Italian Wars - Knowledge

3024: 2993:, Eric Cochrane and Manuel F. Alvarez, identified the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis as the beginning of a Spanish hegemony in Italy. However, this view has been contested and abandoned in 21st-century historiography. Christine Shaw, Micheal J. Levin, and William Reger reject the concept of a Spanish hegemony on the ground that too many limits prevented Spain's dominance in the peninsula, and maintain that other powers also held major influence in Italy after 1559. Although Spain gained control of about half of the Italian states, the other half remained independent; among them, the Papacy in particular emerged strengthened by the conclusion of the Council of Trent according to the scholars Antelantonio Spagnoletti and Benedetto Croce. Furthermore, according to the historians Christine Shaw and Salvatore Puglisi, the Holy Roman Empire continued to play a role in Italian politics. Peter J. Wilson writes that three overlapping and competing feudal networks, Imperial, Spanish, and Papal, were affirmed in Italy as a result of the end of the wars. 2722: 1019: 3177: 2974: 698: 679: 655: 336: 2892: 625: 613: 314: 2546: 758: 746: 872: 860: 848: 362: 788: 776: 476: 836: 824: 812: 637: 431: 3222:. It included various innovations, such as mounting the guns on wheeled carriages, drawn by horses rather than oxen as was the custom, which allowed them to be deployed against an enemy stronghold on arrival. This mobility stemmed from their lightness, achieved by employing the methods used to cast bronze church bells. Perhaps the most important improvement was the creation of the iron cannonball, rather than the stone balls that often shattered on impact. The combination meant Charles could level in an hour castles that had resisted sieges for months or even years. 416: 283: 491: 2104:, and in August besieged Rocca d'Arazzo, a fortified town in the western part of the Duchy of Milan. The French siege artillery breached the walls in less than five hours and after the town capitulated, Louis ordered the execution of its garrison and senior members of the civil administration. Other Milanese strongholds surrendered rather than face the same fate, while Ludovico, whose wife Beatrice had died in 1497, fled the duchy with his children and took refuge with Maximilian. On 6 October 1499, Louis made a triumphant entry into Milan. 1743: 377: 2382:, who tried to negotiate an end to the fighting without success. Although France had lost ground in Lombardy and been invaded by English, Imperial and Spanish armies, her opponents had differing objectives and failed to co-ordinate their attacks. Since Papal policy was to prevent either France or the Empire from becoming too powerful, in late 1524 Clement secretly allied himself with Francis, enabling him to mount another offensive against Milan. On 24 February 1525, the French army suffered a devastating defeat at 461: 710: 686: 667: 349: 2479:, while Urbino and the League army sat outside and failed to intervene. Although the French marched south to relieve Rome, they were too late to prevent Clement making peace with Charles V in November. Meanwhile, Venice, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states and which also possessed the most effective army, now refused to contribute any more troops to the League. Weakened by its losses in 1509 to 1517 and with its maritime possessions increasingly threatened by the Ottomans, under 2040: 593: 581: 569: 557: 545: 533: 2425: 2320: 800: 7327: 446: 63: 734: 722: 506: 2626: 2108: 392: 297: 2177: 2904:

inheritance of Charles V. On the other hand, the last Italian war ended with the division of the Habsburg empire between the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs following the abdication of Charles V. Philip II of Spain was heir of the kingdoms held by Charles V in Spain, southern Italy, and South America. Ferdinand I was the successor of Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire extending from Germany to northern Italy and became

7316: 5702: 1554: 1875: 3069:, faked a retreat, luring a contingent of French men-at-arms between two groups of his arquebusiers. As the French army stepped between the marksmen, volleys of bullets battered them on both flanks. Before the French could attack the vulnerable arquebusiers, a Spanish cavalry charge broke the French forces and forced their retreat. While the French army escaped, the Spanish inflicted severe casualties. 2125:

of his life in a French prison. However, Louis needed to maintain good relations with Florence, whose territory he would have to cross in order to conquer Naples, and on 29 June 1500 a combined Franco-Florentine army appeared outside Pisa. Once again, the French artillery quickly opened a gap in the walls but several assaults were repulsed and the siege was abandoned on 11 July.

2149:, it surrendered on 24 July after a short siege but was then sacked. In addition to the extensive material destruction, many women were subjected to mass rape and estimates of the dead ranged from 2,000 to 4,000, actions that caused consternation throughout Italy. Resistance crumbled as other towns tried to avoid the same fate and on 12 October Louis appointed the 2025:, by September 1495 Ferdinand II had regained control of his kingdom. Although the French invasion achieved little, it showed the Italian states were rich and comparatively weak, making future intervention attractive to outside powers. Charles himself died on 7 April 1498, and was succeeded by the former Duke of Orleans, who became Louis XII. 2664:, a Valois possession prior to 1477. Imperial resistance proved far more formidable than expected, with most of these attacks easily repulsed and in 1543 Henry VIII allied with Charles and agreed to support his offensive in Flanders. Neither side made much progress, and although a combined Franco-Ottoman fleet under 3251:

The naming of the component conflicts within the Italian Wars has never been standardized and varies among historians of the period. Some wars may be split or combined differently, causing ordinal numbering systems to be inconsistent among different sources. The wars may be referred to by their dates

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power. Many assumed the primacy established at Bologna by Charles V in Italy would also soon pass but instead it was the start of a long period of Imperial dominance. One factor was Venice's withdrawal from Italian affairs after 1530 in favour of protecting its maritime empire from Ottoman expansion.

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Florence now asked for French assistance in retaking Pisa, a request Louis was in no hurry to fulfil since they had refused to support his capture of Milan. He was also initially occupied in defeating efforts to regain his duchy by Ludovico, who was captured at Novaro in April 1500 and spent the rest

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and other wars of succession, the Habsburg-Lorraine of Austria largely replaced Spain and gained direct or indirect control of the fiefs of Imperial Italy, whereas the south eventually passed to an independent branch of the Spanish Bourbons. France would return in Italy to confront Habsburg power,

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changed significantly during the Italian Wars. The affirmation of French power in Italy around 1494 brought Austria and Spain to join an anti-French league that formed the "Habsburg ring" around France (Low Countries, Aragon, Castile, Empire) via dynastic marriages that eventually led to the large

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his viceroy in Naples. However, the Treaty of Granada had left the ownership of key Neapolitan territories undecided and disputes over these quickly poisoned relationships between the two powers. This led to war in late 1502, which ended with the French being expelled from Naples once again after

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The Italian Wars represented a revolution in military technology and tactics, some historians suggesting they form the dividing point between modern and medieval battlefields. Contemporary historian Francesco Guicciardini wrote of the initial 1494 French invasion that "...sudden and violent wars

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Prior to 1530, interference by foreign powers in Italy was viewed as a short-term problem, since they could not sustain it over time; for example, French conquests of Naples in 1494 and 1501 and Milan in 1499 and 1515 were quickly reversed. On the other hand, Venice was generally viewed by other

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and the Holy Roman Empire under one ruler, and meant France was surrounded by the so-called "Habsburg ring". Francis I had also been a candidate for the Imperial throne, adding a personal dimension to his rivalry with Charles that became one of the fundamental conflicts of the sixteenth century.

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in the Kingdom of Naples and despatched envoys to negotiate terms with its Neapolitan garrison, who murdered them and sent their mutilated bodies back to the French lines. On 9 February, the enraged besiegers breached the walls of the castle with artillery fire, then stormed it, killing everyone

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with Ferdinand II of Aragon, an agreement to divide the kingdom between the two. Since Ferdinand had supported the expulsion of the French from Naples in 1495, Louis hoped these concessions would allow him to acquire the bulk of the kingdom without an expensive war. His action was criticised by

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Under the Treaty of Cambrai, Francesco Sforza was reinstated as Duke of Milan; since he had no children, it also stated Charles V would inherit the duchy on his death, which occurred on 1 November 1535. Francis refused to accept this, arguing Milan was rightfully his along with Genoa and

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But the victory was universally adjudged to the French on account of the great Disproportion of the slain, of their driving the Enemy on the other side of the River, and because their Passage was no longer obstructed, which was all they contended for, the Battle being fought on no other

2707:, on 14 September Charles agreed the Treaty of Crépy with Francis, which essentially restored the position to that prevailing in 1542. The agreement excluded Henry VIII, whose war with France continued until the two countries made peace in 1546 and confirmed his possession of Boulogne. 2061:. In doing so, Maximilian hoped to bolster the League of Venice, which he viewed as an essential barrier to French intervention, but Florence was convinced he favoured Pisa and refused to accept mediation. To enforce a settlement, in July 1496 Maximilian besieged the Florentine city of 2671:

on 22 August and besieged the citadel, the onset of winter and presence of a Spanish fleet forced them to withdraw. A joint attack by Christian and Islamic troops on a Christian town was regarded as shocking, especially when Francis allowed Barbarossa to use the French port of

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as duke. The members of the League then fell out over dividing the spoils and the death of Pope Julius on 20 February 1513 left it without effective leadership. In March, Venice and France formed an alliance, but from June to September 1513 the League won victories at

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Following the death of Charles VIII in April 1498, Louis XII began planning another attempt on Milan, while also pursuing his predecessor's claim to the Kingdom of Naples. Aware of the hostility caused by French ambitions in Italy, in July 1498 he renewed the 1492

2021:, leaving most of their supplies behind. Both sides claimed victory but the general consensus favoured the French, since the League suffered heavier casualties and failed to halt their retreat, the reason for fighting in the first place. In the south, despite some 2933:, was a positive result for France. However, the Habsburgs had gained a position of primacy in Italy at the expense of the French Valois. In return, France was forced to end opposition to Habsburg power and abandon its claims in Italy. Henry II also restored the 1678:

or handgun becoming common, along with significant technological improvements in siege artillery. Literate commanders and modern printing methods also make them one of the first conflicts with a significant number of contemporary accounts, including those of

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for control of the city, and Clement was forced to pay them to withdraw. Seeking to recapture Milan, Francis invaded Lombardy at the beginning of 1527, with an army financed by Henry VIII, who hoped thereby to win Papal support for divorcing his first wife,

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in 1494, which drew in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Although Charles was forced to withdraw in 1495, ongoing political divisions among the Italian states made them a battleground in the struggle for European domination between France and the Habsburgs.

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Once Francis was free, his Council renounced the Treaty of Madrid, claiming conditions extorted under duress could not be considered binding. Concerned that Imperial power now posed a threat to Papal independence, on 22 May 1526 Clement VII formed the

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or nervous breakdown, while his unpaid soldiers were on the verge of mutiny. In his absence, his wife Beatrice d'Este took personal control of the Duchy and the siege of Novara, with Louis eventually forced to surrender in return for his freedom.

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At the end of the wars, about half of Italy was ruled by the Spanish Habsburgs, including all of the south (Naples, Sicily, Sardinia) and the Duchy of Milan; the other half of Italy remained independent (although the north was largely formed by

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The Italian Wars are one of the first major conflicts for which extensive contemporary accounts from people involved in the wars are available, owing largely to the presence of literate, and often extremely-well educated, commanders. The

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The 1538 truce failed to resolve underlying tensions between Francis, who still claimed Milan, and Charles, who insisted he comply with the treaties of Madrid and Cambrai. Their relationship collapsed in 1540 when Charles made his son

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assistance. Although Suleiman avoided involvement on this occasion, it was the beginning of a long-standing, if often unacknowledged, Franco-Turkish relationship. Francis was eventually released in March 1526 after signing the

3104:, while large numbers of veterans from Naples and southern Italy later emigrated there, either as colonists or soldiers. Experience in Italy was often considered a prerequisite for military employment, although the chronicler 2869:

in northern Italy as an independent entity. France retained Calais and the Three Bishoprics, while other provisions essentially returned the position to that prevailing in 1551. Finally, Henry II and Philip II agreed to ask

2355:, Francis first secured his position in Italy by agreeing a new alliance with Venice. As Leo X had backed his candidacy for Emperor, he also counted on Papal support but Leo sided with Charles in return for his help against 1921:

In October, Ludovico formally became Duke of Milan following the death of Gian Galeazzo, who was popularly supposed to have been poisoned by his uncle, and the French marched through Italy virtually unopposed, entering

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Pollard, A.F (1908). "Reviewed Work: Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII Preserved in the Record Office, the British Museum, and Elsewhere in England by James Gairdner, R. H. Brodie".

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claimed those who did so must have "failed to become rich,...gambled the riches away or lost them" and suggested conditions in the Americas were far tougher. Francisco Sebastián, an Italian veteran who accompanied

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With Milan firmly in his control, Louis returned to France and left the Florentines to blockade Pisa, which eventually surrendered in 1509. Anxious to begin the conquest of Naples, on 11 November he signed the

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acknowledged Francis as Duke of Milan, while Francis "passed" his claim to Naples onto Charles. Left isolated, in December Maximilian signed the Treaty of Brussels, which confirmed French possession of Milan.

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Mémoires de très noble et très illustre Gaspard de Saulx, seigneur de Tavanes, Mareschal de France, admiral des mers de Levant, Gouverneur de Provence, conseiller du Roy, et capitaine de cent hommes d'armes.

2057:, Venice and Milan, all of whom were suspicious of Florentine power. In order to strengthen his own position, Ludovico once again invited an external power to settle an internal Italian affair, in this case 3035:

broke out, ending with the conquest of a state in less time than it used to take to occupy a villa. The siege and taking of a city became extremely rapid and achieved not in months but in days and hours".

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Artillery, particularly field artillery, became an indispensable part of any first-rate army during the wars. When Charles VIII invaded in 1494, he brought with him the first truly mobile siege train of

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This is disputed; lack of medical knowledge meant deaths from unknown disease were often ascribed to poison, while Gian Galeazzo had shown symptoms of what may have been stomach cancer since the age of

2649:, which severely weakened his military and led Suleiman to reactivate his French alliance. With Ottoman support, on 12 July 1542 Francis once again declared war on the Holy Roman Empire, initiating the 1914:

in January 1494, she asked for his help in securing their rights. In September Charles invaded the peninsula, which he justified by claiming he wanted to use Naples as a base for a crusade against the

2451:, this delay allowed Charles to gather fresh troops and support a Milanese revolt in July against Francesco Sforza, who was once again forced into exile. In September, Charles financed an attack on 2241:

to supply him with 6,000 mercenaries. After a year of fighting in which Louis XII occupied large parts of the Papal States, in October 1511 Julius formed the anti-French Holy League, which included

2053:, which had been annexed by Florence in 1406 but took advantage of the French invasion to regain its independence in 1494. Despite Charles' retreat in 1495, Pisa continued to receive support from 2599:

in Piedmont. Fighting continued in Flanders and northern Italy throughout 1537, while the Ottoman fleet raided the coastal areas around Naples, raising fears of invasion throughout Italy.

4528: 2089:; although it did not address outstanding territorial disputes between the two countries, it agreed "have all enemies in common except the Pope." On 9 February 1499, Louis signed the 2584:, a comprehensive treaty covering a wide range of commercial and diplomatic issues, also agreed to a joint assault on Genoa, with French land forces supported by an Ottoman fleet. 5660: 3023: 2822:

from his father, who reconfirmed him as Duke of Milan. In January 1556, Charles formally abdicated as Emperor and split his possessions; the Holy Roman Empire went to his brother

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on 10 September, while Imperial forces advanced to within 100 kilometres (60 miles) of Paris. However, with his treasury exhausted and concerned by Ottoman naval strength in the

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and withdrew from Italy. Now seeing the power of Louis XII as the greater threat, in February 1510 Pope Julius made peace with Venice, followed in March by an agreement with the

1018: 131: 127: 123: 2214:. Milan, controlled by Louis XII, was a long-standing opponent of Venice, while Ferdinand II, now king of Naples, wished to regain control of Venetian ports on the southern 2138:

and modern historians, who argue the 1499 Treaty of Marcoussis already gave Louis everything he needed, while inviting Spain into Naples could only work to his detriment.

2440:, whose members included France, the Papal States, Venice, Florence and Milan. Many of the Imperial troops were close to mutiny having not been paid for months and the 2292:

on 13–14 September 1515. Combined with the unpopularity of Massiliano Sforza, victory allowed Francis to retake Milan and the Holy League collapsed as both Spain and

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were generally successful against heavy mounted troops from other states, but were very vulnerable to pikemen. The Spanish used heavy cavalry and light cavalry, or

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In May 1522, England joined the Imperial alliance and declared war on France. Venice left the war in July 1523, while Adrian died in November and was succeeded by

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In the long-term, Habsburg primacy in Italy continued to exist, but it varied significantly due to the change of dynasties in Austria and Spain. Following the

2444:, commander of the League army, hoped to take advantage of this confusion. However, he delayed taking the offensive awaiting additional Swiss reinforcements. 3038:

Infantry underwent profound developments during the Italian Wars, evolving from a primary pike- and halberd-wielding force to a more flexible arrangement of

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Finding the garrison of Genoa had recently been reinforced while a planned internal uprising failed to materialise, the French instead occupied the towns of

5789: 5775: 1674:, particularly in France and the Holy Roman Empire. They are seen as a turning point in the evolution from medieval to modern warfare, with the use of the 3235:, still less than one century old, undoubtedly played a large role in the memorialization of the conflict as well. Major historians of the period include 2580:

on 13 August 1536, before withdrawing, a fruitless expedition that diverted resources from Italy, where the situation had become more serious. The 1536

908: 2506:, Francis recognised Charles as ruler of Milan, Naples, Flanders and Artois. Venice also made peace, leaving only Florence, which had expelled their 7386: 7381: 2687:, a victory of limited strategic value since they failed to make progress elsewhere in Lombardy. The Imperial position was further strengthened at 6386: 2849:; held by the English since 1347, its loss severely diminished their future ability to intervene directly in mainland Europe. They also captured 1352: 1954:

inside. Known as the "Sack of Naples", widespread outrage within Italy allied with concern over the power of France led to the formation of the

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first under Louis XIV, and later under Napoleon, but only the unification of Italy would permanently remove foreign powers from the peninsula.

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Duke of Milan, thus precluding any possibility it would revert to France. In 1541, Charles made a disastrous attack on Ottoman port of

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or by the monarchs fighting them. Usually, the Italian Wars are grouped into three major phases: 1494–1516; 1521–1530; and 1535–1559.

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Lorenzo's death in April 1492 severely weakened the League at a time when France was seeking to expand in Italy. This originated when

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in May 1538. The Truce of Nice, signed on 18 June, agreed to a ten-year halt in hostilities and left France in possession of most of

2561:, and once again prepared for war. In April 1536, pro-Valois elements in Asti expelled the Imperial garrison and a French army under 1631:

on the other. At different points, various Italian states participated in the war, some on both sides, with limited involvement from

1982: 7054: 1843:, Charles sought to secure the neutrality of other European rulers through a series of treaties. These included the November 1492 6619: 5748: 1706:

meant the major belligerents faced internal conflict over religion, forcing them to refocus on domestic affairs. This led to the

2965:. The Council of Trent, suspended during the war, was reconvened by the terms of the peace treaties and came to an end in 1563. 2490:

before disease forced them to withdraw in August. Both sides were now anxious to end the war and after another French defeat at

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A 1503 skirmish between French and Spanish forces first demonstrated the utility of arquebuses in battle. The Spanish general,

2744:. Henry first strengthened his diplomatic position by reactivating the Franco-Ottoman alliance and supporting their capture of 2198:, who as ruler of the Papal States was concerned by Venetian power in northern Italy. This fear was shared by his home town of 901: 7297: 6460: 2503: 3176: 2989:

As in the case of France, the Habsburg result is also variously interpreted. Many historians in the 20th century, including

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were assigned to Philip. Over the next century, Naples and Lombardy became a major source of men and money for the Spanish

2150: 1903: 1182: 6423: 6286: 5799: 981: 5471:"A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty": The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal 1981:, now tried to take advantage of Ludovico's change of sides to conquer Milan, which he claimed through his grandmother, 7142: 6727: 6354: 6187: 5948: 5682: 5649: 5602: 5555: 5536: 5458: 5344: 5305: 5286: 5267: 5214: 5195: 5176: 5099: 5080: 4933: 4914: 4895: 2973: 2953:

of the Austrian Habsburgs as part of the Holy Roman Empire). The most significant Italian power left was the papacy in

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on 2 August 1554; although Siena held out until April 1555, it was absorbed by Florence and in 1569 became part of the

2700: 1530: 1236: 3195:, remained significant players on the battlefields of the Italian Wars. Largely due to their excellent horses, French 6374: 6349: 6192: 5734: 4522: 3066: 2938: 2862: 2519: 1240: 894: 2841:

England entered the war in June 1557 and the focus shifted to Flanders, where a Spanish army defeated the French at

2795:, French-backed Tuscan exiles seized control of Siena. This brought Henry into conflict with the ruler of Florence, 1894:

claim to the throne of Naples as a pretext. This in turn was driven by the intense rivalry between Ludovico's wife,

1702:, but although able to hold territory for periods of time, they could not do so permanently. By 1557, the growth of 6746: 6027: 5913: 2603:, who had replaced Clement in 1534, grew increasingly anxious to end the war and brought the two sides together at 2111: 2058: 1852: 1495: 659: 5548:

The First and Second Italian Wars 1494–1504: Fearless Knights, Ruthless Princes and the Coming of Gunpowder Armies

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Theory and Practice of Modern Diplomacy: Origins and Development to 1914 in 'Theory of War and Strategy, Volume 1'

1906:. Despite being the hereditary Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo had been sidelined by his uncle in 1481 and exiled to 1670:

Fought with considerable brutality, the wars took place against the background of religious turmoil caused by the

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in June but peace negotiations had already begun, with Henry absorbed by the internal conflict that led to the

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Asti had been a Valois possession from 1380 until 1526, when Charles acquired it through the Treaty of Cambrai

7069: 6900: 6787: 6318: 6313: 3117:, agreed with this assessment, largely because "no plunder of value could be obtained" from the inhabitants. 2997: 2736:. He continued attempts to restore the French position in Italy, encouraged by Italian exiles and his cousin 2549: 2324: 2301: 2034: 1370: 1312: 1307: 1291: 935: 690: 17: 2891: 2858: 2281:

in England. Despite this, fighting continued in Italy, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage.

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Recherches sur les effectifs des armées françaises des guerres d'Italie aux guerres de religion, 1494–1562.

3078: 2842: 2716: 2620: 2540: 2518:; he agreed to restore the Medici on behalf of Pope Clement, who was himself a Medici, and after a lengthy 2314: 2171: 1869: 1500: 1433: 970: 965: 960: 950: 940: 930: 151: 147: 143: 135: 119: 101: 31: 2741: 2498:

with Charles in August. Known as the "Peace of the Ladies" because it was negotiated by Francis's mother,

194: 7172: 6890: 6736: 6518: 6428: 6328: 6214: 6182: 5867: 3015:, Tilly argues that a "comprehensive European state system" can be reasonably dated to the Italian Wars. 2688: 2419: 2159: 1546: 1387: 955: 139: 46: 5662:

Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations

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Finlay, Robert (1999). "The Immortal Republic: The Myth of Venice during the Italian Wars (1494–1530)".

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with a pro-French government, Charles turned north and on 6 July was intercepted by the League outside

1950: 1480: 1439: 2945:. For this reason, the conclusion of the Italian Wars for France is considered to be a mixed result. 7257: 7023: 6946: 6910: 5928: 5893: 5888: 2900: 2680: 2657: 2646: 1773:, it led to a forty-year period of stability and economic expansion, marred only by the 1479 to 1481 1568: 1510: 1475: 1470: 998: 54: 5298:

Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the Late Middle Ages to World War One

3268:), written during the conflict and advantaged by the access that Guicciardini had to papal affairs. 7272: 7262: 7242: 7212: 7167: 6865: 6707: 6639: 6609: 6589: 6470: 6146: 6111: 5908: 5469: 3260:

A major contemporary account for the early portion of the Italian Wars is Francesco Guicciardini's

2773: 2765: 2629: 2545: 2390: 2249: 2130: 1910:. Both women wanted to ensure their children inherited the Duchy and when Isabella's father became 1490: 1225: 1083: 617: 77: 2371:

was elected Pope on 9 January 1522, while a French attempt to retake Milan was ended by defeat at

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and his proposed reforms to the Catholic church. In November 1521, an Imperial-Papal army under

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The next phase of the conflict originated in the long-standing rivalry between Florence and the

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This led to frantic diplomatic manoeuvres to secure his release, including a French mission to

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Military Memoirs: Blaise de Monluc, The Habsburg-Valois Wars, and the French Wars of Religion.

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the Republic tried to remain neutral and after 1529 avoided participation in the fighting.

1977:, this coalition cut off Charles and his army from their bases in France. Charles' cousin, 1911: 1899: 1848: 1824:

succeeded him in 1483 and formally incorporated Provence into France in 1486; its ports of

1782: 1323: 1114: 1038: 799: 750: 671: 629: 451: 3511: 3011:, as the wars demonstrated the value of large armies and superior military technology. In 8: 7292: 7282: 7237: 7003: 6968: 6963: 6680: 6301: 6237: 6157: 5420: 5110: 3125: 3055: 2861:

on 3 April 1559 brought the Italian wars to an end. Corsica was returned to Genoa, while

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The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526–1528)

3318: 3097: 3076:, often characterized as an enemy of the use of the arquebus, wrote in his treatise on 2811: 2800: 2753: 2733: 2725: 2684: 2661: 2642: 2562: 2364: 2348: 2266: 2074: 2022: 1959: 1895: 1801: 1754: 1632: 1246: 1186: 787: 775: 733: 721: 714: 585: 573: 421: 397: 302: 243: 167: 95: 1973:

Later joined by Florence, following the overthrow of Savonarola, the Papal States and

7217: 7207: 7079: 6993: 6958: 6885: 6875: 6653: 6523: 6437: 6267: 6247: 6221: 6209: 6004: 5999: 5984: 5979: 5964: 5730: 5678: 5645: 5626: 5598: 5570: 5551: 5532: 5486: 5454: 5428: 5396: 5383: 5340: 5301: 5282: 5263: 5247: 5229: 5210: 5191: 5172: 5153: 5125: 5095: 5076: 5054: 5010: 4964: 4929: 4910: 4891: 4872: 4853: 4833: 4810: 4791: 4743: 4518: 4499:"The Book of Dates; Or, Treasury of Universal Reference: ... New and Revised Edition" 3350: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3289: 3285: 3165: 3153: 3133: 3051: 2990: 2982: 2942: 2911: 2819: 2815: 2784: 2704: 2495: 2407: 2372: 2328: 2223: 2207: 2199: 2184: 2078: 2054: 2010: 1967: 1939: 1938:, who used the opportunity to established a short-lived theocracy in Florence, while 1840: 1817: 1794: 1790: 1742: 1727: 1723: 1688: 1663: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1600: 1391: 1201: 1033: 757: 745: 697: 678: 654: 592: 580: 568: 556: 544: 532: 511: 382: 367: 341: 288: 259: 255: 233: 225: 216: 212: 183: 163: 71: 50: 5782:

Edited by P. Courteault. 3 volumes. Paris: 1911–25. Translated by Charles Cotton as

2339:

elected Charles I of Spain as Emperor Charles V on 28 June. This brought Spain, the

7287: 7109: 7059: 7040: 7035: 6988: 6895: 6833: 6813: 6801: 6757: 6560: 6540: 6528: 6391: 6272: 5989: 5852: 5844: 5740: 5507: 5363: 5040: 4990: 4952: 4766: 3346: 3293: 3219: 3164:; Carvajal was executed after being taken prisoner, while Valdivia died in 1553 at 3149: 3141: 3110: 2930: 2875: 2831: 2761: 2437: 2360: 2219: 2050: 1955: 1774: 1762: 1715: 1007: 840: 601: 496: 466: 229: 6359: 5045: 5029:"El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538–1547)" 5028: 2486:

Supported by a Genoese fleet, in April 1528 a French expeditionary force besieged

2447:

Although the League gained an easy victory on 24 June when the Venetians occupied

2367:

captured Milan and restored Francesco Sforza as duke. After Leo died in December,

2096:

With these agreements finalised, a French army of 27,000 under the Milanese exile

7197: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7074: 6998: 6860: 6379: 6277: 6162: 6062: 5969: 3137: 2978: 2577: 2499: 2383: 2006: 1883: 1655: 1616: 1427: 1230: 816: 89: 5022:. Translated by Renfroe, Walter J (1990 ed.). University of Nebraska Press. 4926:

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II; Volume II

7330: 7277: 7247: 7192: 7099: 6973: 6920: 6880: 6550: 6545: 6396: 6296: 6252: 6204: 6152: 6106: 6074: 6032: 6009: 5511: 3382: 3322: 2934: 2926: 2919: 2866: 2608: 2456: 2448: 2394: 2336: 2195: 2180: 1963: 1778: 1766: 1758: 1731: 1636: 1628: 1358: 1162: 1142: 1077: 852: 835: 823: 811: 709: 685: 666: 636: 624: 612: 436: 353: 319: 249: 220: 208: 4770: 7345: 7202: 6843: 6413: 6101: 6079: 5938: 5411: 5150:

Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics

4837: 3188: 3181: 3114: 3059: 3004: 2954: 2757: 2696: 2668: 2600: 2515: 2480: 2460: 2356: 2340: 2039: 1915: 1833: 1770: 1747: 1710:, under which France was largely expelled from Italy, but in exchange gained 1703: 1643: 1520: 1071: 1050: 945: 876: 792: 5727:

War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History: 1500 to Today.

7320: 7127: 6932: 6702: 6172: 6121: 6096: 5754: 5707: 5438: 4888:

War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today

3342: 3092: 3047: 2922:

to the king of Spain while continuing to be part of the Holy Roman Empire.

2871: 2748:

in August 1551. Despite his devout personal Catholicism and persecution of

2424: 2215: 2014: 1943: 1558: 1108: 1064: 871: 859: 847: 481: 4956: 2319: 7222: 7162: 7132: 6485: 6116: 4514:

The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe

3240: 2379: 2256:

was killed, while the Swiss recaptured Milan and restored Ludovico's son

1671: 1420: 1333: 1088: 864: 6480: 6089: 5375: 5002: 4907:

Renaissance Mass Murder: Civilians and Soldiers During the Italian Wars

3157: 2925:

The division of the Empire of Charles V, along with the capture of the

2783:

in March 1552, French troops occupied the Three Bishoprics and invaded

2596: 2471:

In May, Imperial troops, many of whom were followers of Martin Luther,

2293: 2284:

On 1 January 1515, Louis XII died and was succeeded by his son-in-law,

2082: 1599:

were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the

1413: 726: 5519: 4871:. Translated by Hoven-Vardon, Isola van den. Oxford University Press. 4778: 3152:

in 1538. Carvajal remained with the Pizarros while Valdivia began the

3072:

So successful was the employment of firearms in the Italian Wars that

1694:

After 1503, most of the fighting was initiated by French invasions of

3101: 2431:, whose personal enmity with Charles V was a major factor in the wars 2368: 2203: 2043: 1978: 1825: 1608: 1100: 1094: 549: 171: 62: 5529:

Renaissance France at War: Armies, Culture and Society, c. 1480–1560

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Brigden, Susan; Woolfson, Jonathan (2005). "Thomas Wyatt in Italy".

1769:. Followed shortly thereafter by a non-aggression pact known as the 7137: 7122: 7117: 7018: 6052: 6047: 5722: 3215: 3039: 3027: 2906: 2749: 2588: 2573: 2352: 2274: 2191: 2101: 1990: 1927: 1805: 1719: 1699: 1695: 1675: 1604: 1296: 4757:

Armstrong, Edward (October 1915). "The Italian Wars of Henry II".

4134: 2625: 2107: 2065:, but withdrew in September due to shortages of men and supplies. 6084: 5809: 4668: 4666: 3043: 2958: 2787:. In 1553, a Franco-Ottoman force captured the Genoese island of 2511: 2222:, Julius united these disparate interests into the anti-Venetian 2176: 2062: 1650:

in Italy, but fell apart after the death of its chief architect,

5328:. Translated by Lynch, Christopher. University of Chicago Press. 5279:

Agents of Empire: Spanish Ambassadors in Sixteenth-century Italy

1874: 6777: 5124:. Translated by Alexander, Sydney. Princeton University Press. 4146: 3593: 3201: 3192: 2673: 2592: 2507: 2403: 2211: 1994: 1986: 1890:, encouraged Charles VIII of France to invade Italy, using the 1829: 1711: 886: 738: 239: 175: 4663: 4639: 4295: 4293: 4230: 4170: 4074: 4050: 3959: 3947: 3923: 3743: 2818:, and in November he also received the kingdoms of Naples and 2288:, who took up his predecessor's cause and routed the Swiss at 2210:

in 1500 was threatened by Venetian possession of neighbouring

6057: 5840: 4651: 4627: 4445: 4443: 3634: 3632: 3054:

continued to dominate during the early part of the wars, the

2566: 2297: 2142: 1907: 348: 179: 4788:

The Renaissance at War in the Smithsonian History of Warfare

4543: 3839: 3827: 3661: 3659: 3617: 3492: 2845:

on 10 August. Despite this, in January 1558 the French took

2732:

Francis died on 31 March 1547 and was succeeded by his son,

6565: 6042: 5747:

Edited by V. L. Bourrilly and F. Vindry. 4 volumes. Paris:

4678: 4603: 4579: 4290: 4242: 3145: 3082:

that all citizens in a city should know how to fire a gun.

2740:, who claimed the throne of Naples through his grandfather 2604: 2558: 2452: 2018: 1931: 1923: 4467: 4440: 4344: 4305: 4266: 4218: 4194: 4158: 4122: 4110: 4038: 3971: 3935: 3911: 3779: 3767: 3719: 3629: 3569: 3557: 1836:

and thus the ability to pursue his territorial ambitions.

5717:

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5354:

Mattingly, Garrett (1963). "No Peace Beyond What Line?".

4555: 4334: 4332: 4206: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3815: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3656: 3644: 3605: 3581: 3545: 3533: 3432: 2760:

princes within the Empire, which gave him control of the

2386:, in which Francis was captured and imprisoned in Spain. 2229:

Although the French largely destroyed a Venetian army at

5765:

Edited by D. Visconti. Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1957.

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Black, Jeremy (Spring 2006). "Dynasty Forged by Fire".

4702: 4615: 3296:, many Italian states switched sides on a regular basis 2699:

on their way to meet Enghien. An English army captured

2695:

defeated a mercenary force led by the Florentine exile

2660:

on the Spanish border, as well as Artois, Flanders and

2335:

Following the death of Maximilian in January 1519, the

5226:

Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I

4416: 4392: 4329: 3707: 3385:

expansion and thus formally known as the "Holy League"

2347:

Planning an offensive against Habsburg possessions in

2331:

territories on three sides (Red=Spain, Yellow=Austria)

1958:

on 31 March 1495, an anti-French alliance composed of

4479: 4182: 4098: 4062: 4026: 3791: 3755: 3731: 3480: 3444: 3420: 3191:, the final evolution of the fully armoured medieval 2874:

to recognise Ferdinand as Emperor, and reconvene the

5697: 5443:

A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century

5410:

Nigro, Louis J (2010). Bartholomees, J Boone (ed.).

4591: 4428: 4380: 4014: 3851: 3468: 3456: 3007:

has characterized the Italian Wars as a key part in

2296:

saw little benefit in fighting on. In the treaty of

2093:, a military alliance with Venice against Ludovico. 2013:, the French forced their opponents back across the 6324:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

5642:

Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990

5588:(in Italian). Mancia del Commercio di M. Visentini. 5115:. Translated by Goddard, Austin Parke. John Towers. 4317: 3408: 3160:. The two men fought on opposite sides in the 1548 3013:

Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992

2077:and signed a treaty confirming French borders with 5143:. Translated by Grayson, Cecil. Twayne Publishing. 4714: 4690: 4567: 3803: 2752:"heretics" at home, in January 1552 he signed the 30:"Italian War" redirects here. For other uses, see 5565:Rosenblat, Angel; Tejera, María Josefina (2002). 3100:, had considered Italy before opting to serve in 7343: 3085: 2826:, while Spain, its overseas territories and the 2526:states as the greatest threat because it was an 7357:Wars involving the states and peoples of Europe 5564: 5188:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 4942: 4672: 4176: 4140: 3512:"Alessandro VI papa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 3140:in 1526. Carvajal and Valdivia served with the 2814:became king of England through his marriage to 2165: 2081:. This was followed in August by the Treaty of 1722:. In turn, Spain acquired sovereignty over the 5772:Paris: École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1962. 5169:The New World in early modern Italy, 1492–1750 2941:, who settled in Piedmont, and Corsica to the 2413: 472: 5825: 5784:The Commentaries of Messire Blaize de Montluc 4786:Arnold, Thomas F (2006). Keegan, John (ed.). 3058:demonstrated the power of massed firearms in 2679:On 14 April 1544, a French army commanded by 2233:on 14 May 1509, Maximilian failed to capture 2202:, which also resented its expulsion from the 1576: 902: 5356:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5138: 5119: 5108: 5026: 4684: 4657: 4609: 4152: 3599: 3381:Ostensibly created by Pope Julius to resist 2028: 1851:and the March 1493 Treaty of Barcelona with 5672: 5393:Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century 5332: 5323: 4804: 4633: 4561: 4473: 4449: 4311: 4272: 4236: 4224: 4200: 4164: 4128: 4116: 4080: 4056: 3977: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3785: 3773: 3749: 3725: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3650: 3638: 3623: 3611: 3587: 3551: 3539: 3498: 3438: 2710: 2614: 2534: 2514:in the summer of 1529, Charles V was named 2308: 1863: 5832: 5818: 5796:Edited by Ian Roy. London: Longmans, 1971. 5745:Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay. 5467: 5333:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). 5244:Pavia 1525: The Climax of the Italian Wars 5166: 4645: 4374: 4299: 4284: 4260: 4248: 4092: 3869: 1942:allowed his army free passage through the 1753:Largely driven by the rivalry between the 1623:, on one side, and their opponents in the 1583: 1569: 909: 895: 442: 5485:. 3 vols. New York: Facts on File, 2005. 5353: 5044: 4866: 4826:The Quarterly Journal of Military History 4756: 4549: 4461: 4410: 4362: 3148:during their conflict with Spanish rival 2402:, in which he renounced French claims to 1789:, who also pursued a policy of excluding 1654:, in 1492. Combined with the ambition of 487: 388: 293: 5416:. US Army War College. pp. 173–186. 5295: 5017: 4737: 4708: 4621: 3450: 3255: 3175: 3022: 2972: 2890: 2720: 2624: 2544: 2423: 2318: 2175: 2106: 2038: 1989:when the garrison defected, and reached 1873: 1741: 412: 373: 358: 7387:16th-century military history of France 7382:15th-century military history of France 5496: 5257: 5185: 5089: 4923: 4422: 4398: 4350: 4338: 4044: 3713: 3486: 3426: 2636:led to Ottoman intervention in the wars 2522:, Florence surrendered in August 1530. 2206:, and Maximilian, whose acquisition of 2145:; strongly defended by forces loyal to 502: 427: 14: 7344: 5800:Saulx, Gaspard de, Seigneur de Tavanes 5620: 5592: 5583: 5545: 5526: 5448: 5390: 5223: 5070: 5061: 4980: 4785: 4485: 4212: 4188: 4104: 4068: 4032: 3797: 3761: 3737: 3563: 3462: 2569:, although they failed to take Milan. 2248:A French army defeated the Spanish at 2141:In July 1501, the French army reached 1934:on 31 December. Charles was backed by 1781:. The League's main supporter was the 457: 5813: 5673:Wilson, Peter; Evans, Robert (2012). 5639: 5611: 5586:La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia 5409: 5314: 5276: 5204: 5073:Francis I: The Maker of Modern France 4971: 4844: 4823: 4585: 4573: 4434: 4323: 4020: 3857: 3575: 3474: 3414: 1949:In February 1495, the French reached 890: 6370:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 5595:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571 5481:Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. 5147: 4904: 4885: 4720: 4696: 4597: 3809: 3106:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 2918:and the Duchy of Milan were left in 2572:In response, a Spanish army invaded 2494:on 21 June 1529, Francis agreed the 1615:. The primary belligerents were the 5658: 5569:(in Spanish). Biblioteca Ayacucho. 5468:Piccirillo, Anthony Carmen (2009). 5317:The Renaissance and the Reformation 5260:Historical Atlas of the Renaissance 5246:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996. 4386: 3989: 2977:Detail of a tapestry depicting the 2961:and political influence during the 2791:, while supported by Henry's wife, 2252:on 11 April 1512, but their leader 1765:had finally been ended by the 1454 24: 7392:Wars involving the Crown of Aragon 5839: 5741:Du Bellay, Martin, Sieur de Langey 5693: 5644:(1993 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. 5623:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529 5597:. American Philosophical Society. 5445:. London: Methuen & Co., 1937. 5152:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 4976:(in Italian). Giorgio de' Cavalli. 4928:. University of California Press. 4531:from the original on July 20, 2023 3030:using a rest (1876 representation) 2968: 2728:, who succeeded his father in 1547 2656:In August, French armies attacked 25: 7403: 5427:. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. 3992:"Treaty of Noyon, 13 August 1516" 3225: 2863:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 27:European conflicts from 1494–1559 7326: 7325: 7314: 5700: 5621:Taylor, Frederick Lewis (1973). 5451:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 5139:Guicciardini, Francesco (1964). 5120:Guicciardini, Francesco (1984). 5109:Guicciardini, Francesco (1753). 5094:. University of Michigan Press. 5075:(2021 ed.). W&N Press. 4805:Baumgartner, Frederic J (1994). 4002:from the original on 1 July 2022 2799:, who defeated a French army at 1853:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 1552: 1017: 916: 870: 858: 846: 834: 822: 810: 798: 786: 774: 756: 744: 732: 720: 708: 696: 684: 677: 665: 653: 635: 623: 611: 591: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 504: 489: 474: 459: 444: 429: 414: 390: 375: 360: 347: 334: 312: 295: 281: 61: 7055:Orders, decorations, and medals 5806:Château de Lugny: Fourny, 1653. 5749:Société de l'histoire de France 5616:. University of Michigan Press. 4847:European Warfare, 1494–1660 in 4505: 4491: 3983: 3522:from the original on 2023-05-25 3504: 3388: 3375: 3365: 3355: 3246: 2327:meant France was surrounded by 1730:in southern Italy, as well the 1646:established in 1454 achieved a 5729:New York: Gotham Books, 2006. 5300:. Cambridge University Press. 5228:. Cambridge University Press. 5171:. Cambridge University Press. 5167:Horodowich, Elizabeth (2017). 5027:Espino López, Antonio (2012). 3311: 3299: 3278: 2779:Following the outbreak of the 2459:, who competed with the rival 2226:, signed on 10 December 1508. 1832:provided direct access to the 1121:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 211:acquires sovereignty over the 13: 1: 5500:The English Historical Review 5477:(PHD). Georgetown University. 5324:Machiavelli, Niccolò (2003). 5209:(2003 ed.). Allen Lane. 5046:10.18800/historica.201202.001 4983:The Sixteenth Century Journal 4759:The English Historical Review 3401: 3292:, which generally backed the 3086:Veterans turned conquistadors 3009:his theory of state formation 2998:War of the Spanish Succession 2115: 1737: 1231:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 67:Left to right, top to bottom: 5281:. Cornell University Press. 4869:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558 4517:. Routledge. June 11, 2014. 3233:invention of modern printing 3208: 2881: 2683:, defeated the Imperials at 2475:and besieged Clement in the 2300:, signed on 13 August 1516, 2172:War of the League of Cambrai 2166:War of the League of Cambrai 1797:from the Italian peninsula. 1292:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 32:Italian War (disambiguation) 7: 7095:Water supply and sanitation 6519:Italian geographical region 6387:Monarchy and the World Wars 6329:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 6215:War of the Sicilian Vespers 5868:Timeline of Italian history 5336:The Italian Wars: 1494–1559 4738:Arfaioli, Maurizio (2005). 4673:Rosenblat & Tejera 2002 4177:Brigden & Woolfson 2005 4141:Brigden & Woolfson 2005 3018: 2420:War of the League of Cognac 2414:War of the League of Cognac 1603:, but later expanding into 10: 7408: 7014:Inventions and discoveries 6424:Fall of the Fascist regime 6407:Fourth War of Independence 6365:Expedition of the Thousand 6355:Second War of Independence 5668:(PHD). University of York. 5612:Smith, Rhea Marsh (1965). 5593:Setton, Kenneth M (1976). 5550:. Pen and Sword Military. 5296:Lesaffer, Randall (2004). 5190:. Orion Publishing Group. 4972:Corio, Bernardino (1565). 4730: 3171: 3122:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 3120:Italian veterans included 3046:, and other troops. While 2981:, woven from a cartoon by 2886: 2859:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 2714: 2618: 2538: 2417: 2312: 2169: 2032: 1985:. On 11 June, he captured 1951:Monte San Giovanni Campano 1867: 1858: 1708:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 29: 7310: 7108: 6954: 6945: 6809: 6800: 6788:Security and intelligence 6661: 6652: 6514: 6505: 6448: 6375:Third War of Independence 6350:First War of Independence 6337: 6230: 6139: 6020: 5957: 5876: 5860: 5851: 5786:(London: A. Clark, 1674). 5763:Historiarum sui temporis. 5453:. Yale University Press. 5449:Parker, Geoffrey (2019). 5224:Knecht, Robert J (1994). 5020:History of the Art of War 4924:Braudel, Fernand (1996). 4742:. Pisa University Press. 4539:– via Google Books. 3136:, both of whom fought at 2957:, as it maintained major 2901:European balance of power 2742:René II, Duke of Lorraine 2681:Francis, Count of Enghien 2035:Italian Wars of 1499–1504 2029:Italian Wars of 1499–1504 1898:, and that of his nephew 1135:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 979: 926: 521: 271: 195:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis 111: 60: 44: 39: 6466:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 6461:Institutional referendum 5512:10.1093/ehr/XXIII.XC.358 5092:France: A Modern History 5090:Guérard, Albert (1959). 5062:Fraser, Antonia (1969). 3271: 2834:during the 1568 to 1648 2717:Italian War of 1551–1559 2711:Italian War of 1551–1559 2630:Suleiman the Magnificent 2621:Italian War of 1542–1546 2615:Italian War of 1542–1546 2541:Italian War of 1536–1538 2535:Italian War of 1536–1538 2391:Suleiman the Magnificent 2315:Italian War of 1521–1526 2309:Italian War of 1521–1526 2245:, Maximilian and Spain. 1870:Italian War of 1494–1495 1864:Italian War of 1494–1495 1812:in 1481, along with the 1804:inherited the County of 1226:Italy in the Middle Ages 1084:Roman expansion in Italy 6989:Emigration and diaspora 6198:Guelphs and Ghibellines 6183:the Sardinian Judicates 5659:Tol, Jonas van (2016). 5640:Tilly, Charles (1990). 5614:Spain: A Modern History 5546:Romane, Julian (2020). 5315:Lucas, Henry S (1960). 5277:Levin, Michael (2005). 5258:Konstam, Angus (2004). 5186:Inalcik, Halil (2000). 5141:The History of Florence 5071:Frieda, Leonie (2004). 5018:Delbrück, Hans (1920). 4867:Blockmans, Wim (2002). 4771:10.1093/ehr/XXX.CXX.602 4562:Wilson & Evans 2012 4474:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4450:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4312:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4273:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4237:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4225:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4201:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4165:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4129:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4117:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4081:Mallett & Shaw 2012 4057:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3978:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3966:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3942:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3918:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3906:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3894:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3882:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3846:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3834:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3822:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3702:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3690:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3678:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3666:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3651:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3612:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3588:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3552:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3540:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3499:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3439:Mallett & Shaw 2012 3113:on his expedition into 2855:French Wars of Religion 2781:Second Schmalkaldic War 2611:, Piedmont and Artois. 2582:Franco-Ottoman alliance 1658:, its collapse allowed 1635:, Switzerland, and the 1434:European migrant crisis 1384:Italian Social Republic 1299:Italy (1801–1814) 1256:Guelphs and Ghibellines 47:French–Habsburg rivalry 7367:16th century in France 7362:15th century in France 6871:Science and technology 6819:Italian regions by GDP 6620:Marine protected areas 6292:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 5584:Sanudo, Marin (1883). 5527:Potter, David (2008). 5207:Spain's Road to Empire 4905:Bowd, Stephen (2018). 4845:Black, Jeremy (2002). 4588:, pp. 76–78, 164. 3284:With the exception of 3237:Francesco Guicciardini 3185: 3162:Battle of Jaquijahuana 3031: 2986: 2896: 2805:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2738:Francis, Duke of Guise 2729: 2651:Italian War of 1542–46 2637: 2553: 2432: 2332: 2218:coast. Along with the 2187: 2158:on 28 April 1503, and 2121: 2098:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio 2087:Ferdinand II of Aragon 2046: 2003:Ferdinand II of Naples 1879: 1750: 1714:from England, and the 1681:Francesco Guicciardini 1660:Charles VIII of France 1117:(286 AD–476 AD) 1047:(12th–6th c. BC) 1041:(18th–3rd c. BC) 522:Commanders and leaders 402:(1496–1526; 1542–1559) 7377:16th century in Italy 7372:15th century in Italy 7070:Public administration 6178:the Holy Roman Empire 5715:Le Gall, Jean-Marie, 5567:El español de América 5339:. Pearson Education. 5205:Kamen, Henry (2002). 5148:Hall, Bert S (1997). 4957:10.1353/ren.2008.0704 4945:Renaissance Quarterly 4809:. St Martin's Press. 3578:, pp. 1095–1099. 3256:Contemporary accounts 3179: 3130:Francisco de Carvajal 3026: 2976: 2894: 2865:, re-established the 2724: 2715:Further information: 2628: 2619:Further information: 2548: 2539:Further information: 2502:, and Charles's aunt 2427: 2418:Further information: 2322: 2313:Further information: 2243:Henry VIII of England 2179: 2170:Further information: 2110: 2042: 2033:Further information: 1877: 1868:Further information: 1839:In the run-up to the 1746:Italy after the 1454 1745: 1377:Italy in World War II 1080:(509 BC–27 BC) 1074:(753 BC–509 BC) 1053:(8th–3rd c. BC) 1045:Etruscan civilization 102:Battle of St. Quentin 55:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 7298:World Heritage Sites 6753:Council of Ministers 6491:Coronavirus pandemic 5889:Currency and coinage 5483:Encyclopedia of Wars 5421:Norwich, John Julius 5391:Morris, T.A (2002). 5122:The History of Italy 5112:The History of Italy 5064:Mary, Queen of Scots 4974:L'Historia di Milano 3566:, pp. 438, 441. 3307:Habsburg–Valois Wars 3184:, early 16th century 2963:Catholic Reformation 2916:Habsburg Netherlands 2793:Catherine de' Medici 2666:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2634:alliance with France 2190:On 18 October 1503, 2134:contemporaries like 2059:Emperor Maximilian I 1912:Alfonso II of Naples 1900:Gian Galeazzo Sforza 1849:Henry VII of England 1471:Currency and coinage 1410:(1970s–1980s) 1365:Italy in World War I 1276:(14th–16th c.) 1111:(27 BC–286 AD) 1039:Nuragic civilization 983:Full list of battles 630:Hayreddin Barbarossa 6829:Automotive industry 6768:Metropolitan cities 6314:Early Modern period 6287:Kingdom of Sardinia 6238:Italian city-states 5719:Geneva: Droz, 2017. 5625:. Greenwood Press. 5425:A History of Venice 4849:Warfare and History 4648:, pp. 174–176. 4552:, pp. 145–162. 4353:, pp. 359–360. 4239:, pp. 230–231. 4215:, pp. 935–937. 4155:, pp. 370–375. 4143:, pp. 476–477. 4083:, pp. 150–152. 4059:, pp. 143–144. 4047:, pp. 134–135. 3968:, pp. 128–129. 3956:, pp. 230–234. 3932:, pp. 220–223. 3752:, pp. 113–114. 3602:, pp. 338–339. 3205:, for skirmishing. 3074:Niccolò Machiavelli 3056:Italian War of 1521 2828:Spanish Netherlands 2510:rulers in 1527. At 2466:Katherine of Aragon 2429:Francis I of France 2258:Massimiliano Sforza 2183:, architect of the 2147:Frederick of Naples 2136:Niccolò Machiavelli 2017:and continued onto 2009:. In the resulting 1936:Girolamo Savonarola 1882:The war began when 1810:Charles IV of Anjou 1761:, the long-running 1734:in northern Italy. 1685:Niccolò Machiavelli 1274:Italian Renaissance 1251:Italian city-states 829:Massimiliano Sforza 805:Cosimo I de' Medici 84:Battle of Marignano 6891:Telecommunications 6258:Maritime republics 5761:Volume 3, part 1, 5759:Pauli Iovii Opera. 5319:. Harper Brothers. 5066:. Delacorte Press. 4886:Boot, Max (2006). 3305:Also known as the 3186: 3067:Gonzalo de Córdoba 3032: 2987: 2939:Emmanuel Philibert 2897: 2812:Philip II of Spain 2754:Treaty of Chambord 2734:Henry II of France 2730: 2726:Henry II of France 2676:as a winter base. 2638: 2563:Philippe de Chabot 2554: 2477:Castel Sant'Angelo 2433: 2365:Marquis of Pescara 2333: 2302:Charles I of Spain 2188: 2122: 2112:Emperor Maximilian 2047: 1983:Valentina Visconti 1960:Republic of Venice 1904:Isabella of Aragon 1880: 1802:Louis XI of France 1787:Lorenzo de' Medici 1755:Republic of Venice 1751: 1652:Lorenzo de' Medici 1247:Maritime republics 1233:(6th–8th c.) 1187:Carolingian Empire 168:County of Flanders 96:Battle of Ceresole 7339: 7338: 7306: 7305: 6941: 6940: 6876:Southern question 6796: 6795: 6728:Political parties 6676:Foreign relations 6648: 6647: 6501: 6500: 6222:Kingdom of Naples 6210:Kingdom of Sicily 5790:Monluc, Blaise de 5776:Monluc, Blaise de 5531:. Boydell Press. 5262:. Facts on File. 4685:Guicciardini 1984 4658:Espino López 2012 4636:, pp. 44–45. 4610:Guicciardini 1964 4389:, pp. 84–85. 4302:, pp. 53–54. 4251:, pp. 48–50. 4153:Guicciardini 1753 3848:, pp. 68–69. 3836:, pp. 64–65. 3626:, pp. 51–53. 3600:Guicciardini 1753 3501:, pp. 22–24. 3154:conquest of Chile 3134:Pedro de Valdivia 3052:Swiss mercenaries 2991:Garrett Mattingly 2983:Bernard van Orley 2943:Republic of Genoa 2912:Habsburg monarchy 2836:Eighty Years' War 2797:Cosimo de' Medici 2705:Mediterranean Sea 2550:Emperor Charles V 2496:Treaty of Cambrai 2325:Emperor Charles V 2224:League of Cambrai 2185:League of Cambrai 2131:Treaty of Granada 2011:Battle of Fornovo 1968:Holy Roman Empire 1940:Pope Alexander VI 1841:First Italian War 1818:Kingdom of Naples 1795:Holy Roman Empire 1777:and 1482 to 1484 1728:Kingdom of Sicily 1724:Kingdom of Naples 1689:Blaise de Montluc 1625:Holy Roman Empire 1613:Mediterranean Sea 1601:Italian Peninsula 1593: 1592: 1440:COVID-19 pandemic 1436:(2014–2016) 1430:(2007–2009) 1424:(1992–2001) 1416:(1986–1992) 1394:(1943–1945) 1392:Italian Civil War 1379:(1940–1945) 1373:(1922–1943) 1367:(1914–1918) 1361:(1882–1960) 1355:(1861–1946) 1327:(1815–1871) 1288:(1545–1648) 1282:(1494–1559) 1243:in southern Italy 1211: 1210: 1202:Holy Roman Empire 1034:Prehistoric Italy 990: 989: 941:League of Cambrai 885: 884: 403: 342:Holy Roman Empire 324: 308: 289:Kingdom of France 267: 266: 217:Kingdom of Sicily 213:Kingdom of Naples 184:Mediterranean Sea 164:Italian Peninsula 78:Battle of Ravenna 72:Battle of Fornovo 51:Anglo-French wars 16:(Redirected from 7399: 7329: 7328: 7321:Italy portal 7318: 7317: 7258:National symbols 6952: 6951: 6807: 6806: 6659: 6658: 6512: 6511: 6392:Kingdom of Italy 6319:Napoleonic Italy 5858: 5857: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5768:Lot, Ferdinand. 5710: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5688: 5669: 5667: 5655: 5636: 5617: 5608: 5589: 5580: 5561: 5542: 5523: 5478: 5476: 5464: 5417: 5406: 5387: 5350: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5292: 5273: 5242:Konstam, Angus. 5239: 5220: 5201: 5182: 5163: 5144: 5135: 5116: 5105: 5086: 5067: 5058: 5048: 5023: 5014: 4977: 4968: 4939: 4920: 4901: 4890:. Gotham Books. 4882: 4863: 4841: 4820: 4801: 4782: 4765:(120): 602–614. 4753: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4661: 4660:, pp. 7–48. 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4634:Machiavelli 2003 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3954:Baumgartner 1994 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3930:Baumgartner 1994 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3786:Baumgartner 1994 3783: 3777: 3774:Baumgartner 1994 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3750:Baumgartner 1994 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3726:Baumgartner 1994 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3639:Baumgartner 1994 3636: 3627: 3624:Baumgartner 1994 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3294:Spanish Monarchy 3282: 3266:History of Italy 3156:and ignited the 3150:Diego de Almagro 3142:Pizarro brothers 3124:, who conquered 3111:Hernando de Soto 2931:Three Bishoprics 2876:Council of Trent 2832:Army of Flanders 2762:Three Bishoprics 2693:Alfonso d'Avalos 2438:League of Cognac 2400:Treaty of Madrid 2361:Prospero Colonna 2323:The election of 2220:Duchy of Ferrara 2194:was replaced by 2162:on 29 December. 2120: 2117: 2071:Peace of Étaples 2051:Republic of Pisa 2023:initial reverses 2001:Having replaced 1956:League of Venice 1845:Peace of Étaples 1808:from his cousin 1775:Pazzi conspiracy 1763:Wars in Lombardy 1716:Three Bishoprics 1648:balance of power 1585: 1578: 1571: 1559:Italy portal 1557: 1556: 1555: 1286:Catholic revival 1139: 1138: 1021: 1011: 993: 992: 956:League of Cognac 921: 911: 904: 897: 888: 887: 875: 874: 863: 862: 851: 850: 841:Francesco Sforza 839: 838: 827: 826: 815: 814: 803: 802: 791: 790: 779: 778: 761: 760: 749: 748: 737: 736: 725: 724: 713: 712: 701: 700: 689: 688: 682: 681: 670: 669: 658: 657: 640: 639: 628: 627: 616: 615: 606: 596: 595: 584: 583: 572: 571: 560: 559: 548: 547: 536: 535: 514: 510: 508: 507: 499: 495: 493: 492: 484: 480: 478: 477: 469: 465: 463: 462: 454: 450: 448: 447: 439: 435: 433: 432: 424: 420: 418: 417: 401: 400: 396: 394: 393: 385: 381: 379: 378: 370: 366: 364: 363: 352: 351: 340: 338: 337: 322: 318: 316: 315: 306: 305: 301: 299: 298: 287: 285: 284: 230:Three Bishoprics 113: 112: 65: 37: 36: 21: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7315: 7302: 7273:Public holidays 7104: 7050:Life expectancy 6937: 6792: 6708:Law enforcement 6644: 6497: 6444: 6433:Social Republic 6397:Colonial Empire 6380:Capture of Rome 6333: 6226: 6135: 6028:Ancient peoples 6016: 5953: 5914:Historic states 5872: 5847: 5838: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694:Further reading 5691: 5685: 5665: 5652: 5633: 5605: 5577: 5558: 5539: 5506:(90): 358–361. 5474: 5461: 5403: 5368:10.2307/3678733 5347: 5308: 5289: 5270: 5236: 5217: 5198: 5179: 5160: 5132: 5102: 5083: 4995:10.2307/2544605 4936: 4917: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4817: 4798: 4750: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4646:Horodowich 2017 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4600:, pp. 4–5. 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 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3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3516:www.treccani.it 3510: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477:, p. 1029. 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3441:, pp. 8–9. 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3262:Storia d'Italia 3258: 3249: 3228: 3211: 3174: 3102:Spanish America 3088: 3021: 2979:Battle of Pavia 2971: 2969:Interpretations 2889: 2884: 2719: 2713: 2623: 2617: 2543: 2537: 2500:Louise of Savoy 2422: 2416: 2317: 2311: 2174: 2168: 2151:Duke of Nemours 2118: 2091:Treaty of Blois 2037: 2031: 2007:Fornovo di Taro 1979:Louis d'Orleans 1926:on 8 November, 1896:Beatrice d'Este 1888:Regent of Milan 1884:Ludovico Sforza 1872: 1866: 1861: 1740: 1656:Ludovico Sforza 1589: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1496:Historic states 1460: 1452: 1451: 1428:Great Recession 1359:Colonial Empire 1348: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1319: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1067: 1057: 1056: 1029: 1009: 1002: 991: 986: 975: 922: 917: 915: 881: 869: 857: 845: 833: 821: 817:Ludovico Sforza 809: 797: 785: 773: 767: 755: 743: 731: 719: 707: 695: 683: 676: 664: 652: 646: 634: 622: 610: 602: 590: 578: 566: 554: 542: 530: 517: 505: 503: 490: 488: 475: 473: 460: 458: 445: 443: 430: 428: 415: 413: 406: 391: 389: 376: 374: 361: 359: 346: 335: 333: 327: 313: 311: 296: 294: 282: 280: 202: 186: 107: 90:Battle of Pavia 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7405: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7323: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 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6445: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6394: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6297:Duchy of Savoy 6294: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6205:Lombard League 6202: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6127:Western Empire 6119: 6114: 6112:Roman conquest 6109: 6104: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6033:Italic peoples 6024: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5797: 5787: 5773: 5766: 5752: 5738: 5720: 5712: 5711: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684:978-9004206830 5683: 5670: 5656: 5651:978-1557863683 5650: 5637: 5631: 5618: 5609: 5604:978-0871691620 5603: 5590: 5581: 5575: 5562: 5557:978-1526750518 5556: 5543: 5538:978-1843834052 5537: 5524: 5494: 5479: 5465: 5460:978-0300241020 5459: 5446: 5436: 5418: 5407: 5401: 5388: 5351: 5346:978-0582057586 5345: 5330: 5326:The Art of War 5321: 5312: 5307:978-0521827249 5306: 5293: 5288:978-0801443527 5287: 5274: 5269:978-0816057313 5268: 5255: 5240: 5234: 5221: 5216:978-0140285284 5215: 5202: 5197:978-1842124420 5196: 5183: 5178:978-1107122871 5177: 5164: 5158: 5145: 5136: 5130: 5117: 5106: 5101:978-0582057586 5100: 5087: 5082:978-1474601221 5081: 5068: 5059: 5035:(in Spanish). 5024: 5015: 4989:(4): 931–944. 4978: 4969: 4951:(2): 464–511. 4940: 4935:978-0520203303 4934: 4921: 4916:978-0198832614 4915: 4902: 4897:978-1592402229 4896: 4883: 4877: 4864: 4858: 4842: 4821: 4815: 4802: 4796: 4783: 4754: 4748: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4550:Mattingly 1963 4542: 4523: 4504: 4490: 4488:, p. 708. 4478: 4476:, p. 283. 4466: 4464:, p. 611. 4462:Armstrong 1915 4454: 4452:, p. 278. 4439: 4437:, p. 403. 4427: 4425:, p. 935. 4415: 4413:, p. 608. 4411:Armstrong 1915 4403: 4401:, p. 136. 4391: 4379: 4367: 4365:, p. 602. 4363:Armstrong 1915 4355: 4343: 4341:, p. 135. 4328: 4316: 4314:, p. 240. 4304: 4289: 4277: 4275:, p. 237. 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4227:, p. 228. 4217: 4205: 4203:, p. 218. 4193: 4191:, p. 223. 4181: 4179:, p. 468. 4169: 4167:, p. 163. 4157: 4145: 4133: 4131:, p. 156. 4121: 4119:, p. 155. 4109: 4107:, p. 247. 4097: 4085: 4073: 4071:, p. 200. 4061: 4049: 4037: 4035:, p. 132. 4025: 4023:, p. 145. 4013: 3996:History of War 3982: 3980:, p. 131. 3970: 3958: 3946: 3944:, p. 120. 3934: 3922: 3920:, p. 103. 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3860:, p. 329. 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3800:, p. 177. 3790: 3788:, p. 122. 3778: 3776:, p. 120. 3766: 3764:, p. 141. 3754: 3742: 3740:, p. 206. 3730: 3728:, p. 113. 3718: 3716:, p. 132. 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3655: 3643: 3641:, p. 119. 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3465:, p. 150. 3455: 3443: 3431: 3429:, p. 135. 3419: 3417:, p. 175. 3406: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3387: 3374: 3364: 3354: 3317:They included 3310: 3298: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3227: 3226:Historiography 3224: 3210: 3207: 3173: 3170: 3087: 3084: 3079:The Art of War 3020: 3017: 2970: 2967: 2935:Savoyard state 2927:Pale of Calais 2920:personal union 2895:Italy in 1559. 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2867:Savoyard state 2810:In July 1554, 2712: 2709: 2691:in June, when 2616: 2613: 2536: 2533: 2457:Colonna family 2442:Duke of Urbino 2415: 2412: 2337:German Princes 2310: 2307: 2254:Gaston de Foix 2196:Pope Julius II 2181:Pope Julius II 2167: 2164: 2030: 2027: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1779:War of Ferrara 1767:Treaty of Lodi 1759:Duchy of Milan 1739: 1736: 1732:Duchy of Milan 1637:Ottoman Empire 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1417: 1405: 1395: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1244: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207:962–1801 1205: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1115:Western Empire 1112: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1091: 1086: 1075: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1013: 1004: 1003: 996: 988: 987: 980: 977: 976: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 924: 923: 914: 913: 906: 899: 891: 883: 882: 880: 879: 867: 855: 843: 831: 819: 807: 795: 783: 770: 768: 766: 765: 753: 741: 729: 717: 705: 693: 674: 662: 649: 647: 645: 644: 632: 620: 608: 588: 576: 564: 552: 540: 527: 524: 523: 519: 518: 516: 515: 500: 485: 470: 455: 440: 425: 409: 407: 405: 404: 386: 371: 356: 344: 330: 328: 326: 325: 320:Ottoman Empire 309: 291: 277: 274: 273: 269: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 253: 252:re-established 250:Savoyard state 246: 236: 223: 221:Duchy of Milan 204: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 161: 159: 155: 154: 117: 109: 108: 106: 105: 99: 93: 87: 81: 75: 68: 58: 57: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7404: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7332: 7324: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476:Years of Lead 6474: 6472: 6471:Economic Boom 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414:Fascist Italy 6412: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6360:Niçard exodus 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6080:Magna Graecia 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5780:Commentaires. 5777: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5755:Giovio, Paolo 5753: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5735:1-59240-222-4 5732: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5698: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5439:Oman, Charles 5437: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395:. Routledge. 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852:. Routledge. 4851: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4735: 4722: 4717: 4711:, p. 34. 4710: 4709:Delbrück 1920 4705: 4698: 4693: 4687:, p. 50. 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 69. 4674: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4624:, p. 40. 4623: 4622:Delbrück 1920 4618: 4612:, p. 20. 4611: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4564:, p. 78. 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4530: 4526: 4524:9781317899396 4520: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4377:, p. 61. 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4326:, p. 43. 4325: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4287:, p. 52. 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4263:, p. 51. 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4095:, p. 38. 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3908:, p. 95. 3907: 3902: 3896:, p. 89. 3895: 3890: 3884:, p. 87. 3883: 3878: 3872:, p. 19. 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3824:, p. 61. 3823: 3818: 3812:, p. 61. 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3704:, p. 45. 3703: 3698: 3692:, p. 44. 3691: 3686: 3680:, p. 43. 3679: 3674: 3668:, p. 39. 3667: 3662: 3660: 3653:, p. 41. 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3614:, p. 32. 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3590:, p. 31. 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3554:, p. 27. 3553: 3548: 3542:, p. 25. 3541: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3489:, p. 64. 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3453:, p. 23. 3452: 3451:Lesaffer 2004 3447: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3368: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Heavy cavalry 3183: 3182:heavy cavalry 3178: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3115:North America 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098:Hernán Cortés 3095: 3094: 3093:conquistadors 3083: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3060:pike and shot 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005:Charles Tilly 3002: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955:central Italy 2952: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2893: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2857:in 1562. The 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756:with several 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:Piero Strozzi 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2669:captured Nice 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Pope Paul III 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2576:and captured 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516:King of Italy 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2481:Andrea Gritti 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393:, asking for 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2375:on 27 April. 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Martin Luther 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2341:Low Countries 2338: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269:in Lombardy, 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239:Swiss Cantons 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930:on 17th, and 1929: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1916:Ottoman Turks 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902:, husband of 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878:Italy in 1494 1876: 1871: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1834:Mediterranean 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816:claim to the 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1771:Italic League 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1748:Peace of Lodi 1744: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704:Protestantism 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Italic League 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408:Years of Lead 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1195: 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Collins. 4486:Setton 1976 4213:Finlay 1999 4189:Frieda 2004 4105:Knecht 1994 4069:Knecht 1994 4033:Parker 2019 3798:Romane 2020 3762:Romane 2020 3738:Potter 2008 3564:Sanudo 1883 3463:Morris 2002 3241:Paolo Sarpi 3028:Arquebusier 2843:St. Quentin 2824:Ferdinand I 2473:sacked Rome 2380:Clement VII 2154:defeats at 2119: 1508 1672:Reformation 1466:Citizenship 1421:Mani pulite 1334:Young Italy 1153:Ostrogothic 1089:Roman Italy 1008:History of 865:Clement VII 703:Ferdinand I 672:Ferdinand V 323:(1536–1559) 307:(1526–1528) 201:Territorial 7346:Categories 7293:Traditions 7283:Television 7268:Philosophy 7233:Literature 7173:Cathedrals 7143:Settecento 7004:Healthcare 6969:Corruption 6964:Censorship 6723:Parliament 6681:Government 6481:Maxi Trial 6429:Resistance 6158:Ostrogoths 6090:Messapians 5975:Villanovan 5965:Prehistory 5958:Prehistory 5751:, 1908–19. 5632:0837150256 5576:9802763519 5491:0816028516 5433:0679721975 5402:0203014634 5252:1855325047 5235:052157885X 5159:0801855314 5131:0691008000 4878:0340731109 4859:0415275326 4816:0312120729 4797:0060891955 4749:8884922313 4586:Tilly 1990 4574:Levin 2005 4435:Kamen 2002 4324:Black 2006 4021:Smith 1965 4006:21 January 3858:Lucas 1960 3576:Corio 1565 3526:2023-05-25 3475:Corio 1565 3415:Nigro 2010 3402:References 3158:Arauco War 3096:, such as 2851:Thionville 2758:Protestant 2689:Serravalle 2597:Carmagnola 2294:Pope Leo X 2160:Garigliano 2083:Marcoussis 2015:Taro river 1966:, and the 1820:. His son 1783:Florentine 1738:Background 1662:to invade 1414:Maxi Trial 1297:Napoleonic 751:Alfonso II 727:Henry VIII 618:Suleiman I 162:Primarily 53:, and the 7253:Mythology 7228:Libraries 7148:Ottocento 7090:Terrorism 7031:Languages 6984:Education 6906:Transport 6856:Companies 6763:Provinces 6733:President 6698:Judiciary 6671:Elections 6583:Volcanoes 6578:Volcanism 6571:Apennines 6556:Mountains 6524:Peninsula 6507:Geography 6438:Civil War 6163:Byzantium 6070:Etruscans 6005:Canegrate 6000:Golasecca 5985:Rinaldone 5980:Terramare 5970:Neolithic 5723:Boot, Max 5677:. BRILL. 5384:154418252 5055:258861207 5033:Historica 5011:165704017 4965:154848645 4838:1040-5992 4807:Louis XII 4721:Boot 2006 4697:Boot 2006 4598:Boot 2006 4535:March 13, 3810:Bowd 2018 3216:culverins 3209:Artillery 3197:gendarmes 3128:in 1511, 2985:(c. 1531) 2882:Aftermath 2662:Luxemburg 2658:Perpignan 2565:occupied 2492:Landriano 2369:Adrian VI 2290:Marignano 2286:Francis I 2271:Guinegate 2231:Agnadello 2204:Po Valley 2156:Cerignola 2044:Louis XII 1962:, Milan, 1826:Marseille 1619:kings of 1609:Rhineland 1388:Partisans 1143:Odoacer's 1101:Optimates 1095:Populares 971:1551–1559 966:1542–1546 961:1536–1538 951:1521–1526 936:1499–1504 931:1494–1498 853:Julius II 763:Frederick 715:Philip II 691:Charles V 642:Trivulzio 562:Francis I 550:Louis XII 172:Rhineland 152:1551–1559 148:1542–1546 144:1536–1538 140:1526–1530 136:1521–1526 132:1508–1516 128:1502–1504 124:1499–1501 120:1494–1498 7331:Category 7218:Internet 7208:Folklore 7138:Seicento 7123:Trecento 7118:Duecento 7080:Religion 7041:Regional 7019:Italians 6994:Gambling 6886:Taxation 6713:Military 6654:Politics 6456:Republic 6243:Florence 6168:Lombards 6107:Republic 6053:Samnites 6048:Picentes 5990:Apennine 5949:Railways 5929:Military 5877:By topic 5861:Overview 5845:articles 4529:Archived 4387:Tol 2016 4000:Archived 3520:Archived 3335:Florence 3220:bombards 3019:Military 2959:cultural 2929:and the 2907:suo jure 2801:Marciano 2785:Lorraine 2750:Huguenot 2701:Boulogne 2685:Ceresole 2632:, whose 2589:Pinerolo 2574:Provence 2504:Margaret 2408:Burgundy 2363:and the 2353:Flanders 2329:Habsburg 2275:Flanders 2267:La Motta 2216:Adriatic 2192:Pius III 2102:Lombardy 2100:invaded 2079:Burgundy 1991:Vigevano 1928:Florence 1806:Provence 1793:and the 1720:Lorraine 1700:Piedmont 1696:Lombardy 1676:arquebus 1605:Flanders 1547:Timeline 1511:Military 1459:By topic 1398:Republic 1382:Fascist 1353:Monarchy 1308:Republic 1220:Medieval 1198:Germanic 1183:Frankish 1078:Republic 999:a series 997:Part of 574:Henry II 452:Florence 258:annexes 256:Florence 226:Lorraine 182:and the 158:Location 7288:Theatre 7263:Palaces 7243:Museums 7213:Gardens 7198:Fashion 7188:Cuisine 7168:Castles 7110:Culture 7060:Poverty 7036:Italian 6947:Society 6928:Welfare 6896:Tourism 6866:Exports 6834:Banking 6814:Economy 6802:Economy 6758:Regions 6640:Valleys 6610:Islands 6590:Beaches 6561:Prealps 6541:Geology 6529:Climate 6193:Normans 6153:Odoacer 6102:Kingdom 6085:Ligures 6021:Ancient 5995:Nuragic 5944:Postage 5919:Judaism 5909:Genetic 5899:Fashion 5894:Economy 5853:History 5376:3678733 5003:2544605 4909:. OUP. 4731:Sources 4501:. 1866. 3383:Ottoman 3372:Account 3347:Ferrara 3202:Jinetes 3180:French 3172:Cavalry 3166:Tucapel 3044:pikemen 2887:Results 2789:Corsica 2746:Tripoli 2647:Algiers 2528:Italian 2512:Bologna 2461:Orsinis 2455:by the 2395:Ottoman 2373:Bicocca 2349:Navarre 2279:Flodden 2250:Ravenna 2208:Gorizia 2075:England 2063:Livorno 1892:Angevin 1886:, then 1859:History 1814:Angevin 1633:England 1531:Railway 1526:Postage 1501:Judaism 1491:Genetic 1481:Fashion 1476:Economy 1444:present 1402:present 1371:Fascism 1313:Kingdom 1241:Normans 1173:Lombard 1072:Kingdom 604:† 598:Nemours 497:Ferrara 398:England 303:England 244:England 203:changes 166:, also 7319: 7193:Design 7178:Cinema 7153:Anthem 7075:Racism 7024:People 6999:Health 6861:Energy 6851:Brands 6778:Comune 6773:Cities 6635:Rivers 6595:Canals 6278:Amalfi 6263:Venice 6122:Empire 6063:Veneti 6038:Latins 6010:Latial 5843: 5733: 5681: 5648: 5629: 5601: 5573: 5554: 5535: 5520:550031 5518: 5489: 5457: 5431: 5399: 5382: 5374: 5343: 5304: 5285: 5266: 5250: 5232: 5213: 5194: 5175: 5156: 5128: 5098: 5079: 5053: 5009: 5001: 4963: 4932: 4913: 4894: 4875: 4856: 4836: 4813: 4794: 4779:551298 4777: 4746: 4521: 3349:, and 3341:, the 3331:Sicily 3327:Naples 3319:Venice 3290:Sicily 3286:Naples 3193:knight 2914:. The 2847:Calais 2820:Sicily 2816:Mary I 2772:, and 2770:Verdun 2674:Toulon 2643:Philip 2593:Chieri 2508:Medici 2488:Naples 2404:Artois 2263:Novara 2212:Friuli 1995:stroke 1987:Novara 1975:Mantua 1830:Toulon 1791:France 1785:ruler 1712:Calais 1687:, and 1664:Naples 1621:France 1617:Valois 1607:, the 1347:Modern 1163:Vandal 1109:Empire 1001:on the 946:Urbino 781:Urbino 739:Mary I 600: 586:Chabot 509: 494: 479: 464: 449: 434: 422:Venice 419: 395: 383:Sicily 380: 368:Naples 365: 339: 317: 300: 286: 240:Calais 234:France 228:cedes 219:, and 191:Result 176:France 170:, the 104:, 1557 98:, 1544 92:, 1525 86:, 1515 80:, 1512 74:, 1495 49:, the 7278:Sport 7248:Music 7238:Media 7100:Women 6974:Crime 6839:Banks 6615:Lakes 6600:Caves 6551:Flora 6546:Fauna 6268:Genoa 6253:Milan 6248:Siena 6188:Arabs 6075:Celts 6058:Umbri 5934:Music 5904:Flags 5841:Italy 5666:(PDF) 5516:JSTOR 5475:(PDF) 5380:S2CID 5372:JSTOR 5051:S2CID 5007:S2CID 4999:JSTOR 4961:S2CID 4775:JSTOR 3351:Genoa 3339:Siena 3323:Milan 3272:Notes 3138:Pavia 3090:Many 2609:Savoy 2567:Turin 2520:siege 2384:Pavia 2298:Noyon 2235:Padua 2200:Genoa 2143:Capua 2085:with 2073:with 2055:Genoa 1964:Spain 1908:Pavia 1847:with 1718:from 1629:Spain 1516:Music 1486:Flags 1237:Islam 1028:Early 1010:Italy 512:Genoa 437:Milan 354:Spain 260:Siena 242:from 209:Spain 180:Spain 7203:Flag 6933:Wine 6921:road 6916:rail 6747:List 6737:List 6566:Alps 6431:and 6273:Pisa 6043:Osci 5939:Name 5924:LGBT 5731:ISBN 5679:ISBN 5646:ISBN 5627:ISBN 5599:ISBN 5571:ISBN 5552:ISBN 5533:ISBN 5487:ISBN 5455:ISBN 5429:ISBN 5397:ISBN 5341:ISBN 5302:ISBN 5283:ISBN 5264:ISBN 5248:ISBN 5230:ISBN 5211:ISBN 5192:ISBN 5173:ISBN 5154:ISBN 5126:ISBN 5096:ISBN 5077:ISBN 4930:ISBN 4911:ISBN 4892:ISBN 4873:ISBN 4854:ISBN 4834:ISSN 4811:ISBN 4792:ISBN 4744:ISBN 4537:2023 4519:ISBN 4008:2022 3288:and 3239:and 3218:and 3146:Peru 3132:and 3126:Cuba 3050:and 2899:The 2774:Metz 2766:Toul 2605:Nice 2595:and 2559:Asti 2453:Rome 2449:Lodi 2351:and 2277:and 2265:and 2019:Asti 1932:Rome 1924:Pisa 1828:and 1757:and 1726:and 1698:and 1642:The 1627:and 1611:and 1595:The 1521:Name 1506:LGBT 1390:and 1249:and 1239:and 1098:and 467:Pisa 116:Date 7163:Art 6911:air 6703:Law 5508:doi 5364:doi 5041:doi 4991:doi 4953:doi 4767:doi 3144:in 2937:to 2764:of 2578:Aix 2273:in 1855:. 232:to 7348:: 5802:. 5792:. 5778:. 5757:. 5743:. 5725:. 5514:. 5504:23 5502:. 5441:. 5423:. 5378:. 5370:. 5360:13 5358:. 5049:. 5037:36 5031:. 5005:. 4997:. 4987:30 4985:. 4959:. 4949:58 4947:. 4830:18 4828:. 4773:. 4763:30 4761:. 4665:^ 4527:. 4442:^ 4331:^ 4292:^ 3998:. 3994:. 3658:^ 3631:^ 3518:. 3514:. 3362:13 3345:, 3337:, 3333:, 3329:, 3325:, 3321:, 3243:. 3168:. 3042:, 2878:. 2838:. 2807:. 2776:. 2768:, 2653:. 2591:, 2468:. 2410:. 2116:c. 2114:, 1970:. 1946:. 1918:. 1691:. 1683:, 1639:. 1386:, 215:, 178:, 174:, 150:; 146:; 142:; 138:; 134:; 130:; 126:; 122:; 6749:) 6745:( 6739:) 6735:( 5833:e 5826:t 5819:v 5737:. 5687:. 5654:. 5635:. 5607:. 5579:. 5560:. 5541:. 5522:. 5510:: 5493:. 5463:. 5435:. 5405:. 5386:. 5366:: 5349:. 5310:. 5291:. 5272:. 5254:. 5238:. 5219:. 5200:. 5181:. 5162:. 5134:. 5104:. 5085:. 5057:. 5043:: 5013:. 4993:: 4967:. 4955:: 4938:. 4919:. 4900:. 4881:. 4862:. 4840:. 4819:. 4800:. 4781:. 4769:: 4752:. 4010:. 3529:. 3264:( 1584:e 1577:t 1570:v 1446:) 1404:) 1204:) 1200:( 1189:) 1185:( 910:e 903:t 896:v 34:. 20:)

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