1847:
O.; Harder, N.; Hartmann, D.; Helander, P.; Heinemann, B.; Hirsch, M.; Höfel, U.; Hopf, C.; Ida, K.; Isobe, M.; Jakubowski, M. W.; Kazakov, Y. O.; Killer, C.; Klinger, T.; Knauer, J.; König, R.; Krychowiak, M.; Langenberg, A.; Laqua, H. P.; Lazerson, S.; McNeely, P.; Marsen, S.; Marushchenko, N.; Nocentini, R.; Ogawa, K.; Orozco, G.; Osakabe, M.; Otte, M.; Pablant, N.; Pasch, E.; Pavone, A.; Porkolab, M.; Puig Sitjes, A.; Rahbarnia, K.; Riedl, R.; Rust, N.; Scott, E.; Schilling, J.; Schroeder, R.; Stange, T.; von
Stechow, A.; Strumberger, E.; Sunn Pedersen, T.; Svensson, J.; Thomson, H.; Turkin, Y.; Vano, L.; Wauters, T.; Wurden, G.; Yoshinuma, M.; Zanini, M.; Zhang, D. (1 August 2019).
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1055:: Citat: "...After two successful initial operation phases, the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device has been further expanded. This final step, which upgrades the machine to demonstrate plasma pulses of up to 30 minutes with increased heating power, has now been completed and Wendelstein 7-X is finished. A water-cooled inner cladding and the new centrepiece, a water-cooled divertor, complete the device. In autumn 2022, Wendelstein 7-X will go back into operation..."
3436:
1067:: Citat: "...From autumn 2022 onwards, an international team of scientists will once again drive W7-X to new heights of performance. "With the improved equipment, we want to be able to keep high-performance plasmas with up to 18 gigajoules of energy turnover stable for half an hour in a few years," approaching this goal step-by-step and learning more about plasma operation at higher energies without putting too much stress on the machine too quickly,"
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Wolf, R. C.; Alonso, A.; Äkäslompolo, S.; Baldzuhn, J.; Beurskens, M.; Beidler, C. D.; Biedermann, C.; Bosch, H.-S.; Bozhenkov, S.; Brakel, R.; Braune, H.; Brezinsek, S.; Brunner, K.-J.; Damm, H.; Dinklage, A.; Drewelow, P.; Effenberg, F.; Feng, Y.; Ford, O.; Fuchert, G.; Gao, Y.; Geiger, J.; Grulke,
437:
A three-laboratory
American consortium (Princeton, Oak Ridge, and Los Alamos) became a partner in the project, paying €6.8 million of the eventual total cost of €1.06 billion. In 2012, Princeton University and the Max Planck Society announced a new joint research center in plasma physics, to include
464:
Five poloidal graphite limiters served as the main plasma-facing components during this first campaign (instead of the divertor modules). Experimental observations confirmed 3D modeling predictions that showed heat and particle flux deposition patterns on the limiters in clear correlation with the
468:
Such tests were planned to continue for about a month, followed by a scheduled shut-down to open the vacuum vessel and line it with protective carbon tiles and install a "divertor" for removing impurities and heat from the plasma. The science program continued while gradually increasing discharge
280:
As of 2023, the
Wendelstein 7-X reactor is the world's largest stellarator device. After two successful operation phases ending in October 2018, the reactor was taken offline for upgrades. The upgrade completed in 2022. New fusion experiments in February 2023 demonstrated longer confinement and
1693:
Pedersen, T. Sunn; Otte, M.; Lazerson, S.; Helander, P.; Bozhenkov, S.; Biedermann, C.; Klinger, T.; Wolf, R. C.; Bosch, H. -S.; Abramovic, Ivana; Äkäslompolo, Simppa; Aleynikov, Pavel; Aleynikova, Ksenia; Ali, Adnan; Alonso, Arturo; Anda, Gabor; Andreeva, Tamara; Ascasibar, Enrique; Baldzuhn,
460:
More than 300 discharges with helium were done in
December and January with gradually increasing temperatures finally reaching six million degrees Celsius, to clean the vacuum vessel walls and test the plasma diagnostic systems. Then, on 3 February 2016, production of the first hydrogen plasma
421:
and probes based on a variety of complementary technologies will measure key properties of the plasma, including the profiles of the electron density and of the electron and ion temperature, as well as the profiles of important plasma impurities and of the radial electric field resulting from
461:
initiated the science program. The highest temperature plasmas were produced by four-megawatt microwave heater pulses lasting one second; plasma electron temperatures reached 100 MK, while ion temperatures reached 10 MK. More than 2,000 pulses were conducted before shutdown.
394:
The plasma vessel, built of 20 parts, is on the inside adjusted to the complex shape of the magnetic field. It has 254 ports (holes) for plasma heating and observation diagnostics. The whole plant is built of five nearly identical modules, which were assembled in the experiment hall.
1472:
Sunn
Pedersen, T.; Andreeva, T.; Bosch, H. -S; Bozhenkov, S.; Effenberg, F.; Endler, M.; Feng, Y.; Gates, D. A.; Geiger, J.; Hartmann, D.; Hölbe, H.; Jakubowski, M.; König, R.; Laqua, H. P.; Lazerson, S.; Otte, M.; Preynas, M.; Schmitz, O.; Stange, T.; Turkin, Y. (November 2015).
639:
including investment plus operating costs (personnel and material resources) amounted to €1.06 billion for that 18-year period. This exceeded the original budget estimate, mainly because the initial development phase was longer than expected, doubling the personnel costs.
490:
During the last experiments of 2018, the density reached 2 × 10 particles/m at a temperature of 20 million degrees. With good plasma values, long-lasting plasmas with long discharge times of 100 seconds were obtained. Energy content exceeded 1 megajoule.
382:
in aluminium) are arranged around a heat insulating cladding with a diameter of 16 metres, called the cryostat. A cooling device produces enough liquid helium to cool down the magnets and their enclosure (about 425 metric tons of "cold mass") to
3163:
434:. Its new building was completed in 2000. Construction of the stellarator was originally expected to reach completion in 2006. Assembly began in April 2005. Problems with the coils took about 3 years to fix. The schedule slipped into late 2015.
441:
The end of the construction phase, which required more than 1 million assembly hours, was officially marked by an inauguration ceremony on 20 May 2014. After a period of vessel leak-checking, beginning in the summer of 2014, the cryostat was
281:
increased power. The goal of this phase is to gradually increase power and duration for up to 30 minutes of continuous plasma discharge, thus demonstrating an essential feature of a future fusion power plant: continuous operation.
1165:
449:
Operational phase 1 (OP1.1) began 10 December 2015. On that day the reactor successfully produced helium plasma (with temperatures of about 1 MK) for about 0.1 s. For this initial test with about 1 mg of
486:
In June 2018 a record ion temperature of about 40 million degrees, a density of 0.8 × 10 particles/m, and a confinement time of 0.2 second yielded a record fusion product of 6 × 10 degree-seconds per cubic metre.
269:(IPP), and completed in October 2015. Its purpose is to advance stellarator technology: though this experimental reactor will not produce electricity, it is used to evaluate the main components of a future
725:
241:, showing the stainless cover plates and the water-cooled copper backing plates which will eventually be covered by graphite tiles and function as armor to protect against plasma/wall interactions.
1694:
Jürgen; Banduch, Martin; Barbui, Tullio; Beidler, Craig; Benndorf, Andree; Beurskens, Marc; Biel, Wolfgang; Birus, Dietrich; Blackwell, Boyd; Blanco, Emilio; Blatzheim, Marko; et al. (2016).
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Financial support for the project is about 80% from
Germany and about 20% from the European Union. 90% of German funding comes from the federal government and 10% from the state government of
498:
heat loss. Collisions between heated particles cause some to escape the magnetic field. This was due to magnetic field cage optimization that was essential in achieving the record results.
406:
heating (ECRH), which will deliver up to 15 MW of heating to the plasma. For operational phase 2 (OP-2), after completion of the full armor/water-cooling, up to 8 megawatts of
4440:
430:
The German funding arrangement for the project was negotiated in 1994, establishing the
Greifswald Branch Institute of the IPP in the north-eastern corner of the recently integrated
802:
2136:
Beidler, C. D.; Smith, H. M.; Alonso, A.; Andreeva, T.; Baldzuhn, J.; Beurskens, M. N. A.; Borchardt, M.; Bozhenkov, S. A.; Brunner, K. J.; Damm, H.; Drevlak, M. (11 August 2021).
1169:
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The aim for the OP 1.1 was to conduct integrated testing of the most important systems as quickly as possible and to gain first experience with the physics of the machine.
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635:. The total investment for the stellarator itself over 1997–2014 amounted to €370 million, while the total cost for the IPP site in
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Construction in May 2012. Visible are the torus, offset in the test cell, and the large overhead crane. Note the workers for scale.
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In 2021 an analysis of X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer data collected in the 2018 experiment substantially reduced troubling
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651:, announced that the United States would contribute $ 7.5 million under the program "Innovative Approaches to Fusion" of the
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from colliding with the reactor walls. The 50 non-planar coils are used for adjusting the magnetic field. It aims for a
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Stellarator schema - coil system (blue), plasma (yellow), a magnetic field line (green) on the plasma surface.
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767:
361:
1311:
1036:"Wendelstein 7-X reaches milestone: Power plasma with gigajoule energy turnover generated for eight minutes"
454:
gas injected into the evacuated plasma vessel, microwave heating was applied for a short 1.3 MW pulse.
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403:
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KFKI Research
Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)
217:
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836:
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temperature (4 K). The coils will carry 12.8 kA current and create a field of up to 3
2071:
1997:
1945:
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1474:
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895:, three field-period Helias configuration – had similar coil problems – construction halted in 2008
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304:
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idw-online.de: Federal
Research Minister Stark-Watzinger and Minister Martin visit IPP Greifswald
707:
411:
1906:
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632:
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407:
350:
285:
143:
1849:"Performance of Wendelstein 7-X stellarator plasmas during the first divertor operation phase"
4528:
4200:
3603:
3299:
3019:
2881:
2864:
2446:
2058:
1932:
1696:"Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000"
1644:
1583:
1530:
3613:
3482:
3229:
2724:
2655:
2608:
2585:
2556:
2361:"Expansion of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device completed / Experiments to start in autumn"
2306:
2149:
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1486:
880:
379:
316:
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17:
1507:
8:
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1958:
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1711:
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in
Bavaria, was decided at the end of the 1950s, referencing the preceding project from
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1087:
787:
731:
Institute of Nuclear Physics Kraków and National Centre for Nuclear Research (Poland)
384:
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1516:
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2999:
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2157:
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2026:
1998:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion reactor keeps its cool en route to record-breaking results"
1910:
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1723:
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Superconducting feed lines being attached to the superconducting planar coils, 2008
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50:
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Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP) at the
324:
2084:
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Operational phase 1 (OP1.1) concluded 10 March 2016 and an upgrade phase began.
39:
3767:
3333:
2541:
2493:
2485:
2360:
2290:"Upgrades of edge, divertor and scrape-off layer diagnostics of W7-X for OP1.2"
2161:
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2031:
2022:
1915:
1795:
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1618:
1567:
864:
822:
475:
Operational phase 1 continued (OP1.2) in 2017 to test the (uncooled) divertor.
469:
power and duration. The special magnetic field topology was confirmed in 2016.
334:
233:
120:
2427:
478:
225:
201:
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850:
330:
2227:
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heating (ICRH) system will become available for physics operation in OP1.2.
213:
Wendelstein 7-X research complex in Greifswald, experiment hall on the left.
4263:
4043:
3974:
3962:
3865:
3586:
2633:
2623:
2469:
2187:
2138:"Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X"
1737:
1610:
916:
872:
431:
388:
270:
2203:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion reactor on path to plasma twice as hot as the Sun"
1752:"Tests confirm that Germany's massive nuclear fusion machine really works"
1377:"Start of scientific experimentation at the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device"
4315:
3875:
3840:
3830:
3477:
3381:
2741:
2729:
2707:
2113:
1883:
1451:"The first plasma: the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device is now in operation"
1351:"Princeton, Max Planck Society launch new research center plasma physics"
648:
620:
Start of OP2, demonstrated steady-state operation at higher power levels
254:
238:
112:
55:
4127:
1719:
1627:
1531:"Wendelstein 7-X: Upgrading after successful first round of experiments"
981:
4466:
4206:
4085:
3860:
2334:
2245:
Grieger, G.; Renner, H.; Wobig, H. (1985). "Wendelstein stellarators".
2041:
1971:
1805:
1289:
1007:
956:
636:
258:
65:
1873:
1848:
1671:
1450:
1403:
1136:"Stellarators difficult to build? The construction of Wendelstein 7-X"
1048:
858:
726:
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
3898:
3539:
3036:
2756:
2675:
2670:
2613:
1246:
1204:
1312:"Wendelstein 7-x stellarator puts new twist on nuclear fusion power"
1225:
1078:
G. Grieger; H. Renner; H. Wobig (1985), "Wendelstein stellarators",
4365:
3950:
3168:
2844:
1471:
399:
372:
368:
135:
1672:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion device produces its first hydrogen plasma"
734:
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw (Poland)
4380:
3738:
3309:
2922:
2761:
2746:
2734:
2561:
1109:"Physics, Technologies, and Status of the Wendelstein 7-X Device"
844:
465:
lengths of the open magnetic field lines in the plasma boundary.
262:
69:
1065:
ipp.mpg.de: Wendelstein 7-X on the verge of new peak performance
3321:
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3129:
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443:
418:
327:
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The research facility is an independent partner project of the
154:
720:
Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
3921:
3527:
3465:
3440:
3194:
3158:
3124:
3119:
2869:
2839:
2420:
1972:"Successful second round of experiments with Wendelstein 7-X"
1845:
320:
193:
1692:
1337:"US narrows fusion research focus, joins German stellarator"
1008:"Wendelstein 7-X fusion device at Greifswald to be upgraded"
4471:
3112:
2937:
2628:
1453:. Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. 10 December 2015
1077:
560:
Successful helium plasma test at 1 MK for ~0.1 s
315:
The Wendelstein 7-X device is based on a five-field-period
2135:
1959:"Wendelstein 7-X achieves world record for fusion product"
1674:. Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. 3 February 2016
209:
1829:"Wendelstein 7-X: Zweite Experimentierrunde hat begonnen"
1475:"Plans for the first plasma operation of Wendelstein 7-X"
2287:
2087:"Thomas Sunn Pedersen et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 042022"
1404:"Preparations for operation of Wendelstein 7-X starting"
1166:"Magnet tests on Wendelstein 7-X successfully completed"
740:
Trilateral Euregio Cluster (Germany/Belgium/Netherlands)
2468:
1776:
1082:(in German), vol. 25, no. 9, p. 1231,
931:"The bizarre reactor that might save nuclear fusion"
812:
4024:
International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility
284:The name of the project, referring to the mountain
2244:
1030:
1028:
2238:
2085:Sunn Pedersen, Thomas; et al. (April 2022).
446:, and magnet testing was completed in July 2015.
273:plant; it was developed based on the predecessor
4520:
2395:"USA joining the Wendelstein 7-X fusion project"
1907:"S. BrezƖnsek et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 016006"
1557:"F. Effenberg et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 036021"
1434:"Wendelstein 7-X Newsletter No. 13 / April 2017"
612:Final assembly step with water-coolers finished
27:Modern stellarator for plasma fusion experiments
1611:"G.A. Wurden et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 056036"
1401:
1133:
1025:
410:will also be available for 10 seconds. An
2584:
2392:
2023:"T. Klinger et al 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 112004"
1287:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
917:Introduction – the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
568:Hydrogen plasma at 80 MK for 0.25 s
4279:
4059:
2484:
2454:
1779:"R.C. Wolf et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 102020"
310:
4293:
4073:
2358:
883:, Japan, Heliotron, superconducting (1998– )
367:The main components are the magnetic coils,
323:, consisting of 50 non-planar and 20 planar
4212:Greifswald International Students' Festival
1303:
1260:
1118:
658:
4286:
4272:
4066:
4052:
2461:
2447:
1443:
1281:
1160:
1158:
1156:
2318:
2177:
2112:
2102:
2040:
2030:
1914:
1882:
1872:
1804:
1794:
1777:Wolf, R. C.; et al. (27 July 2017).
1727:
1626:
1506:
1395:
2397:. Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics
2374:FAZ: Start frei für deutschen Sonnenofen
1247:"Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH)"
922:
477:
232:
224:
216:
208:
200:
4253:List of University of Greifswald people
2335:"Wendelstein 7-X achieves world record"
1770:
1664:
1465:
1343:
1309:
1176:
1153:
1012:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
986:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
961:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
957:"Wendelstein 7-X achieves world record"
893:National Compact Stellarator Experiment
398:The heating system includes high power
301:Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
267:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
80:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
14:
4521:
4180:Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics
2281:
2200:
1995:
1899:
1603:
1549:
1329:
1226:"Neutral Beam Injection Heating (NBI)"
1184:"Stellarator Heating and Optimization"
4267:
4047:
2442:
2288:Hathiramani, D.; et al. (2018).
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
928:
912:
910:
803:National Institute for Fusion Science
783:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
714:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
422:electron and ion particle transport.
1239:
1197:
671:Czech Technical University in Prague
349:10 particles per cubic metre, and a
1218:
773:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
643:In July 2011, the President of the
24:
1417:
1310:Jeffrey, Colin (25 October 2015).
982:"The second experimentation phase"
907:
750:Eindhoven University of Technology
653:United States Department of Energy
333:, 3.5 m high, which induce a
25:
4555:
2412:
2201:Lavars, Nick (1 September 2021).
1996:Lavars, Nick (26 November 2018).
1134:Klinger, Thomas (14 April 2011).
1005:
929:Clery, Daniel (21 October 2015).
701:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
663:
102:0.53 m (1 ft 9 in)
4457:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
4160:Ornithological Station Hiddensee
4126:
3995:
3968:
3956:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3892:
3824:
3773:
3761:
3732:
3715:
3675:
3663:
3634:
3622:
3592:
3580:
3533:
3521:
3499:
3471:
3459:
3434:
3397:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3293:
3276:
3259:
3235:
3223:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3152:
3135:
3096:
3064:
3047:
2976:
2964:
1288:Arnoux, Robert (15 April 2011).
1076:WI-A, WI-B, WII-A, WII-B, W7-A:
889:, USA, Quasi-Helically Symmetric
857:
843:
829:
815:
756:
360:The W7-X is optimised along the
38:
4029:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
2386:
2367:
2352:
2327:
2320:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.02.013
2220:
2194:
2129:
2078:
2015:
1989:
1964:
1952:
1839:
1821:
1744:
1686:
1523:
1402:Milch, Isabella (12 May 2014).
1369:
1353:. 29 March 2012. Archived from
1101:
778:University of Wisconsin–Madison
744:Technical University of Denmark
604:End OP1.2, begin upgrade phase
576:End OP1.1, begin upgrade phase
2393:Isabella Milch (7 July 2011).
2359:Julia Sieber (9 August 2022).
1508:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-04EB-D
1499:10.1088/0029-5515/55/12/126001
1070:
1058:
1042:
999:
974:
949:
887:Helically Symmetric Experiment
763:Los Alamos National Laboratory
584:Begin operational phase OP1.2
552:Begin operational phase OP1.1
13:
1:
4539:Nuclear technology in Germany
2298:Fusion Engineering and Design
1290:"The stellarator renaissance"
1168:. 7 July 2015. Archived from
901:
768:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
683:Technische Universität Berlin
482:Wendelstein 7-X during OP1.2b
253:) reactor is an experimental
4175:Friedrich Loeffler Institute
4143:Botanic Garden and Arboretum
2693:Field-reversed configuration
626:
404:electron cyclotron resonance
7:
808:
501:
237:Wide-angle view inside the
10:
4560:
2259:10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/040
2162:10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w
1205:"Microwave heating – ECRH"
1088:10.1088/0029-5515/25/9/040
919:Retrieved 5 November 2014.
596:of 6 × 10 degree-second/m
425:
311:Design and main components
194:https://www.ipp.mpg.de/w7x
4449:
4308:
4301:
4225:
4193:
4167:
4135:
4124:
4115:Greifswald Medical School
4094:
4083:
4019:
3987:
3907:
3884:
3816:
3809:
3798:
3751:
3707:
3653:
3612:
3575:
3566:
3491:
3449:
3389:
3380:
3215:
3086:
2956:
2930:
2921:
2910:
2899:
2857:
2830:
2802:
2779:
2683:
2595:
2575:
2547:Fusion energy gain factor
2477:
837:Nuclear technology portal
189:
184:
174:
166:
161:
142:
129:
119:
106:
98:
90:
85:
75:
61:
49:
37:
4534:University of Greifswald
4462:Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival
4295:Nuclear power in Germany
4233:University of Greifswald
4111:Mathematics and Sciences
4076:University of Greifswald
2104:10.1088/1741-4326/ac2cf5
2032:10.1088/1741-4326/ab03a7
1916:10.1088/1741-4326/ac3508
1796:10.1088/1741-4326/aa770d
1619:10.1088/1741-4326/aa6609
1568:10.1088/1741-4326/aa4f83
796:
792:Xantho Technologies, LLC
695:Forschungszentrum Jülich
689:University of Greifswald
659:Collaborating institutes
305:University of Greifswald
125:3 T (30,000 G)
86:Technical specifications
2472:, processes and devices
2429:The First Helium Plasma
2379:7 November 2015 at the
1150:53 slides - many photos
708:University of Stuttgart
412:ion cyclotron resonance
94:5.5 m (18 ft)
2066:Cite journal requires
1961:Phys.org, 25 June 2018
1940:Cite journal requires
1652:Cite journal requires
1591:Cite journal requires
877:Similar stellarators:
633:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
496:neoclassical transport
483:
408:neutral beam injection
277:experimental reactor.
242:
230:
222:
214:
206:
4102:Arts & Humanities
1700:Nature Communications
1268:"Profile Diagnostics"
481:
375:and heating systems.
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
4168:Independent partners
2609:Triple-alpha process
2557:Magnetohydrodynamics
2509:List of technologies
881:Large Helical Device
317:Helias configuration
290:Princeton University
167:Year(s) of operation
4501: /
4148:University Hospital
4087:Greifswald, Germany
3687:Lockheed Martin CFR
2641:Proton–proton chain
2504:List of experiments
2311:2018FusED.136..304H
2154:2021Natur.596..221B
1865:2019PhPl...26h2504W
1720:10.1038/ncomms13493
1712:2016NatCo...713493P
1491:2015NucFu..55l6001P
1339:. 1 September 2011.
1038:. 22 February 2023.
520:Planning initiated
34:
4153:University Library
2720:Dense plasma focus
1853:Physics of Plasmas
937:. Science Magazine
677:Charles University
645:Max Planck Society
528:Project initiated
484:
438:research on W7-X.
351:plasma temperature
337:that prevents the
294:Project Matterhorn
243:
231:
223:
215:
207:
144:Plasma temperature
32:
4505:54.073°N 13.424°E
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4261:
4260:
4248:Wikimedia Commons
4226:Categories, lists
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4015:
4014:
3983:
3982:
3934:Asterix IV (PALS)
3747:
3746:
3649:
3648:
3562:
3561:
3376:
3375:
2895:
2894:
2853:
2852:
2812:Bubble (acoustic)
2794:Magnetized target
2771:Toroidal solenoid
2527:
2526:
2148:(7871): 221–226.
1874:10.1063/1.5098761
1758:. 6 December 2016
1006:Milch, Isabella.
788:Auburn University
752:(The Netherlands)
624:
623:
385:superconductivity
371:, plasma vessel,
319:. It is mainly a
199:
198:
16:(Redirected from
4551:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4381:Kalkar (SNR-300)
4306:
4305:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4217:Nordischer Klang
4130:
4107:Business and Law
4088:
4077:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3753:Magneto-inertial
3737:
3736:
3735:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3553:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3511:Wendelstein 7-AS
3504:
3503:
3502:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3387:
3386:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3005:Electric Tokamak
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2789:Magnetized liner
2781:Magneto-inertial
2698:Levitated dipole
2593:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2552:Lawson criterion
2482:
2481:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:Official website
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2390:
2384:
2383:vom 20. Mai 2014
2371:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2253:(9): 1231–1242.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2106:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1630:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1172:on 16 July 2015.
1162:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
926:
920:
914:
867:
862:
861:
853:
848:
847:
839:
834:
833:
832:
825:
820:
819:
818:
679:(Czech Republic)
673:(Czech Republic)
506:
505:
362:quasi-isodynamic
348:
275:Wendelstein 7-AS
179:Wendelstein 7-AS
157:
152:
138:
115:
42:
35:
31:
21:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4544:2015 in science
4519:
4518:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4445:
4396:Mülheim-Kärlich
4341:Grafenrheinfeld
4297:
4292:
4262:
4257:
4221:
4189:
4185:Wendelstein 7-X
4163:
4131:
4122:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4042:
4033:
4011:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3825:
3823:
3801:
3794:
3774:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3676:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3608:
3593:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3558:
3547:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:Wendelstein 7-X
3500:
3498:
3487:
3472:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3398:
3396:
3372:
3352:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3275:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3153:
3151:
3136:
3134:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3073:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3046:
2977:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2913:
2902:
2891:
2849:
2826:
2798:
2775:
2703:Magnetic mirror
2679:
2666:Silicon-burning
2651:Lithium burning
2588:
2577:
2571:
2537:Nuclear reactor
2523:
2473:
2467:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2381:Wayback Machine
2372:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2243:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2134:
2130:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1357:on 4 March 2016
1349:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
927:
923:
915:
908:
904:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
830:
828:
821:
816:
814:
811:
799:
759:
746:(DTU) (Denmark)
728:(CIEMAT; Spain)
666:
661:
629:
536:Assembly began
504:
428:
353:of 60–130
346:
325:superconducting
313:
292:under the name
247:Wendelstein 7-X
150:
148:
133:
110:
45:
33:Wendelstein 7-X
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4557:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4510:54.073; 13.424
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4411:Niederaichbach
4408:
4406:Neckarwestheim
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3820:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3770:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3724:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3672:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3589:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3530:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3468:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3290:
3285:
3273:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3144:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3061:
3056:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2973:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2882:Muon-catalyzed
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2865:Colliding beam
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Reversed field
2722:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Oxygen-burning
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Carbon-burning
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Atomic nucleus
2539:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Burning plasma
2490:
2488:
2486:Nuclear fusion
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2414:
2413:External links
2411:
2409:
2408:
2385:
2366:
2351:
2339:www.ipp.mpg.de
2326:
2280:
2247:Nuclear Fusion
2237:
2232:www.ipp.mpg.de
2219:
2193:
2128:
2091:Nuclear Fusion
2077:
2068:|journal=
2014:
1988:
1976:www.ipp.mpg.de
1963:
1951:
1942:|journal=
1898:
1838:
1833:www.ipp.mpg.de
1820:
1789:(10): 102020.
1783:Nuclear Fusion
1769:
1743:
1685:
1663:
1654:|journal=
1602:
1593:|journal=
1548:
1537:. 11 July 2016
1522:
1485:(12): 126001.
1479:Nuclear Fusion
1464:
1442:
1416:
1394:
1368:
1342:
1328:
1316:www.gizmag.com
1302:
1280:
1259:
1238:
1217:
1196:
1175:
1152:
1117:
1100:
1080:Nuclear Fusion
1069:
1057:
1041:
1024:
998:
973:
948:
935:sciencemag.org
921:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
890:
884:
875:
869:
868:
865:Science portal
854:
840:
826:
823:Germany portal
810:
807:
806:
805:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
758:
755:
754:
753:
747:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
723:
717:
711:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
665:
664:European Union
662:
660:
657:
628:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:February 2023
614:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:November 2018
598:
597:
594:triple product
590:
586:
585:
582:
578:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:December 2015
546:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
522:
521:
518:
514:
513:
510:
503:
500:
427:
424:
343:plasma density
335:magnetic field
312:
309:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
159:
158:
146:
140:
139:
131:
127:
126:
123:
121:Magnetic field
117:
116:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4556:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Gundremmingen
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:Miscellaneous
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3790:Fusion Engine
3788:
3786:
3785:FRX-L – FRCHX
3783:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:ASDEX Upgrade
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Alcator C-Mod
2974:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:International
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Metal lattice
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2832:Electrostatic
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Alpha process
2602:
2600:
2598:
2597:Gravitational
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Nuclear power
2530:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2114:1721.1/147631
2110:
2105:
2100:
2097:(4): 042022.
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:1721.1/130063
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:(8): 082504.
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1405:
1398:
1383:. 7 June 2016
1382:
1378:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1002:
987:
983:
977:
962:
958:
952:
936:
932:
925:
918:
913:
911:
906:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
860:
855:
852:
851:Energy portal
846:
841:
838:
827:
824:
813:
804:
801:
800:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
757:United States
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:(CEA; France)
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
668:
667:
656:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
634:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
599:
595:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
507:
499:
497:
492:
488:
480:
476:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
453:
447:
445:
439:
435:
433:
423:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
390:
386:
381:
376:
374:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:(abbreviated
248:
240:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
192:
188:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
147:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:Heating power
128:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:Plasma volume
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4529:Stellarators
4486:
4416:Philippsburg
4366:Hamm-Uentrop
4356:Großwelzheim
4184:
4136:Institutions
3587:Perhapsatron
3515:
2887:Pyroelectric
2817:Laser-driven
2656:Neon-burning
2624:Helium flash
2470:Fusion power
2399:. Retrieved
2388:
2369:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2302:
2296:
2283:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2228:"Milestones"
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2196:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2059:cite journal
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
2002:newatlas.com
2001:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1954:
1933:cite journal
1901:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:ScienceAlert
1755:
1746:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1666:
1645:cite journal
1628:11584/213558
1605:
1584:cite journal
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1407:. Retrieved
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1345:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1178:
1170:the original
1142:. Retrieved
1103:
1079:
1072:
1060:
1044:
1017:26 September
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1001:
991:26 September
989:. Retrieved
985:
976:
964:. Retrieved
960:
951:
939:. Retrieved
934:
924:
873:Fusion power
642:
630:
609:August 2022
544:Inaugurated
493:
489:
485:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
448:
440:
436:
432:East Germany
429:
417:A system of
416:
397:
393:
377:
366:
359:
314:
300:
298:
283:
279:
271:fusion power
250:
246:
244:
170:2015–present
99:Minor radius
91:Major radius
44:W7-X in 2011
29:
4508: /
4331:Brunsbüttel
4316:AVR reactor
4157:Observatory
3802:confinement
3548: [
3478:Heliotron J
3382:Stellarator
3250: [
3167: [
3074: [
2914:confinement
2903:experiments
2858:Other forms
2742:Stellarator
2708:Bumpy torus
2586:Confinement
2478:Core topics
2305:: 304–308.
2212:2 September
2042:2434/653115
1806:2434/616000
1457:10 December
1273:10 December
1252:10 December
1231:10 December
1210:10 December
1189:10 December
966:27 December
649:Peter Gruss
573:March 2016
378:The coils (
364:principle.
355:megakelvins
286:Wendelstein
255:stellarator
239:stellarator
175:Preceded by
76:Affiliation
56:Stellarator
51:Device type
4523:Categories
4496:13°25′26″E
4493:54°04′23″N
4467:Black bloc
4450:opposition
4436:Unterweser
4421:Rheinsberg
4346:Greifswald
4207:Emausaurus
2822:Ion-driven
2576:Processes,
2519:Aneutronic
2514:Commercial
2401:4 February
2007:1 December
1762:7 December
1678:4 February
1541:11 October
1387:11 October
1321:27 October
941:25 October
902:References
637:Greifswald
589:June 2018
581:June 2017
259:Greifswald
66:Greifswald
4441:Würgassen
4401:Obrigheim
4095:Divisions
4007:Z machine
3988:Non-laser
3899:GEKKO XII
3851:Long path
3545:Uragan-3M
3540:Uragan-2M
3037:Riggatron
2757:Spheromak
2752:Spherical
2676:S-process
2671:R-process
2614:CNO cycle
2275:250832456
2267:0029-5515
2207:New Atlas
2170:1476-4687
2123:234338848
2051:128140454
1925:240484560
1893:202127809
1706:: 13493.
1637:126252486
1576:125707430
1361:19 August
1096:250832456
716:(Germany)
710:(Germany)
703:(Germany)
697:(Germany)
691:(Germany)
685:(Germany)
627:Financing
444:evacuated
400:gyrotrons
303:with the
265:, by the
257:built in
4326:Brokdorf
4302:Reactors
4203:Festival
4119:Theology
3951:LULI2000
3817:Americas
3800:Inertial
3390:Americas
2957:Americas
2912:Magnetic
2901:Devices,
2845:Polywell
2804:Inertial
2685:Magnetic
2634:remnants
2499:Timeline
2377:Archived
2188:34381232
1981:22 March
1738:27901043
1535:phys.org
1517:67798335
1381:phys.org
809:See also
669:FJFI at
502:Timeline
373:divertor
369:cryostat
328:magnetic
153:10
134:14
111:30
62:Location
4431:Stendal
4386:Krümmel
4351:Grohnde
4336:Emsland
3836:Cyclops
3768:SPECTOR
3739:Trisops
3599:Sceptre
3452:Oceania
3424:Model C
3310:IGNITOR
3242:COMPASS
3089:Oceania
3071:Novillo
3032:Pegasus
2923:Tokamak
2762:Dynomak
2747:Tokamak
2578:methods
2562:Neutron
2434:YouTube
2344:30 June
2307:Bibcode
2179:8357633
2150:Bibcode
1861:Bibcode
1815:1986901
1729:5141350
1708:Bibcode
1487:Bibcode
1295:13 June
1144:13 June
592:Fusion
426:History
419:sensors
263:Germany
190:Website
162:History
70:Germany
4391:Lingen
4321:Biblis
4309:closed
4238:Alumni
3975:Vulcan
3908:Europe
3682:Astron
3655:Mirror
3492:Europe
3358:MAST-U
3322:ISTTOK
3288:TEXTOR
3216:Europe
3142:ADITYA
3130:SUNIST
3000:DIII-D
2971:STOR-M
2567:Plasma
2273:
2265:
2186:
2176:
2168:
2142:Nature
2121:
2049:
1923:
1891:
1813:
1736:
1726:
1635:
1574:
1515:
1409:16 May
1094:
1053:backup
512:Event
452:helium
389:teslas
357:(MK).
339:plasma
321:toroid
149:(6–13)
4426:Stade
4243:Staff
4002:PACER
3963:ISKRA
3922:HiPER
3876:Shiva
3871:OMEGA
3841:Janus
3831:Argus
3810:Laser
3780:Linus
3708:Other
3568:Pinch
3552:]
3528:TJ-II
3466:H-1NF
3450:Asia,
3441:SCR-1
3414:HIDRA
3363:START
3254:]
3247:GOLEM
3195:KSTAR
3183:GLAST
3171:]
3164:QUEST
3159:JT-60
3147:SST-1
3125:HL-2M
3120:HL-2A
3103:CFETR
3087:Asia,
3078:]
3059:TCABR
2993:SPARC
2948:PROTO
2870:Migma
2840:Fusor
2730:Theta
2715:Pinch
2619:Fusor
2293:(PDF)
2271:S2CID
2119:S2CID
2047:S2CID
1921:S2CID
1889:S2CID
1811:S2CID
1633:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1560:(PDF)
1513:S2CID
1437:(PDF)
1139:(PDF)
1112:(PDF)
1092:S2CID
797:Japan
331:coils
185:Links
4472:Wyhl
4376:Kahl
4371:Isar
4201:Bach
3885:Asia
3866:Nova
3861:Nike
3846:LIFE
3727:PFRC
3692:MFTF
3604:ZETA
3506:WEGA
3429:NCSX
3368:STEP
3334:T-15
3271:WEST
3207:TT-1
3113:HT-7
3108:EAST
3042:SSPX
3025:TFTR
3015:NSTX
2943:DEMO
2938:ITER
2735:Zeta
2629:Nova
2589:type
2403:2016
2346:2018
2263:ISSN
2214:2021
2184:PMID
2166:ISSN
2072:help
2009:2018
1983:2019
1946:help
1764:2016
1734:PMID
1680:2016
1658:help
1597:help
1543:2016
1459:2015
1411:2014
1389:2016
1363:2013
1323:2015
1297:2011
1275:2015
1254:2015
1233:2015
1212:2015
1191:2015
1146:2011
1019:2022
993:2022
968:2022
943:2015
565:2016
557:2015
541:2014
533:2005
525:1994
517:1980
509:Date
402:for
380:NbTi
345:of 3
251:W7-X
245:The
18:W7-X
3946:LMJ
3856:NIF
3722:LDX
3697:TMX
3670:GDT
3641:MST
3629:RFX
3614:RFP
3483:LHD
3419:HSX
3409:CTH
3404:CNT
3346:TCV
3305:FTU
3300:DTT
3266:TFR
3230:JET
3054:ETE
3020:PLT
3010:LTX
2988:ARC
2432:on
2315:doi
2303:136
2255:doi
2174:PMC
2158:doi
2146:596
2109:hdl
2099:doi
2037:hdl
2027:doi
1911:doi
1879:hdl
1869:doi
1801:hdl
1791:doi
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1623:hdl
1615:doi
1564:doi
1503:hdl
1495:doi
1084:doi
4525::
3550:uk
3252:cs
3169:ja
3076:es
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