Vlaams Blok - Knowledge

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also became one of the first in Europe to flirt with an anti-Islam agenda (warning about what it called the "Islamization of Europe") and address the issue of immigrants from majority Muslim societies, in particular Turkish and Moroccan migrant communities in Belgium. Vlaams Blok claimed that such communities were a threat to Flemish ethnic and cultural identity and were linked to crime. The same year, Dillen proposed a bill in the Chamber of Representatives to offer cash incentive for immigrants to return to their native country. In April 1987, a group around Roger Frankinouille of the only right-wing competitor to the Vlaams Blok, the anti-tax Respect for Labour and Democracy, switched to the party. The party campaigned for the

437:. The party had been careful to choose its leaders from nationalist circles that had not collaborated with the Nazis. The People's Union had successfully united various strands of Flemish nationalists into a coherent movement from federalists to separatists, however some Flemish separatists had been suspicious of the People's Union since its outset, and it became clear by the 1970s that the party had moved to a moderate left-liberal course, which led to the defection of its more radical members. The remaining nationalist hardliners finally rejected the party's participation in a new five-party government coalition in 1977, and particularly the 2872: 635:, the party doubled its seats (Dillen and Vanhecke) with 12.6% of the vote, but failed to continue a European Right group, due to other nationalist parties having dropped out of the parliament, or refusing to join a group. National Front and Vlaams Blok MEPs nevertheless established an "alliance" called The Coordination of the European Right. In 1996, party leader Karel Dillen, who had been nominated to hold his position for life, stepped down and personally appointed 596:, the Vlaams Blok for the first time surpassed the People's Union, going from two to 12 seats in the Chamber, and from one to five seats in the Senate, in what was afterwards referred to by its opponents as "Black Sunday". In the following years, the party saw a systematic upwards trend in all elections it participated in. In July 1992, the first Vlaams Blok motion was accepted in the Flemish Parliament, which rejected the right of francophone inhabitants in 831:, which included measures to stop all immigration, return most immigrants to their native countries by force, and legally discriminate against residing migrants in respect of markets such as labour, housing and education. The party's opponents particularly saw its immigration program as a source of claims of racism, and the party thus in its latest years downplayed the relevance of the 70-point plan, and softened its written positions regarding immigration. 363: 652:, where the Vlaams Blok overtook the position as the third largest Flemish party, winning more than 15% of the vote in all elections, and a total of 45 seats in the various parliaments. The Vlaams Blok also benefitted from the further collapse of the People's Union, which was brought on by the VU's more national conservative members becoming disgruntled with the centre-left faction who had taken control of its leadership. 2866: 624: 35: 620:. The plan sought to close the borders towards non-European immigrants, gradually repatriate those already in the country, and implement an "own people first" principle in all policy areas. Over the course of the 1990s, the party however increasingly distanced itself from the plan as it had alienated the party from gaining political influence, until it was finally officially discarded in 2000. 997:. The unwieldy bureaucracy. The democratic deficit." The party did also not have any faith in such a world community or international legal system, questioning the entire logic behind the UN. It rejected the view of any international consensus about concepts as democracy, justice, freedom and human rights, especially since most of its member countries are non-Western and undemocratic. 551:(hygienic barrier), where the parties agreed to never conclude any political agreements with the Vlaams Blok, nor make immigration a political issue. While the Vlaams Blok itself also largely rejected cooperation with other parties, it did increasingly consider such cooperation, particularly in elections in 1994, 1999 and 2000, only to find themselves effectively blocked by the 698:. The publications which were referred to included its 1999 election agenda and 1997 party platform. The challenged passages included those where the party called for a separate education system for foreign children, a special tax for employers employing non-European foreigners, and a restriction of unemployment benefits and child allowances for non-European foreigners. 734:. The federal parliament had notably amended the Constitution in order to create legal possibilities to condemn the party. The Vlaams Blok also pointed at the problem of political nomination of judges, and again claimed that the lawsuit had been a political process coordinated with the Belgian Ministry of the Interior. 573:", and of attempting to sideline the Flemish question to rather favour the immigration question. Dillen however sided with Dewinter, and Wouters and his group left the party and founded the nationalist pressure group called the Nationalist Association-Dutch People's Movement. In 1989, the party won a seat in the 787:, exploitation of corruption and other scandals, and defense of traditional values. While the party was legitimized first and foremost by its defense of Flemish interests and desire for Flemish independence, its voters were mainly motivated by anti-immigration, law and order and anti-establishment protest. 718:, which upheld the complaint; the Vlaams Blok non-profit organisations were fined, and it was deemed that the Vlaams Blok was an organisation that sanctioned discrimination. The Vlaams Blok lodged an appeal which was rejected, and in November 2004, the ruling was made definite, when it was upheld by the 528:). The party's shift towards focusing on immigration was however criticised by some Vlaams Blok members, and ultimately also led to the defection of some top party figures. The party nevertheless made a clear choice of focussing on the immigration issue, which had, and would, give results in elections. 901:

in a television interview in 2001 for instance, the party leadership immediately called an emergency meeting, distanced itself from him and forced him to resign. The party also took screening measures against its local candidates to reveal any possible extremist connections, and rather wanted to risk

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In June 2001, the Brussels Correctional Court declared itself incompetent to hear the case, as it related to political misconduct. In February 2003, the Brussels Appellate Court followed and gave a similar judgement. The original plaintiffs then appealed, and the case was sent to the court of appeal

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in a coalition called "Vlaams Blok", where they won 1.4% of the vote and one seat in the Chamber of Representatives (taken by Dillen). On 28 May 1979, the VNP and VVP finally merged to form a new party named Vlaams Blok, and Dillen was nominated to be the party's leader for life. The party initially

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was established. (Other proposed names included the Flemish People's Party and Flemish Freedom Front.) The new party instituted a number of changes in its political program, carefully moderating some of the more extreme positions of the former Vlaams Blok. Nevertheless, the party leadership made it

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was the most notable militant right wing of the Flemish movement and its track record in the Flemish and Belgian parliament elections was strong, making it one of the most successful nationalist parties in Western Europe and it ultimately surpassed the People's Union in support. The party initially

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Starting in 1983, the Vlaams Blok increasingly began focusing on immigration (inspired by the success of other European right-wing populist parties), and on the international day against racism in 1984 held its first conference to discuss the "foreigner problem." Towards the late 1980s, the party

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The Vlaams Blok continued to be particularly strong in and around Antwerp, where it received as much as 33% of the vote in the 2000 local elections. In 2001, the party was forced to alter its political program, as according to the laws for party financing, it was not compatible with the European

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in reality helped the strong electoral surge for the party, as it was made into what could be seen as the only "true opposition," and the party was able to bolster its claims that the Belgian political establishment sought to suppress calls for more Flemish autonomy and deny the Flemish voters a

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In late 1977, the rejection of the Egmont pact by the hardliner faction of the People's Union led to the establishment of two new (short-lived) parties; the radical nationalist Flemish National Party (VNP) and the national liberal Flemish People's Party (VVP), respectively led by

803:) was according to its program "based on the ethnic community being a naturally occurring entity whose cultural, material, ethical and intellectual interests need to be preserved." While the party primarily worked for an independent Flemish state (modeling the split on that of 815:). From the 1990s however, the latter idea was downplayed by the party, as the Netherlands then turned into a "permissive, multicultural and social-democratic state" according to one scholar (although this Dutch political situation would be sharply overturned in the 2000s). 496:, and Dillen thus started the so-called "Operation Rejuvenation", allowing for an across-the-board change of the party leadership, integrating many leaders of nationalist youth and student organisations into the party council. The party's youth organisation, the 544:

the party first started to take off, going from 5.5% of the vote in the city to 17.7%, a success which drew much publicity. On 10 May 1989, based on the Antwerp success, the presidents of all major Belgian parties (including the People's Union) signed a

349:. By 2004, the party had arguably become the single most popular Flemish party in Belgium, supported by about one in four of the Flemish electorate, as well as being one of the most successful radical right-wing populist parties in Europe as a whole. 756:

reasons, purposely undertook a weak defence, in order to lose the case; "For the party leaders, losing was much more interesting. Winning just wasn't an option." Lamine himself had earlier stated that the party should have carried the trial to the

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had already stated in 2005, that; "If we had gone to Strasbourg based on procedural arguments, we might have had a case. But Lamine already put in a private claim to overturn the Appeals Court verdict, on the basis of substantive arguments. If

422:, as they had promised them increased Flemish autonomy. These circumstances would compromise the re-emergence of Flemish nationalism after the war, although only a faction of the broader movement had actually pursued an agenda of collaboration. 386:. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Flemish nationalists operated within the established political parties, and had close ties with the political left. The early organised political expression of Flemish nationalism was triggered by 639:

as his successor. The choice of Vanhecke was seen a compromise between the Flemish nationalist wing around Annemans and the Lepenist wing around Dewinter, thus avoiding a potential internal struggle. In 1999, elections were scheduled for the

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In December 1988, a major split occurred in the party, when a group who opposed the "Operation Rejuvenation" tried to squeeze the Dewinter-VBJ faction out of the party leadership. Led by Geert Wouters, he accused Dewinter's faction of being

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focused solely on the issues of Flemish autonomy and political freedom, which remained its core philosophy, but subsequently gained wider public support through broadening its campaigns to include immigration and law-and-order themes.

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registered a complaint at the Correctional Court, in which they claimed that three non-profit organisations connected to the Vlaams Blok (its education and research office and the "National Broadcasting Corporation") had violated the

564:"I was basically very happy with its existence. There was something a bit too much about it: everybody against us. If the sense is that there is a hunt out for us, then this will only drive people to take the side of the outlaw." 826:

became an important issue for the Vlaams Blok from the late 1980s. Interconnected with the Flemish nationalism issue, immigrants were considered to be a threat to the Flemish ethnic community. In 1992, the party established its

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The leadership of the Vlaams Blok seized the occasion of the ban to dissolve the party, and start afresh under a new name. Five days later, on 14 November, the Vlaams Blok disbanded itself, and a new party with the name

986:, as well as the idea of a federal Europe itself. It however defended a con-federal Europe based on sovereign culturally homogeneous nation-states. The European issue was however not an issue the party promoted much. 308:

over Flemish interests, and what they saw as the VU's move to the left. The former VU members created the Flemish National Party (VNP) and the Flemish People's Party (VVP) which formed an electoral alliance called

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The main ideological and political strategies of the Vlaams Blok started out with its radical nationalist rejection of the People's Union compromise on the Flemish autonomy issue, later to be followed by focus on

2792: 862:, assassination, forced conversions, oppression of women, slavery and extermination of "infidels", will automatically lead to what we now call fundamentalism." The party was anti-Muslim and portrayed 589:. The group lacked an ideological coherence (stemming in part from Le Pen's support for a Belgian state nationalism), and was largely organised on pragmatic grounds simply to get financial support. 673:

for government discussions, only to find that its differences with the other parties was insurmountable, resulting in the three traditional parties forming a majority government, retaining the

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Swyngedouw, Marc; Abts, Koen; Van Craaen, Maarten (2007). "Our Own People First in a Europe of Peoples: The International Policy of the Vlaams Blok". In Liang, Christina Schori (ed.).

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were to put forth a claim against the verdict as well, at Strasbourg, the Court will bundle both cases. Then we would lose the case for sure. Lamine has thus given us the final blow."

204: 481:, while some local groups also simply turned into local branches of the Vlaams Blok. Since its inception, the party was widely regarded as an extreme right-wing and racist group. 492:. Having been founded mainly as a protest against the Egmont pact, the party revamped and broadened its platform after the pact collapsed. It did not make much progress in the 1607: 1591: 1575: 1559: 1543: 641: 632: 524:

slogan "The French first"), and saw a slight victory, winning their first seat in Senate (taken by Dillen), and for the first time two seats in the Chamber (Dewinter and

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voice in national affairs. The agreement was renewed in following years, and Vlaams Blok chairman Karel Dillen was used to call it the "insurance policy" of his party;

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disaffected with their French-speaking, often anti-Flemish, officers that had been unable to communicate with their troops. From the 1930s, the main party became the

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The electoral success of the Vlaams Blok began after the younger generation in the party shifted the party's emphasis from Flemish nationalism (separatism) to the

677:. By this time, the party had nevertheless become the very most popular Flemish party in Belgium, being supported by about one in four of the Flemish electorate. 686: 922:

in Belgium. The party was not opposed to homosexuality and supported civil partnerships for same-sex couples, but regarded same-sex marriage as a step too far.

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and that the party sanctioned discrimination. The ruling was made definite on 9 November 2004, and the party shortly after reorganised itself as the

3541: 3516: 2849: 254: 170: 433:, which was founded in 1954 as the successor to the Christian Flemish People's Union electoral alliance, that had successfully run for election 3561: 2699: 3551: 3531: 2581:"The Effects of Immigrant Population Size, Unemployment, and Individual Characteristics on Voting for the Vlaams Blok in Flanders 1991–1999" 2476: 882:

has described Vlaams Blok as one of the first radical European populist parties to pursue and gain support through an anti-Islamic agenda.

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city council, as well as in the European Parliament. There, the Vlaams Blok agreed to form a parliamentary group together with the French

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went over to the Vlaams Blok, thereby causing the SP and CVP to lose their majority in the city council. In 1992, the party ideologue

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The party also became very active in establishing contacts with post-communist parties in Eastern European countries, including the

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fight against the political establishment, often manifested through political scandals which flourished in 1990s Belgium; including

722:. The ruling meant that the party would lose access to state funding and access to television, effectively shutting the party down. 664: 649: 3521: 902:

not being able to fill its lists, rather than filling them with extremists. Particularly, the party wanted to distance itself from

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affair. The usual suspects were politicians in the three traditional party families; especially the francophone parties.

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Treaty on Human Rights. In 2002, the Vlaams Blok was the only party to vote unanimously against the introduction of

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institutions. In late 1992, it was announced that Staf Neel, a popular Antwerp city councillor for 22 years for the

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did traditionally have the closest contacts with Dutch and South African far-right groups, including the Dutch

758: 749: 586: 250: 164: 2988: 3205: 3060: 2997: 2339: 645: 513: 493: 485: 459: 434: 3242: 719: 609: 116: 3445: 3344: 3195: 3190: 547: 430: 403: 395: 327: 297: 81: 2362: 3413: 3304: 2393: 478: 2829: 667:, the party finally became the single largest party group in parliament. The party was invited by the 3546: 3354: 3149: 3099: 1040: 582: 332: 282: 752:), a former Vlaams Blok member and "advisor" of the party's legal team, claimed that the party, for 382:, which historically has included an array of organisations seeking, to varying degrees, to promote 3536: 3437: 3370: 3200: 1083: 1059: 1036: 847: 834:

Concerns about crime and security was also linked to immigration, as the party particularly blamed

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in elections. The main party that initially represented the movement was the left-wing nationalist

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Erk, Jan (May 2005). "From Vlaams Blok to Vlaams Belang: The Belgian Far-Right Renames Itself".

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and chairman Karel Dillen established the party's comprehensive immigration program, titled the

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In 2003, the Vlaams Blok was the only major Flemish party to vote against the legalization of

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maintained good contacts with nationalist parties throughout Europe and other countries. The

488:. It stood candidates in very few communities, and was active almost entirely in the city of 301: 129: 3384: 3075: 242: 3009: 627:

Frank Vanhecke (seen in 2008) succeeded Karel Dillen as leader of the Vlaams Blok in 1996.

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The party did not have much electoral success at first, and was stable at one seat in the

8: 3493: 1925:(in Dutch) (4 ed.). Antwerpen: Standaard Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij. p. 556. 1522: 1107: 1014: 812: 232: 134: 1110:) gives a somewhat wrong image of the party's support, given that the party only ran in 2955:

Europe for the Europeans: the foreign and security policy of the populist radical right

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Politieke geschiedenis van België sinds 1830 (Political History of Belgium Since 1830)

807:), it for a long time also promoted the idea that the new state should merge with the 321:

All significant Flemish political parties were reluctant to enter coalitions with the

2959: 2926: 2911: 2547: 2251:"Why Vlaams Belang made an ethical move: ' Better a transgender than a transmigrant'" 1926: 1794: 1708: 1654: 1031:. In the mid-1980s, it also established close relations particularly with the French 919: 762: 731: 657: 570: 982:

The party was the only major Belgian party that opposed Belgium's membership of the

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and tax reductions for small and medium businesses, it also sometimes supported

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The whole trial was seen by some as a political trial, inspired by the Belgian

636: 613: 505: 501: 331:, the party was effectively blocked from entering any level of government. The 47: 2903: 2830:"The adaptation of the extreme right's discourse: the case of the Vlaams Blok" 1704:

The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies

3510: 3210: 3081: 2787: 1784: 971: 967: 963: 959: 890: 740: 703:"Today, our party has been killed, not by the electorate but by the judges." 345: 91: 2871:. The extreme right in Europe, a many faceted reality. Sabadell University. 2700:"Changing Positions on LGBTQI-Rights by Far-Right Parties in Western Europe" 441:, believing it had conceded too much to the francophone government parties. 339:

in April 2004 ruled that some of the party's organizations had breached the

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in 1978, before merging to create Vlaams Blok as a political party in 1979.

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called on the government to introduce measures to keep Belgium from being

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recruited its members from Flemish nationalist organisations, such as the

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The party had no strong economic preferences, and generally supported a

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The Vlaams Blok and the heritage of extreme-right flemish-nationalism

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Note that the election results in elections other than those for the

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associated with the Flemish Movement (not strictly the Vlaams Blok).

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The Flemish Republic online newsletter for English-speaking people

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wing became disgruntled with the compromise of accepting Belgian

271: 3173: 2623:"How Covid-19 Has Boosted the Radical Populist Right in Belgium" 2012:"How Covid-19 Has Boosted the Radical Populist Right in Belgium" 3294: 863: 601: 3339: 3161: 859: 855: 715: 336: 974:, especially if allocated to the native Flemish population. 415: 217: 745:

clear that the party would fundamentally remain the same.

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of a cruel and expansionist religion, and after the 1990

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Rink, Nathalie; Phalet, Karen; Swyngedouw, Marc (2009).

2328:. TCS Daily. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. 1700: 687:

Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism

402:, founded by former soldiers and sympathizers from the 2865:

De Winter, Lieven (July 2004). Casals, Xavier (ed.).

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Official Vlaams Blok party comment on the conviction

2578: 2355:"Reacties over uitspraak Annemans zwaar overtrokken" 1647:Craeybeckx, Jan; Witte, Els; Meynen, Alain (2010). 930:Another element in the ideology of the party was a 680: 2463:"Vlaams Belang niet in beroep tegen veroordeling" 3508: 3051: 1783: 1051:party, which had modeled itself directly on the 854:from early on, and in its 1993 program regarded 531: 1920: 1694: 1650:Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards 885:The party was according to political scientist 357: 300:(VU) party after the right-wing separatist and 3094:Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld) 2813:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, pp. 95-96. 3037: 2543:Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe 1121: 811:, and establish a Dutch-speaking federation ( 691:Dutch-speaking Human Rights League in Belgium 993:, citing; "The illogical composition of the 842:for various criminal activity, and sought a 3088:Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) 3004:Supreme Court's decision of 9 November 2004 2783:"Van CD naar Nederlands Blok en soms terug" 2445:"Eigen voetvolk bijlange niet meer eerst". 2352: 500:(VBJ), was founded in 1987 by among others 325:. Following a 1989 agreement, known as the 296:The party originated from split within the 3044: 3030: 2780: 2748:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, p. 90. 2435:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, p. 98. 2213:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, p. 96. 1000: 818: 444: 202: 33: 2864: 2526: 2524: 2496: 2494: 3567:Political parties disestablished in 2004 3403:Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV/PLP) 2657: 2655: 2653: 2383: 2275: 2273: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2121: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1707:. Oxford University Press. p. 158. 622: 361: 2732: 2730: 2353:Van Hauthem, Joris (16 November 2004). 2326:"Belgians Waffle? A Ban to Worry About" 2287: 2285: 2117: 2115: 2078: 2076: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 1997: 1995: 1958: 1956: 1836: 1834: 1685: 1047:. In the 1990s, it supported the minor 3542:Far-right political parties in Belgium 3517:Anti-Islam political parties in Europe 3509: 2781:Rottenberg, Hella (15 November 1994). 2767: 2765: 2763: 2744: 2742: 2521: 2491: 2431: 2429: 2323: 1916: 1914: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1509: 989:It also favoured the abolition of the 790: 3562:Political parties established in 1979 3123:Libertarian, Direct, Democratic (LDD) 3025: 2918: 2852:from the original on 29 February 2012 2827: 2795:from the original on 22 February 2014 2650: 2560:from the original on 28 December 2016 2270: 2184: 2161: 1974: 1939: 1902: 1824: 1822: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1653:. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. p. 336. 1433: 925: 646:Chamber of Representatives and Senate 587:Technical Group of the European Right 540:issue. In the 1988 local election in 414:which turned to collaborate with the 3552:Flemish political parties in Belgium 3532:Defunct political parties in Belgium 3335:Party for Freedom and Progress (PFF) 2939:from the original on 2 February 2021 2875:from the original on 6 February 2017 2727: 2539: 2384:Vanhecke, Frank (20 November 2004). 2324:Totten, Michael (22 November 2004). 2282: 2140:from the original on 13 January 2013 2112: 2073: 2046: 2030: 1992: 1953: 1921:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan (1985). 1831: 1045:National Democratic Party of Germany 516:with the slogan "Own people first" ( 2887: 2760: 2739: 2661: 2629:from the original on 22 August 2021 2546:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 138. 2426: 2293:"Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist" 2122:Roxburgh, Angus (9 November 2004). 2018:from the original on 22 August 2021 1911: 1870: 1793:. Lynne Rienner. pp. 109–112. 1772: 1721:from the original on 3 January 2014 1701:Thomas Poguntke; Paul Webb (2007). 1093: 13: 2706:from the original on 21 March 2020 2603:from the original on 26 March 2015 2396:from the original on 16 April 2013 2365:from the original on 16 April 2013 1819: 1745: 1733: 1640: 1128:Belgian Chamber of Representatives 1068:IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement 289:, calling for the independence of 285:platform. Its ideologies embraced 14: 3588: 3462:Social Liberal Party (SLP/Spirit) 2974: 2922:The ideology of the extreme right 2836:(2). European Centre for Ethics, 2680:from the original on 20 July 2011 1807:from the original on 29 July 2020 977: 795:The main issue for the party was 3375:Christian Social Party (CVP/PSC) 2479:from the original on 15 May 2011 2305:from the original on 25 May 2012 1667:from the original on 27 May 2016 1516:Dutch-speaking electoral college 1104:Dutch-speaking electoral college 913: 708:Frank Vanhecke, 9 November 2004. 681:Court of Cassation ruling (2004) 665:2004 Flemish Parliament election 3522:Anti-Islam sentiment in Belgium 2925:. Manchester University Press. 2820: 2807: 2774: 2751: 2718: 2692: 2641: 2615: 2572: 2533: 2512: 2503: 2455: 2438: 2417: 2408: 2377: 2346: 2317: 2261: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2175: 2152: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2064: 2004: 1965: 1893: 1884: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1790:Ethnopolitics in the New Europe 897:cast doubt on the scale of the 858:as "a doctrine, which preaches 255:Technical Group of Independents 3557:Right-wing populism in Belgium 3280:Left Socialist Party (LSP/PSL) 3168:Les Engagés (The Engaged Ones) 3000:, a website of the Vlaams Blok 2838:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 1763: 1679: 1631: 850:. The party was also strongly 759:European Court of Human Rights 425:The direct predecessor to the 366:The unofficial version of the 16:Former Flemish far-right party 1: 3475:The numbers are seats in the 2124:"Blow to Belgium's far right" 2070:De Winter, 2004, pp. 2 and 6. 1688:Essentials of Political Ideas 1624: 1518:is given in the parenthesis. 942:scandals. These included the 532:Rise of the party (1988–2004) 3422:Flemish National Union (VNV) 3330:Christian Social Party (CSP) 3053:Political parties in Belgium 2958:. Ashgate. pp. 81–102. 2757:Mudde, 2003, pp. 93 and 128. 1787:; Breuning, Marijke (1998). 889:only very rarely accused of 725: 458:. The parties contested the 358:Background, Flemish Movement 7: 3191:Liberal Democrats (Belgium) 3076:New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) 2500:De Winter, 2004, pp. 12-13. 2451:. 22 July 2006. p. 26. 773: 396:proportional representation 270:, or VB) was the name of a 10: 3593: 3477:Chamber of Representatives 1122:Chamber of Representatives 953: 761:, but Vlaams Blok senator 479:Order of Flemish Militants 390:, and the introduction of 378:originated from the loose 352: 3489:List of political parties 3472: 3363: 3322: 3252: 3243:Workers' Party (PVDA/PTB) 3235: 3228: 3183: 3142: 3135: 3115: 3068: 3059: 3015:27 September 2011 at the 2986:Flanders Independent site 2904:10.1080/01402380500085681 2540:Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). 2338:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2279:Coffé, 2005, pp. 214-215. 2204:Coffé, 2005, pp. 209-210. 2158:Coffé, 2005, pp. 213-214. 2109:Coffé, 2005, pp. 211-212. 1840:De Winter, 2004, pp. 4-5. 1277: 267: 228: 215: 210: 201: 196: 188: 157:European Parliament group 155: 143: 115: 107: 97: 87: 77: 69: 61: 53: 41: 32: 23: 3572:Pro-independence parties 3527:Banned far-right parties 2662:Art, David (July 2008). 2257:(in Dutch). 5 June 2019. 1686:Heywood, Andrew (2018). 1084:Freedom Party of Austria 1060:Croatian Party of Rights 1027:, and the South African 281:political party with an 3389:Socialist Party (SP/PS) 3156:Reformist Movement (MR) 2736:De Winter, 2004, p. 14. 2724:Mudde, 2003, pp. 91-92. 2100:De Winter, 2004, p. 19. 2091:Mudde, 2003, pp. 88-89. 2061:De Winter, 2004, p. 13. 1971:Mudde, 2003, pp. 87-88. 1962:De Winter, 2004, p. 15. 1890:Mudde, 2003, pp. 84-85. 1867:Mudde, 2003, pp. 83-84. 1742:Erk, 2005, pp. 493-502. 1690:. Palgrave. p. 58. 1637:De Winter, 2004, p. 16. 1072:Scottish National Party 1001:International relations 819:Immigration, minorities 445:Early years (1978–1988) 145:Political position 3385:Labour Party (BWP/POB) 2991:29 August 2018 at the 2891:West European Politics 2846:10.2143/EP.12.2.630049 2181:De Winter, 2004, p. 7. 1881:De Winter, 2004, p. 2. 1858:De Winter, 2004, p. 5. 1828:De Winter, 2004, p. 4. 1760:De Winter, 2004, p. 6. 705: 633:1994 European election 628: 566: 494:1985 general elections 486:1981 general elections 460:1978 general elections 412:Flemish National Union 371: 65:28 May 1979 (as party) 3206:Rally Wallonia France 3082:Flemish Interest (VB) 2828:Coffé, Hilde (2005). 1064:Slovak National Party 1037:German People's Union 962:. While it supported 701: 685:In October 2000, the 626: 594:1991 general election 562: 520:, inspired by French 514:1987 general election 435:earlier the same year 365: 302:national conservative 130:National conservatism 3355:Socialist Party (SP) 3150:Socialist Party (PS) 2834:Ethical Perspectives 2671:Comparative Politics 2647:Mudde, 2003, p. 100. 2530:Mudde, 2003, p. 103. 2414:Coffé, 2005, p. 216. 2267:Coffé, 2005, p. 212. 2240:Coffé, 2005, p. 214. 2082:Coffé, 2005, p. 213. 2043:Coffé, 2005, p. 209. 2001:Coffé, 2005, p. 208. 1899:Coffé, 2005, p. 207. 1769:Coffé, 2005, p. 205. 696:1981 anti-racism law 689:, together with the 498:Vlaams Blok Jongeren 341:1981 anti-racism law 103:Vlaams Blok Jongeren 3494:Politics of Belgium 3265:Belgian Union (BUB) 3136:Francophone parties 2981:Vlaams Blok website 2919:Mudde, Cas (2003). 2771:Mudde, 2003, p. 93. 2702:. 2 November 2017. 2625:. 27 October 2020. 2518:Mudde, 2003, p. 97. 2509:Mudde, 2003, p. 96. 2301:. 9 November 2004. 2231:Mudde, 2003, p. 92. 2222:Mudde, 2003, p. 91. 2195:Mudde, 2003, p. 90. 2172:Mudde, 2003, p. 89. 2014:. 27 October 2020. 1989:Mudde, 2003, p. 88. 1950:Mudde, 2003, p. 87. 1908:Mudde, 2003, p. 85. 1849:Mudde, 2003, p. 83. 1532:# of overall votes 1525: 1523:European Parliament 1510:European Parliament 1449:# of overall votes 1442: 1293:# of overall votes 1286: 1130: 1108:European Parliament 846:approach regarding 813:Greater Netherlands 797:Flemish nationalism 791:Flemish nationalism 642:European Parliament 287:Flemish nationalism 233:Politics of Belgium 135:Right-wing populism 125:Flemish nationalism 57:1978 (as coalition) 3211:Walloon Rally (RW) 2597:10.1093/esr/jcn028 2423:Erk, 2005, p. 493. 2386:"Niets veranderd!" 1521: 1440:Flemish Parliament 1438: 1434:Flemish Parliament 1282: 1140:% of overall vote 1126: 1114:, the one half of 1100:Flemish Parliament 926:Anti-establishment 748:Professor Lamine ( 720:Court of Cassation 650:Flemish Parliament 629: 465:Taal Aktie Komitee 392:universal suffrage 372: 171:Technical Group of 3502: 3501: 3480: 3407: 3393: 3379: 3345:Libertarian Party 3318: 3317: 3224: 3223: 3196:Libertarian Party 3131: 3130: 3100:Vooruit (Forward) 2965:978-0-7546-4851-2 2932:978-0-7190-6446-3 1800:978-1-55587-610-4 1785:Ishiyama, John T. 1714:978-0-19-921849-3 1660:978-90-5487-517-8 1622: 1621: 1507: 1506: 1431: 1430: 1275: 1274: 1137:# of total votes 1035:, as well as the 970:and defended the 920:same-sex marriage 801:volksnationalisme 763:Joris Van Hauthem 658:same-sex marriage 518:Eigen volk eerst! 429:was the big tent 261: 260: 238:Political parties 88:Succeeded by 3584: 3547:Flemish Movement 3474: 3465: 3457: 3449: 3441: 3433: 3425: 3417: 3416:(1921/1989–2009) 3405: 3391: 3377: 3233: 3232: 3140: 3139: 3066: 3065: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3023: 3022: 2969: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2915: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2737: 2734: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2679: 2668: 2659: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2475:. 7 March 2005. 2459: 2453: 2452: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2329: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2289: 2280: 2277: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2119: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2044: 2041: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1990: 1987: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1951: 1948: 1937: 1936: 1918: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1829: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1781: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1743: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1526: 1520: 1443: 1437: 1287: 1281: 1131: 1125: 1094:Election results 1086:and the Italian 1029:Boerestaat Party 1019:Centre Democrats 1015:Centre Party '86 995:Security Council 938:, food and even 904:Holocaust denial 709: 675:cordon sanitaire 557:cordon sanitaire 553:cordon sanitaire 548:cordon sanitaire 380:Flemish Movement 368:Flag of Flanders 328:cordon sanitaire 283:anti-immigration 269: 224: 221: 219: 206: 37: 21: 20: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3537:Euronat members 3507: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3484:Portal:Politics 3468: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3414:Communist Party 3412: 3359: 3323:German-speaking 3314: 3305:Communist Party 3248: 3220: 3179: 3127: 3111: 3061:Flemish parties 3055: 3050: 3017:Wayback Machine 2993:Wayback Machine 2977: 2972: 2966: 2942: 2940: 2933: 2878: 2876: 2855: 2853: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2554: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2351: 2347: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2047: 2042: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1940: 1933: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1801: 1782: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1715: 1699: 1695: 1684: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1661: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1538:# of seats won 1514:Results in the 1512: 1455:# of seats won 1436: 1299:# of seats won 1280: 1143:# of seats won 1124: 1096: 1041:The Republicans 1003: 980: 956: 928: 916: 880:Hans-Georg Betz 821: 793: 776: 728: 711: 707: 683: 610:Socialist Party 598:Flemish Brabant 583:The Republicans 581:and the German 534: 447: 408:Flanders Fields 360: 355: 333:court of appeal 248: 247: 216: 184: 172: 139: 78:Split from 73:9 November 2004 28: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3590: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3450: 3446:People's Union 3442: 3438:National Front 3434: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3395: 3381: 3371:Catholic Party 3367: 3365: 3364:Former notable 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2983: 2976: 2975:External links 2973: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2949: 2931: 2916: 2898:(3): 493–502. 2885: 2862: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2806: 2773: 2759: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2717: 2691: 2649: 2640: 2614: 2591:(4): 411–424. 2585:Eur Sociol Rev 2571: 2552: 2532: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2490: 2454: 2437: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2376: 2345: 2316: 2281: 2269: 2260: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2183: 2174: 2160: 2151: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2072: 2063: 2045: 2029: 2003: 1991: 1973: 1964: 1952: 1938: 1931: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1799: 1771: 1762: 1744: 1732: 1713: 1693: 1678: 1659: 1639: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615:14.3% (23.2%) 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529:Election year 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446:Election year 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290:Election year 1284:Belgian Senate 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134:Election year 1123: 1120: 1095: 1092: 1080:Herri Batasuna 1033:National Front 1002: 999: 991:United Nations 984:European Union 979: 978:Foreign policy 976: 955: 952: 944:Agusta scandal 927: 924: 915: 912: 844:zero tolerance 820: 817: 805:Czechoslovakia 792: 789: 775: 772: 727: 724: 700: 682: 679: 637:Frank Vanhecke 614:Filip Dewinter 579:National Front 533: 530: 522:National Front 506:Frank Vanhecke 502:Filip Dewinter 446: 443: 431:People's Union 359: 356: 354: 351: 259: 258: 253:(1989–94) and 251:European Right 246: 245: 240: 235: 229: 226: 225: 213: 212: 208: 207: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 183: 182: 176: 168: 165:European Right 161: 159: 153: 152: 147: 141: 140: 138: 137: 132: 127: 121: 119: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 48:Frank Vanhecke 45: 39: 38: 30: 29: 25: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3589: 3578: 3577:Vlaams Belang 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3505: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3399:Liberal Party 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3106:Green (Groen) 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2810: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2788:de Volkskrant 2784: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2745: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2721: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2644: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2559: 2555: 2553:9780312083908 2549: 2545: 2544: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2420: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2390:Vlaams Belang 2387: 2380: 2364: 2360: 2359:Vlaams Belang 2356: 2349: 2341: 2335: 2327: 2320: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2155: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1998: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1968: 1959: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1934: 1932:90-02-15260-4 1928: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1689: 1682: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599:9.4% (15.1%) 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1583:7.8% (12.6%) 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 987: 985: 975: 973: 972:welfare state 969: 968:protectionism 965: 964:privatisation 961: 960:mixed economy 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 923: 921: 914:Social issues 911: 909: 905: 900: 896: 892: 891:anti-Semitism 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:law and order 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 829:70-point plan 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