Waikato - Knowledge

1844:

government was 6d per acre but it was sold to settlers for 10/- per acre. The government argued that it had to pay for surveying and administration costs but to Māori it seemed unfair. Before the elevation of the first Māori king there was a wide range of opinions among influential Māori with some such as Wirimu Tamihana's father advocating supporting the Crown while Te Heuheu of Tuwharetoa advocated all out war against the government. This view was initially unpopular as the king movement hoped to work alongside the crown. Māori were upset at the number of children that had been fathered by Pakeha, who had then disappeared. The children were left to be raised by their mothers with general hapu support. John Gorst, a well-educated government agent, reported significant numbers of half-caste children in the Waikato in the late 1850s. However, in the Ngati Maniapoto iwi at least 7 Pakeha integrated successfully with the tribe from 1842, marrying Maori women. The best known are William Searancke, who became an important government agent, and Frenchman Louis Hetet, who became a successful trader. Their half-caste children lived with the iwi, and some became leading figures.

1829:

potatoes and other food to Auckland and bought back shirts, sugar, tobacco and rum. The boom time ended in 1856–1857 with the end of the Australian gold rush, allowing importing of cheaper food, especially flour, from Australia. Even in the boom time of 1854–55, food grown by Waikato Māori, such as Ngāti Maniapoto, was taken to the Auckland market in very small amounts compared to food from the Waiheke Island -Thames area. In early 1855 Ngāti Maniapoto took only 3 canoes of potatoes to Auckland compared to 279 canoes containing a much wider variety of food from the Thames area. Missionaries had also established schools for Māori. Benjamin and Harriet Ashwell ran a school for 50 Māori girls aged 6–17 at Taupiri in 1853. The girls had been at the school for up to 3 years and could read and write in English and do mental arithmetic.

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winter maxima are 10–16 degrees Celsius, with lows generally ranging from 0–8 degrees. Depressions experience regular morning fog, under anticyclonic conditions, which burns off by late morning to produce many still, clear sunny days. Morning frosts are also common during winter anticyclones. Another distinctive feature is the low average wind speed in the interior basin due to the sheltering influence of the hills and mountains to the west and south-west. The prevailing winter wind is from the south-west. The Waikato has very high sunshine hours by world standards, averaging 2200 hours per year or about 40% higher than in the UK. This results in rapid growth of grass, crops and ornamental plants.

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more easily farmed Canterbury Plains. The Waikato had poor land access and was not suitable for sheep farming which dominated livestock production in New Zealand until the 1890s invention of refrigeration. Dairying and the completion of the main trunk railway line at the turn of the century lead to a small, steady increase in population. After 1900, dairy production in the Waikato continued to grow, exporting butter and cheese mainly to Britain.

490: 73: 71: 79: 83: 75: 80: 1611:– have been replaced with higher producing Italian ryegrass and nitrogen-fixing white clover. Farmers use a variety of supplementary feeds in winter or during the infrequent summer droughts. Main feeds are hay, grass silage and chopped corn feed. The later is often fed out on a concrete pad to save transportation and wastage by trampling. 1745:

not sign, "probably due to the lack of dignity compared to the Waitangi event". Unusually, the copy signed was in English. Between 1840 and 1860 the CMS missionaries of the Anglican church assisted Waikato Māori in revolutionising their economy in the Kihikihi area by the introduction of such crops as peaches, maize and wheat.

1848:

who put themselves forward for the positions simply saw that they had an opportunity to get wealthy at the government's expense. This upset the older chiefs, who wanted the strong Māori leader Te Wherowhero to return from Mangere to his lands at Tamahere (South Hamilton) to rein in the out-of-control young chief magistrates.

476:, "the Waikato", whereas some people do not use "the". It is unknown why a difference is made. "The" usually refers to a smaller region than the Waikato local government region. Two definitions that would meet with wide acceptance are those of the Waikato rugby football union and of Hamilton Waikato tourism. 77: 1847:

What tipped the balance was conflict and criminal activity within the Waikato region. Influential chiefs said the treaty had promised the government would help maintain peace. They asked for government magistrates and courts. The government attempted to fulfil these requests but many of the young men

1828:

could take the sea route across the Manukau to Ihumatao (where Auckland International Airport is now). The main tribe to use this route and the main traders were the Maniapoto tribe. They occupied an area of fertile land south of Te Awamutu at Kihikihi and Rangiaowhia. Maniapoto sold wheat, peaches,

1598:

in many cases (1,412 sharemilkers). The size of the average dairy herd in the Waikato has progressively increased. It was about 320 cows in 2012 and in 2016 was about 351 (total Waikato herd 1.41m cows), milked in either a herringbone or automated rotary cowshed so a large herd can be milked in under

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The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of the Waikato region was estimated at NZ$ 25.84 billion in the year to March 2019, 8.5% of New Zealand's national GDP. The subnational GDP per capita was estimated at $ 54,128 in the same period. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $

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Between 2000 and 2004, Waikato economic growth was lower than the national average. But from 2004 to 2007, real gross regional product for the Waikato Region increased by 5 per cent per year compared with 3.2 per cent for the national average. This faster growth can be attributed to rapidly growing

1929:

After the end of the war and the withdrawal of British and Australian troops, the region experienced a long period of economic recession after 1866. Most Māori had moved to the King Country and European settlers were more attracted to the South Island with its large gold discovery in Otago and the

1744:

In 1840 44 Waikato chiefs travelled north to the Manukau Heads and Manukau Harbour to sign the Treaty of Waitangi, officially making the Waikato area part of New Zealand. Three Ngāti Maniapoto chiefs signed, as did three Ngāti Haua chiefs but most signatories were Waikato. Chief Te Whero whero did

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authorities, 11 pest destruction boards and 12 drainage boards. The Land Transport Act 1998 added transport to WRC's responsibilities. From 1 November 2010 Environment Waikato took over the southern parts of Franklin District. That seems to be the only legislation naming it 'Environment Waikato',

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Of those at least 15 years old, 67,560 (18.7%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 71,901 (19.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $ 30,400, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 55,953 people (15.5%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment

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Given the suitable geography and climate, the Waikato economy is strongly based on agriculture, especially dairy. Dairy farming has been the main agricultural activity since the late nineteenth century. Within the Waikato region, small co-operative dairy companies were widespread during the 20th

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The climate is mild and temperate with moderate rainfall of 1200–1600mm per annum, with the higher western hills having the most rain. Summers are drier with typical maximum temperatures of 22–28 degrees Celsius and overnight lows of 12–16 degrees. Summer droughts occur one year in ten. Typical

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Hamilton Waikato takes in the local government areas of Hamilton City, the southern part of Waikato district, Waipa district, most of Matamata-Piako district and the South Waikato district. Hamilton Waikato tourism takes in additionally the northern part of Waikato district (Tuakau and other

1843:

During the late 1850s Maniapoto in particular become disgruntled in their dealings with Pakeha. They complained about the way they were treated in Auckland by traders but their chief complaint was that the government was underpaying them for land they were selling. The average price paid by

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districts. It took over the Hamilton Regional Planning Authority and mainly dealt with regional planning and civil defence. By 1989, WUC had committees for regional planning, civil defence, regional government, and the Waikato Regional Development Board. From 1987 it also included

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of the King Movement. During 1863 and 1864 fighting occurred at Pukekohe East, Titi hill, Burtts Farm, Galloway Redoubt, Kiri Kiri, Martyn's Farm, Patumahoe, Rhodes Clearing, Williamson's Clearing, Otau, Camerontown, Kakaramea and Wairoa ranges (all Auckland),

913:. There were 216,222 dwellings. The median age was 37.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 100,746 people (20.2%) aged under 15 years, 93,108 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 218,811 (43.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 86,106 (17.3%) aged 65 or older. 686:

The parts of Waikato region beyond these limits are usually identified as Thames Valley and/or Hauraki/Coromandel (for the north-eastern part of Waikato region) and Taupō, on the Volcanic or Central Plateau (for the south-eastern part of the region).

1619:

The manufacturing sector in Waikato contributed $ 2,688 million in GDP in the year to March 2018, 11.1% of the regional GDP. According to the 2013 New Zealand census, the sector employed 18,519 people, or 9.9% of the region's employed population.

1748:

Missionaries brought in millers and helped Māori establish eight flour mills. These flourished until 1857, as they provided flour for the growing Auckland market in the 1850s and for a brief while were exporting to Australia. There were mills at

1978:, but due to objections excluded Thames/Coromandel district, though otherwise covered the present extent of the region. It was set up under the Town and Country Planning Act 1977 and the Waikato Region Constitution Order 1980. WUC covered 1824:. During summer it was necessary to push or pull the waka through to the Manukau Harbour at Waiuku. By the 1850s a small bullock track had been established to Auckland via the settlements of Mauku, Drury, Papakura and Otahuhu, or 3010: 1574:

3.14 billion (13.0%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $ 5.70 billion (23.5%), service industries contributed $ 13.35 billion (55.0%), and taxes and duties contributed $ 2.08 billion (8.6%).

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on the south. Waikato Region is the fourth largest region in the country in area and population: It has a land area of 23,901.09 km (9,228.26 sq mi) and a population of 522,600 (June 2023).

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was established by the Local Government (Waikato Region) Reorganisation Order 1989. from 40 former authorities:- 2 catchment boards (Hauraki and Waikato), 3 united councils (Waikato, Thames Valley and part of

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of the Waikato River. This region has a wet temperate climate, and the land is largely pastoral farmland created by European settlers draining the extensive natural swamps, although it also contains undrained

1851:

The Waikato has a prominent history, particularly regarding relationships between Māori and European in early colonial New Zealand. The Waikato was within the defined boundaries of the colonial provinces of

1719:. Between about 1750 and 1842 the area was subject to a large number of invasions by other Māori iwi and hapu confederations and large scale population migrations took place by a number of 69: 70: 1884:– in opposition to the government, the colonial government, with the help of troops brought from Britain and Queenite Māori loyal to the Crown, pushed south from the main settlement of 1587:

century. Towards the end of the 20th century, frequent mergers of co-operative dairy companies occurred, which ultimately ended in the formation of New Zealand wide dairy co-operative

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Although some people objected to giving their religion, 50.6% had no religion, 34.8% were Christian, 1.7% were Hindu, 0.9% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 4.1% had other religions.

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in the south, and spans the North Island from the west coast, through the Waikato and Hauraki to Coromandel Peninsula on the east coast. Broadly, the extent of the region is the

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in 2001. In 2007, dairy farming and dairy processing combined contributed $ 2 billion (13%) to GRP, which had risen to $ 2.4bn by 2014, but only 13,683 (7.6%) of jobs in 2016.

2374:. Its origin is related to the mascot of a pantomime-like milking cow used in parades, public events and sports matches — particularly rugby, reflecting the importance of the 84: 695:

Waikato Region covers 23,901.09 km (9,228.26 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 522,600 as of June 2023, with a population density of 22 people per km.

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with respective populations of 14,500, 14,000, 21,800 and 26,500. (These populations include the urban and peri-urban areas). The region also includes the smaller towns of

1697:

Before the arrival of Europeans, the Waikato contained the third most densely populated part of New Zealand, after Northland/Auckland and the Bay of Plenty. The Waikato

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In the 2010 local government elections, the Waikato Region had the country's lowest rate of returned votes. Since then the percentage turnout has declined further.

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forces. Eventually the rebel King Movement forces pulled back to positions in the area to the south of the Punui River in South Waikato, still known as the

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two hours. The cows are kept on grassland pasture all year due to the mild climate. In the Waikato the original English grasses used by earlier settlers –

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status of those at least 15 was that 176,901 (48.9%) people were employed full-time, 53,970 (14.9%) were part-time, and 15,660 (4.3%) were unemployed.

566:, though it is more gently undulating in the north, closer to the mouth of the Waikato River. The coast is punctured by three large natural harbours: 1942:

was formed in 1911. However, it was reported as ineffective in 1921 and ceased to operate, though the need for a replacement was considered in 1933.

3782:"Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Amendment Act 1988 No 48, Public Act 42 Repeal of Waikato Valley Authority Act 1956 – New Zealand Legislation" 3546: 659:, now developed as a world-class rowing centre, where the world championships were held in 2010. The river flows out of the country's largest lake, 4200: 4019: 4352: 3938: 3826: 932:, 1.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. 3212: 3576: 3516: 3380: 1897:, Rangiriri, Ngāruawāhia, Rangiaowhia (southwest of Cambridge), Hairini Ridge and Ōrākau (near Kihikihi), all resulting in defeat for the 1623:

With a large dairy farming industry, the Waikato also has a large dairy processing industry. Fonterra operates dairy processing plants at

2867: 3366: 3246: 1578:

dairy and business services industries, facilitated by proximity to the Auckland city, the main international gateway for New Zealand.

3987:"Land Transport Act 1998 No 110 (as at 01 October 2007), Public Act 178 Regional land transport committees – New Zealand Legislation" 3334: 2370:

to apply to themselves or to their region, particularly in relation to sporting endeavours. The word was likely first applied to the

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which had been its operating name until 2011, shortly after the 'Rates Control Team' won about half the seats in the 2010 election.

2771: 17: 4072: 1975: 4012:"Local Government (Auckland Transitional Provisions) Act 2010 No 37 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation" 3961: 1956: 1821: 398: 3486: 3443: 2743: 939:. There were 162,927 households. There were 226,386 males and 231,816 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. 4193: 3230:"Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)" 1729:. The largest battle ever fought in New Zealand took place near Ohaupo about 1790–1805, between two competing alliances of 1674:

at Te Aroha and Waitoa, Te Kuiti Meat Processors and Universal Beef Packers at Te Kuiti, and Crusader Meats at Benneydale.

3479:"Journal of the Polynesian Society: Maori Flour Mills Of The Auckland Province, 1846–1860, By R. P. Hargreaves, P 227-232" 2987: 2930: 3187: 3106: 3137: 2952: 2449:— of Oparure Marae. Died aged 103 years; regarded as living treasure of Māori handcrafts, with honorary degrees. 1960: 537: 3407: 655:, helped by several large artificial lakes in the region's south-east. The lowest and earliest-created such lake is 519: 4396: 4186: 2614: 980: 3306: 2379: 2080: 515: 4041: 4103: 3271: 3217: 3075: 2576: 958: 668: 609:

that most of the region's population resides, and the land is intensively farmed with both livestock, mainly

3781: 3229: 2841: 2823: 2805: 2375: 3986: 3930: 3569:"KORERO O TE POITINI TE KAI TITIRO I NGA MIRA MAORI. (Maori Messenger : Te Karere Maori, 1855-12-01)" 2015: 4011: 3848: 3538: 2842:"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)" 1888:, fighting against Waikato raiders in Auckland before venturing into the Waikato to attack the combined 2394: 2036: 1173: 430: 3045: 605:

such as the 200 km (77 sq mi) peat dome south of Ngatea. It is in the broad undulating

3849:"Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Amendment Act 1988 No 48, Public Act – New Zealand Legislation" 3818: 2824:"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)" 2806:"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)" 3275: 683:

centres), the northern King Country (Waitomo and Ōtorohanga districts), and the Te Aroha district.

511: 500: 31: 3568: 4339: 3908: 3756: 3731: 2084: 2052: 2011: 1865: 1502: 936: 925: 910: 906: 902: 622: 504: 406: 366: 315: 216: 3681: 4209: 4108: 3706: 3508: 2871: 2845: 2827: 2809: 2691: 1991: 1640: 1216: 995: 618: 414: 343: 319: 299: 56: 3341: 2546: 2530: 2510: 2027: 1837: 434: 3163:"2023 Census national and subnational usually resident population counts and dwelling counts" 1979: 1762: 1190: 976: 972: 418: 382: 349:

The Waikato stretches from Coromandel Peninsula in the north, to the north-eastern slopes of

323: 120: 386: 4306: 4241: 3880: 2686: 2682: 2040: 1907: 1774: 1656: 929: 378: 331: 8: 4300: 2383: 2371: 1983: 1853: 1833: 1802: 1644: 1594:

Dairy farms are mainly family owned (2,608 of 4,020 farms in 2016) with owners employing

1437: 1307: 1281: 1047: 1031: 1003: 3660: 401:, the most of any region of New Zealand. It is centred on the Waikato which consists of 4262: 3413: 1873: 1770: 200: 1869: 1864:

of the 1860s, the Waikato was the scene of five battles in what is referred to as the

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to its junction with the Waikato. Near the Waikato Heads travellers entered the small

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south of Tokoroa processes wood from the surrounding forests into pulp and paper.

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The proportion of people born overseas was 19.5%, compared with 27.1% nationally.

4294: 4230: 3015: 2542: 2496: 2390: 1915:, in 1925, portrayed an entertaining, fictionalized version of the Ōrākau siege. 1912: 963: 664: 374: 2979: 2922: 2500: 921: 4252: 2697: 2572: 2465: 2044: 2023: 2019: 1667: 1663: 606: 594: 575: 567: 410: 327: 311: 3098: 1817: 4385: 4367: 4354: 3422: 2703: 2672: 2660: 2652: 2636: 2596:— humanitarian, first woman elected to the Hamilton Borough Council, MP 2459: 2434: 1919: 1840:

forces, the population was estimated by the government at about 3,500 Māori.

1782: 1754: 1750: 1712: 1678: 1608: 672: 656: 648: 613:

cattle but with sheep farming on the hillier west margins, and crops such as

571: 450: 354: 350: 3129: 1955:

was established by the Waikato Valley Authority Act on 26 October 1956. The

1476: 1424: 1063: 1019: 660: 4286: 4217: 2666: 2640: 2536: 2386: 2056: 1902: 1825: 1595: 1268: 1011: 644: 637: 358: 335: 303: 110: 1716: 636:. Dozens of small shallow lakes lie in this area, the largest of which is 4178: 3162: 2678: 2646: 2630: 2587: 2559: 2516: 2416: 2398: 1813: 1786: 1734: 1489: 1039: 975:, with an urban population of 185,300 (June 2023). It is home to the 917: 629: 562:. The coastal region is largely rough hill country, known locally as the 370: 362: 100: 2003: 1411: 1372: 1043: 1027: 2656: 2626: 2593: 2581: 2477: 2440: 1995: 1806: 1778: 1693:

Māori woman with a representation of the Waikato Ancestress "Te Iringa"

1689: 1242: 991: 559: 4277: 1450: 1059: 550: 2430: 2426: 1320: 1067: 4173: 4163: 3408:"Open Country Dairy has sights on more Waikato manufacturing growth" 1333: 489: 4257: 3247:"Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2019 | Stats NZ" 2422: 2064: 1999: 1894: 1885: 1758: 1738: 1648: 1600: 1588: 1541: 1463: 1385: 1255: 1035: 1007: 437:, South Waikato District, Matamata-Piako District, Waipa District, 390: 239: 4168: 1636: 1203: 1051: 999: 663:, which is served by several important fishing rivers such as the 472:

When Waikato is used in spoken language some people use it in the

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Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

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Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

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Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

3067: 2007: 1872:) gave Taranaki Māori in their conflict over land in the earlier 1812:

The route used to travel to and from Auckland was by dray to the

1733:. During the latter stages of this volatile period, known as the 1652: 1628: 1624: 1554: 1229: 987: 587: 583: 579: 1721: 461:

word traditionally translated as "flowing water" (specifically,

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NZ History. Waikato -Manukau Treaty copy. Updated 19 Feb. 2016.

2520: 2452: 2367: 2060: 1798: 1794: 1708: 1632: 1604: 1528: 1515: 1398: 1346: 1055: 1023: 643:

To the east, the land rises towards the forested slopes of the

1963:

Abolition Act 1988, left WVA with that work and it became the

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Map of population density in the Waikato region (2006 census)

614: 610: 602: 290: 284: 3264: 3011:"Why Kiwis sometimes use 'the' in front of some place names" 1959:

extended it to become a Catchment/Regional Water Board. The

3037: 633: 599: 278: 3215:. Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Waikato Region (03). 3761: