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river Seine. The building is of similar size and design to those on the Mont
Lassois plateau and has also been described as a 'palatial' building. All six large buildings have an identical east-west orientation with their main entrances facing towards the sunrise in the east. This configuration may have been chosen for symbolic rather than practical reasons. Various authors have suggested that the Lady of Vix may have been a priestess as well as a 'queen'.
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The present treatment draws on
Piggott's (1975:186–187) suggestion that this individual , as a member of an 'heroic' social order stretching back to the second millennium BC, could be a representative of a priestly class in existence by the late Hallstatt period. Piggott sees these individuals as the
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Various authors have suggested that the lady who was buried at Vix could have exercised a role as a priestess during her lifetime; among other indications, the silver phiale for libations found on her grave is interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Such a religious function would in no way have
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The burial of "the Lady of Vix" took place around 500 BC Although decomposition of the organic contents of the grave was nearly total, the gender of the individual buried has been interpreted as female: she is accompanied by many items of jewellery, but no weaponry. Her social status is not clear and
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The lid was a hammered bronze sheet, weighing 13.8 kg and shaped to fit the krater's opening. It is concave and perforated by multiple holes, probably because it also served as a strainer for purifying wine. A protrusion at its centre supports a 19 cm statuette of moulded bronze, depicting
1255:
Shefton, B.B. 994: ‘Massalia and
Colonization in the North-Western Mediterranean’. In Tsetskhladze, G.R. and De Angelis, F. (eds), The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation. Essays Dedicated to Sir John Boardman (Oxford), 68. Morel Jean-Paul. De Marseille à Velia : problèmes phocéens. In: Comptes
470:, 1.64 metres (5.4 ft) in height and weighing 208.6 kilograms (460 lb). Kraters were vessels for mixing wine and water, common in the Greek world, and usually made of clay. The Vix krater has become an iconic object representing both the wealth of early Celtic burials and the art of Late
256:
is divided into three rooms of unequal size. This achievement demonstrates a mastery of geometry and carpentry capable of freeing up vast interior spaces". Geomagnetic surveying has revealed another large apsidal building in a large walled area at the foot of Mont
Lassois, on the other side of the
550:
The enormous variety of apparently
Mediterranean imports indicates wide-ranging trade connections; in particular, the Mediterranean material might have come to Vix with Greek or Etruscan traders (the krater may have been produced in Sybaris). The wealth of imported luxury goods at Vix is, so far,
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decorates the neck of the vessel, which is made of a bronze ring inserted into the main vase and supporting the handles. It depicts eight chariots, each drawn by four horses and conducted by a charioteer (depicted smaller than the hoplites for reasons of space), each is followed by a single fully
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The many individual finds from the
Lassois oppidum clearly demonstrate the settlement's long and wide-ranging trade contacts, as well as its own role as an economic centre. The most common finds are shards of pottery, with more than 40,000 recorded to date. Many are local products, decorated with
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The vase proper, made of a single sheet of hammered bronze, weighs about 60 kg. Its bottom is rounded, its maximum diameter is 1.27 m, and its capacity is 1,100 litres. Its walls are only 1 mm to 1.3 mm thick. The krater was found crushed by the weight of the tumulus material
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Evidence for these changed social conditions is seen in the richly equipped graves of this period, which stand in sharp contrast to the preceding habit of uniform simple urn burials. It is also seen in the changing settlement patterns of the region. Whereas large open settlements had previously
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Iron ores were far more widespread than the more rare copper and especially tin ores needed to produce the previously dominant bronze. Thus economic success ceased to be determined simply by access to the raw materials, but started to depend on infrastructure and trade. The increasing economic
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was excavated in early 1953 by René Joffroy. In 1991 new archaeological research on and around Mont
Lassois began under the direction of Bruno Chaume. Since 2001 a programme of research titled "Vix et son environnement" began, uniting the resources of several universities.
292:, commonly decorated with amber or coral, earrings, beads, slate bracelets, and rings. Glass ornaments also were found. Some small bronze figurines found are probably of Mediterranean origin. Little weaponry has been found as yet, the majority of it projectiles and axes.
1112:
Chaume, Bruno; Ballmer, Ariane; Della Casa, Philippe; Nieszery, Norbert; Pertlwieser, Thomas; Reinhard, Walter; Schäppi, Katharina; Urban, Otto; Winkler, Alexandra (July 2021). "Entre l'État et la chefferie simple: le complexe aristocratique de Vix/le mont
Lassois".
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unique in La Tène Europe. It has been suggested that the krater, the largest known Greek bronze vessel, should be seen in a context of high-status gift exchange connected with the trade of wine from the
Mediterranean for raw materials from northern Europe.
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led to changes in social organisation, including a marked tendency toward the development of social hierarchies. It seems that at the top of these hierarchies was an aristocracy that had developed in the context of the increasingly important trade in
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have all been used in various articles involving conjecture. There can be no doubt of her high status, as indicated by the large amounts of jewellery. She was between 30 years and 35 years old at the time of her death.
151:, an important riverine transport route linking eastern and western France, crossed the land route leading from the Mediterranean to northern Europe. Additionally, Vix is at the centre of an agriculturally rich plain.
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and iron. Whether they really were "princesses" or "princes" in a modern sense (i.e., a noble or religious aristocracy) or simply represented an economic or mercantile elite is still the subject of much discussion.
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Its foot is made of a single moulded piece, its diameter is 74 cm, its weight 20.2 kg. It received the rounded bottom of the main vase and ensured its stability. It is decorated with stylised plant
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In 2006, a large complex with five large buildings was discovered at the centre of the site. The main building measured 35 by 22 m, with an estimated interior height of at least 15 m. The large hall had an
1524:
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Discovery of archaeological material in the area, originally by a locally based amateur, began in April 1930. Increasingly systematic work throughout the following decades revealed thousands of
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surplus in well-situated places was invested in representative settlements (and fortifications), jewellery, and expensive imported luxury materials, a differentiation not previously possible.
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probably dates to the mid-sixth century. As in its famous neighbouring grave, it contained a woman laid in a cart, or chariot, accompanied by two iron axes and a gold bracelet.
248:. Such a find is unprecedented in early Celtic Europe. Finds suggested domestic use or feasting uses. The structure has been described as the "Palace" of the Lady of Vix (
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The krater was made of seven or more individual pieces with Greek alphabetical markings, indicating that it probably was transported to
Burgundy in pieces and assembled
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Excavation of the settlement on the summit of Mont Lassois revealed extensive fortifications, with ditches and walls up to 8 m thick. The walls were built in the
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and bowls could be identified as coming from the contemporary Greek-settled areas of southern France. The amphorae had been used for transporting wine.
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A graffito in Lepontic characters from the 5th century BC in the Gallic necropolis of Montagnesson at Bergères-les-Vertus (Marne). (Olivier 2010)
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Apart from this woman's grave (mound I), there are five further known large burial mounds in the area. Three of them have been excavated so far.
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garment worn by women, and her head is covered by a veil. The statuette appears of a somewhat older style than figures on the rest of the vessel.
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Mound II had a diameter of 33 m; its central chamber contained an urn with cremated human remains, dated by accompanying finds to c. 850 BC.
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During the sixth and fifth centuries BC, the Vix (or Mont Lassois) settlement appears to have controlled a major trading node, where the
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Vix (Côte-d'Or) and the emergence of Celtics principalities: the port hypothesis and the concept of port of trade (Chaume et al. 2020)
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or "princely sites"). Several of these sites are known from Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène Europe, for example, the burials at
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above it. It had telescoped completely: the handles were found at the same level as the base. It was restored after excavation.
76:, dating to circa 500 BC, had never been disturbed and thus contained remarkably rich grave offerings. Known in French as the
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simple geometric motifs (checkerboard patterns) and occasional depictions of animals. There also have been finds of imported
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lionesses, weighed about 46 kg each. Each is a 55 cm high volute, each is elaborately decorated with a grimacing
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German-language documentary, including digital reconstructions of Mont Lassois and other sites from the Hallstatt era.
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In 1994, fragments of two stone statues, a warrior, and a figure of a woman, were discovered in a small enclosure.
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served as central places, smaller enclosed settlements developed, often in locally prominent locations (so called
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world, all of them associated with the preparation of wine. They included the famous krater (see below), a silver
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An unfinished trend: towards urbanisation in Celtic regions north of the Alps (575-450 BC) (Brun et al. 2021)
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1032:"Archéologie en Bourgogne: Vix (CÔTE-D'OR), Une Résidence Princière Au Temps De La Splendeur D'Athènes 2011"
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and a lower town, rare and fine imported materials, as well as numerous rich burial mounds in the vicinity.
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Entre l'État et la chefferie simple: Le complexe aristocratique de Vix/le mont Lassois (Chaume et al. 2021)
900:
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rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 150ᵉ année, N. 4, 2006. pp. 1743-1744
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120:, a steep, flat-topped hill that dominates the area. It was the site of a fortified Celtic settlement, or
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work shows a large planned settlement, with a central, north–south axis and several phases of buildings.
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Mont Lassois has all the features of a high-status settlement: large fortifications, the presence of a
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Vix krater with lid featuring a female figure. Frieze of hoplites and four-horse chariots on the rim
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Archaeologie en Bourgogne: Vix, Une Residence Princiere au Temps de la Splendeur d'Athenes (2011)
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More information including digital reconstructions of the 'aristocratic complex' on Mont Lassois.
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for its date. The vessels probably were placed on wooden tables or benches that did not survive.
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Vix et son territoire à l'Age du fer: fouilles du mont Lassois et environnement du site princier
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walls. Excavation inside the enclosure revealed a variety of buildings, including post houses,
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Crossing the Alps: Early Urbanism between Northern Italy and Central Europe, 900-400 BC (2020)
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993:"An unfinished trend: towards urbanisation in Celtic regions north of the Alps (575-450 BC)"
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The largest and most famous of the finds from the burial is an elaborately decorated bronze
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of earth and stone which originally measured 42 m in diameter and 5 m in height.
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This article is about the Celtic settlement and burial site in France. For other uses, see
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A reconstruction of the grave and the original finds are on display in the museum at
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34:, an imported Greek wine-mixing vessel found in the famous grave of the "Lady of Vix"
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a woman with one outstretched arm, which once may have held some object such as a
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burial was placed in a 4 m x 4 m rectangular wooden chamber underneath a mound or
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pedestals and lion paws, inspired by Etruscan, Scythian or Middle Eastern bestiary
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L'Oppidum de Vix et la civilisation Hallstattienne finale dans l'Est de la France
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armed hoplite on foot. The frieze is an important example of early Greek bronze
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The grave also contained an assemblage of imported objects from Italy and the
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Detailed information and digital reconstructions of the Mont Lassois oppidum.
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1190:"MORE CIRCE THAN CASSANDRA: THE PRINCESS OF VIX IN RITUALIZED SOCIAL CONTEXT"
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1498:
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Vix (Côte-d'Or), une résidence princière au temps de la splendeur d'Athènes
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Calyx-Krater by the painter of the Berlin Hydria depicting an Amazonomachy
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or lioness handles. It is not known whether it contained skeletal remains.
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periods, consisting of a fortified settlement and several burial mounds.
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175:, jewellery, and other bronze and iron finds. The burial mound with the
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The sites are located near the village of Vix, about 6 km north of
1366:
Vix/Le mont Lassois. Recherches récentes sur le complexe aristocratique
498:
376:
210:
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55:
1372:, Dossiers d'Archéologie N° Hors Série 11, Dijon 2004, pp. 30–37.
1312:
Antike Welt 13, Sondernummer. Raggi-Verl., Feldmeilen/Freiburg. 1982.
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Port facilities at Mont Lassois, including digital reconstructions.
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In the area, as elsewhere in central and western Europe, the early
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Vix museum: Excavations of the Vix Grave and Mont Lassois oppidum
1219:"Visite collection – Musée du Pays Châtillonnais – Trésor de Vix"
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252:). According to Chaume (2011): "The interior space of about 500 m
241:
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1146:. DRAC Bourgogne – Service Régional de l'Archéologie. p. 6.
1088:
Brun, Patrice; Chaume, Bruno; Sacchetti, Federica, eds. (2021).
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Eurasia at the Dawn of History: Urbanization and Social Change
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80:, these included a great deal of jewelry and the bronze "Vix
58:
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Le Trésor de Vix. Histoire et portée d'une grande découverte
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head is on the outside of each of the krater's two handles
337:, whose ends are adorned with winged horses on intricate
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been incompatible with her simultaneous role as 'queen'.
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Her body was laid in the freestanding box of a cart, or
199:
technique, but also yielded nails of the type common in
124:. To the southeast of the hill, there was a 42-hectare
413:(shallow bowl, sometimes seen as a local product), an
116:, in northeastern Burgundy. The complex is centred on
1278:
Das Oppidum Mont Lassois, Gemeinde Vix, Dép Côte-d'Or
1156:
1157:
Fernandez-Gotz, Manuel; Krausse, Dirk, eds. (2016).
970:"Digital reconstruction of the Mont Lassois oppidum"
1087:
1067:"Digital reconstruction of the Vix palace complex"
188:
1620:
1213:
1211:
1203:forerunners of the Druids of the later Iron Age.
554:
1520:Mixing bowl with the exposure of baby Aegisthos
1273:. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1954.
501:, a common motif on contemporary Greek bronzes.
84:", the largest known metal vessel from Western
209:, hearths, and storage units built on stilts.
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1629:Historic and archaeological sites in Burgundy
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1208:
1310:Frühkeltische Fürstengräber in Mitteleuropa.
1163:. Cambridge University Press. p. 325.
1026:
1024:
1011:"www.fuerstensitze.de :: Mont Lassois"
421:(wine jug), and several drinking cups from
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1361:. Dossier d'Archéologie N° 284, Juin 2003.
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240:. Overall, the central unit resembles the
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1370:Bourgogne, du Paléolithique au Moyen Âge
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677:Reconstruction of the Vix burial chamber
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23:Celtic burial mound in Côte-d'Or, France
1359:Vix, le cinquantenaire d'une découverte
1242:Cook, R. M. 1979. "Three Conjectures".
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140:. Other finds indicate activity up to
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991:Brun, Patrice; Chaume, Bruno (2021).
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716:Excavation of a wall at Mont Lassois
307:
1364:Bruno Chaume/Tamara Grübel et al.:
958:
13:
871:Graves of Sainte-Colombe-sur-Seine
354:other than "Lady," names such as,
128:with graves ranging from the Late
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493:The three handles, supported by
163:Plan of the Mont Lassois oppidum
1433:Der Schatz im Keltengrab (2014)
1330:Bruno Chaume, Walter Reinhard:
1263:
1249:
1236:
1194:European Journal of Archaeology
1188:Knüsel, Christopher J. (2002).
1181:
644:settlement and burial complex.
513:art, which has rarely survived.
225:Vix palace, late 6th century BC
217:The "Palace of the Lady of Vix"
189:Fortifications and architecture
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1133:
1090:"Vix et le phénomène princier"
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234:at the back and a front porch
1:
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555:Exhibition and reconstruction
321:Burial chamber reconstruction
1418:Vix museum: The Vix Treasure
1388:Tombe de la princesse de Vix
1271:Le Trésor de Vix (Côte d'Or)
1116:Vix et le phénomène princier
740:Artefacts from the Vix grave
728:Artefacts from the Vix grave
7:
1639:Prehistoric sites in France
1634:Celtic archaeological sites
1473:
1244:Journal of Hellenic Studies
931:Princely Grave of Rodenbach
859:
691:Musée du Pays Châtillonnais
269:Tumulus and burial chamber.
184:The oppidum of Mont Lassois
91:
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1336:Archäologie in Deutschland
866:Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave
767:Ceremonial wagon wheel hub
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1346:La tombe princière de Vix
1305:. Tallandier, Paris 1979.
1284:32, 1954, pp. 59–65.
329:A unique 24 carat Celtic
295:
1674:Ancient Celtic metalwork
936:Mitterkirchen Keltendorf
281:vases from Greece. Many
260:
250:Palais de la Dame de Vix
54:. The broader site is a
1659:Ancient Greek metalwork
1338:1, 2002, pp. 9–14.
1140:Chaume, Bruno (2011).
968:Sturhmann, J. (2021).
791:Ceremonial wagon model
779:Ceremonial wagon model
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371:Burial and grave goods
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61:complex from the Late
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1390:at Wikimedia Commons
1298:. Fayard, Paris 1962.
1119:. Ausonius éditions.
1075:10.34847/nkl.daden24n
1065:Rothe, Klaus (2021).
978:10.34847/nkl.67218md8
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1605:47.90639°N 4.53278°E
1269:René Joffroy :
1015:www.fuerstensitze.de
606:Significance of site
546:from the Vix Krater.
349:Funerary wagon wheel
155:History of discovery
46:near the village of
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946:Oppidum of Manching
640:settlement and the
561:Châtillon-sur-Seine
534:Krater significance
288:Jewellery included
196:Pfostenschlitzmauer
106:Châtillon-sur-Seine
86:classical antiquity
1319:. Montagnac 2001,
1303:Vix et ses trésors
689:Vix palace model,
585:A third mound, at
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432:terminus post quem
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1515:Euphronios Krater
1489:Amphiaraos Krater
1386:Media related to
1094:Ausonius Éditions
997:Ausonius Éditions
911:Vorstengraf (Oss)
842:Vix krater detail
308:The burial mounds
244:complex of early
72:The grave of the
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1649:Tumuli in France
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1571:Derveni Krater
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1377:External links
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1313:
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1227:. Retrieved
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1046:. Retrieved
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504:A frieze of
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118:Mont Lassois
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73:
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50:in northern
44:burial mound
39:
37:
1608: /
1225:(in French)
891:Hohenasperg
876:Lavau Grave
211:Geophysical
74:Lady of Vix
56:prehistoric
1654:Celtic art
1623:Categories
1596:04°31′58″E
1593:47°54′23″N
1576:Vix Krater
1354:2708406973
1325:2907303473
1229:2024-02-29
1048:2014-07-11
952:References
830:Vix krater
587:La Garenne
377:inhumation
130:Bronze Age
126:necropolis
110:department
65:and Early
906:Alte Burg
881:Heuneburg
803:Etruscan
638:Heuneburg
134:Hallstatt
114:Côte-d'Or
108:, in the
63:Hallstatt
40:Vix Grave
1282:Germania
916:Grächwil
886:Glauberg
860:See also
805:oenochoe
642:Glauberg
630:Hochdorf
617:iron ore
612:Iron Age
580:La Butte
519:plastinx
506:hoplites
419:oinochoe
415:Etruscan
360:Princess
339:filigree
283:amphorae
237:in antis
171:sherds,
132:via the
92:Location
52:Burgundy
30:The Vix
1475:Kraters
1344:(ed.):
941:Lingons
752:Silver
652:Gallery
598:Statues
591:griffin
544:Hoplite
495:rampant
490:motifs.
480:in situ
423:Etruria
417:bronze
402:beads.
388:chariot
381:tumulus
302:citadel
290:fibulae
242:megaron
173:fibulae
169:pottery
138:La Tène
122:oppidum
67:La Tène
1556:
1368:. In:
1352:
1334:, in:
1323:
1280:. In:
1167:
1123:
754:phiale
636:, the
626:manors
523:peplos
511:relief
499:gorgon
468:krater
465:volute
457:Gorgon
427:Attica
411:phiale
396:diadem
335:diadem
296:Status
177:krater
82:krater
59:Celtic
32:Krater
1042:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
407:Greek
400:amber
362:, or
356:Queen
276:Attic
261:Finds
149:Seine
42:is a
1350:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1121:ISBN
632:and
425:and
392:torc
375:The
331:torc
232:apse
38:The
1071:doi
974:doi
112:of
48:Vix
18:Vix
1625::
1221:.
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254:²
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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