30:
1326:
562:
121:
482:
227:. The volunteers comprised a broad spectrum of social classes. After the enlistment of ten thousand volunteers, the government deemed it was enough and suspended recruitment in the National Guard. In the province of Bahia, the number of volunteers was such that the government ordered the refusal of new ones, but struggled to enforce it due to the pressure exerted by the volunteers. Some volunteers saw the financial benefits offered by the government as a way of improving their condition while others spontaneously gave up the benefits, proving their true volunteer intentions.
202:
188:
234:, which they should recruit. On the other hand, there were several ways to escape recruitment: those who had possessions donated resources, equipment, slaves and employees to fight in their place; those of lesser possessions enlisted their relatives, children, nephews or associates; to the dispossessed the only way to escape recruitment was desertion. Indigenous peoples from several provinces also participated in the war.
261:
The use of slaves to fight on behalf of their owners became common practice. However, the number of slaves and freed slaves sent to war never exceeded 10% of the total number of soldiers. In addition, patriotic societies, convents and the government began to buy slaves to fight in the war. The empire
128:
The
Imperial Brazilian Army was, at the beginning of the Paraguayan War, very small and dispersed throughout all of Brazil. Service in the army was seen as a punishment, given the harsh conditions the soldiers found themselves in. The army also lacked prestige, its ranks were filled with men who were
173:
and continued from there by land. The journey was carried out by horse and cart, and at night the emperor slept in a field tent. In
Uruguaiana, he presented himself at the army camp as the country's first volunteer, using this political strategy to serve as an example both to the military stationed
501:
Once the war was over, the return of the few remaining volunteer corps began. The first ones formed a brigade under the command of Faria Rocha, from Bahia, who was received with great effusion by the emperor, making his triumphal march through the
Primeiro de Março street, formerly Rua Direita, in
266:
to the slaves who presented themselves for war. This caused slaves to flee alone or in groups from the plantations, and to present themselves to recruiters with false names in order to mislead their masters, even with the government turning a blind eye. Emperor Pedro II set an example, freeing all
214:
Initially formed to take advantage of the volunteering fervour that took hold in Brazil following the beginning of the war, it brought together volunteers who enlisted spontaneously. Any citizen between 18 and 50 years old was eligible for enlistment. The imperial government guaranteed several
489:
Brazilian losses due to deaths, injuries, illnesses and disability killed many of the volunteers. Out of the 57 volunteer corps that were formed and sent to war, only fourteen remained. For war maimed people who had no resources for their own subsistence, the government created the
149:
Deprived of war resources, without a sufficiently numerous and trained army and unable to adequately retaliate for the
Paraguayan offense received after the invasion of Mato Grosso in December 1864 (before formal declaration of war, which happened on 13 December 1864), emperor
219:
upon finishing service; plots of land with 22,500 fathoms (49,500 square metres) in military or agricultural colonies; preference in public jobs; honorary officer ranks; freedom to slaves; assistance to orphans, widows and the war maimed.
249:
and the
Marquis of Caxias, respectively, the local governments in the provinces began to recruit their political enemies to send to war. The liberal cabinet eventually fell and the conservatives got back to power with the rise of the
223:
Contrary to the
National Guard, whose force, controlled by the local elites, was reluctant to go to war, there was great patriotic enthusiasm among the common people to fill the ranks of the corps of
230:
As the war continued on for more than expected and with the waning of popular enthusiasm, the imperial government began forced recruitment, demanding quotas of volunteers from the presidents of the
498:. There they remained under the care of the government, surviving on the resources raised during the war by the Commercial Association of Rio de Janeiro, but far from the eyes of the population.
154:
issued the Decree No. 3,371 on 7 January 1865; This decree, appealing to the patriotic feelings of the
Brazilian people, created military corps for the service of war, with the denomination of
29:
134:
1684:
1679:
766:
143:
Due to a set of deplorable circumstances, our army always had in its ranks large quantities of men that society repudiated for their terrible qualities
251:
1202:
237:
Recruitment also took a political stance. With the dispute in the government for the conduction of the war between the liberals of the ruling
561:
130:
1109:
1255:
1472:
1142:
1496:
1057:
1029:
491:
1449:
1588:
1489:
1462:
1407:
1310:
1290:
1098:
1079:
246:
1382:
1300:
1294:
1278:
1613:
1423:
1315:
1286:
1248:
120:
1514:
1506:
541:
and
Enfield guns. Outdated weapons, although in a lesser number, were still used, especially by the corps of
1520:
1143:"O exército brasileiro frente aos improvisos do cenário da guerra com o Paraguai: surge o 21 de infantaria"
572:
Though in practice varying in the total number of soldiers, each
Volunteer Corps was generally made up of:
238:
1639:
242:
514:
From 1864 to 1870 the main infantry armament employed by the
Imperial Army were percussion guns, both
1402:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1241:
1226:
1193:
1163:
1133:
1397:
1367:
255:
1674:
1603:
1479:
1457:
1428:
1172:
538:
109:
100:), was the name given to the volunteer military units created on 7 January 1865 by decree of the
62:
1629:
1282:
1484:
1467:
1213:
1180:
1150:
1120:
1067:
481:
696:
267:
slaves from imperial farms (such as the Imperial Farm of Santa Cruz) to fight in the war.
8:
1593:
231:
166:
1350:
1305:
629:
565:
Triumphal entry of the volunteers on the afternoon of 23 February 1870, lithography by
151:
1571:
1345:
1340:
1094:
1075:
1053:
1025:
534:
170:
937:
920:
1325:
1264:
932:
582:
101:
52:
1110:"Guerra do Paraguai: os caminhos da memória entre a comemoração e o esquecimento"
566:
201:
1644:
1634:
1598:
1556:
1532:
1526:
503:
105:
80:
615:
1 quartermaster sergeant - assistant to the quartermaster captain (warehouse);
527:
1668:
1580:
1550:
676:
596:
531:
495:
187:
1649:
1608:
1544:
263:
215:
advantages to the volunteers, such as a prize of three hundred thousand
550:
162:
1538:
612:
1 assistant sergeant - assistant to the assistant captain (sergeant);
546:
494:, inaugurated on 29 July 1868, on the Bom Jesus da Coluna island, in
1233:
523:
519:
530:. A smaller number of other guns were also used, these included
216:
137:, in reference to the state of the army prior to the war, that:
545:, which at the beginning of the war were still equipped with
515:
957:
883:
847:
108:
with which the imperial government sought to strengthen the
485:
Document, dated 1873, of compensation for wounded in combat
921:"A participação dos negros escravos na guerra do Paraguai"
124:
Imperial Decree No. 3,371 that created the volunteer corps
837:
835:
1024:] (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
895:
859:
624:
1 major cornet sergeant - responsible for the musicians;
969:
871:
742:
730:
718:
651:
2 second sergeants - auxiliaries of platoon commanders;
832:
820:
796:
648:
1 first sergeant - assistant to the company commander;
592:
1 assistant (captain) - responsible for the personnel;
981:
945:
808:
129:
seen as undesirables by the society of the time. The
784:
1018:
Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai
993:
526:and 14.8 or 14.6mm caliber ammunition, namely the
207:A volunteer soldier with the badge on his left arm
1685:Military units and formations established in 1865
1680:Military units and formations of Imperial Brazil
1666:
602:1 secretary (lieutenant) - assistant and writer.
1203:"Notas sobre o armamento na Guerra do Paraguai"
1074:(2 ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
165:, which was occupied by Paraguayan forces and
1249:
1022:Damned War: new History of the Paraguayan War
1043:. Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.
767:"Decreto nº 3.371, de 7 de janeiro de 1865"
270:
1256:
1242:
1107:
1015:
975:
963:
936:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
748:
736:
724:
599:(captain) - responsible for the material;
1201:Castro, Adler Homero Fonseca de (2008).
1066:
1047:
826:
802:
560:
492:Asylum for the Invalides of the Homeland
480:
119:
1170:
1088:
987:
919:Toral, André Amaral de (13 June 2005).
814:
1667:
1208:. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional.
1200:
1140:
1038:
999:
951:
790:
161:The emperor soon left for the city of
1237:
1141:Farias, Aluísio Gonçalves de (2009).
918:
914:
912:
910:
642:1 lieutenant - company sub commander;
589:1 supervisor (major) - sub commander;
193:Volunteer badge, worn in the left arm
169:, on September 11. He disembarked in
1263:
761:
759:
757:
553:, before receiving modern armament.
1589:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
1052:. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
13:
1108:Rodrigues, Marcelo Santos (2009).
907:
635:Eight companies, each containing:
133:wrote to the Minister of War, the
14:
1696:
1173:"A Guerra do Paraguai em números"
1048:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007).
754:
556:
174:there and to the rest of Brazil.
1324:
1050:D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser
200:
186:
28:
1009:
938:10.1590/S0103-40141995000200015
689:
645:2 ensign - platoon commanders;
639:1 captain - company commander;
247:Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos
177:
1:
1171:Boiteux, Nylson Reis (2000).
1091:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial
1016:Doratioto, Francisco (2022).
706:
621:1 sergeant crown - carpenter;
476:
115:
1614:Francisco José do Nascimento
1521:Confederation of the Equator
1093:. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
1041:História de D. Pedro II
711:
618:1 rifle sergeant - gunsmith;
7:
670:
509:
167:besieged by the allied army
10:
1701:
1622:
1579:
1570:
1505:
1448:
1441:
1416:
1390:
1381:
1363:Prince Imperial of Brazil
1358:Brazilian imperial family
1333:
1322:
1271:
1089:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002).
97:
76:
68:
58:
48:
40:
23:
18:
682:
271:Origin of the volunteers
1480:Imperial Brazilian Navy
1458:Imperial Brazilian Army
1429:Reverse parliamentarism
110:Imperial Brazilian Army
63:Imperial Brazilian Army
19:"Voluntários da Pátria"
1640:Eusébio de Queirós Law
1630:Abolitionism in Brazil
1283:Independence of Brazil
1221:Cite journal requires
1188:Cite journal requires
1175:. Exército Brasileiro.
1158:Cite journal requires
1128:Cite journal requires
1072:As Barbas do Imperador
1068:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz
1039:Calmon, Pedro (1975).
569:
486:
262:then began to promise
147:
125:
1468:Fatherland Volunteers
578:(lieutenant colonel)
564:
543:Voluntários da Pátria
484:
225:Voluntários da Pátria
156:Voluntários da Pátria
139:
123:
93:Voluntários da Pátria
1424:Constitution of 1824
1316:Units of measurement
771:Câmara dos Deputados
697:Neutral Municipality
326:Rio Grande do Norte
252:Viscount of Itaboraí
135:Marquis of Paranaguá
1391:Political instances
1368:Prince of Grão-Pará
966:, pp. 259–268.
892:, pp. 125–126.
856:, pp. 123–125.
98:Homeland Volunteers
1604:José do Patrocínio
660:8 lance corporals;
570:
551:smoothbore barrels
487:
430:Rio Grande do Sul
126:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1566:
1565:
1437:
1436:
1341:Emperor of Brazil
1059:978-85-359-0969-2
1031:978-65-5921-286-6
474:
473:
254:to the office of
245:, represented by
171:Rio Grande do Sul
131:Marquis of Caxias
86:
85:
1692:
1577:
1576:
1515:Independence War
1473:List of generals
1463:Military Academy
1446:
1445:
1408:Moderating Power
1403:General Assembly
1388:
1387:
1373:Prince of Brazil
1328:
1265:Empire of Brazil
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1085:
1063:
1044:
1035:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
942:
940:
916:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
763:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
700:
693:
275:
274:
204:
190:
104:to fight in the
102:Empire of Brazil
99:
53:Empire of Brazil
32:
16:
15:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1618:
1562:
1501:
1433:
1412:
1377:
1329:
1320:
1267:
1262:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1101:
1082:
1060:
1032:
1012:
1007:
1006:
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
946:
931:(24): 287–296.
917:
908:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
840:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
775:
773:
765:
764:
755:
747:
743:
735:
731:
723:
719:
714:
709:
704:
703:
694:
690:
685:
673:
567:Angelo Agostini
559:
512:
479:
422:Santa Catarina
390:Rio de Janeiro
382:Espírito Santo
273:
212:
211:
210:
209:
208:
205:
196:
195:
194:
191:
180:
118:
89:
36:
35:
34:
33:
12:
11:
5:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:Paraguayan War
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:Rio Branco Law
1642:
1637:
1635:Netto Question
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:Joaquim Nabuco
1596:
1594:André Rebouças
1591:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1557:Paraguayan War
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1533:Ragamuffin War
1530:
1527:Cisplatine War
1524:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1497:Military Ranks
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:Prime Minister
1394:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1275:
1273:
1272:General topics
1269:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1223:|journal=
1198:
1190:|journal=
1168:
1160:|journal=
1138:
1130:|journal=
1105:
1099:
1086:
1080:
1064:
1058:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
992:
980:
976:Rodrigues 2009
968:
964:Rodrigues 2009
956:
954:, p. 289.
944:
906:
904:, p. 126.
902:Doratioto 2022
894:
890:Doratioto 2022
882:
878:Rodrigues 2009
870:
868:, p. 125.
866:Doratioto 2022
858:
854:Doratioto 2022
846:
842:Rodrigues 2009
831:
829:, p. 300.
819:
817:, p. 200.
807:
805:, p. 112.
795:
793:, p. 736.
783:
753:
751:, p. 121.
749:Doratioto 2022
741:
739:, p. 120.
737:Doratioto 2022
729:
727:, p. 483.
725:Doratioto 2022
716:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
702:
701:
687:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
604:
603:
600:
593:
590:
558:
557:Unit structure
555:
547:flintlock guns
539:Spencer rifles
524:rifled barrels
511:
508:
504:Rio de Janeiro
478:
475:
472:
471:
466:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
272:
269:
256:prime minister
206:
199:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
179:
176:
117:
114:
106:Paraguayan War
87:
84:
83:
81:Paraguayan War
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
27:
26:
25:
24:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1697:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1581:Abolitionists
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:Uruguayan War
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:List of ships
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
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1440:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
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1415:
1409:
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1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
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1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1228:
1215:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1100:85-7302-441-0
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1081:85-7164-837-9
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1001:
996:
990:, p. 54.
989:
984:
978:, p. 16.
977:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
939:
934:
930:
926:
925:SciELO Brasil
922:
915:
913:
911:
903:
898:
891:
886:
880:, p. 13.
879:
874:
867:
862:
855:
850:
844:, p. 14.
843:
838:
836:
828:
827:Schwarcz 1998
823:
816:
811:
804:
803:Carvalho 2007
799:
792:
787:
772:
768:
762:
760:
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745:
738:
733:
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721:
717:
698:
692:
688:
678:
677:Blood tribute
675:
674:
665:
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632:
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532:breechloading
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374:Minas Gerais
373:
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243:conservatives
240:
239:Liberal Party
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95:
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22:
17:
1485:Naval School
1450:Armed Forces
1295:Second Reign
1214:cite journal
1181:cite journal
1151:cite journal
1121:cite journal
1115:. São Paulo.
1090:
1071:
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1017:
1010:Bibliography
1002:, p. 7.
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988:Boiteux 2000
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885:
873:
861:
849:
822:
815:Vainfas 2002
810:
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774:. Retrieved
770:
744:
732:
720:
691:
666:78 soldiers.
657:8 corporals;
634:
628:
627:
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605:
581:
580:
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528:Minié system
513:
502:the city of
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446:Mato Grosso
260:
236:
229:
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222:
213:
160:
155:
148:
142:
140:
127:
92:
91:
90:
1559:(1864–1870)
1553:(1864–1865)
1547:(1851–1852)
1545:Platine War
1541:(1835–1840)
1535:(1835–1845)
1529:(1825–1828)
1517:(1822–1824)
1287:First Reign
1000:Castro 2008
952:Farias 2009
791:Calmon 1975
607:Lower staff
535:Dreyse guns
454:Montevideo
342:Pernambuco
264:manumission
178:Recruitment
77:Engagements
1669:Categories
707:References
663:2 buglers;
654:1 furriel;
583:High staff
477:Casualties
406:São Paulo
163:Uruguaiana
116:Background
96:(English:
1650:Lei Áurea
1609:Luís Gama
1539:Cabanagem
1311:Provinces
712:Citations
630:Companies
576:Commander
537:, 14.6mm
302:Maranhão
286:Amazonas
232:provinces
44:1865–1870
1442:Military
1383:Politics
1351:Pedro II
1334:Monarchy
1306:Nobility
1070:(1998).
671:See also
520:carbines
510:Armament
358:Sergipe
350:Alagoas
334:Paraíba
241:and the
152:Pedro II
1572:Slavery
1346:Pedro I
1301:Economy
1291:Regency
1279:History
414:Paraná
281:Number
278:Origin
49:Country
1623:Others
1523:(1824)
1417:Others
1097:
1078:
1056:
1028:
776:14 May
516:rifles
469:54,992
449:1,417
438:Goiás
433:3,200
425:1,103
409:4,824
401:7,128
398:Court
393:4,666
377:2,158
369:9,164
366:Bahia
361:1,405
353:1,591
345:5,793
337:1,472
321:2,037
318:Ceará
313:1,420
310:Piauí
305:2,385
297:2,084
72:54,992
59:Branch
41:Active
1206:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
1020:[
683:Notes
549:with
522:with
463:Total
294:Pará
1507:Wars
1227:help
1194:help
1164:help
1134:help
1095:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1026:ISBN
778:2022
695:The
518:and
457:450
441:275
417:613
385:625
329:814
289:367
217:réis
69:Size
933:doi
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