748:, and fibrinogen tests should be performed. Platelet aggregation studies are optional. Serum protein electrophoresis results indicate evidence of a monoclonal spike but cannot establish the spike as IgM. An M component with beta-to-gamma mobility is highly suggestive of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation studies help identify the type of immunoglobulin, the clonality of the light chain, and the monoclonality and quantitation of the paraprotein. High-resolution electrophoresis and serum and urine immunofixation are recommended to help identify and characterize the monoclonal IgM paraprotein. The light chain of the monoclonal protein is usually the kappa light chain. At times, patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia may exhibit more than one M protein. Plasma viscosity must be measured. Results from characterization studies of urinary immunoglobulins indicate that light chains (
1087:
3814:
1199:(WHO) classification, however, places Waldenström macroglobulinemia under the category of lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas, itself a subcategory of the indolent (low-grade) non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Since the 1990s, there have been significant advances in the understanding and treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
3481:
Treon, S.; Soumerai, J.; Branagan, A.; Hunter, Z.; Patterson, C.; Ioakimidis, L.; Briccetti, F.; Pasmantier, M.; Zimbler, H.; Cooper, R. B.; Moore, M.; Hill j, J.; Rauch, A.; Garbo, L.; Chu, L.; Chua, C.; Nantel, S. H.; Lovett, D. R.; Boedeker, H.; Sonneborn, H.; Howard, J.; Musto, P.; Ciccarelli, B.
3145:
Treon, Steven P.; Tripsas, Christina K.; Meid, Kirsten; Warren, Diane; Varma, Gaurav; Green, Rebecca; Argyropoulos, Kimon V.; Yang, Guang; Cao, Yang; Xu, Lian; Patterson, Christopher J.; Rodig, Scott; Zehnder, James L.; Aster, Jon C.; Harris, Nancy Lee; Kanan, Sandra; Ghobrial, Irene; Castillo, Jorge
3856:
Kyriakou, C.; Canals, C.; Cornelissen, J. J.; Socie, G.; Willemze, R.; Ifrah, N.; Greinix, H. T.; Blaise, D.; Deconinck, E.; Ferrant, A.; Schattenberg, A.; Harousseau, J. -L.; Sureda, A.; Schmitz, N. (2010). "Allogeneic Stem-Cell
Transplantation in Patients with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia: Report
3445:
Kyle RA, Treon SP, Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Bjorkholm M, Dhodapkar M, Lister TA, Merlini G, Morel P, Stone M, Branagan AR, Leblond V (2003). "Prognostic markers and criteria to initiate therapy in
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: consensus panel recommendations from the Second International Workshop
3259:
Ansell, S. M.; Kyle, R. A.; Reeder, C. B.; Fonseca, R.; Mikhael, J. R.; Morice, W. G.; Bergsagel, P. L.; Buadi, F. K.; Colgan, J. P.; Dingli, D.; Dispenzieri, A.; Greipp, P. R.; Habermann, T. M.; Hayman, S. R.; Inwards, D. J.; Johnston, P. B.; Kumar, S. K.; Lacy, M. Q.; Lust, J. A.; Markovic, S. N.;
4053:
Kastritis, E.; Kyrtsonis, M.; Hadjiharissi, E.; Symeonidis, A.; Michalis, E.; Repoussis, P.; Tsatalas, C.; Michael, M.; Sioni, A.; Kartasis, Z.; Stefanoudaki, E.; Voulgarelis, M.; Delimpasi, S.; Gavriatopoulou, M.; Koulieris, E.; Gika, D.; Zomas, A.; Roussou, P.; Anagnostopoulos, N.; Economopoulos,
3580:
Dimopoulos, Meletios A.; Tedeschi, Alessandra; Trotman, Judith; García-Sanz, Ramón; Macdonald, David; Leblond, Veronique; Mahe, Beatrice; Herbaux, Charles; Tam, Constantine; Orsucci, Lorella; Palomba, M. Lia; Matous, Jeffrey V.; Shustik, Chaim; Kastritis, Efstathios; Treon, Steven P.; Li, Jianling;
986:
As of
October 2010, there have been a total of 44 clinical trials on Waldenström macroglobulinemia, excluding transplantation treatments. Of these, 11 were performed on previously untreated patients, 14 in patients with relapsed or refractory Waldenström. A database of clinical trials investigating
4319:
Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, Flandrin G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Vardiman J, Lister TA, Bloomfield CD (2000). "The World Health
Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee Meeting, Airlie House, Virginia,
657:
samples. Blood tests show the level of IgM in the blood and the presence of proteins, or tumor markers, that are the key signs of
Waldenström macroglobulinemia. A bone marrow biopsy provides a sample of bone marrow, usually from the lower back of the pelvis bone. The sample is extracted through a
2229:
Braggio, E.; Keats, J.; Leleu, X.; Van Wier, S.; Jimenez-Zepeda, V.; Valdez, R.; Schop, R.; Price-Troska, T.; Henderson, K.; Sacco, A.; Azab, F.; Greipp, P.; Gertz, M.; Hayman, S.; Rajkumar, S. V.; Carpten, J.; Chesi, M.; Barrett, M.; Stewart, A. K.; Dogan, A.; Bergsagel, P. L.; Ghobrial, I. M.;
2179:
Leleu, X.; Eeckhoute, J.; Jia, X.; Roccaro, A.; Moreau, A.; Farag, M.; Sacco, A.; Ngo, H.; Runnels, J.; Melhem, M. R.; Burwick, N.; Azab, A.; Azab, F.; Hunter, Z.; Hatjiharissi, E.; Carrasco, D. R.; Treon, S. P.; Witzig, T. E.; Hideshima, T.; Brown, M.; Anderson, K. C.; Ghobrial, I. M. (2008).
1019:
Current medical treatments result in survival of some longer than 10 years; in part this is because better diagnostic testing means early diagnosis and treatments. Older diagnosis and treatments resulted in published reports of median survival of approximately 5 years from time of diagnosis.
4038:
Morel P, Duhamel A, Gobbi P, Dimopoulos M, Dhodapkar M, McCoy J, et al. International
Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia. XIth International Myeloma Workshop & IVth International Workshop on Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia 25 30 June 2007 Kos Island, Greece.
2718:
Treon, S.; Kelliher, A.; Keele, B.; Frankel, S.; Emmanouilides, C.; Kimby, E.; Schlossman, R.; Mitsiades, N.; Mitsiades, C.; Preffer, F.; Anderson, K. C. (2003). "Expression of serotherapy target antigens in
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: therapeutic applications and considerations".
302:. The Waldenström macroglobulinemia spectrum of dysplasias differs from other spectrums of plasma cell dyscrasias in that it involves not only aberrant plasma cells but also aberrant lymphoplasmacytoid cells and that it involves IgM while other plasma dyscrasias involve other antibody
2091:
Leleu, X.; Jia, X.; Runnels, J.; Ngo, H.; Moreau, A.; Farag, M.; Spencer, J.; Pitsillides, C.; Hatjiharissi, E.; Roccaro, A.; O'Sullivan, G.; McMillin, D. W.; Moreno, D.; Kiziltepe, T.; Carrasco, R.; Treon, S. P.; Hideshima, T.; Anderson, K. C.; Lin, C. P.; Ghobrial, I. M. (2007).
641:, which is present in 6–20% of patients. This is attributed to the IgM monoclonal protein molecules increasing the viscosity of the blood by forming aggregates to each other, binding water through their carbohydrate component and by their interaction with blood cells.
2917:
1065:
The
International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia has been shown to be reliable. It is also applicable to patients on a rituximab-based treatment regimen. An additional predictive factor is elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
2795:
San Miguel JF, Vidriales MB, Ocio E, Mateo G, Sanchez-Guijo F, Sanchez ML, Escribano L, Barez A, Moro MJ, Hernandez J, Aguilera C, Cuello R, Garcia-Frade J, Lopez R, Portero J, Orfao A (2003). "Immunophenotypic analysis of
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia".
3755:
Tournilhac O, Leblond V, Tabrizi R, Gressin R, Senecal D, Milpied N, Cazin B, Divine M, Dreyfus B, Cahn JY, Pignon B, Desablens B, Perrier JF, Bay JO, Travade P (2003). "Transplantation in
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia--the French experience".
4054:
T.; Terpos, E.; Zervas, K.; Dimopoulos, M. A.; Greek Myeloma Study, G. (2010). "Validation of the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) and the importance of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)".
752:), usually of the kappa type, are found in the urine. Urine collections should be concentrated. Bence Jones proteinuria is observed in approximately 40% of patients and exceeds 1 g/d in approximately 3% of patients. Patients with findings of
2281:"Gene expression profiling of B lymphocytes and plasma cells from Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: comparison with expression patterns of the same cell counterparts from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma and normal individuals"
313:. It occurs more frequently in older adults. While the disease is incurable, it is treatable. Because of its indolent nature, many patients are able to lead active lives, and when treatment is required, may experience years of symptom-free
377:
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is characterized by an uncontrolled clonal proliferation of terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. The most commonly associated mutations, based on whole-genome sequencing of 30 patients, are a
856:
In 2002, a panel at the International Workshop on Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia agreed on criteria for the initiation of therapy. They recommended starting therapy in patients with constitutional symptoms such as recurrent
2914:
3956:"Attainment of complete/very good partial response following rituximab-based therapy is an important determinant to progression-free survival, and is impacted by polymorphisms in FCGR3A in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia"
820:
In the absence of symptoms, many clinicians will recommend simply monitoring the patient; Waldenström himself stated "let well do" for such patients. These asymptomatic cases are now classified as two successively more
940:
is another agent that has been approved for use in this condition. Combination treatment with ibrutinib and rituximab showed significantly higher disease progression free survival than with just rituximab treatment.
677:(CT or CAT) scan may be used to evaluate the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, particularly swelling of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. A skeletal survey can help distinguish between Waldenström macroglobulinemia and
2521:
Roccaro, A.; Sacco, A.; Chen, C.; Runnels, J.; Leleu, X.; Azab, F.; Azab, A.; Jia, X.; Ngo, H.; Melhem, M. R.; Burwick, N.; Varticovski, L.; Novina, C. D.; Rollins, B. J.; Anderson, K. C.; Ghobrial, I. M. (2009).
4392:
4377:
802:. In a cohort study of previously treated patients, ibrutinib induced responses in 91% of patients, and at 2 years 69% of patients had no progression of disease and 95% were alive. Based on this study, the
1577:
Castillo, Jorge J.; Moreno, David F.; Arbelaez, Zachary R.; Treon, Steven P. (2019). "CXCR4 mutations affect presentation and outcomes in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia: A systematic review".
1027:
The International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia is a predictive model to characterise long-term outcomes. According to the model, factors predicting reduced survival are:
3892:
Rourke, M.; Anderson, K. C.; Ghobrial, I. M. (2010). "Review of clinical trials conducted in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and recommendations for reporting clinical trial responses in these patients".
1987:
Braggio, E.; Keats, J. J.; Leleu, X.; Van Wier, S. V.; Jimenez-Zepeda, V. H.; Schop, R. F. J.; Chesi, M.; Barrett, M.; Stewart, A. K.; Dogan, A.; Bergsagel, P. L.; Ghobrial, I. M.; Fonseca, R. (2009).
2347:
Chng, W.; Schop, R.; Price-Troska, T.; Ghobrial, I.; Kay, N.; Jelinek, D.; Gertz, M.; Dispenzieri, A.; Lacy, M.; Kyle, R. A.; Greipp, P. R.; Tschumper, R. C.; Fonseca, R.; Bergsagel, P. L. (2006).
1535:"The genomic landscape of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is characterized by highly recurring MYD88 and WHIM-like CXCR4 mutations, and small somatic deletions associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis"
1621:
Schop, Roelandt F.J.; Van Wier, Scott A.; Xu, Ruifang; et al. (2006). "6q deletion discriminates Waldenström macroglobulinemia from IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance".
5486:
5405:
274:(IgM), which is made and secreted by the cells involved in the disease. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is an "indolent lymphoma" (i.e., one that tends to grow and spread slowly) and a type of
790:
There is no single accepted treatment for Waldenström macroglobulinemia. There is marked variation in clinical outcome due to gaps in knowledge of the disease's molecular basis. Objective
3954:
Treon, S. P.; Yang, G.; Hanzis, C.; Ioakimidis, L.; Verselis, S. J.; Fox, E. A.; Xu, L.; Hunter, Z. R.; Tseng, H.; Manning, R. J.; Patterson, C. J.; Sheehy, P.; Turnbull, B. (2011).
812:
Patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia are at higher risk of developing second cancers than the general population, but it is not yet clear whether treatments are contributory.
2141:
Mensah-Osman, E.; Al-Katib, A.; Dandashi, M.; Mohammad, R. (2003). "XK469, a topo IIbeta inhibitor, induces apoptosis in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia through multiple pathways".
958:
for the treatment of adults with Waldenström macroglobulinemia. For patients experiencing hyperviscosity syndrome, plasmapheresis is used to rapidly reduce IgM levels in the blood.
429:, with first-degree relatives of Waldenström macroglobulinemia patients shown to have a highly increased risk of also developing the disease. There is also evidence to suggest that
2232:"Identification of copy number abnormalities and inactivating mutations in two negative regulators of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia"
5149:
398:, high platelet counts, or different response to therapy, questioning the relevance of CXCR4 in treating patients. An association has been demonstrated with the locus 6p21.3 on
1707:"Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders among first-degree relatives of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients: a population-based study in Sweden"
3096:
Yang, G.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Xu, L.; Cao, Y.; Manning, R. J.; Patterson, C. J.; Buhrlage, S. J.; Gray, N.; Tai, Y.-T.; Anderson, K. C.; Hunter, Z. R.; Treon, S. P. (2013).
3260:
Micallef, I. N. M.; Nowakowski, G. S.; Porrata, L. F.; Roy, V.; Russell, S. J.; Short, K. E. D.; Stewart, A. K.; Thompson, C. A.; Witzig, T. E.; Zeldenrust, S. R. (2010).
736:
test results are not specific for Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Beta-2 microglobulin is elevated in proportion to tumor mass. Coagulation abnormalities may be present.
724:
level is noted in approximately 4% of patients. The LDH level is frequently elevated, indicating the extent of Waldenström macroglobulinemia–related tissue involvement.
5479:
3309:
Varettoni, M.; Tedeschi, A.; Arcaini, L.; Pascutto, C.; Vismara, E.; Orlandi, E.; Ricci, F.; Corso, A.; Greco, A.; Mangiacavalli, S.; Lazzarino, M.; Morra, E. (2011).
575:
MicroRNA-155 regulates the proliferation and growth of Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells in vitro and in vivo, by inhibiting MAPK/ERK, PI3/AKT, and NF-κB pathways.
4703:
2077:
5472:
4820:
4407:
3146:
J.; Laubach, Jacob P.; Hunter, Zachary R.; Salman, Zeena; Li, Jianling; Cheng, Mei; Clow, Fong; Graef, Thorsten; Palomba, M. Lia; Advani, Ranjana H. (2015).
441:
Although believed to be a sporadic disease, studies have shown increased susceptibility within families, indicating a genetic component. A mutation in gene
3791:
841:, the Shah of Iran, also had Waldenström macroglobulinemia, which resulted in his ill-fated trip to the United States for therapy in 1979, leading to the
5410:
1144:
The median age of onset is between 60 and 65 years, with some cases occurring in late teens. Notable victims of the disease include dancer/choreographer
5534:
5219:
4142:
3098:"A mutation in MYD88 (L265P) supports the survival of lymphoplasmacytic cells by activation of Bruton tyrosine kinase in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
1989:"High-Resolution Genomic Analysis in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia Identifies Disease-Specific and Common Abnormalities with Marginal Zone Lymphomas"
2431:
Ngo, H.; Azab, A.; Farag, M.; Jia, X.; Melhem, M.; Runnels, J.; Roccaro, A.; Azab, F.; Sacco, A.; Leleu, X.; Anderson, K. C.; Ghobrial, I. M. (2009).
2038:"FGFR3 is overexpressed Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and its inhibition by Dovitinib induces apoptosis, and overcomes stroma-induced proliferation"
1062:
Five-year survival rates for these categories are 87%, 68% and 36%, respectively. The corresponding median survival rates are 12, 8, and 3.5 years.
5433:
2349:"Gene-expression profiling of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia reveals a phenotype more similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia than multiple myeloma"
3262:"Diagnosis and Management of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Mayo Stratification of Macroglobulinemia and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) Guidelines"
2279:
Gutiérrez, N.; Ocio, E.; De Las Rivas, J.; Maiso, P.; Delgado, M.; Fermiñán, E.; Arcos, M.; Sánchez, M.; Hernández, J.; San Miguel, J. F. (2007).
936:
can be used to treat the hyperviscosity syndrome by removing the paraprotein from the blood, although it does not address the underlying disease.
4785:
4103:"The International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is applicable in patients treated with rituximab-based regimens"
5629:
5175:
1097:
433:, including exposure to farming, pesticides, wood dust, and organic solvents, may influence the development of Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
4514:
1533:
Hunter, Z. R.; Xu, L.; Yang, G.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Cao, Y.; Manning, R. J.; Tripsas, C.; Patterson, C. J.; Sheehy, P.; Treon, S. P. (2013).
4012:
Johansson B, Waldenstrom J, Hasselblom S, Mitelman F (1995). "Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia with the AML/MDS-associated t(1;3)(p36;q21)".
2036:
Azab, A. K.; Azab, F.; Quang, P.; Maiso, P.; Sacco, B.; Ngo, A.; Liu, H. T.; Zhang, Y.; Morgan, Y.; Roccaro, A. M.; Ghobrial, I. M. (2011).
4865:
1078:, 1% of cases are Waldenström macroglobulinemia. A rare disorder, there are fewer than 1,500 cases occurring in the United States annually.
3402:
Baehring, J.; Hochberg, E.; Raje, N.; Ulrickson, M.; Hochberg, F. (2008). "Neurological manifestations of Waldenström macroglobulinemia".
2396:
Nichols, G.; Stein, C. (2003). "Modulation of the activity of Bcl-2 in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia using antisense oligonucleotides".
5378:
2977:
889:
due to bone marrow infiltration. Complications such as hyperviscosity syndrome, symptomatic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, systemic
4280:
Frequency of lymphoid neoplasms. (Source: Modified from WHO Blue Book on Tumour of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 2001, p. 2001.)
5417:
4963:
4842:
4708:
830:
299:
1353:"Diagnosis, risk stratification and management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma"
4209:"Long-term survival in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: 10-year follow-up of Southwest Oncology Group-directed intergroup trial S9003"
1891:
Treon, S. P.; Xu, L.; Yang, G.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Cao, Y.; Sheehy, P.; Manning, R. J.; Patterson, C. J.; Tripsas, C.; Arcaini, L.;
1504:
Raje N, Hideshima T, Anderson KC (2003). "Plasma Cell Tumors". In Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Gansler TS (eds.).
5614:
4943:
4741:
1213:
5367:
5041:
4595:
5214:
530:
5033:
4584:
4273:
2935:
1517:
1485:
1332:
741:
1109:
5362:
4158:"Prognostic value of the International Scoring System and response in patients with advanced Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
2880:
Dimopoulos MA, Kyle RA, Anagnostopoulos A, Treon SP (2005). "Diagnosis and management of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia".
975:
5318:
4938:
4736:
4620:
4418:
3716:"High-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplantation in patients with resistant Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia"
2669:
Roccaro, A.; Sacco, A.; Jia, X.; Azab, A.; Maiso, P.; Ngo, H.; Azab, F.; Runnels, J.; Quang, P.; Ghobrial, I. M. (2010).
5266:
4977:
4292:
Waldenstrom J (1944). "Incipient myelomatosis or "essential" hyperglobulinemia with fibrinognenopenia-a new syndrome?".
3196:
5209:
1842:
McMaster, M.; Goldin, L.; Bai, Y.; Ter-Minassian, M.; Boehringer, S.; Giambarresi, T.; Vasquez, L.; Tucker, M. (2006).
1290:
649:
A diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia depends on a significant monoclonal IgM spike evident in blood tests and
550:
is overexpressed in Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells compared with control B cells. Inhibition of Src arrests the
4507:
3831:
1131:
464:
250:
180:
1895:; Rodig, S. J.; Sohani, A. R.; Harris, N. L.; Laramie, J. M.; Skifter, D. A.; Lincoln, S. E.; Hunter, Z. R. (2012).
1233:
402:. There is a two- to threefold increased risk of Waldenström macroglobulinemia in people with a personal history of
5170:
3003:
Leleu, X.; Gay, J.; Roccaro, A.; Moreau, A.; Poulain, S.; Dulery, R.; Champs, B.; Robu, D.; Ghobrial, I. (2009).
2320:
Burwick, N.; Roccaro, A.; Leleu, X.; Ghobrial, I. (2008). "Targeted therapies in Waldenström macroglobulinemia".
445:
has been found to occur frequently in patients. Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells show only minimal changes in
1446:
697:(a specific type of white blood cell) may also be found in some individuals with Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
5400:
5392:
5251:
5129:
5068:
5054:
4948:
4889:
4726:
4652:
1208:
705:
5448:
5358:
5308:
5204:
4933:
4717:
1756:"Differential characteristics of Waldenström macroglobulinemia according to patterns of familial aggregation"
1075:
988:
582:
and histone-modifying genes are de-regulated. Bone marrow tumour cells express the following antigen targets
2756:"Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Development of diagnostic criteria and identification of prognostic factors"
1105:
394:
and high bone marrow activity characteristic of the disease. However, CXCR4 mutation is not associated with
5495:
5340:
5246:
5229:
5037:
4591:
4500:
3797:
803:
764:
415:
290:. Waldenström macroglobulinemia is commonly preceded by two clinically asymptomatic but progressively more
17:
1323:
Cheson BD (2006). "Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias and Plasma Cell Disorders". In Dale DD, Federman DD (eds.).
5281:
5154:
4860:
945:
799:
275:
1466:
International Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Foundation. "Living with Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia".
1020:
Currently, median survival is 6.5 years. In rare instances, Waldenström macroglobulinemia progresses to
5568:
5556:
5196:
1844:"Genomewide linkage screen for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia susceptibility loci in high-risk families"
853:
Should treatment be started it should address both the paraprotein level and the lymphocytic B-cells.
826:
708:(ESR), kidney and liver function, total protein levels, and an albumin-to-globulin ratio. The ESR and
357:
are present in 30–40% of cases. Other possible signs and symptoms include blurring or loss of vision,
295:
5084:
4925:
4847:
4207:
Dhodapkar, M.; Hoering, A.; Gertz, M.; Rivkin, S.; Szymonifka, J.; Crowley, J.; Barlogie, B. (2009).
1196:
468:
450:
5286:
5114:
4429:
1113:
791:
4752:
1177:
638:
391:
4265:
2754:
Owen RG, Barrans SL, Richards SJ, O'Connor SJ, Child JA, Parapia LA, Morgan GJ, Jack AS (2001).
1011:-48 and -158 were associated with improved categorical responses to rituximab-based treatments.
5585:
5464:
5303:
5180:
5159:
5073:
4854:
3714:
Anagnostopoulos A, Dimopoulos MA, Aleman A, Weber D, Alexanian R, Champlin R, Giralt S (2001).
3673:
Martino R, Shah A, Romero P, Brunet S, Sierra J, Domingo-Albos A, Fruchtman S, Isola L (1999).
2974:
1936:
Sacco, A.; Issa, G. C.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Maiso, P.; Ghobrial, I. M.; Roccaro, A. M. (2010).
1262:
1000:
4469:
3936:
2655:
2641:
2627:
2613:
2599:
2585:
2571:
5624:
5507:
5312:
4902:
4875:
4796:
4698:
4156:
Hivert, B.; Tamburini, J.; Vekhoff, A.; Tournilhac, O.; Leblond, V.; Morel, P. (2011-03-10).
3857:
from the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation".
2524:"MicroRNA expression in the biology, prognosis, and therapy of Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
1705:
Kristinsson, S.; Björkholm, M.; Goldin, L.; McMaster, M.; Turesson, I.; Landgren, O. (2008).
1192:
955:
753:
728:, cryoglobulins, direct antiglobulin test and cold agglutinin titre results can be positive.
701:
516:
430:
342:
309:
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare disease, with only about 1,500 cases per year in the
283:
4492:
4101:
Dimopoulos, M.; Kastritis, E.; Delimpassi, S.; Zomas, A.; Kyrtsonis, M.; Zervas, K. (2008).
1161:
5528:
5109:
4721:
4632:
4540:
3634:"Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia"
1476:
Kyle RA (1998). "Chapter 94: Multiple Myeloma and the Dysproteinemias". In Stein JH (ed.).
1241:
768:
729:
314:
279:
3350:
1195:
and infiltration of the bone marrow and other organs by plasmacytoid lymphocytes. The new
8:
5561:
4909:
4693:
4663:
4396:
3995:
1754:
Royer, R.; Koshiol, J.; Giambarresi, T.; Vasquez, L.; Pfeiffer, R.; McMaster, M. (2010).
842:
749:
674:
579:
2433:"Src tyrosine kinase regulates adhesion and chemotaxis in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
1634:
558:
and has little effect on the survival of Waldenström macroglobulinemia or normal cells.
5373:
4412:
4345:
4305:
4258:
4233:
4208:
4184:
4157:
3918:
3562:
3508:
3483:
3427:
3286:
3261:
3073:
3056:
3029:
3004:
2954:
2857:
2832:
2695:
2671:"microRNA-dependent modulation of histone acetylation in Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
2670:
2548:
2523:
2457:
2432:
2373:
2348:
2256:
2231:
2206:
2181:
2118:
2093:
2013:
1988:
1964:
1938:"Epigenetic modifications as key regulators of Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia biology"
1937:
1868:
1843:
1780:
1755:
1731:
1706:
1682:
1657:
1603:
1423:
1396:
838:
778:
733:
654:
476:
457:
signature however differs from their normal counterpart. It is therefore believed that
403:
330:
4401:
1506:
756:
should have nerve conduction studies and antimyelin associated glycoprotein serology.
5619:
5545:
5453:
5104:
5093:
4883:
4773:
4688:
4440:
4337:
4333:
4269:
4238:
4189:
4124:
4071:
4021:
3977:
3972:
3955:
3910:
3874:
3773:
3737:
3696:
3675:"Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for advanced Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia"
3655:
3614:
3554:
3513:
3463:
3419:
3384:
3380:
3332:
3291:
3241:
3177:
3169:
3127:
3119:
3078:
3034:
3020:
2931:
2897:
2862:
2813:
2777:
2736:
2700:
2553:
2503:
2462:
2413:
2378:
2329:
2302:
2261:
2211:
2158:
2123:
2059:
2018:
1969:
1918:
1873:
1824:
1785:
1736:
1687:
1638:
1607:
1595:
1556:
1513:
1481:
1428:
1374:
1328:
866:
794:
are high (> 80%) but complete response rates are low (0–15%). The medication
725:
51:
5123:
3922:
3566:
3431:
5593:
5540:
5524:
5223:
5002:
4870:
4769:
4480:
4349:
4329:
4301:
4228:
4220:
4179:
4171:
4114:
4063:
3967:
3902:
3866:
3765:
3727:
3686:
3645:
3604:
3594:
3544:
3503:
3495:
3455:
3411:
3376:
3322:
3281:
3273:
3231:
3159:
3109:
3068:
3024:
3016:
2889:
2852:
2844:
2805:
2767:
2728:
2690:
2682:
2543:
2535:
2493:
2452:
2444:
2405:
2368:
2360:
2292:
2251:
2243:
2201:
2193:
2150:
2113:
2105:
2049:
2008:
2000:
1959:
1949:
1908:
1892:
1863:
1855:
1816:
1775:
1767:
1726:
1718:
1677:
1669:
1630:
1587:
1546:
1418:
1408:
1364:
1188:
1149:
1021:
913:
898:
834:
737:
690:
678:
634:
426:
379:
287:
271:
267:
209:
203:
74:
4067:
2448:
2247:
2054:
2037:
1591:
5511:
4996:
4991:
4800:
4684:
4550:
4545:
4434:
4224:
4175:
3906:
3499:
3236:
3219:
3114:
3097:
2981:
2921:
2686:
2539:
2498:
2481:
2364:
2197:
2109:
1771:
1722:
1673:
1551:
1534:
1295:
1267:
1173:
971:
967:
878:
774:
346:
2772:
2755:
2094:"The Akt pathway regulates survival and homing in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
5573:
5443:
4445:
1181:
1145:
933:
925:
894:
833:. But on occasion, the disease can be fatal, as it was to the French president
667:
497:
407:
4386:
3583:"Phase 3 Trial of Ibrutinib plus Rituximab in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia"
2848:
670:
may be used to examine markers on the cell surface or inside the lymphocytes.
5608:
5350:
5049:
4958:
4914:
4731:
4605:
4162:
3870:
3818:
3367:
Waldenström J (1991). "To treat or not to treat, this is the real question".
3197:"FDA expands approved use of Imbruvica for rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma"
3173:
3123:
822:
745:
721:
713:
419:
310:
291:
3769:
3459:
3327:
3310:
2924:
From Chapter 88 – Waldenström Macroglobulinemia/Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma.
2893:
2809:
2732:
2409:
1820:
5519:
4953:
4615:
4341:
4242:
4193:
4128:
4119:
4102:
4075:
3981:
3914:
3878:
3777:
3741:
3732:
3715:
3700:
3691:
3674:
3659:
3650:
3633:
3618:
3558:
3517:
3467:
3423:
3336:
3295:
3245:
3181:
3131:
3082:
3038:
2901:
2866:
2817:
2781:
2740:
2704:
2557:
2507:
2466:
2417:
2382:
2333:
2306:
2297:
2280:
2265:
2215:
2162:
2127:
2063:
2022:
2004:
1973:
1954:
1922:
1877:
1828:
1789:
1740:
1691:
1642:
1599:
1560:
1432:
1378:
1164:(1906–1996) in 1944 in two patients with bleeding from the nose and mouth,
951:
909:
882:
862:
837:, who died in office in 1974, six years after the discovery of his cancer.
520:
505:
399:
395:
354:
350:
4025:
3599:
3582:
3388:
3277:
3164:
3147:
2154:
1913:
1896:
1187:
For a time, Waldenström macroglobulinemia was considered to be related to
4627:
4464:
3415:
3057:"Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: Recent advances in biology and therapy"
1658:"Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
1656:
Koshiol, J.; Gridley, G.; Engels, E.; McMaster, M.; Landgren, O. (2008).
921:
917:
890:
874:
694:
663:
659:
626:
458:
446:
334:
4369:
4052:
3609:
1449:. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program
1413:
1148:, who died of the disease in 1980, aged 61; and former French President
4523:
1369:
1352:
1169:
929:
720:
is occasionally elevated and electrolytes are occasionally abnormal. A
717:
686:
630:
551:
547:
270:. It is characterized by having high levels of a circulating antibody,
56:
4011:
3549:
3532:
1351:
van de Donk NW, Mutis T, Poddighe PJ, Lokhorst HM, Zweegman S (2016).
685:
occurs in about 80% of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia. A
614:
Symptoms including blurring or loss of vision, headache, and (rarely)
4475:
4000:
3355:
2959:
1397:"New developments in the management of Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
937:
905:
806:
approved ibrutinib for use in Waldenström macroglobulinemia in 2015.
795:
781:
that can be attributed to an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder.
709:
650:
568:
increased expression of miRNAs-363*, -206, -494, -155, -184, -542–3p.
411:
338:
286:, similar to other plasma cell dyscrasias that, for example, lead to
3713:
3579:
2140:
1804:
5498:
5438:
4527:
1859:
561:
358:
326:
303:
60:
4100:
2879:
1704:
511:
471:: deletions of 6q23 and 13q14, and gains of 3q13-q28, 6p and 18q.
3817:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3581:
Salman, Zeena; Graef, Thorsten; Buske, Christian (21 June 2018).
3148:"Ibrutinib in Previously Treated Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia"
1897:"MYD88 L265P Somatic Mutation in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia"
1055:
Intermediate: 2 adverse characteristics or age > 65 years
1004:
759:
Criteria for diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia include:
266:: lymphoplasmacytoid cells and plasma cells. Both cell types are
263:
5494:
4423:
4155:
3308:
3005:"Update on therapeutic options in Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
1350:
978:
can induce durable remissions for heavily pre-treated patients.
4986:
4381:
3792:"FDA approves zanubrutinib for Waldenström's macroglobulinemia"
3754:
2753:
1165:
1008:
908:, sometimes in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs such as
886:
870:
682:
615:
362:
259:
3855:
2278:
1841:
1753:
637:. Other symptoms of Waldenström macroglobulinemia are due to
227:
163:
92:
4809:
4674:
4658:
4522:
4264:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
3401:
2346:
858:
773:
Evidence of anemia, constitutional symptoms, hyperviscosity,
540:
483:
472:
454:
442:
387:
383:
218:
3937:"Search of: Waldenstrom - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov"
3484:"Thalidomide and rituximab in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
2794:
1655:
1180:
due to increased levels of a class of heavy proteins called
809:
There are different treatment flowcharts: Treon and mSMART.
325:
Signs and symptoms of Waldenström macroglobulinemia include
5272:
5166:
5150:
Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma
5145:
5063:
4805:
4780:
4760:
4756:
4643:
4561:
4556:
4206:
3480:
2319:
1576:
619:
603:
595:
591:
587:
583:
535:
525:
487:
366:
239:
172:
169:
148:
127:
4318:
3632:
Yang L, Wen B, Li H, Yang M, Jin Y, Yang S, Tao J (1999).
3444:
139:
104:
5012:
5007:
4897:
3953:
3311:"Risk of second cancers in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
2717:
2228:
1986:
623:
599:
501:
492:
154:
145:
133:
118:
83:
4088:
N.B. The article refers to them as "adverse covariates".
3045:
2178:
1394:
278:
which shares clinical characteristics with the indolent
3672:
3258:
2520:
1620:
1044:
Serum monoclonal protein concentration > 70 g/L
798:
targets the MYD88 L265P mutation induced activation of
3891:
3144:
3050:
3048:
2182:"Targeting NF-kappaB in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
827:
IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
296:
IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
3002:
1503:
1160:
Waldenström macroglobulinemia was first described by
390:(27% of patients). CXCR4 mutations cause symptomatic
251:
230:
181:
160:
130:
121:
112:
95:
4359:
4255:
3533:"Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: a review of therapy"
2975:
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Questions and Answers
2930:. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
2482:"MicroRNAs to know in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
236:
233:
224:
221:
215:
151:
142:
136:
124:
101:
98:
89:
86:
80:
2668:
987:Waldenström macroglobulinemia is maintained by the
410:, and a particularly elevated risk associated with
242:
212:
166:
157:
115:
107:
77:
5220:Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified
4257:
4143:"Survival Rates for Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia"
3054:
2993:Criteria for diagnosis of WM- IMWG 2009 guidelines
2090:
2035:
1505:
461:modifications play a crucial role in the disease.
5042:Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
4596:Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
4249:
4091:
2169:
1935:
5606:
4096:
4094:
3138:
2174:
2172:
1532:
901:were also suggested as indications for therapy.
4786:Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
4285:
3707:
2430:
1890:
1327:. New York, NY: WebMD Professional Publishing.
3482:T.; Hatjiharissi, E.; Anderson, K. C. (2008).
3061:Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology
2928:Hematology : basic principles and practic
2830:
1390:
1388:
1357:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology
1346:
1344:
1176:, neoplastic plasma cells in bone marrow, and
5480:
5176:Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma
4508:
4291:
3631:
3366:
3095:
2479:
1572:
1570:
1094:The examples and perspective in this article
666:that indicate Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
4866:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
4821:immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
3089:
2395:
1614:
1395:Abeykoon JP, Yanamandra U, Kapoor P (2017).
386:(90% of patients) and a somatic mutation in
5379:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
3220:"How I treat Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
2969:
2967:
1512:(6th ed.). New York, NY: B.C. Decker.
1385:
1341:
904:Treatment includes the monoclonal antibody
5487:
5473:
5418:Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin
4964:Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
4709:Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
4515:
4501:
4260:Clinical hematology: theory and procedures
3748:
2873:
1805:"Familial Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia"
1567:
658:needle and examined under a microscope. A
4232:
4183:
4118:
4005:
3971:
3731:
3690:
3649:
3608:
3598:
3548:
3507:
3326:
3285:
3235:
3163:
3113:
3072:
3028:
2949:
2947:
2856:
2788:
2771:
2694:
2547:
2497:
2456:
2372:
2296:
2255:
2205:
2117:
2053:
2012:
1993:Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia
1963:
1953:
1912:
1867:
1779:
1730:
1681:
1550:
1422:
1412:
1368:
1322:
1132:Learn how and when to remove this message
1058:High: > 2 adverse characteristics
1052:Low: ≤ 1 adverse variable except age
994:
282:. It is commonly classified as a form of
4944:Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
4742:Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
3530:
3438:
2964:
2915:Morbidity Mediated By The Effects Of IgM
2824:
2322:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs
1802:
1318:
1316:
1314:
831:smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia
763:IgM monoclonal gammopathy that excludes
578:In Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells,
300:smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia
5406:with bandlike and perivascular patterns
5368:Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
3666:
3351:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia~treatment
2925:
1499:
1497:
1475:
1469:
14:
5607:
5215:Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
4312:
3194:
2944:
1041:B2-microglobulin > 3 mg/L
606:core protein (57.8%), and 1D10 (50%).
5630:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
5468:
4496:
3524:
3446:on Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia".
3217:
3055:Neparidze, N.; Dhodapkar, M. (2009).
1480:(5th ed.). New York: C.V.Mosby.
1311:
1214:Waldenström hyperglobulinemic purpura
742:activated partial thromboplastin time
653:cells consistent with the disease in
320:
5363:X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
3625:
2955:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia~workup
2747:
1942:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
1494:
1080:
976:Allogeneic stem cell transplantation
5319:Large granular lymphocytic leukemia
4939:Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
1635:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.04.009
1172:in the blood (hypofibrinogenemia),
932:, may also be used in combination.
815:
779:enlargement of the liver and spleen
24:
4306:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1944.tb03955.x
3404:Nature Clinical Practice Neurology
1848:American Journal of Human Genetics
961:
609:
25:
5641:
2143:International Journal of Oncology
1291:"Waldenström's macroglobulinemia"
1076:cancers involving the lymphocytes
571:decreased expression of miRNA-9*.
465:Comparative genomic hybridization
4334:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00895.x
3973:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08726.x
3812:
3195:Goodin, Tara (29 January 2015).
3021:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01171.x
2480:Vacca, A.; Dammacco, F. (2009).
1178:increased viscosity of the blood
1085:
981:
704:(LDH) levels, uric acid levels,
693:in the blood may be observed. A
475:is overexpressed. The following
208:
73:
5615:Hematologic malignant neoplasms
5171:CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
4200:
4149:
4135:
4082:
4046:
4032:
3988:
3947:
3929:
3885:
3849:
3832:"Waldenström Macroglobulinemia"
3824:
3784:
3587:New England Journal of Medicine
3573:
3474:
3395:
3360:
3343:
3302:
3252:
3211:
3188:
3152:New England Journal of Medicine
3009:European Journal of Haematology
2996:
2987:
2908:
2833:"Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
2831:Ghobrial IM, Witzig TE (2004).
2711:
2662:
2648:
2634:
2620:
2606:
2592:
2578:
2564:
2514:
2473:
2424:
2389:
2340:
2313:
2272:
2222:
2134:
2084:
2070:
2029:
1980:
1929:
1901:New England Journal of Medicine
1884:
1835:
1796:
1747:
1698:
1649:
1526:
1447:"Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia"
1234:"Waldenström macroglobulinemia"
1069:
5401:Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
5393:Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
5252:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
5130:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
5069:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
4949:Primary cutaneous immunocytoma
4890:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
3960:British Journal of Haematology
1460:
1439:
1401:Cancer Management and Research
1296:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1283:
1268:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1255:
1226:
1209:List of hematologic conditions
1038:Platelet count ≤ 100×10/L
706:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
622:are due to the effects of the
347:Enlargement of the lymph nodes
13:
1:
5550:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
5449:Lymphoproliferative disorders
5359:Lymphoproliferative disorders
5309:Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma
5181:Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
5160:Lymphomatoid papulosis type B
5074:Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
4934:Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
4256:Turgeon, Mary Louise (2005).
4068:10.1016/j.leukres.2010.04.005
3996:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
2449:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0718
2248:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3701
2055:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2772
1662:Archives of Internal Medicine
1592:10.1080/17474086.2019.1649132
1219:
989:National Institutes of Health
848:
69:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
36:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
5341:Acute biphenotypic leukaemia
5230:Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma
4225:10.1182/blood-2008-07-172080
4176:10.3324/haematol.2010.029140
3907:10.3109/10428194.2010.499977
3859:Journal of Clinical Oncology
3798:Food and Drug Administration
3500:10.1182/blood-2008-04-150854
3381:10.1016/0145-2126(91)90049-Y
3237:10.1182/blood-2009-05-174359
3115:10.1182/blood-2012-12-475111
2687:10.1182/blood-2010-01-265686
2540:10.1182/blood-2008-09-178228
2499:10.1182/blood-2009-01-199828
2365:10.1182/blood-2006-02-005488
2198:10.1182/blood-2007-09-115170
2110:10.1182/blood-2007-05-092098
1772:10.1182/blood-2009-10-247973
1723:10.1182/blood-2008-06-162768
1674:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4
1552:10.1182/blood-2013-09-525808
1508:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
1014:
954:, another BTK inhibitor, is
804:Food and Drug Administration
785:
765:chronic lymphocytic leukemia
644:
416:human immunodeficiency virus
7:
5282:Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
5155:Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma
4861:Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
2984:. Retrieved on: 2011-08-14.
2973:National Cancer Institute.
2773:10.1309/4LCN-JMPG-5U71-UWQB
2656:"MiRNA Entry for MI0000466"
2642:"MiRNA Entry for MI0003686"
2628:"MiRNA Entry for MI0000481"
2614:"MiRNA Entry for MI0000681"
2600:"MiRNA Entry for MI0003134"
2586:"MiRNA Entry for MI0000490"
2572:"MiRNA Entry for MI0000764"
1580:Expert Review of Hematology
1202:
1191:because of the presence of
1108:, discuss the issue on the
1035:Hemoglobin ≤ 11.5 g/dL
946:bone marrow transplantation
436:
345:occurs in 10% of patients.
276:lymphoproliferative disease
10:
5646:
2078:"Meeting Library Redesign"
1155:
966:When primary or secondary
877:, progressive symptomatic
839:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
687:low white blood cell count
662:identifies the particular
45:Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
5583:
5506:
5426:
5391:
5349:
5331:
5295:
5265:
5238:
5193:
5138:
5092:
5083:
5023:
4985:
4976:
4924:
4834:
4795:
4751:
4673:
4642:
4604:
4583:
4572:
4539:
4535:
4455:
4363:
4043:2007;92(6 suppl 2):1–229.
2849:10.1007/s11864-004-0015-5
1197:World Health Organization
1048:The risk categories are:
673:Additional tests such as
564:involved in Waldenström:
469:chromosomal abnormalities
467:identified the following
372:
50:
40:
35:
5434:Hematological malignancy
5287:Blastic NK cell lymphoma
5115:Granulomatous slack skin
4871:Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
4770:Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
3871:10.1200/JCO.2009.27.3607
3067:(10): 677–681, 687–681.
2926:Hoffman, Ronald (2009).
2837:Curr Treat Options Oncol
2437:Clinical Cancer Research
2042:Clinical Cancer Research
800:Bruton's tyrosine kinase
700:Chemistry tests include
695:low level of neutrophils
337:, and chronic oozing of
3895:Leukemia & Lymphoma
3770:10.1053/sonc.2003.50048
3460:10.1053/sonc.2003.50038
3266:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2894:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.144
2810:10.1053/sonc.2003.50074
2733:10.1053/sonc.2003.50047
2410:10.1053/sonc.2003.50045
1821:10.1053/sonc.2003.50063
1623:Cancer Genet. Cytogenet
948:is a treatment option.
639:hyperviscosity syndrome
451:gene expression studies
392:hyperviscosity syndrome
262:affecting two types of
5586:hypergammaglobulinemia
4120:10.3324/haematol.12846
3941:www.clinicaltrials.gov
3733:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703041
3720:Bone Marrow Transplant
3692:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701633
3679:Bone Marrow Transplant
3651:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701992
3638:Bone Marrow Transplant
2298:10.1038/sj.leu.2404520
2005:10.3816/CLM.2009.n.009
1955:10.1186/1756-8722-3-38
1168:, decreased levels of
1032:Age > 65 years
995:Patient stratification
479:have been implicated:
5313:Angiocentric lymphoma
4903:AIDS-related lymphoma
4727:Splenic marginal zone
3600:10.1056/NEJMoa1802917
3328:10.1093/annonc/mdr119
3278:10.4065/mcp.2010.0304
3218:Treon, S. P. (2009).
3165:10.1056/NEJMoa1501548
2155:10.3892/ijo.23.6.1637
1914:10.1056/NEJMoa1200710
1803:McMaster, M. (2003).
1193:monoclonal gammopathy
970:invariably develops,
754:peripheral neuropathy
702:lactate dehydrogenase
431:environmental factors
343:Peripheral neuropathy
284:plasma cell dyscrasia
280:non-Hodgkin lymphomas
5529:Plasma cell leukemia
5411:with nodular pattern
5110:Pagetoid reticulosis
4722:marginal zone B-cell
3416:10.1038/ncpneuro0917
2721:Seminars in Oncology
2398:Seminars in Oncology
2230:Fonseca, R. (2009).
1809:Seminars in Oncology
1242:Cambridge University
1238:Cambridge Dictionary
1114:create a new article
1106:improve this article
1096:may not represent a
1001:polymorphic variants
769:mantle cell lymphoma
730:Beta-2 microglobulin
580:histone deacetylases
27:Type of blood cancer
5574:Primary amyloidosis
5562:Heavy chain disease
5496:Immunoproliferative
4910:Helicobacter pylori
4737:Nodal marginal zone
4664:Hairy cell leukemia
4530:and related disease
1414:10.2147/CMAR.S94059
1363:(Suppl 1): 110–22.
1263:"macroglobulinemia"
1174:swollen lymph nodes
843:Iran hostage crisis
775:swollen lymph nodes
750:Bence Jones protein
675:computed tomography
548:Src tyrosine kinase
477:signalling pathways
404:autoimmune diseases
339:blood from the nose
255:-dən-strem -
5454:Lymphoid leukemias
5374:Leukemoid reaction
5210:Angioimmunoblastic
4876:Burkitt's lymphoma
4456:External resources
3802:. 1 September 2021
3315:Annals of Oncology
2980:2013-01-28 at the
2920:2012-03-26 at the
1370:10.1111/ijlh.12504
1162:Jan G. Waldenström
883:spleen enlargement
734:C-reactive protein
722:high blood calcium
691:low platelet count
655:bone marrow biopsy
629:, which may cause
412:liver inflammation
321:Signs and symptoms
5602:
5601:
5546:Macroglobulinemia
5462:
5461:
5387:
5386:
5327:
5326:
5261:
5260:
5189:
5188:
5105:Mycosis fungoides
4972:
4971:
4830:
4829:
4774:Nodular sclerosis
4689:follicular B cell
4490:
4489:
4275:978-0-7817-5007-3
4062:(10): 1340–1343.
4056:Leukemia Research
3901:(10): 1779–1792.
3865:(33): 4926–4934.
3593:(25): 2399–2410.
3550:10.1002/ajh.20363
3531:Gertz MA (2005).
3494:(12): 4452–4457.
3230:(12): 2375–2385.
3158:(15): 1430–1440.
2937:978-0-443-06715-0
2534:(18): 4391–4402.
2492:(18): 4133–4134.
2443:(19): 6035–6041.
2192:(10): 5068–5077.
2104:(13): 4417–4426.
2048:(13): 4389–4399.
1766:(22): 4464–4471.
1668:(17): 1903–1909.
1519:978-1-55009-213-4
1487:978-0-8151-8698-4
1478:Internal Medicine
1334:978-0-9748327-1-5
1299:. Merriam-Webster
1271:. Merriam-Webster
1142:
1141:
1134:
1116:, as appropriate.
897:, or symptomatic
726:Rheumatoid factor
268:white blood cells
66:
65:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5637:
5594:Cryoglobulinemia
5525:Multiple myeloma
5489:
5482:
5475:
5466:
5465:
5224:Lennert lymphoma
5090:
5089:
5021:
5020:
4983:
4982:
4848:Primary effusion
4581:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4537:
4536:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4320:November 1997".
4316:
4310:
4309:
4300:(3–4): 216–247.
4289:
4283:
4282:
4263:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4113:(9): 1420–1422.
4098:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4009:
4003:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3836:Cleveland Clinic
3828:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3602:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3552:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3364:
3358:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3167:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3117:
3108:(7): 1222–1232.
3093:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2971:
2962:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2760:Am J Clin Pathol
2751:
2745:
2744:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2681:(9): 1506–1514.
2666:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2359:(8): 2755–2763.
2344:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2242:(8): 3579–3588.
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2149:(6): 1637–1644.
2138:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1717:(8): 3052–3056.
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1230:
1189:multiple myeloma
1150:Georges Pompidou
1137:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1022:multiple myeloma
914:cyclophosphamide
899:cryoglobulinemia
835:Georges Pompidou
816:Watchful waiting
738:Prothrombin time
679:multiple myeloma
635:cryoglobulinemia
380:somatic mutation
288:multiple myeloma
272:immunoglobulin M
254:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
207:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
33:
32:
21:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5579:
5502:
5493:
5463:
5458:
5422:
5383:
5345:
5333:
5323:
5291:
5270:
5257:
5234:
5195:
5185:
5134:
5079:
5027:
5025:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4968:
4920:
4826:
4803:
4791:
4747:
4685:germinal center
4669:
4638:
4600:
4576:
4574:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4531:
4521:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4451:
4450:
4372:
4358:
4357:
4317:
4313:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4254:
4250:
4205:
4201:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4033:
4010:
4006:
3993:
3989:
3952:
3948:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3890:
3886:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3753:
3749:
3712:
3708:
3671:
3667:
3630:
3626:
3578:
3574:
3529:
3525:
3479:
3475:
3443:
3439:
3410:(10): 547–556.
3400:
3396:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3307:
3303:
3257:
3253:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3143:
3139:
3094:
3090:
3053:
3046:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:Wayback Machine
2972:
2965:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2922:Wayback Machine
2913:
2909:
2878:
2874:
2829:
2825:
2793:
2789:
2752:
2748:
2716:
2712:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2519:
2515:
2478:
2474:
2429:
2425:
2394:
2390:
2345:
2341:
2318:
2314:
2277:
2273:
2236:Cancer Research
2227:
2223:
2177:
2170:
2139:
2135:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2034:
2030:
1985:
1981:
1934:
1930:
1889:
1885:
1840:
1836:
1801:
1797:
1752:
1748:
1703:
1699:
1654:
1650:
1619:
1615:
1586:(10): 873–881.
1575:
1568:
1545:(11): 1637–46.
1531:
1527:
1520:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1393:
1386:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1205:
1158:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1072:
1017:
997:
984:
974:is considered.
972:salvage therapy
964:
962:Salvage therapy
926:Corticosteroids
879:lymphadenopathy
851:
818:
788:
647:
612:
610:Pathophysiology
557:
439:
427:genetic factors
375:
361:, and (rarely)
323:
258:) is a type of
252:
211:
202:
201:
194:
190:
186:
182:
111:
76:
72:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5565:
5553:
5537:
5532:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5499:immunoglobulin
5492:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5444:Leukemia cutis
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5124:Sézary disease
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5098:
5096:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5059:
5058:
5055:Prolymphocytic
5045:
5031:
5029:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5010:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4851:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4777:
4766:
4764:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4680:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4653:Prolymphocytic
4649:
4647:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4611:
4609:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4578:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4533:
4532:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4437:
4426:
4415:
4404:
4389:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:Classification
4356:
4355:
4322:Histopathology
4311:
4294:Acta Med Scand
4284:
4274:
4248:
4219:(4): 793–796.
4199:
4170:(5): 785–788.
4148:
4134:
4090:
4081:
4045:
4031:
4004:
3987:
3966:(2): 223–228.
3946:
3928:
3884:
3848:
3823:
3783:
3747:
3726:(10): 1027–9.
3706:
3665:
3624:
3572:
3523:
3473:
3437:
3394:
3359:
3342:
3321:(2): 411–415.
3301:
3272:(9): 824–833.
3251:
3210:
3187:
3137:
3088:
3044:
2995:
2986:
2963:
2943:
2936:
2907:
2888:(7): 1564–77.
2872:
2823:
2787:
2746:
2727:(2): 248–252.
2710:
2661:
2647:
2633:
2619:
2605:
2591:
2577:
2563:
2513:
2472:
2423:
2404:(2): 297–299.
2388:
2339:
2328:(6): 631–637.
2312:
2291:(3): 541–549.
2271:
2221:
2168:
2133:
2083:
2069:
2028:
1979:
1928:
1907:(9): 826–833.
1883:
1860:10.1086/507687
1854:(4): 695–701.
1834:
1815:(2): 146–152.
1795:
1746:
1697:
1648:
1613:
1566:
1525:
1518:
1493:
1486:
1468:
1459:
1438:
1384:
1340:
1333:
1310:
1282:
1254:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1182:macroglobulins
1157:
1154:
1146:Gower Champion
1140:
1139:
1100:of the subject
1098:worldwide view
1093:
1091:
1084:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1016:
1013:
999:Patients with
996:
993:
983:
980:
963:
960:
934:Plasmapheresis
895:kidney failure
850:
847:
817:
814:
792:response rates
787:
784:
783:
782:
771:
668:Flow cytometry
646:
643:
611:
608:
573:
572:
569:
555:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
514:
509:
498:ubiquitination
495:
490:
438:
435:
408:autoantibodies
374:
371:
322:
319:
64:
63:
54:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5642:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5351:Lymphocytosis
5348:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5268:
5264:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Hepatosplenic
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5050:prolymphocyte
5047:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Plasmacytosis
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4915:MALT lymphoma
4912:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:marginal zone
4715:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4163:Haematologica
4159:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:Haematologica
4104:
4097:
4095:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4042:
4041:Haematologica
4035:
4027:
4023:
4020:(7): 1136–8.
4019:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3820:
3819:public domain
3801:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3644:(8): 929–30.
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3543:(2): 147–57.
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:(2): 116–20.
3453:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:(3): 239–47.
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:(2): 187–95.
2803:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2080:. 2017-05-26.
2079:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Pinkus, G. S.
1887:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1122:November 2022
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
982:Drug pipeline
979:
977:
973:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
947:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:pre-malignant
813:
810:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
780:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
761:
760:
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:thrombin time
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:level may be
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
642:
640:
636:
633:phenomena or
632:
628:
625:
621:
617:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
570:
567:
566:
565:
563:
559:
553:
549:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
518:
515:
513:
510:
507:
503:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
485:
482:
481:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
420:rickettsiosis
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
311:United States
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:pre-malignant
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
247:
205:
199:
198:
177:
70:
62:
58:
55:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
34:
19:
5625:Rare cancers
5567:
5555:
5549:
5539:
5520:Plasmacytoma
5302:
5245:
5239:By infection
5120:
5119:
5101:
5062:
5048:
5026:development/
4954:Plasmacytoma
4908:
4896:
4882:
4853:
4841:
4835:By infection
4818:
4779:
4716:
4683:
4657:
4626:
4616:naive B cell
4614:
4575:development/
4474:
4463:
4439:
4428:
4417:
4406:
4391:
4376:
4328:(1): 69–86.
4325:
4321:
4314:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4279:
4259:
4251:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4167:
4161:
4151:
4137:
4110:
4106:
4084:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3835:
3826:
3804:. Retrieved
3795:
3786:
3764:(2): 291–6.
3761:
3757:
3750:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3685:(7): 747–9.
3682:
3678:
3668:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3610:10366/155425
3590:
3586:
3575:
3540:
3537:Am J Hematol
3536:
3526:
3491:
3487:
3476:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3375:(6): 407–8.
3372:
3368:
3362:
3349:
3345:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3269:
3265:
3254:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3190:
3155:
3151:
3140:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3064:
3060:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2989:
2953:
2927:
2910:
2885:
2882:J Clin Oncol
2881:
2875:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2766:(3): 420–8.
2763:
2759:
2749:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2650:
2636:
2622:
2608:
2594:
2580:
2566:
2531:
2527:
2516:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2239:
2235:
2224:
2189:
2185:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2072:
2045:
2041:
2031:
1999:(1): 39–42.
1996:
1992:
1982:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1904:
1900:
1886:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1629:(2): 150–3.
1626:
1622:
1616:
1583:
1579:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1507:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1441:
1404:
1400:
1360:
1356:
1325:ACP Medicine
1324:
1303:24 September
1301:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1275:24 September
1273:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1186:
1159:
1143:
1128:
1119:
1095:
1073:
1070:Epidemiology
1064:
1061:
1047:
1026:
1018:
998:
985:
965:
952:Zanubrutinib
950:
943:
910:chlorambucil
903:
863:night sweats
855:
852:
819:
811:
808:
789:
758:
699:
672:
648:
613:
577:
574:
560:
546:The protein
545:
521:beta-catenin
506:cytochrome c
504:activation,
463:
440:
424:
400:chromosome 6
396:splenomegaly
376:
324:
308:
68:
67:
44:
18:Waldenstroms
5569:light chain
5557:heavy chain
5121:aggressive:
5094:MF+variants
4633:Mantle cell
4628:mantle zone
4465:MedlinePlus
3806:1 September
3758:Semin Oncol
3448:Semin Oncol
3015:(1): 1–12.
2798:Semin Oncol
991:in the US.
944:Autologous
922:thalidomide
918:vincristine
891:amyloidosis
875:weight loss
664:lymphocytes
660:pathologist
627:paraprotein
447:cytogenetic
335:weight loss
185:-dən-strom
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5609:Categories
5197:peripheral
4694:Follicular
4524:Leukaemias
4441:DiseasesDB
3203:29 January
1453:2018-04-17
1220:References
1170:fibrinogen
968:resistance
930:prednisone
928:, such as
849:First-line
718:Creatinine
631:autoimmune
554:at phase G
552:cell cycle
459:epigenetic
425:There are
341:and gums.
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5501:disorders
5332:Lymphoid+
5102:indolent:
5085:Cutaneous
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