Worldwide Developers Conference

1345:. Under the original Rhapsody plans, classic applications would run in sandboxed installation of the classic Mac OS, (called the Blue Box) and have no access to the new Mac OS X features. To receive new features, such as protected memory and preemptive multitasking, developers had to rewrite applications using the Yellow Box API. Developer complaints about the major porting effort to what was then a shrinking market and warnings that they might simply abandon the platform, led Apple to reconsider the original plan. Carbon addressed the problem by dramatically reducing the effort needed, while exposing some of the new functions of the underlying OS. Another major introduction at WWDC'98 was the 2184: 2168: 324: 364: 2493: 1870: 418: 53: 7741: 1817: 462: 1610:-based Mac. The standard Mac Pro featured two 2.66 GHz dual core Xeon (Woodcrest) processors, 1 GB RAM, 250 GB hard drive, and a 256 MB video card. An Xserve update, based on the dual core Xeons, was also announced. Redundant power and Lights Out Management were further product improvements to Apple's server lineup. While certain key Mac OS X improvements were undisclosed, there were 10 improvements in the next iteration, 1576: 385:.) It is attended by both conference attendees and the media, since Apple regularly makes product announcements at the event. Hardware announced during the address is sometimes exhibited in the conference hall afterwards. The keynote address is followed in the afternoon by a Platforms State of the Union address, which highlights and demonstrates changes in Apple's 1538:(10.4) was previewed and iTunes 4.9, the first version with integrated podcast support, was demoed by Jobs. All attendees received a developer preview of Tiger, a grey T-shirt with the Apple logo on the front and "WWDC 2004" on the back, a backpack able to hold a 17-inch PowerBook, and a copy of Apple Remote Desktop 2.0. The band 1253:, which allowed end users to compile an application from components offering features they desired most. The OpenDoc consortium included Adobe, Lotus, others, and Apple. Apple touted OpenDoc as the future foundation for application structure under Mac OS. As proof of concept, Apple demonstrated a new end-user product called 2508:

programming language. As of 2020, the program was managed by Apple head of developer marketing Esther Hare. 350 winners are selected, who receive WWDC-themed clothing, a metal pin set, the ability to meet Apple engineers, a one-year membership of the Apple Developer Program, and since 2022, a pair of

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that allowed extant Mac applications to run under OS emulation. The show focused mainly on the work in progress, including a short history of development efforts since the two development teams had been merged on February 4. Several new additions to the system were also demonstrated, including tabbed

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applications. Lunchtime sessions are given by a variety of guest speakers who are industry experts in technology and science; these sessions are not streamed or recorded. In the past, some sessions included question-and-answer time, and a popular Stump the Experts session featured interaction between

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WWDC 2023, with the tagline "Code new worlds" was held from June 5 to 9 in an online format with an in-person experience at Apple Park on the first day of the show. Similarly to the previous years, Apple held the Swift Student Challenge, launched in 2020 for the first time, with applications through

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The challenge is only open to students 13 or older in the United States, or the minimum age in their jurisdiction (for example, 16 in the European Union) who are currently enrolled in an accredited school or have recently graduated, and who are not working full-time as developers. Students can win

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In prior years, attendees were required to be at least 18 years old. In 2012, Apple changed this requirement to at least 13 years after a minor who was "accidentally" awarded a student scholarship in 2011 successfully petitioned Tim Cook to retain the award. Despite the change, Beer Bash attendees

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WWDC 2010 was announced on April 28, 2010 and held at Moscone Center West from June 7 to 11. Apple reported that the conference was sold out within 8 days of tickets being made available, even though tickets were only available at the full price of US$ 1599 (2009 and prior, tickets could be bought

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WWDC 2014 was held from June 2 to 6, 2014 in Moscone Center West. For the first time, the opportunity to buy tickets was given at random to developers who were members of an Apple developer program at the time of the conference announcement, and who registered at Apple's developer web site. Apple

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WWDC 2012 was held in Moscone Center West from June 11 to 15. The ticket price remained the same as the 2010 WWDC, selling at US$ 1,599. Apple changed the purchasing process by requiring purchases to be made using an Apple ID associated with a paid Apple developer account. Tickets went on sale

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WWDC 2011 was held in Moscone Center West from June 6 to 10, 2011. The event reportedly sold out within just 12 hours of the 5,000 tickets being placed on sale on March 28, 2011. The ticket price also remained the same from the 2010 WWDC, selling at US$ 1,599, however, after-market pricing for

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In the last week of April, in anticipation of the System 6.0 launch, Apple announced several features that would be included in the release. These features included a notification manager that could send data to foreground applications, Macro Maker, a program designed to create keyboard

1666:(a set of web-based collaborative services), Spotlight Server, and Podcast Producer. The 2006 WWDC attracted 4,200 developers from 48 countries, while there were 140 sessions and 100 hands-on labs for developers. More than 1,000 Apple engineers were present at the event, and the DJ 396:

Several session tracks run simultaneously from Tuesday through Friday. The presentations cover programming, design, and other topics and range from introductory to advanced. Almost all regularly scheduled presentations are delivered by Apple employees. These presentations are

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April 19 and results on May 9. Prizes included WWDC outerwear, AirPods Pro, a customized pin set, and a one-year membership in the Apple Developer Program. Among the winners, some were randomly chosen to attend the Apple Park special event. For software, Apple introduced

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noted that there were more than 5,000 attendees. The WWDC events held from 2008 to 2015 were capped, and sold out at 5,000 attendees (5,200 including special attendees). WWDC 2018 had 6,000 attendees from 77 countries, including 350 scholarship recipients.

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In 2001, Mac OS X had only recently been released, but WWDC'01 added the first release of Mac OS X Server and WebObjects 5. Over 4,000 developers attended, and leather jackets with a large blue "X" embroidered on the back were distributed to attendees.

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performed at the Yerba Buena Gardens, and attendees received a black windbreaker with the letters "WWDC" across the front and the number "14" stitched on the back, along with a US$ 25 iTunes gift card to commemorate the 25th anniversary of WWDC.

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In 2008, WWDC 2008 took place from June 9 to 13 in Moscone Center West. Apple reported that, for the first time, the conference had sold out. There were three tracks for developers, iPhone, Mac, and IT. Announcements at the keynote included the

1468:) were presented. Apple also said farewell to Mac OS 9 with a mock funeral, and told the developers that no more Mac OS 9 development would occur, reinforcing that the future of the Mac was now entirely on Mac OS X, thus shutting down the 1936:

on April 25, 2013, selling out within 71 seconds (1 minute and 11 seconds). Apple also announced that it would award 150 free WWDC 2013 Student Scholarship tickets for young attendees to benefit from the conference's many workshops.

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on June 9. Attendees received a black track jacket similar to that of the prior year, but with a smaller "WWDC" across the front and the number "11" stitched on the back. This was the final Apple event hosted by Jobs.

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The first ever WWDC was held in 1983, with the introduction of Apple Basic, but it was not until 2002 that Apple started using the conference as a major launchpad for new products. Beginning in 1987, WWDC was held in

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WWDC is held annually from Monday to Friday on one week in June. The conference consists primarily of a keynote address, presentation sessions, one-on-one "lab" consultations, and special get-togethers and events.

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to Mac OS X on the Intel platform. The conference consisted of 110 lab sessions and 95 presentation sessions, while more than 500 Apple engineers were on site alongside 3,800 attendees from 45 countries. The band

5159: 300:. After 15 years in nearby San Jose, the conference moved to San Francisco, where it eventually became Apple's primary media event of the year and regularly sold out. WWDC returned to San Jose 13 years later. 1882:, the eighth major release of Mac OS X; iOS 5, the next version of Apple's advanced mobile operating system which powers the iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch; and iCloud, Apple's upcoming cloud services offering. 2897: 1090:

The AppleWorld Conference 1987 was a two-day event held in Los Angeles on March 2–3, 1987, to celebrate Apple's tenth anniversary and introduce new products. At the keynote event, Apple introduced the

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In 2009, WWDC 2009 took place from June 8 to 12 in Moscone Center West, and Apple reported that the 2009 conference sold out in late April. Announcements at the keynote included the release of the

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enhancements). Along with the Leopard features that were announced, a major revision to the Mac OS X Server product was announced. New features to the Server included: a simplified set-up process,

5310: 2347:, and other software updates were announced. There were no new hardware announcements at the conference. As with 2020, the event video footage was recorded at Apple Park in Cupertino, California. 4828: 3229: 4538: 1257:, a comprehensive Internet application component suite offering users an integrated browser, email, FTP, telnet, finger and other services built fully of user-exchangeable OpenDoc components. 4712: 3488: 311:

for the first time in about three years despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Customers and consumers watched the event via online live streams. All of these events were hosted at Apple Park in

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performed at the Bash on June 13 at the Yerba Buena Gardens. Attendees received a black wind breaker with the letters "WWDC" across the front and the number "13" stitched on the back.

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families as well as other Apple software; new hardware products are sometimes announced as well. WWDC is also an event hosted for third-party software developers that work on apps for

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In 1984, Jobs introduced the famous Macintosh, the second graphical interface personal computer, to developers. This was also the first year the conference was open to the media.

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In 2004, WWDC was held from June 28 to July 2. Jobs noted that 3,500 developers attended, a 17% increase from 2003. New displays were introduced in 23- and 30-inch widescreen.

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Until 2020, a $ 1,599 ticket was required to enter the conference. Tickets were obtained through an online lottery. Scholarships are available for students and members of

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In 1983, the first WWDC was held. During this time, the event was called The Apple Independent Software Developers Conference. Participants of the event had to sign an

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for Product Marketing, presented the WWDC keynote this year, instead of Jobs, who had taken medical leave of absence since the start of the year. Attendees received a

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an Apple app that teaches introductory programming. The projects are judged based on technical accomplishment, creativity, and the text accompanying the submission.

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In 1997, WWDC marked the return of Steve Jobs as a consultant, and his famous reaction to an insult by a developer. WWDC'97 was the first show after the purchase of

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despite improvements, although there was a special day at Apple Park on June 6, allowing developers and students to watch the online events together. Despite the

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via online web applications running in Safari on the handset. The announcement implied that Apple, at least for the time being, had no plans to release an iPhone

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spoke about Apple's history, philosophy, and goals, respectively. Sculley hinted at Apple's future plans, including a commitment to higher-resolution screens.

315:. WWDC 2023 was held both online and in-person; the most recent conference, WWDC 2024, was also held both online and in-person from June 10 and June 14, 2024. 3668: 2535:

Several third-party conferences are held in conjunction with WWDC each year, including AltConf, Layers, and NextDoor. Prominent podcasters Jim Dalrymple and

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played at the Yerba Buena Gardens. Attendees received a black track jacket with the letters "WWDC" across the vest and the number "10" stitched on the back.

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WWDC 2007 was held from June 11 to 15 in Moscone Center West, and started with a keynote presentation from Jobs. Apple presented a feature-complete beta of

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WWDC 2024, with the tagline "Action packed", was held from June 10 to June 14, 2024, in an online format with an in-person event at Apple Park on June 10.

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shortly after 8:30 am Eastern Time on Wednesday April 25, 2012, and were sold out within 1 hour and 43 minutes. The keynote highlighted the launch of

292:, and other Apple devices. Attendees can participate in hands-on labs with Apple engineers and attend in-depth sessions covering a wide variety of topics. 5302: 4651: 4042: 5466: 4564: 1235:

stated that the system was on-schedule to ship in beta form in later summer with an initial commercial release in the very late fall. However, very few

4982: 4820: 1696:, and that a beta release was being made available online that same day. Apple also announced support for third-party development of the then-upcoming 4535: 3816: 5590: 5068: 4858: 4069: 3843: 3177: 2513:. In 2024, in-person attendance was changed from a lottery to the 50 best projects out of the 350 winners, these are dubbed "Distinguished Winners." 336: 4704: 3479: 4156: 4102: 479: 448:. The Thursday evening Bash (previously the Beer Bash) at a nearby park features live music, food, and drinks for all attendees 21 years or older. 5559: 3557: 2383:

were announced at the conference. Stage Manager for Macs was also introduced during the initial presentation. Hardware announcements included the

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At the labs, which run throughout the week, Apple engineers are available for one-on-one consultations with developers in attendance. Experts in

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WWDC 2019 was held from June 3 to 7, 2019, at the San Jose Convention Center in San Jose, California. The announcements at the event included

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WWDC 2018 was held from June 4 to 8, 2018, at the San Jose Convention Center in San Jose, California. The announcements at the event included

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and Macintosh-related products. Attendees could purchase computer accessories, peripherals, hardware, and software. Apple also introduced the

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AirPods Pro. In 2022, Tim Cook met with 12 of the winners. In 2023, students could also enter a lottery for in-person attendance of WWDC at

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were announced at this event, with one of its prominent focus being on the AI tailor made for iOS, iPadOS, and macOS which was branded as

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The keynote was more about software updates and features, as no new hardware was introduced. Apple released the Home App that works with

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WWDC 2015 was held from June 8 to 12, 2015 in Moscone Center West in San Francisco. The major announcements were the new features of

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also gave 200 free Student Scholarship tickets. The keynote began on June 2 and Apple unveiled several new software items, including

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web camera (to coincide with the launch of iChat AV), pre-releases of Mac OS X 10.3 and Mac OS X 10.3 Server, the O'Reilly book

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WWDC 2021, with the tag line "Glow and behold.", was held from June 7 to 11, 2021 as another online-only conference due to the

1832:, whose technical problems, combined with Jobs blaming phone owners for them, would dominate the aftermath of the conference (" 5271: 3130: 3000: 2640: 4790: 3030: 441: 4594: 2967: 2831: 494: 5735: 5245: 4506: 3716: 1276: 5338: 1526:, WWDC 2003 was rescheduled for June 23 to 27 at San Francisco's Moscone Center. Approximately 3,000 developers attended. 3612: 1368:. Supporting QuickDraw directly in the graphics model also led to a related announcement, that the Blue Box would now be 3385: 2934: 2089:

was announced as an iPad exclusive app that helps younger people learn to code with Apple's programming language Swift.

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For System 7.0, Apple announced additional features, including functions related to interapplication communication, and

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In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Apple replaced the annual WWDC Scholarships with the Swift Student Challenge, a

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played at the Yerba Buena Gardens. This was the first year plastic badges were used instead of printed paper badges.

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were still required to be 18 years old, and 21 years old to consume alcohol, in accord with local and federal laws.

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WWDC 2020 was held from June 22 to 26, 2020 as an online-only conference for the first time because of the ongoing

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WWDC 2022, with the tagline "Call to code.", was held from June 6 to 10, 2022, as an online conference due to the

2120:, which was the first time since 2002 that the conference took place in the city. Software announcements included 7184: 7153: 7096: 6285: 6082: 5765: 5212: 4951: 4186: 3322: 2665: 2587: 2304: 2296: 2272: 1059:

The 1986 Apple World Conference was in San Francisco, featuring over 400 exhibitors and 200 companies showcasing

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In 2013, WWDC 2013 was held from June 10 to 14, 2013 in Moscone Center West. Tickets went on sale at 10 am

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In 2006, Jobs once again delivered the keynote presentation at the WWDC, which was held from August 7 to 11 in

483: 4647: 7199: 7189: 7143: 5458: 4556: 2363:, the event also occurred as an in-person conference for the first time since the previous one held in 2019. 1989:, which features a redesigned interface inspired by iOS. Announcements included the new programming language 662: 519: 104: 4974: 6605: 6355: 6332: 6073: 5804: 5795: 4065: 3812: 2505: 2035: 1990: 1883: 937: 5582: 5433: 5060: 3166: 1360:. Although the reasons for this switch remain unclear, Quartz also included better support for the extant 6916: 4850: 4092: 3839: 2433: 2392: 2388: 1878:

tickets ranged from US$ 2,500 to US$ 3,500. At the keynote, Apple unveiled its next generation software:

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as the foundation of the next Mac OS. The plan at that time was to introduce a new system then named

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was dropped in price to a flat fee of US$ 699. Approximately 3,600 developers attended and the band

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WWDC 2005 was held from June 6 to 10. After a basic market update, Jobs announced that Apple would

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as a control center for all third-party applications which provide functions for the home. Also,

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supporting iOS, OS X, and Linux. The Beer Bash was held at the Yerba Buena Gardens on June 11.

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Until 2007, the number of attendees varied between 2,000 and 4,200; however, during WWDC 2007,

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played at the Apple campus after attendees were taken there by bus from Moscone Center West.

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the award up to four times. Students may win the Distinguished Winner award up to one time.

1684:, even though its release date was pushed back to October. Jobs announced that a version of 124:

2022–: Pre-recorded and Apple Park (Conference presented online and in-person at Apple Park)

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and Moscone Center West in San Francisco. The announcements at the event included renaming

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in California. The event is usually used to showcase new software and technologies in the

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was released at the show, with the commercial release pushed back to January 2001. Also,

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for attendees, ahead of its premiere in cinemas. Formerly scheduled for May 19 to 23 in

1435:. Recent changes included a modified dock and improved versions of the developer tools. 7550: 7346: 7305: 6929: 6645: 6623: 6577: 6322: 5780: 4705:"Apple announces WWDC 2017: June 5th – 9th, held at San Jose McEnery Convention Center" 2481: 2449: 1909: 1904:, and also announced new models of the MacBook Air, and MacBook Pro including one with 1643: 1350: 1314: 436:

Apple organizes social get-togethers during the conference for various groups, such as

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as the plans outlined in WWDC'98 came to fruition. Three major announcements were the

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Greater multitasking was also emphasized, in the form of interprocess communications.

1102:, Apple's implementation of Unix. In addition, Apple announced its collaboration with 363: 7484: 7255: 7216: 6816: 6766: 6230: 6190: 6020: 5152:"Apple just revealed its first major product in over 8 years — meet the 'Vision Pro'" 3292: 3235: 2763: 2517: 2492: 2360: 2356: 2324: 2268: 2129: 2086: 1154:. Apple also addressed issues related to 32-bit graphics, including Color Quickdraw. 1151: 304: 5552:"WWDC 2023 Swift Student Challenge Winners Receive AirPods Pro, Sweatshirt and Pins" 2614: 417: 7676: 7626: 7489: 7439: 7429: 7400: 7326: 7221: 7133: 7079: 6776: 6523: 6054: 5785: 4383: 3743: 3430: 2992: 2962: 2636: 2445: 2059: 1961: 1758: 1681: 1611: 1555: 1485: 1395: 1247:

In 1996, WWDC'96's primary emphasis was a new software component technology called

445: 5521:"12-year-old programmer in Hong Kong tackles Apple's first student coding contest" 5122:"Developer tools to create spatial experiences for Apple Vision Pro now available" 3766:"Apple – Press Info – Apple Previews "Jaguar," the Next Major Release of Mac OS X" 3022: 7499: 7469: 7424: 7331: 7316: 7172: 7106: 7091: 7066: 6700: 6657: 6483: 6220: 6200: 5928: 5405: 4586: 4542: 2957: 2823: 2700:"Apple WWDC 2024, set for June 10–14, promises to be 'A(bsolutely) I(ncredible)'" 2582: 2551: 2544: 2315:. In total, the event got over 22 million views with around 72 hours of content. 2247: 2074:

and Apple announced a partnership at the 2016 WWDC. Cisco APIs, accessed through

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and other Apple executives. (From 1998 until his resignation and death in 2011,

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In 1998, in response to developer comments about the new operating system, the

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organizations. Attendees must be 13 years or older and must be a member of an

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with an early-bird discount of US$ 300). On June 7, 2010, Jobs announced the

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would become a standard, integrated part of the operating system, replacing

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The task is to create an interactive scene, shorter than 3 minutes, inside

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WWDC 2020 and WWDC 2021 were hosted as online-only conferences due to the

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project, which by this time was able to be demonstrated to some degree.

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communities.cisco.com (June 13, 2016). Retrieved on February 10, 2017.

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WWDC 2017 (stylized as WWDC17) was held from June 5 to 9, 2017, at the

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WWDC 2000 was another "progress report" before the upcoming release of

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In the second week of September, Apple announced AppleTalk support for

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at the conference. Notable industry experts, such as Stewart Alsop II,

1040: 1000: 486: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 376: 347: 308: 253: 249: 212: 119: 4943: 4475:"WWDC 2015: iOS 9, OS X El Capitan, Apple Pay and other announcements" 4379:"Apple's First Major Event Of The Year — WWDC — Will Happen On June 2" 4348:"Top features, products unveiled at Apple's WWDC 2013 [Video chat" 4286:"Apple's WWDC 2013 tickets sold out in a record two minutes (or less)" 4255:"Apple mixes things up for WWDC 2013, with pre-announced ticket sales" 3589:. Vol. 11, no. 32. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. S19. 2673: 2444:

with M2 Ultra. They also unveiled an AR/VR headset under the name of "

7248: 7073: 6909: 6810: 6756: 6652: 6548: 6375: 6307: 6237: 6210: 6010: 5956: 5895: 5888: 5339:"Why budding coders should apply for Apple's WWDC scholarship scheme" 5182:"Apple launches Vision Pro, its first-ever augmented reality headset" 4317:"Apple to hand out 150 free WWDC tickets to budding young developers" 3585: 3523:. Vol. 10, no. 10. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 89. 3519: 3452: 3356:"Classic products published by WWDC in those years(Others-Community)" 3135: 2465: 2413: 2372: 2368: 2336: 2332: 2300: 2284: 2280: 2239: 2231: 2125: 2082: 2051: 1816: 1361: 1346: 1319:

and outline views, and a new object-based graphics layer (NSBezier).

1239:

demos were offered, and no beta of the operating system was offered.

1214: 1165: 1111: 1107: 381: 31: 5706: 5401:"Saskatoon student, 13, among winners of Apple-run coding challenge" 4735:"Apple earns an A+ for WWDC 2017's farewell beer bash | Cult of Mac" 3550:"WWDC over the years: How it became a tech juggernaut | Cult of Mac" 3139:. Vol. 7, no. 50. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 19. 1372:, integrated into the extant desktop, instead of a separate window. 461: 223: 7651: 7556: 7418: 7311: 7287: 7226: 6993: 6839: 6687: 6640: 6511: 6501: 6317: 6172: 6155: 6049: 5966: 5961: 5852: 5827: 4446: 4224: 4097: 4038: 3942: 3072:"A Semaphore Corporation publication for Lisa users and developers" 2384: 2153: 2149: 1847: 1829: 1794: 1754: 1709: 1647: 1432: 1342: 1293: 1254: 1197: 1060: 372: 277: 27:

Conference held annually in California, United States by Apple Inc.

3709:"Apple's Developers Conference: Best, Worst, and Weirdest Moments" 1985:—the largest update to iOS since the release of the App Store—and 1575: 1043:, the world's first personal computer with a graphical interface. 7572: 6695: 6616: 6195: 6185: 6150: 6032: 5981: 5862: 5835: 4648:"WWDC 2016: Apple File System a welcome update for MacOS and iOS" 2484:. As with 2021, no new hardware was announced at the conference. 2441: 2425: 2421: 2376: 2340: 2288: 2235: 2207: 2157: 2141: 2133: 2078:, were to have greater interoperability with Apple iOS and APIs. 2055: 1941: 1693: 1607: 1595: 1249: 1181: 269: 1993:, many developer kits and tools for iOS 8, but no new hardware. 1464:

In 2002, Mac OS X v.10.2, QuickTime 6 and Rendezvous (now named

7736:

indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.

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platforms that are detailed in sessions later in the week. The

371:

The conference begins with a Monday morning keynote address by

281: 265: 5031:"Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference returns June 5, 2023" 1773:

software announced to developers in March, a demonstration of

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to develop EtherTalk, an Ethernet-compatible version of the

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for developer use. The event video footage was recorded at

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gave the keynote address, which the media often called the

285: 273: 248:) is an information technology conference held annually by 35: 2637:"WWDC 2022: New rumours, new OS software, and new devices" 2210:. As with 2016, there were no new hardware announcements. 2164:

performed at the Bash held in Discovery Meadow on June 8.

1267:), a principal product in Apple's wholly owned subsidiary 6663: 6092: 4209: 2448:", which would have games and experiences developed with 1842: 1746: 1356: 406: 261: 4403: 3285:"A Brief History of Apple's WWDC Keynotes, 1997–Present" 1940:

In the keynote, Apple unveiled redesigned models of the

4248: 4246: 3894:. Business and Leadership. May 14, 2009. Archived from 3866:"Apple to rename .Mac and make it free (ad-supported)?" 3639:"Apple Unveils Next Generation of Mac OS to Developers" 3323:"Apple Independent Software Developers Conference 1983" 3272:. Vol. 22, no. 33. IDG Enterprise. p. 7. 1781:, updates to the 15" and 17" MacBook Pros, and the new 1738: 1031:

1983 – Apple Independent Software Developers Conference

393:

are also announced on the first day of the conference.

122:(Conferences presented online due to COVID-19 pandemic) 3429:

Wiggins, Robert R. (1987). "Beyond The Blue Horizon".

3216:

On April 1, 1987 at the Apple Developers' Conference

1857:

for iPhone applications were also announced. The band

5246:"Apple unveils WWDC 2020 coding contest for students" 4026: 1508:, etc. Attendees received Apple's first model of the 1492:

1.0 (concluding its beta phase), and introduced the

1125: 433:

are also available for consultations by appointment.

367:

The Platforms State of the Union address at WWDC 2017

307:. WWDC 2022 invited developers and the press back to 30:"WWDC" redirects here. For the FM radio station, see 4243: 2034:

WWDC 2016 was held from June 13 to 17, 2016, at the

1213:

In 1991, WWDC saw the first public demonstration of

4536:

Apple and Cisco DevNet: What's in it for Developers

4277: 1753:(10.6), and the replacement/rebranding of .Mac as 1364:model from the classic OS, and (as later learned) 2550:Previously, Apple also announced new products at 1406:as the primary 3D API. The system formerly named 1388:of the operating system underlying the new OS as 578:Apple Independent Software Developers Conference 7757: 5459:"Distinguished Winners- Swift Student Challenge" 4639: 4308: 4187:"Neon Trees to perform at WWDC Bash on Thursday" 4157:"WWDC 2012: Key Products Launched at Apple WWDC" 4057: 3669:"Apple Worldwide Developers Conference Convenes" 2254:performed at the Bash at Discovery Meadow Park. 2214:performed at the Bash at Discovery Meadow Park. 2018:, and news that the language Swift was becoming 1130:The 1987 DevCon was on the first week of April. 1110:protocol. During the opening session, Apple COO 1054: 401:, and recordings can be viewed on demand on the 6081: 4791:"The 6 biggest highlights from Apple WWDC 2018" 4507:"Pop band Walk the Moon to play 2015 WWDC Bash" 1085: 5643:"Swift Student Challenge Terms and Conditions" 5272:"Apple's online-only WWDC starts on June 22nd" 3544: 3542: 3481:Introduction to Interapplication Communication 3448:"Mac OS to Support links Between Applications" 2504:contest held before WWDC which centers on the 2408:, the 20th major release of macOS, as well as 5729: 3892:"Jobs not to present keynote at Apple's WWDC" 2730:"Complete guide to scoring WWDC 2019 tickets" 2136:. Hardware announcements included updates to 1741:version of the iPhone for Worldwide markets, 1225:In 1995, WWDC'95 focused almost fully on the 720: 4883:(Press release). Apple Inc. March 13, 2020. 4123: 3916: 3868:. MacDailyNews. June 2, 2008. Archived from 1823:at 2010 WWDC Bash wearing conference jackets 1672:performed at the Apple Campus in Cupertino. 1614:(10.5), including: full 64-bit app support, 980: 188:June 10–14, 2024 (both online and in-person) 4873: 3971: 3840:"Rumor: Mac OS X 10.6 to debut at WWDC 08?" 3539: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2794:"WWDC18 Registration and Attendance Policy" 2693: 2691: 2660: 2658: 1098:, which was the first Macintosh to support 5736: 5722: 4975:"WWDC22: Apple's newest OS, Macs and more" 4914:"WWDC 2021: Dates, expectations, and more" 3581:"System 7.0 Software Is Change for Better" 2987: 2985: 1964:, and a new music streaming service named 1046: 51: 5580: 5023: 4765:"Evening Events – WWDC – Apple Developer" 4675: 4345: 3282: 3167:"APPLEWORLD '87-A SPECIAL REPORT: Part 1" 2764:"Everything Apple announced at WWDC 2020" 2496:Award of the Swift Student Challenge 2022 1558:, who discussed their experience porting 546:Learn how and when to remove this message 5336: 5301:Rayome, Alison DeNisco (June 24, 2020). 4218: 4090: 3204: 3094: 2958:"Macworld: The Stevenote by the numbers" 2912: 2688: 2655: 2491: 2182: 2166: 1868: 1815: 1704:(SDK), meaning that developers must use 1606:desktop computer and the last remaining 1574: 416: 362: 322: 5398: 5192:from the original on September 24, 2023 4093:"WWDC 2011 sells out in under 12 hours" 4063: 3428: 3164: 2982: 1836:"). Also at WWDC 2010, the renaming of 1582:performing at 2006 WWDC Bash held on 1 1554:. The keynote featured developers from 34:. For the former AM radio station, see 14: 7758: 5683:from the original on November 16, 2018 5653:from the original on February 25, 2024 5549: 5469:from the original on February 25, 2024 5431: 5367: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5300: 5269: 5089: 4645: 4154: 3813:"Swiss iPhone, 3G iPhone on June 9th?" 3386:"Apple Announces Enhanced LaserWriter" 3257: 3255: 3227: 3033:from the original on November 22, 2018 3003:from the original on September 1, 2018 2955: 2885: 2804:from the original on September 1, 2018 2697: 2301:Macintosh family of personal computers 1598:was announced as a replacement to the 1552:transition the Mac to Intel processors 704:Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 7766:Apple Worldwide Developers Conference 5717: 5487: 5380:from the original on October 13, 2022 5243: 5210: 4972: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4671: 4669: 4587:"Swift Playgrounds – Apple Developer" 4439: 4376: 4346:Rodriguez, Salvador (June 10, 2013). 4283: 4252: 4136:from the original on January 31, 2015 4091:Caldwell, Serenity (March 28, 2011). 4066:"Apple Announces iMovie for iPhone 4" 4032: 3846:from the original on January 31, 2015 3837: 3796:Apple WWDC 2002-The Death Of Mac OS 9 3706: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3578: 3512: 3445: 3402: 3350: 3348: 3261: 3231:Macintosh Hypermedia: Reference guide 3200: 3198: 3160: 3158: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3050: 3048: 2937:from the original on October 13, 2018 2740:from the original on January 27, 2022 2539:hold events nearby, and former Apple 2104:at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium. 7771:Recurring events established in 1983 5518: 4703:Mayo, Benjamin (February 16, 2017). 4702: 4676:Rossignol, Joe (February 16, 2017). 4554: 4472: 4231:from the original on October 9, 2013 3405:"Apple's Two New Machines Are Dandy" 3403:Magid, Lawrence J. (March 2, 1987). 2956:Calore, Michael (January 15, 2008). 2886:Dilger, Daniel Eran (June 6, 2018). 2852: 2757: 2755: 1480:In 2003, WWDC 2003 demonstrated the 1292:, and focused on the efforts to use 650:Apple Developers Conference (DevCon) 484:adding citations to reliable sources 455: 5543: 5425: 5325: 5071:from the original on April 21, 2023 5041:from the original on March 30, 2023 4954:from the original on March 23, 2022 4327:from the original on April 25, 2013 4314: 4296:from the original on April 26, 2013 4265:from the original on April 25, 2013 4126:"WWDC 2011 ticket shows up on eBay" 3953:from the original on March 12, 2019 3593:from the original on April 21, 2023 3527:from the original on April 21, 2023 3506: 3460:from the original on April 21, 2023 3262:Keefe, Patricia (August 15, 1988). 3252: 3228:Fraase, Michael (October 1, 1989). 3183:from the original on March 30, 2023 2834:from the original on March 10, 2019 2774:from the original on August 2, 2021 2643:from the original on April 17, 2022 2428:. For hardware, they announced the 2299:to custom ARM processors for their 1761:played at the Yerba Buena Gardens. 1380:In 1999, WWDC'99 was essentially a 1331:at WWDC'98 was the introduction of 1003:(video presentation, day one only) 24: 5413:from the original on June 10, 2022 5399:Bennett, Jocelyn (June 10, 2022). 5225:from the original on July 19, 2023 5132:from the original on March 8, 2024 4985:from the original on June 28, 2022 4936: 4924:from the original on June 10, 2022 4899: 4861:from the original on June 15, 2018 4831:from the original on June 10, 2022 4745:from the original on June 15, 2022 4715:from the original on June 21, 2022 4666: 4567:from the original on June 30, 2022 4454:from the original on June 24, 2021 4411:"Tickets – WWDC – Apple Developer" 4391:from the original on April 5, 2014 4358:from the original on June 13, 2013 4105:from the original on March 5, 2012 4072:from the original on June 10, 2010 4064:Schultz, Marianne (June 7, 2010). 3691: 3560:from the original on July 26, 2021 3494:from the original on April 1, 2023 3345: 3333:from the original on June 22, 2022 3303:from the original on June 15, 2022 3283:McCracken, Harry (June 11, 2012). 3195: 3155: 3129:Groth, Nancy (December 16, 1985). 3119: 3107:from the original on April 1, 2023 3095:Hartlaub, Peter (March 23, 2017). 3045: 2970:from the original on June 22, 2022 2900:from the original on July 12, 2022 2867:from the original on July 12, 2022 2761: 2271:. The announcements at the online 2010:, the next version of OS X called 1126:1987 – Apple Developers Conference 331:to watch the 2009 keynote address. 252:The conference is usually held at 154:(In-person and digital conference) 137:2003–16: San Francisco, California 25: 7792: 7776:1983 establishments in California 5698: 5623:from the original on June 2, 2023 5593:from the original on May 28, 2023 5581:Rossignol, Joe (March 30, 2021). 5562:from the original on May 28, 2023 5531:from the original on May 28, 2023 5500:from the original on May 28, 2023 5349:from the original on May 28, 2023 5337:Heathman, Amelia (May 19, 2020). 5313:from the original on May 28, 2023 5282:from the original on May 28, 2023 5162:from the original on June 5, 2023 5102:from the original on June 5, 2023 4887:from the original on June 9, 2022 4801:from the original on June 9, 2018 4767:. August 17, 2017. Archived from 4684:from the original on June 9, 2022 4654:from the original on July 7, 2022 4627:from the original on July 8, 2022 4597:from the original on July 1, 2017 4517:from the original on June 9, 2022 4197:from the original on July 3, 2022 4045:from the original on June 9, 2010 4014:from the original on July 7, 2022 3984:from the original on June 8, 2010 3819:from the original on June 9, 2022 3776:from the original on May 20, 2002 3619:from the original on May 10, 2019 3613:"Happy birthday, Apple QuickTime" 3515:"Atkinson shows CD ROM Hypercard" 3264:"Apple-DEC alliance haze lifting" 3205:Kawasaki, Guy (1990). "History". 3143:from the original on May 12, 2023 3077:. August 22, 1983. Archived from 2752: 2727: 2530: 1952:, and MacBook Air, and showcased 1638:, Universal Access enhancements, 1172:and other write-protected media. 495:"Worldwide Developers Conference" 7740: 7739: 5665: 5635: 5613:"WWDC23 Swift Student Challenge" 5605: 5574: 5368:Potuck, Michael (May 24, 2022). 5128:(Press release). June 21, 2023. 4555:Mayo, Benjamin (June 13, 2016). 4315:Ion, Florence (April 24, 2013). 4284:Cheng, Jacqui (April 25, 2013). 4253:Cheng, Jacqui (April 24, 2013). 3974:"iPhone 4: The Definitive Guide" 3919:"WWDC 2010 Announced: June 7–11" 3234:. Scott, Foresman. p. 222. 2698:Heater, Brian (March 26, 2024). 2042:to macOS, the new version named 1488:(10.3), announced the launch of 1410:, and during development termed 460: 204:23 million online viewers (2020) 5512: 5481: 5451: 5432:Clover, Juli (March 29, 2023). 5392: 5361: 5294: 5263: 5237: 5211:Nieva, Richard (June 5, 2023). 5204: 5174: 5144: 5114: 5083: 5053: 4997: 4966: 4843: 4813: 4783: 4757: 4727: 4696: 4646:Harris, Robin (June 14, 2016). 4609: 4579: 4548: 4529: 4499: 4466: 4433: 4339: 4179: 4148: 4117: 4084: 3996: 3965: 3935: 3917:Charles Jade (April 28, 2010). 3910: 3884: 3858: 3831: 3805: 3788: 3758: 3731: 3661: 3631: 3605: 3572: 3472: 3439: 3422: 3396: 3378: 3315: 3276: 3221: 3088: 3064: 3060:. October 1983. pp. 10–11. 3015: 2949: 2879: 2588:List of Apple Inc. media events 2487: 1337:, effectively a version of the 1175: 1133: 471:needs additional citations for 414:Apple employees and attendees. 242:Worldwide Developers Conference 46:Worldwide Developers Conference 5743: 5092:"Apple debuts macOS 14 Sonoma" 5090:Heater, Brian (June 5, 2023). 4973:Ahmed, Rifat (June 25, 2022). 4473:Page, Carly (April 14, 2015). 2846: 2816: 2786: 2721: 2629: 2599: 2440:with M2 Max and Ultra and the 1349:imaging model, which replaced 1160:In addition to these updates, 421:Stump the Experts at WWDC 2010 13: 1: 5550:Clover, Juli (May 23, 2023). 5488:Brard, Emeric (May 6, 2020). 4617:"Swift Playgrounds – Preview" 4033:Patel, Nilay (June 7, 2010). 3579:Crabb, Don (August 7, 1989). 3513:Flynn, Laurie (May 2, 1988). 3446:Flynn, Laurie (May 2, 1988). 2607:"Special Event at Apple Park" 2593: 1873:Moscone West during WWDC 2011 1630:, Spaces (Virtual Desktops), 1418:. 2,563 developers attended. 1168:, which provided support for 1055:1986 – Apple World Conference 663:Santa Clara Convention Center 318: 105:Santa Clara Convention Center 77:2003; 2005; 2007–: Every June 6930:Shazam Entertainment Limited 5519:Chiu, Karen (June 8, 2020). 5244:Hiner, Jason (May 5, 2020). 4440:Moren, Dan (April 3, 2014). 4377:Yarow, Jay (April 3, 2014). 3972:Diaz, Jesus (June 7, 2010). 3838:Bohon, Cory (June 3, 2008). 2036:Bill Graham Civic Auditorium 1924:performed at the WWDC Bash. 1884:Michael Franti and Spearhead 1733:, the stable version of the 1567:played at the Apple campus. 1447:played at the Apple campus. 1086:1987 – AppleWorld Conference 938:Bill Graham Civic Auditorium 440:or developers interested in 405:website in the conference's 7: 5270:Peters, Jay (May 5, 2020). 4541:September 25, 2017, at the 4219:Melanson (April 24, 2013). 3815:. MacRumors. May 14, 2008. 3707:Tynan, Dan (June 5, 2015). 3390:Computing Center Newsletter 3165:Warrick, Tom (April 1987). 3057:Apple Orchard v4n7 1983 Oct 2853:Hern, Alex (June 4, 2018). 2672:. Apple Inc. Archived from 2561: 1797:messenger bag and the band 172:; 41 years ago 10: 7797: 2189:San Jose Convention Center 2173:San Jose Convention Center 2114:San Jose Convention Center 2100:The Bash was performed by 1602:, which was Apple's prior 1164:introduced Version 1.2 of 953:San Jose Convention Center 827: 717:San Jose Convention Center 715: 678:San Jose Convention Center 451: 354: 110:San Jose Convention Center 79:2004: Late June–Early July 29: 7729: 7699: 7596: 7543: 7532: 7375: 7280: 7271: 7264: 7195:Non-recruiting agreements 7046: 6969: 6790: 6742: 6735: 6633: 6588: 6539: 6494: 6389: 6363: 6354: 6181: 6072: 6003: 5980: 5947: 5919: 5871: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5751: 5011:. Apple Inc. May 30, 2023 2543:James Dempsey performs a 1594:West, San Francisco. The 1398:, and the replacement of 1082:led several conferences. 999: 951: 702: 676: 670: 648: 613: 595: 577: 218: 208: 200: 192: 184: 166: 158: 128: 118:2020–21: Pre-recorded in 83: 71:1988: April and September 59: 50: 45: 7234:Depictions of Steve Jobs 5525:South China Morning Post 4155:Meghna (June 12, 2012). 3943:"WWDC – Apple Developer" 2424:and firmware updates to 2257: 2046:, as well as updates to 1806: 1702:software development kit 1646:enhancements (including 1421: 1203: 1065:monochrome laser printer 1025: 327:Attendees wait to enter 3101:San Francisco Chronicle 2455: 2398: 2350: 2318: 2305:prototype ARM-based Mac 2262: 2217: 2178: 2107: 2029: 2001: 1975: 1927: 1908:. Apple also showcased 1894: 1864: 1811: 1764: 1719: 1692:, had been created for 1675: 1570: 1545: 1529: 1475: 1459: 1450: 1426: 1414:, was formally renamed 1375: 1353:with something akin to 1322: 1283: 1242: 1220: 1208: 1191: 1047:1984 – Apple II Forever 614:Apple World Conference 134:Santa Clara, California 7205:FBI encryption dispute 3084:on September 14, 2011. 2568:Apple Inc. advertising 2497: 2244:3rd generation Mac Pro 2191: 2175: 1886:played at the Bash in 1874: 1824: 1706:standard web protocols 1688:, Apple's proprietary 1587: 1394:, improvements to the 641:Universal Amphitheatre 422: 368: 332: 101:Universal Amphitheater 6868:InVisage Technologies 4979:The Business Standard 2495: 2313:Cupertino, California 2186: 2170: 2148:, as well as the new 1872: 1819: 1775:Mac OS X Snow Leopard 1751:Mac OS X Snow Leopard 1578: 427:user interface design 420: 366: 326: 313:Cupertino, California 152:Cupertino, California 146:Cupertino, California 73:Annually (since 1989) 69:1987: March and April 7682:Edgar S. Woolard Jr. 6875:The Keyboard Company 5766:Timeline of products 3931:on December 8, 2010. 2573:Apple Music Festival 2395:models based on it. 2118:San Jose, California 2020:open-source software 1946:AirPort Time Capsule 1777:(10.6), the new 13" 1524:San Jose, California 480:improve this article 442:internationalization 148:(Digital conference) 141:San Jose, California 139:1988–2002; 2017–19: 108:1988–2002; 2017–19: 75:1989–2002: Every May 7200:Price-fixing ebooks 7034:Rockstar Consortium 4948:developer.apple.com 4591:developer.apple.com 3872:on January 11, 2010 3432:MacUser August 1987 3174:Washington Apple Pi 3023:"Consultation Labs" 2434:15-inch MacBook Air 2273:Apple Special Event 2212:Panic! at the Disco 1888:Yerba Buena Gardens 1846:was announced. The 1714:Yerba Buena Gardens 1514:Cocoa in a Nutshell 1437:Developer Preview 4 1341:API implemented on 981:Digital conference 560: 559:Timeline of events 438:women in technology 391:Apple Design Awards 7551:Arthur D. Levinson 6646:Sign in with Apple 5067:. March 29, 2023. 4771:on August 17, 2017 4124:Michael Grothaus. 3719:on August 19, 2015 3248:on March 25, 2021. 2498: 2482:Apple Intelligence 2192: 2176: 2156:and smart speaker 2154:10.5-inch iPad Pro 2097:, was introduced. 1910:OS X Mountain Lion 1875: 1825: 1642:enhancements, and 1588: 1472:operating system. 1351:Display PostScript 1078:, Adam Green, and 558: 423: 387:software developer 369: 333: 87:1983: Dunfey Hotel 63:1983; 2006: August 7753: 7752: 7725: 7724: 7695: 7694: 7528: 7527: 7485:Peter Oppenheimer 7308:(General Counsel) 7217:iOS app approvals 7042: 7041: 6731: 6730: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6068: 6067: 5033:(Press release). 5005:"Code new worlds" 4513:. June 10, 2015. 4487:on April 17, 2015 4352:Los Angeles Times 4193:. June 12, 2012. 3898:on March 11, 2016 3409:Los Angeles Times 3208:The Macintosh Way 2728:Macro, Ashleigh. 2518:Swift Playgrounds 2387:chip and updated 2361:COVID-19 pandemic 2357:COVID-19 pandemic 2325:COVID-19 pandemic 2269:COVID-19 pandemic 2187:WWDC 2018 at the 2171:WWDC 2017 at the 2130:macOS High Sierra 2087:Swift Playgrounds 2026:performed there. 1023: 1022: 838:June 28 – July 2 596:Apple II Forever 556: 555: 548: 530: 305:COVID-19 pandemic 238: 237: 16:(Redirected from 7788: 7743: 7742: 7677:Michael Spindler 7627:Fred D. Anderson 7541: 7540: 7490:Mark Papermaster 7440:Guerrino De Luca 7430:Fred D. Anderson 7401:Michael Spindler 7327:John Giannandrea 7278: 7277: 7269: 7268: 6777:Braeburn Capital 6740: 6739: 6361: 6360: 6079: 6078: 5810: 5809: 5801: 5800: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5707:Official website 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5343:Evening Standard 5334: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5188:. June 5, 2023. 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5037:March 29, 2023. 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4741:. June 9, 2017. 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4552: 4546: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4483:. Archived from 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4421:on April 7, 2014 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4384:Business Insider 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4163:. Archived from 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4010:. June 7, 2010. 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3927:. Archived from 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3744:Business Insider 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3715:. Archived from 3704: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3675:. 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Archived from 3225: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3182: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2993:"Special Events" 2989: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2613:. Archived from 2603: 2474:macOS 15 Sequoia 2446:Apple Vision Pro 1962:iWork for iCloud 1759:Barenaked Ladies 1682:Mac OS X Leopard 1612:Mac OS X Leopard 1556:Wolfram Research 1486:Mac OS X Panther 1396:Macintosh Finder 1329:big announcement 1068:LaserWriter Plus 561: 557: 551: 544: 540: 537: 531: 529: 488: 464: 456: 446:machine learning 234: 231: 229: 227: 225: 180: 178: 173: 55: 43: 42: 21: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7721: 7691: 7592: 7588:Susan L. Wagner 7583:Ronald D. Sugar 7535: 7524: 7500:Bertrand Serlet 7470:Nancy R. Heinen 7425:Angela Ahrendts 7371: 7347:Deirdre O'Brien 7317:Craig Federighi 7306:Katherine Adams 7260: 7107:Right to repair 7067:Think different 7038: 6965: 6917:Power Computing 6786: 6727: 6629: 6584: 6541: 6535: 6490: 6484:MLS Season Pass 6385: 6342: 6206:Developer Tools 6201:Core Foundation 6177: 6084: 6064: 5999: 5976: 5943: 5915: 5867: 5790: 5747: 5742: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5679:. Apple. 2018. 5677:Apple Developer 5671: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5647:Apple Developer 5641: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5617:Apple Developer 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5494:Women Love Tech 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5463:Apple Developer 5457: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5406:The StarPhoenix 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5335: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5009:Apple Developer 5003: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4912: 4911: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4674: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4543:Wayback Machine 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4251: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4217: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4167:on May 24, 2019 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3705: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3444: 3440: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3401: 3397: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3366:on May 24, 2021 3354: 3353: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3281: 3277: 3260: 3253: 3242: 3226: 3222: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3127: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3029:. Apple. 2018. 3027:Apple Developer 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2999:. Apple. 2018. 2997:Apple Developer 2991: 2990: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2933:. Apple. 2018. 2931:Apple Developer 2925: 2924: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2830:. Apple. 2018. 2828:Apple Developer 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2800:. Apple. 2018. 2798:Apple Developer 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2762:Haslam, Karen. 2760: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2696: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2676:on June 6, 2022 2670:Apple Developer 2664: 2663: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2617:on June 4, 2023 2611:Apple Developer 2605: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2583:Microsoft Build 2564: 2545:benefit concert 2533: 2490: 2458: 2406:macOS 14 Sonoma 2401: 2353: 2321: 2265: 2260: 2248:Pro Display XDR 2220: 2181: 2110: 2032: 2012:OS X El Capitan 2004: 1978: 1970:Vampire Weekend 1950:AirPort Extreme 1930: 1897: 1867: 1814: 1809: 1767: 1737:, a subsidized 1729:for iPhone and 1722: 1678: 1573: 1565:The Wallflowers 1548: 1540:Jimmy Eat World 1532: 1478: 1462: 1453: 1445:The Rippingtons 1429: 1424: 1382:progress report 1378: 1325: 1312:, along with a 1286: 1261:(later renamed 1245: 1223: 1211: 1206: 1200:was announced. 1194: 1178: 1136: 1128: 1088: 1057: 1049: 1033: 1028: 940: 607:Moscone Center 552: 541: 535: 532: 489: 487: 477: 465: 454: 403:Apple Developer 357: 341:Apple Developer 321: 222: 176: 174: 171: 149: 143: 138: 136: 123: 117: 112: 107: 98: 93: 88: 78: 76: 74: 72: 70: 68: 66: 64: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7794: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7737: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7652:Robert A. Iger 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Mickey Drexler 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7554: 7547: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7495:Jon Rubinstein 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7460:Scott Forstall 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:Isabel Ge Mahe 7319: 7314: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7284: 7282: 7275: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7219: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6975: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6608: 6606:Certifications 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6278: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6167:Classic Mac OS 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6117:iPadOS history 6114: 6109: 6104: 6089: 6087: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5699:External links 5697: 5695: 5694: 5664: 5634: 5604: 5573: 5542: 5511: 5480: 5450: 5424: 5391: 5360: 5324: 5293: 5262: 5236: 5203: 5173: 5143: 5126:Apple Newsroom 5113: 5082: 5052: 5022: 4996: 4965: 4935: 4898: 4872: 4842: 4812: 4782: 4756: 4726: 4695: 4665: 4638: 4608: 4578: 4547: 4528: 4498: 4465: 4432: 4417:Archived from 4402: 4369: 4338: 4307: 4276: 4242: 4208: 4178: 4147: 4116: 4083: 4056: 4025: 3995: 3964: 3934: 3909: 3883: 3857: 3830: 3804: 3787: 3757: 3730: 3690: 3679:on May 5, 1999 3660: 3649:on May 6, 1999 3630: 3604: 3571: 3538: 3505: 3471: 3438: 3421: 3395: 3377: 3344: 3314: 3275: 3251: 3240: 3220: 3194: 3176:. p. 54. 3154: 3118: 3087: 3063: 3044: 3014: 2981: 2948: 2911: 2878: 2845: 2824:"Scholarships" 2815: 2785: 2751: 2720: 2687: 2654: 2628: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2532: 2531:Related events 2529: 2489: 2486: 2457: 2454: 2432:SoC for Macs, 2430:Apple M2 Ultra 2400: 2397: 2352: 2349: 2345:macOS Monterey 2320: 2317: 2303:, including a 2295:, and Apple's 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2228:macOS Catalina 2219: 2216: 2180: 2177: 2109: 2106: 2102:Good Charlotte 2093:, Apple's new 2031: 2028: 2003: 2000: 1977: 1974: 1954:OS X Mavericks 1929: 1926: 1906:Retina Display 1896: 1893: 1866: 1863: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1766: 1763: 1721: 1718: 1712:played at the 1677: 1674: 1658:(based on the 1636:Core Animation 1634:enhancements, 1592:Moscone Center 1572: 1569: 1547: 1544: 1536:Mac OS X Tiger 1531: 1528: 1477: 1474: 1470:Classic Mac OS 1461: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1377: 1374: 1339:classic Mac OS 1324: 1321: 1285: 1282: 1244: 1241: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1193: 1190: 1177: 1174: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1087: 1084: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 998: 995: 991: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 964: 963: 960: 956: 955: 950: 947: 943: 942: 935: 932: 928: 927: 924: 920: 919: 916: 912: 911: 908: 904: 903: 900: 896: 895: 892: 888: 887: 884: 880: 879: 876: 872: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 848: 847: 844: 840: 839: 836: 832: 831: 826: 823: 819: 818: 815: 811: 810: 807: 803: 802: 799: 795: 794: 791: 787: 786: 783: 779: 778: 775: 771: 770: 767: 763: 762: 759: 755: 754: 751: 747: 746: 743: 739: 738: 735: 731: 730: 727: 723: 722: 719: 714: 711: 707: 706: 700: 699: 697: 694: 690: 689: 687: 683: 682: 680: 675: 672: 668: 667: 665: 660: 657: 653: 652: 646: 645: 643: 638: 635: 631: 630: 628: 623: 622:January 15–17 620: 616: 615: 611: 610: 608: 605: 602: 598: 597: 593: 592: 590: 587: 584: 580: 579: 575: 574: 571: 568: 565: 554: 553: 468: 466: 459: 453: 450: 356: 353: 320: 317: 236: 235: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 130: 126: 125: 91:Moscone Center 85: 81: 80: 61: 57: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7793: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7746: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7712:Steve Wozniak 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7672:Michael Scott 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7647:Larry Ellison 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7632:Bill Campbell 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7604:Mike Markkula 7602: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7563:James A. Bell 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7521: 7520:Steve Wozniak 7518: 7516: 7515:Avie Tevanian 7513: 7511: 7510:Sina Tamaddon 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465:Ellen Hancock 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7389:Mike Markkula 7387: 7384: 7383:Michael Scott 7381: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7357:Phil Schiller 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7294:Jeff Williams 7292: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118:Headquarters 7117: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7018:Digital Ocean 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 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MacRumors. 4067: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3683:September 21, 3678: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3653:September 21, 3648: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3490: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3435:. p. 45. 3434: 3433: 3425: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3360:titanwolf.org 3357: 3351: 3349: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3269:Computerworld 3265: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3241:9780673387912 3237: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3217: 3214:. p. 8. 3210: 3209: 3201: 3199: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 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Loop 1581: 1577: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1457: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1304:look and feel 1301: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1218: 1216: 1201: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162:Bill Atkinson 1158: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1131: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116:Steve Wozniak 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:David Bunnell 1069: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 996: 993: 992: 988: 985: 984: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 965: 961: 958: 957: 954: 948: 945: 944: 941:Moscone West 939: 936: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 921: 917: 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unions 5781:Supply chain 5685:. 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