1022:
1082:
1273:
286:
255:
2116:
1465:
691:
1009:). This meant that those living at the dike had to pay and care for it. Those people could go bankrupt from having to repair a breached dike. Those living further inland often refused to pay for or assist upkeep of dikes, even though they were just as much affected by floods. This system led to haphazard maintenance and it is believed that many floods would be prevented or mitigated if dikes had been maintained within another governing and financing system.
534:
1043:(English: Directorate General for Public Works and Water Management), established in 1798 under French rule, was to centralise water control in the Netherlands. Local water boards refused to give up their autonomy however, so Rijkswaterstaat ended up working alongside the local water boards. Today Rijkswaterstaat has responsibility for major water control structures and other infrastructure like bike- and motorways.
756:) is a regional governing body solely charged with the management of surface water in the environment. Water boards are independent of administrative governing bodies like provinces and municipalities. In general, they are responsible for managing rivers and canals, issues with the flow of watercourses and drainage issues, water collection, flood and erosion prevention and provision of potable water. They manage
22:
1074:
1448:, literally: "dike count", but sometimes called "dike reeve" or "dike warden" in English). The chair is appointed by the king on the recommendation of the board for a period of six years. The chair presides over the executive board and the general administrative body and has certain ceremonial duties as well. The chair of a water board is at the same level as a
878:) keep the low-lying parts available for habitation and agriculture. Water councils are regional governing bodies organised along a specific water-household system, responsible for maintenance and improvement of the system. All organisations and their works are financed by citizens and companies based in the Netherlands, through various taxes.
1285:
projects, maintenance, innovation, issuing permits (sewage discharge requires a permit) and treatment of sewage and by-products. The various municipalities within the geographic area covered by a water board are responsible for collecting sewage from households and industries, but water boards transport and treat the sewage.
784:
Since the settlement of the
Netherlands, large parts of the land have been constantly threatened by rivers and the sea. Fertile soil and peatlands often were located near rivers, thus engineering water courses was part of daily life for farmers, landowners and peat extractors. Rivers and canals were
1712:
Anyone who is aged 18 or over and is registered with a local authority in the
Netherlands can vote in the water board elections, which are held every four years on the same day as the provincial elections. Prior to the vote, the local council mails each voter a list of candidates, a ballot paper and
1284:
in the
Netherlands. Water boards levy taxes to finance the work, they have the authority to penalize offenders through means of administrative measures. To control quality of surface water (canals, lakes, ponds and streams), water boards fulfill several tasks: policy making, planning and building of
1232:
are "water board", "water council", "water control board", "district water board" or "regional water authority", the last word being recently adopted by the water boards as a preferred
English translation on grounds that it is less ambiguous. The jurisdiction of a Dutch regional water authority is
919:
The methodical organisation of surface water household management emerged as lowlands were drained for agriculture. Dikes and water control structures were built and maintained by those directly benefiting from them, mostly farmers and landowners. As the structures got more extensive and complex,
1398:
The constituencies of members of the general administrative body are the various categories of stakeholders: landholders, leaseholders, owners of buildings, companies and all residents. The nature of the interest and financial contribution are factors in determining how many representatives each
1029:
In the 17th century there were many of these independent local bodies levying their own taxes and administering justice. This early form of local government played a role in the development of a political system in the
Netherlands that was decentralised and dependent on communal cooperation.
1721:
The Unie van
Waterschappen (the union of Dutch regional water authorities, referring to itself as Dutch Water Authorities) promotes the interests of Dutch water boards at a national and international level. All 21 water boards are member of this association. The Unie van Waterschappen acts
1012:
Punishments meted out by water boards were fines for misdemeanors such as emptying waste in the nearest canal; according to various historical documents, the death penalty was used more than once for serious offenders who threatened dike safety or water quality.
1004:
Dikes were maintained by individuals who benefited from their existence, every farmer was designated a part of a dike to maintain, with reviews by the water board directors. The old rule was "Whom the water harms stops the water" (Dutch:
1363:
In addition to taxes raised by water boards, central government contributes to their finances by paying construction and maintenance costs of water barriers and main waterways. The costs of waste water treatment are financed by a
1050:
The tasks of water boards remain basically unchanged. They belong to the historically grown structure of governing bodies and are one of the oldest democratic institutions in the
Netherlands. Dutch water boards have their own
1046:
By 1850 there were about 3,500 water boards in the country. In modern times water boards merged as they dealt with joint (and sometimes conflicting) interests. Mergers eventually reduced the number to 25 water boards in 2011.
964:
was dealt with by authorities organised around a certain water household system and water boards were chaired by the local nobility. Water boards were set up to maintain integrity of water drainage and defences around local
958:. The ever-present threat of loss of life, land, animals and goods required short lines of communication between authorities and the people who did design, build and maintain the infrastructure. The threat of flooding in a
1431:
in Dutch, represent five types of stake holders: local residents, industry (factories and industrial buildings), municipalities (urban areas), farmers and land-owners of agricultural land, and natureconservation parks.
289:
1380:
Water boards hold elections, levy taxes and function independently from other government bodies. Water board structures vary, but they each have an elected general administrative body, an executive board and a chair.
1395:) are elected democratically, although some stakeholders (e.g. agrarian interests) may have the power to appoint members. Members of the general administrative body are elected for a period of four years.
920:
councils were formed by people with a common interest in controlling the water levels of their land. The first water councils were formed in the 12th century, often controlling a single polder or dike.
838:
is a national policy priority, since about two-thirds of the country is vulnerable to flooding and the whole country is densely populated. Natural and man-made sand dunes along the sea coast, man-made
791:
settlements from 50 - 350 AD built harbours, riverside enforcements, waterdraining canals, dikes and mounds. From the year 1000 onward, continuing problems in water management in wide areas along the
1209:
294:
512:
1480:. The territory of a water board generally covers several municipalities and may include areas located in two or more provinces. As of 2018, there are 21 water boards in the Netherlands.
1411:
2265:
301:
258:
634:
2104:
973:
were coordinating bodies, responsible for protecting the land against the sea and for regulating water levels of various canals and lakes into which water was pumped from
517:
2082:
1296:
between
Kesteren and Opheusden. This 1995 photo was taken when river levels were high. Note the level difference to the low-lying ground behind the dike on the right.
891:
3248:
125:
2289:
719:
275:
263:
1972:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
3253:
2097:
2591:
1344:
2745:
1723:
2720:
608:
604:
2675:
2479:
667:
3238:
2900:
2389:
2090:
1754:
1288:
527:
1985:
507:
2623:
2112:
1264:
in the
Netherlands is charged with the control and management of water as well as treatment of waste water, but not with water supply.
179:
81:
3082:
3072:
2690:
1280:
Water boards act independently from administrative governing bodies to manage the continuously needed control and improvement of the
712:
590:
3243:
192:
148:
1055:, a colourful reminder of their importance in Dutch governing. The historic buildings that used to house the water boards, called
3112:
2618:
3233:
2685:
2133:
555:
270:
130:
1830:
143:
2971:
2138:
1818:
1233:
generally referred to as the "water board district" or "regional water authority district". These translations also apply to
928:
803:
caused farmers, landowners and civilians with administrative responsibilities to collaborate. Around 1122 in the area around
565:
244:
1722:
collaboratively with other appropriate bodies or institutions to pursue the
Association's objectives. It is a member of the
2836:
2740:
2648:
2628:
947:. Early works were the building of draining canals around the city of Leiden. From 1408 on, with the first at Zoeterwoude,
705:
624:
583:
3228:
3004:
951:(windmills) are being installed along the Old Rhine, to pump water from the lowlands into the river and drainage canals.
326:
118:
3132:
2863:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2606:
2334:
3014:
3009:
2905:
2895:
2880:
2786:
2735:
2730:
2596:
1868:
1813:
Bosker, F (2008). "Zeedijken in het noorden, Mythes en feiten over 2000 jaar kustbescherming", uitgeverij Noordboek,
1780:
232:
175:
138:
3174:
2890:
2710:
2695:
2670:
2541:
2382:
2191:
1707:
1281:
996:
835:
672:
629:
321:
943:
to become central coordinator of all water course works in the area under the name "High Water Council", in Dutch
3157:
3127:
3040:
2981:
2910:
2841:
2831:
2801:
2791:
2247:
1948:
424:
419:
414:
409:
93:
74:
3122:
2853:
2846:
2806:
1612:
1598:
1177:
912:
498:
451:
446:
441:
436:
3087:
2826:
2821:
2796:
1319:
innovation, building, management and maintenance of water pumping systems, locks for the navigation of water;
652:
219:
3092:
2991:
2885:
2868:
2816:
2811:
2658:
2611:
2303:
356:
314:
1906:
862:
from the sea and water overflow from the rivers. River dikes prevent flooding of land by the major rivers
830:
run through this relatively small country. Historically there always was a good deal of coastal and river
3137:
3077:
3050:
2966:
2875:
2776:
2764:
2643:
2601:
2586:
2474:
2375:
2120:
1884:
1409:
The general administrative body elects some of its own members to sit on the executive board, called the
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
113:
106:
51:
811:, a collaborative water household organisation was founded to build and maintain a dam in the Rhine. In
3193:
3147:
3028:
2999:
2976:
2929:
2417:
2409:
1960:
1648:
537:
336:
168:
3055:
2951:
2430:
2329:
1735:
827:
3142:
3107:
3102:
1801:
3162:
2443:
1369:
761:
677:
87:
2858:
2531:
2233:
2165:
1993:
1857:
Waterschappen in Nederland: een bestuurskundige verkenning van de institutionele ontwikkeling (
1852:
1453:
662:
331:
2946:
2143:
1937:
Waterschappen in Nederland: een bestuurskundige verkenning van de institutionele ontwikkeling
1932:
1687:
932:
896:
657:
614:
992:
Delft, date 1645, the year this house has been bought for board administration and meetings.
3202:
2638:
2556:
2536:
2349:
2177:
2153:
1515:
1508:
1489:
1443:
984:
908:
239:
1356:
responsible for the water supply to the general public and are therefore not considered a
927:
began granting charters to the boards. In 1255 a cooperating group of water boards in the
8:
3167:
2781:
2700:
2571:
2551:
2546:
2277:
2209:
1838:
1309:
1030:
Widespread experience with decentralized government was a factor in the formation of the
839:
248:
1859:
Water boards in the Netherlands: a management inquiry into the institutional development
60:
3207:
2581:
2504:
1581:
1566:
1548:
1021:
804:
341:
815:
in the 12th century the right to build a sea dike was granted, and in the area around
2576:
2526:
2508:
1864:
1814:
43:
3097:
2566:
2517:
2452:
2425:
1910:
1081:
924:
768:
in their respective regions. The concept of a coordinating "High Water Authority" (
765:
1272:
2750:
2633:
2512:
2484:
1485:
1365:
1168:), the Dutch statute that governs regional water authorities, only uses the word
1111:
1057:
1039:
989:
871:
695:
596:
29:
1391:
Most of the members of the general administrative body of the water boards (the
1149:
is still used by some Dutch water boards for historical reasons or when several
2561:
2499:
2494:
2007:
1477:
1357:
1121:
refers to the jurisdiction or to the administrative body. This also applies to
1031:
851:
823:
749:
619:
207:
202:
785:
also important ways for transportation that had to be dug and kept navigable.
3222:
3060:
2465:
2339:
1831:"Branding iron still in the possession of the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland"
1680:
1673:
1666:
1652:
1642:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1336:
maintenance of surface water quality through prevention of waste-dumping and
1244:
The term "water board" or "regional water authority" may be confusing in the
867:
773:
1252:
and regional water authorities in other countries are often responsible for
3117:
2961:
2032:
1449:
1253:
1249:
1052:
960:
788:
279:
212:
1464:
2680:
2447:
2398:
2221:
2115:
1245:
859:
847:
733:
570:
197:
185:
25:
1106:
was also traditionally the word used for water boards located along the
690:
3065:
2367:
1634:
1559:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1337:
822:
Nowadays around 26 percent of the Netherlands' surface is at or below
3152:
3045:
2941:
1694:
1504:
1493:
1323:
1293:
843:
812:
800:
1304:
innovation, building, management and maintenance of water barriers:
2956:
2521:
2470:
2461:
2354:
1781:"Correction wording flood risks for the Netherlands in IPCC report"
1427:
1421:
1228:
When referring to the administrative body, English translations of
948:
875:
831:
1755:"Geschiedenis Friese waterschappen · Stichting Waterschapserfgoed"
2489:
2439:
1659:
1638:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1497:
1330:
966:
940:
936:
904:
900:
895:
1654 painting by Cesar van Everdingen and Pieter Post, depicting
808:
796:
33:
2457:
2435:
1473:
1472:
Typically, a water board's territory is made up of one or more
974:
819:
a water household managing collaboration has been established.
816:
757:
21:
1939:, Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum (1993), pp. 76 ff. (in Dutch)
1892:
911:
and hoogheemraden, an organisation that would evolve into the
635:
Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean
1313:
1305:
1073:
955:
863:
792:
988:
Heraldic shields of Hoogheemraadschap Delfland at façade of
1851:
1107:
923:
As these collaborative groups became better organised, the
1000:
Waterpumping windmills at Driemanspolder near Leiden, 1672
2058:"European Union of Water Management Associations (EUWMA)"
1192:
no longer has its traditional structure with subordinate
1098:
was used for a large area comprising a number of smaller
954:
Water councils were also granted the right to constitute
2057:
1935:, in: J.C.N. Raadschelders and Th.A.J. Toonen (Eds.),
1622:
Hoogheemraadschap van Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard (
1077:
Polder drainage canal integrated in dike around polder
1885:"Website for the Regional Water Authority of Salland"
1276:
Polder landscape at 't Beijersche, southeast of Gouda
1419:, see below) these executive board members, called
1300:In its territory a water board is responsible for:
1153:are grouped together into a larger regional body.
1783:. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
1065:, can be found at the heart of many Dutch towns.
870:, while a system of drainage ditches, canals and
3220:
886:
3249:Water management authorities in the Netherlands
1724:European Union of Water Management Associations
16:Water management authorities in the Netherlands
1468:The 21 water boards in the Netherlands in 2023
2383:
2098:
1141:. In present-day usage, the official term is
1025:Diesel machine pump, Werkspoor, gemaal Cremer
907:granting privileges in 1255 to the Spaarndam
713:
1591:Hoogheemraadschap Hollands Noorderkwartier (
1184:was part of the historical name. However, a
1156:Officially there is no difference between a
772:) originated in what now is the province of
1986:"Website of Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland"
1802:(in Dutch) "Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland"
2624:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2390:
2376:
2105:
2091:
1565:Hoogheemraadschap De Stichtse Rijnlanden (
760:systems, water levels, water barriers and
720:
706:
3254:Science and technology in the Netherlands
1933:Vroegste ontwikkelingen in het Waterschap
1716:
1713:details of their local polling stations.
1237:, which is translated in the same way as
1200:itself. Some water boards chose the name
2397:
1463:
1343:
1287:
1271:
1210:Hoogheemraadschap De Stichtse Rijnlanden
1080:
1072:
1020:
1007:Wie het water deert, die het water keert
995:
983:
890:
858:) provide defense against high-tide and
20:
2619:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
2121:Decentral government in the Netherlands
1459:
1442:Each water board is headed by a chair (
1329:maintenance of a proper water level in
3221:
2215:college van burgemeester en wethouders
1877:
1525:Waterschap Drents Overijsselse Delta (
1399:category may have on the water board.
1223:
1172:. A Dutch water board that still uses
2371:
2086:
1212:). When used in this sense, the word
1196:, as these have been merged into the
1016:
3239:Local government in the Netherlands
1267:
1180:) may have chosen to do so because
1089:
13:
1576:Waterschap Amstel, Gooi en Vecht (
1415:. Except for the chairperson (the
1412:college van dijkgraaf en heemraden
1402:
1384:
764:, enforcements, water quality and
14:
3265:
2078:
2033:"About - Dutch Water Authorities"
1452:in municipality government and a
2114:
1708:2023 Dutch water board elections
1034:in the 16th and 17th centuries.
836:Flood control in the Netherlands
689:
673:Republicanism in the Netherlands
630:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
533:
532:
285:
284:
254:
253:
59:
3244:Subdivisions of the Netherlands
2050:
2025:
2000:
1978:
1966:
1963:(in Dutch). Accessed 2008-08-13
1954:
1942:
1855:; Th.A.J. Toonen, eds. (1993).
1068:
1975:(in Dutch) Accessed 2008-08-11
1973:Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland
1925:
1907:"Waterschappen.nl | Home"
1899:
1845:
1823:
1807:
1795:
1773:
1747:
1613:Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland
1599:Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland
1322:management and maintenance of
1204:after a merger of a number of
1178:Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland
1085:Den Helder, Seadike, View West
913:Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland
1:
3234:Government of the Netherlands
2644:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
1741:
1547:Waterschap Vallei en Veluwe (
1375:
1348:Gemaal Leijepolder, Friesland
887:Origins and early development
779:
653:Corruption in the Netherlands
1701:
1665:Waterschap Brabantse Delta (
1435:
1368:levy, which is based on the
826:and several branches of the
7:
1863:. Hilversum: Verloren b.v.
1729:
1658:Waterschap Scheldestromen (
1558:Waterschap Rijn en IJssel (
1326:and water drainage systems;
1216:refers to a large regional
754:waterschap or heemraadschap
591:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
52:Politics of the Netherlands
10:
3270:
3229:Water boards (Netherlands)
2410:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1705:
1693:Waterschap Zuiderzeeland (
1649:Waterschap Hollandse Delta
1514:Waterschap Hunze en Aa's (
1456:in provincial government.
1125:. In Dutch, the plural of
881:
3187:
3036:
3027:
2990:
2937:
2928:
2772:
2763:
2736:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
2666:
2657:
2480:Development urban centers
2416:
2406:
2324:
2171:commissaris van de Koning
2127:
1736:Floods in the Netherlands
1629:Waterschap Rivierenland (
1536:Waterschap Vechtstromen (
1102:within its jurisdiction.
828:Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta
131:Ministers Plenipotentiary
1208:into a larger one (e.g.
1188:that styles itself as a
302:Parliamentary committees
271:House of Representatives
2037:Dutch Water Authorities
1679:Waterschap Aa en Maas (
1370:polluter pays principle
1352:Dutch water boards are
1164:. The Water Board Act (
1094:Historically, the name
678:Social Economic Council
88:Wet Algemene Bepalingen
3083:Decorations and medals
2532:Burgundian Netherlands
1717:Unie van Waterschappen
1672:Waterschap De Dommel (
1469:
1349:
1297:
1277:
1176:in its name (e.g. the
1086:
1078:
1026:
1001:
993:
949:wind-operated machines
931:area was appointed by
916:
855:
753:
663:Law of the Netherlands
605:Diplomatic missions of
327:High Councils of State
193:Deputy Prime Ministers
36:
3078:Customs and etiquette
1853:Raadschelders, J.C.N.
1759:waterschapserfgoed.nl
1467:
1347:
1291:
1275:
1084:
1076:
1024:
999:
987:
894:
776:in the 12th century.
658:De Nederlandsche Bank
24:
3113:Orders of knighthood
2746:World Heritage Sites
2649:Coronavirus pandemic
2639:European debt crisis
2612:Dutch Liberation Day
2537:Habsburg Netherlands
2290:Island commissioners
2154:Provincial executive
2144:Special municipality
1686:Waterschap Limburg (
1503:Wetterskip Fryslân (
1460:List of water boards
1145:. However, the word
1139:hoogheemraadschappen
971:Hoogheemraadschappen
295:Historic composition
264:Historic composition
126:Council of Ministers
2721:Mountains and hills
2572:Batavian Revolution
2552:Spanish Netherlands
2547:Seventeen Provinces
2295:eilandgedeputeerden
2278:Lieutenant governor
2210:Municipal executive
2178:Provincial deputies
2166:King's commissioner
2159:Gedeputeerde Staten
1454:king's commissioner
1224:English translation
696:Politics portal
556:Provincial politics
249:Jan Anthonie Bruijn
2972:Telecommunications
2582:Kingdom of Holland
2197:Provinciale Staten
2192:Provincial council
1913:on 2 November 2012
1470:
1350:
1298:
1278:
1087:
1079:
1027:
1002:
994:
917:
846:, among which the
805:Wijk bij Duurstede
609:in the Netherlands
566:Municipal politics
342:National Ombudsman
290:Current membership
259:Current membership
37:
3216:
3215:
3183:
3182:
3023:
3022:
2924:
2923:
2901:Political parties
2837:Foreign relations
2759:
2758:
2629:Same-sex marriage
2577:Batavian Republic
2557:Eighty Years' War
2527:Holy Roman Empire
2365:
2364:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2266:Executive council
2256:
2248:Municipal council
2242:
2230:
2218:
2200:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2008:"Zoek Waterschap"
1819:978-90-330-0751-4
1292:A dike along the
1262:hoogheemraadschap
1235:hoogheemraadschap
1214:hoogheemraadschap
1202:hoogheemraadschap
1198:hoogheemraadschap
1190:hoogheemraadschap
1182:hoogheemraadschap
1174:hoogheemraadschap
1158:hoogheemraadschap
1147:hoogheemraadschap
1135:hoogheemraadschap
1123:hoogheemraadschap
1104:Hoogheemraadschap
1096:hoogheemraadschap
1017:Later development
945:Hoogheemraadschap
925:counts of Holland
770:Hoogheemraadschap
730:
729:
625:Visa requirements
584:Foreign relations
528:Political parties
363:Recent elections
3261:
3196:
3034:
3033:
3005:Public transport
2935:
2934:
2770:
2769:
2664:
2663:
2490:Frankish Kingdom
2453:Migration Period
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2306:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2250:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2194:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2012:waterschappen.nl
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:. Archived from
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1949:What's in a name
1946:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:. Archived from
1903:
1897:
1896:
1895:on 22 June 2011.
1891:. Archived from
1881:
1875:
1874:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:on 10 July 2012.
1837:. Archived from
1827:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1268:Responsibilities
1133:. The plural of
1090:Historical terms
933:Count William II
897:Count William II
872:pumping stations
766:sewage treatment
722:
715:
708:
694:
693:
550:Local government
536:
535:
332:Council of State
288:
287:
257:
256:
119:Willem-Alexander
63:
39:
38:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3199:
3192:
3179:
3133:Public holidays
3019:
2986:
2920:
2755:
2751:Zuiderzee Works
2653:
2634:Great Recession
2513:Frisian Freedom
2485:Frisian Kingdom
2426:Germanic tribes
2412:
2402:
2396:
2366:
2361:
2320:
2315:
2271:bestuurscollege
2259:
2203:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1850:
1846:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1732:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1486:Noorderzijlvest
1462:
1440:
1407:
1404:(Hoog)heemraden
1393:hoofdingelanden
1389:
1386:Hoofdingelanden
1378:
1366:water pollution
1282:water household
1270:
1226:
1092:
1071:
1058:gemeenlandshuis
1040:Rijkswaterstaat
1037:The mandate of
1019:
990:Gemeenlandshuis
889:
884:
874:(historically:
782:
746:water authority
726:
688:
683:
682:
648:
640:
639:
615:Nationality law
611:
599:
597:Caspar Veldkamp
586:
576:
575:
551:
543:
542:
522:
493:
456:
429:
402:
359:
349:
348:
317:
307:
306:
235:
225:
224:
171:
161:
160:
153:
109:
99:
98:
77:
54:
44:Politics series
30:gemeenlandshuis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Cultural icons
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3015:Road transport
3012:
3010:Rail transport
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Prime Minister
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Municipalities
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Climate change
2784:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Extreme points
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2597:United Kingdom
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Dutch Republic
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2515:
2502:
2500:Lower Lorraine
2497:
2495:Middle Francia
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2468:
2455:
2450:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401: articles
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2304:Island council
2301:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2079:External links
2077:
2075:
2074:
2049:
2024:
1999:
1996:on 6 May 2009.
1977:
1965:
1961:Waterschapswet
1953:
1941:
1924:
1898:
1876:
1869:
1844:
1835:library.wur.nl
1822:
1806:
1794:
1772:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1627:
1620:
1610:
1596:
1589:
1574:
1563:
1556:
1545:
1534:
1523:
1512:
1501:
1461:
1458:
1439:
1434:
1406:
1401:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1333:and waterways;
1327:
1320:
1317:
1269:
1266:
1225:
1222:
1166:Waterschapswet
1091:
1088:
1070:
1067:
1063:waterschaphuis
1032:Dutch Republic
1018:
1015:
888:
885:
883:
880:
824:mean sea level
795:river between
781:
778:
728:
727:
725:
724:
717:
710:
702:
699:
698:
685:
684:
681:
680:
675:
670:
668:Modern history
665:
660:
655:
649:
647:Related topics
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
602:
601:
600:
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
530:
525:
524:
523:
521:
520:
515:
510:
503:
496:
495:
494:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
459:
457:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
432:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
405:
403:
401:
400:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
366:
360:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
337:Court of Audit
334:
324:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
298:
297:
292:
282:
268:
267:
266:
261:
251:
236:
233:States General
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
216:
215:
210:
208:Eddy van Hijum
205:
203:Sophie Hermans
200:
190:
189:
188:
176:Prime Minister
172:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
152:
151:
146:
141:
135:
123:
122:
121:
110:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
84:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Republicanism
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Flood control
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Nazi invasion
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Incorporation
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Safety region
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:public bodies
2327:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2183:gedeputeerden
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1870:90-6550-365-X
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1782:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1714:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:North Brabant
1678:
1675:
1674:North Brabant
1671:
1668:
1667:North Brabant
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:South Holland
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:North Brabant
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:South Holland
1628:
1625:
1624:South Holland
1621:
1618:
1617:South Holland
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:North Holland
1604:
1603:South Holland
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:North Holland
1590:
1587:
1586:South Holland
1583:
1579:
1578:North Holland
1575:
1572:
1571:South Holland
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:hoogheemraden
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:waterschappen
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:waterschappen
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1151:waterschappen
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:waterschappen
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:waterschappen
1097:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1008:
998:
991:
986:
982:
980:
979:waterschappen
976:
972:
968:
963:
962:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:Ancient Roman
786:
777:
775:
774:South Holland
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:water council
739:
735:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
703:
701:
700:
697:
692:
687:
686:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
644:
643:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
606:
603:
598:
594:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
580:
579:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
539:
531:
529:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:Referendums:
505:
504:
502:
501:
500:
497:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
461:
460:
458:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
434:
433:
431:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
407:
406:
404:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
368:
367:
365:
364:
362:
361:
358:
353:
352:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
325:
323:
322:Supreme Court
320:
319:
316:
311:
310:
303:
300:
296:
293:
291:
283:
281:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
252:
250:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
229:
228:
221:
218:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
165:
164:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
103:
102:
95:
92:
90:
89:
85:
83:
80:
79:
76:
71:
70:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3158:Coat of arms
3128:Prostitution
3041:Architecture
2982:Trade unions
2962:Polder model
2947:Central bank
2916:Water boards
2915:
2842:Human rights
2832:Homelessness
2802:Demographics
2792:Constitution
2602:World War II
2592:Principality
2408:Part of the
2344:
2308:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2253:gemeenteraad
2252:
2238:
2227:burgemeester
2226:
2214:
2196:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2139:Municipality
2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2017:11 September
2015:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1994:the original
1990:rijnland.net
1989:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1936:
1931:B. Dolfing,
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1901:
1893:the original
1888:
1879:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1839:the original
1834:
1825:
1809:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1720:
1711:
1471:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1299:
1279:
1261:
1257:
1254:water supply
1250:water boards
1248:context, as
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1069:Nomenclature
1062:
1056:
1053:coat of arms
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1011:
1006:
1003:
978:
970:
961:heerlijkheid
959:
953:
944:
922:
918:
860:storm surges
821:
787:
783:
769:
745:
741:
737:
731:
561:Water boards
560:
408:Provincial:
396:
280:Martin Bosma
213:Mona Keijzer
94:Human rights
86:
75:Constitution
42:Part of the
18:
3175:Terminology
3123:Pornography
2864:Enforcement
2854:Immigration
2827:Health care
2807:Drug policy
2686:Earthquakes
2681:Delta Works
2542:Renaissance
2448:Cananefates
2399:Netherlands
2345:Water board
2309:eilandsraad
2283:gezaghebber
1917:28 February
1804:, John Ooms
1484:Waterschap
1316:and levees;
856:Deltawerken
848:Delta Works
842:, dams and
807:, south of
738:water board
734:Netherlands
571:BES islands
538:Politicians
499:Referendums
435:Municipal:
198:Fleur Agema
186:Dick Schoof
149:St. Maarten
26:Gable stone
3223:Categories
3098:Literature
3088:Irreligion
2896:Parliament
2822:Euthanasia
2797:Corruption
2567:Golden Age
2355:Executives
2350:Dike-reeve
2239:wethouders
1951:(in Dutch)
1761:(in Dutch)
1742:References
1706:See also:
1635:Gelderland
1560:Gelderland
1553:Gelderland
1542:Overijssel
1531:Overijssel
1478:watersheds
1376:Governance
1340:treatment.
1338:wastewater
1258:waterschap
1239:waterschap
1230:waterschap
1218:waterschap
1186:waterschap
1170:waterschap
1162:waterschap
1143:waterschap
1127:waterschap
1119:waterschap
844:floodgates
780:Background
595:Minister:
462:European:
220:Ministries
28:on a 1645
3093:Languages
2992:Transport
2942:AEX index
2886:Provinces
2869:Law Firms
2817:Elections
2812:Education
2741:Volcanoes
2701:Gas field
2659:Geography
2431:Roman Era
2067:7 October
1787:7 October
1726:(EUWMA).
1702:Elections
1695:Flevoland
1516:Groningen
1509:Groningen
1505:Friesland
1494:Friesland
1490:Groningen
1445:dijkgraaf
1437:Dijkgraaf
1422:heemraden
1417:dijkgraaf
1324:waterways
1294:Nederrijn
1117:The term
929:Old Rhine
909:dijkgraaf
876:windmills
813:Friesland
801:North Sea
369:General:
357:Elections
315:Judiciary
245:President
3203:Category
3138:Religion
3051:Cannabis
2967:Taxation
2957:Euronext
2911:Military
2777:Abortion
2765:Politics
2522:Guelders
2505:Flanders
2471:Dorestad
2462:Frisians
2234:Aldermen
2134:Province
2042:10 March
1765:10 March
1730:See also
1110:and the
832:flooding
799:and the
620:Passport
107:Monarchy
3194:Outline
3148:Symbols
3061:Cuisine
3029:Culture
3000:Cycling
2977:Tourism
2930:Economy
2876:Monarch
2782:Cabinet
2726:Regions
2716:Mammals
2706:Islands
2518:Brabant
2509:Holland
2475:Utrecht
2440:Chamavi
2418:History
2335:Borough
1688:Limburg
1660:Zeeland
1639:Utrecht
1582:Utrecht
1567:Utrecht
1549:Utrecht
1538:Drenthe
1527:Drenthe
1520:Drenthe
1498:Drenthe
1474:polders
1358:utility
1331:polders
975:polders
967:polders
941:Zeeland
937:Holland
905:Zeeland
901:Holland
882:History
809:Utrecht
797:Utrecht
732:In the
276:Speaker
169:Cabinet
144:Curaçao
82:Charter
34:Halfweg
3208:Portal
3153:Anthem
3118:People
3056:Cinema
2952:Energy
2731:Rivers
2676:Cities
2466:Franks
2458:Saxons
2444:Batavi
2436:Frisii
2328:Other
1889:wgs.nl
1867:
1817:
1160:and a
956:bylaws
817:Leiden
758:polder
240:Senate
3143:Sport
3108:Music
3103:Media
2711:Lakes
2671:Birds
2222:Mayor
2062:EUWMA
1450:mayor
1314:quays
1310:dikes
1306:dunes
1246:Dutch
1112:Vecht
868:Meuse
864:Rhine
852:Dutch
840:dikes
793:Rhine
762:locks
750:Dutch
139:Aruba
3168:Lion
3163:Flag
3066:Wine
2847:LGBT
2069:2017
2044:2023
2019:2018
1919:2012
1865:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1789:2017
1767:2023
1641:and
1605:and
1584:and
1569:and
1551:and
1540:and
1529:and
1518:and
1507:and
1496:and
1256:. A
1108:Rijn
977:and
939:and
903:and
866:and
736:, a
518:2018
513:2016
508:2005
489:2024
484:2019
479:2014
474:2009
469:2004
464:1999
452:2022
447:2018
442:2014
437:2010
425:2023
420:2019
415:2015
410:2011
397:Next
391:2023
386:2021
381:2017
376:2012
371:2010
180:list
114:King
3046:Art
2859:Law
1476:or
1425:or
1354:not
1260:or
1137:is
1129:is
1061:or
935:of
899:of
850:, (
744:or
32:in
3225::
2520:,
2511:,
2507:,
2473:,
2464:,
2460:,
2446:,
2442:,
2438:,
2060:.
2035:.
2010:.
1988:.
1887:.
1833:.
1757:.
1637:,
1633:,
1580:,
1492:,
1372:.
1360:.
1312:,
1308:,
1241:.
1220:.
1114:.
981:.
854::
834:.
752::
740:,
607:/
278::
247::
182:)
2391:e
2384:t
2377:v
2311:)
2307:(
2297:)
2293:(
2285:)
2281:(
2273:)
2269:(
2255:)
2251:(
2241:)
2237:(
2229:)
2225:(
2217:)
2213:(
2199:)
2195:(
2185:)
2181:(
2173:)
2169:(
2161:)
2157:(
2106:e
2099:t
2092:v
2071:.
2046:.
2021:.
1921:.
1873:.
1861:)
1791:.
1769:.
1697:)
1690:)
1683:)
1676:)
1669:)
1662:)
1655:)
1651:(
1645:)
1626:)
1619:)
1615:(
1609:)
1601:(
1595:)
1588:)
1573:)
1562:)
1555:)
1544:)
1533:)
1522:)
1511:)
1500:)
1488:(
915:.
748:(
721:e
714:t
707:v
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
