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Further studies have found that quiet rest has shown the same learning benefits as sleep. Replay has been found to occur during post-training quiet wakefulness as well as sleep. In a recent study where a visual search task was administered quiet rest or sleep is found to be necessary for increasing the amount of associations between configurations and target locations that can be learned within a day. Reactivation in sleep was only observed after extensive training of rodents on familiar tasks. It rapidly dissipates; it also makes up a small proportion of total recorded activity in sleep. It has also been found that there are gender differences between males and females in regards to visual memory and sleep. In a study done testing sleep and memory for pictures it was found that daytime sleep contributed to retention of source memory rather than item memory in females, females did not have recollection or familiarity influenced by daytime sleep, whereas males undergoing daytime sleep had a trend towards increased familiarity. The reasons for this may be linked to different memory traces resulting from different encoding strategies, as well as with different electrophysiological changes during daytime sleep.
803:, most commonly in the non-dominant parietal lobe. Focal hyperactivity causes persistent activation of a visual cortex-hippocampal neuronal circuit which encodes an object or scene that is already in visual memory. "All of the hallucinatory palinopsia symptoms occur concomitantly in a patient with one lesion, which supports current evidence that objects, features, and scenes are all units of visual memory, perhaps at different levels of processing. This alludes to neuroanatomical integration in visual memory creation and storage." Studying the excitability alterations associated with palinopsia in migraineurs could provide insight on mechanisms of encoding visual memory.
744:, in terms of short-term visual memory, viewing time and task complexity affect performance. When there is a delay or when the task is complex recall declines. In a study conducted to measure whether visual memory in older adults with age-related visual decline was caused by memory performance or visual functioning, the following were examined: relationships among age, visual activity, and visual and verbal memory in 89 community dwelling volunteers aged 60–87 years. The findings were that the effect of vision was not specific to visual memory. Therefore, vision was found to be correlated with general memory function in older adults and is not modality specific.
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all visual stimuli removed by means of a dark room or blindfolding to avoid interfering activation of other visual areas in the brain. Subjects are asked to recall each image clearly in their mind's eye. While recalling the images researchers are able view the areas activated by the visual memory task. Comparing the control 'baseline' state to the activated areas during the visual memory task allows researchers to view which areas are used during visual memory.
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353:. During testing participants are presented with 10 cards for 10 seconds with unique designs on each. After the time has passed participants are asked to immediately reproduce the designs from each card using their visual memory. In the second stage participants are asked to copy each of the 10 card designs while the cards are in view. The participants results from each task are then assessed and placed into six categories; omissions,
20:
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it must be due to the incorrect interpretation of previously encountered information as being novel. In experiments testing rats' object recognition memory it was found that memory impairment can be the opposite, that there was a tendency to treat novel experiences as familiar. A possible solution for this impairment could be the use of a visual-restriction procedure that reduces interference.
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288:. The retrieval of long term visual memories is associated with activation of both anterior and posterior temporal cortices. Posterior temporal cortical regions are more associated with retrieval of category-specific aspects of visual memory, whereas anterior regions of the temporal cortex are more associated with category-independent visual memory.
180:. The left hemisphere visual cortex receives signals mainly from the right visual field and the right visual cortex mainly from the left visual field, although each cortex receives a considerable amount of information from the ipsilateral visual field as well. The visual cortex also receives information from subcortical regions, such as the
226:(which regulates emotions), and the dorsal stream pathway (which is involved in the visual-spatial locations and motions of objects). Therefore, the ventral stream pathway not only deals with the recognition of objects in the external world, but also the emotional judgement and analysis of these objects.
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during a challenging visual memory task. The results were that young people who report having needed more alcohol to feel the effects showed higher levels of brain response during visual working memory, this suggests that the individual's capacity to adjust to cognitive processing decreases, they are
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During encoding, participants are typically exposed to 1–10 visual patterns while connected to a brain imaging device. As the subject encodes the visual patterns researchers are able to directly view the activation of areas involved in visual memory encoding. During recall subjects again need to have
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designed to measure timing or activation within the brain. The data collected from neuroimaging studies gives researchers the ability to visualize which brain regions are activated in specific cognitive visual memory tasks. With the use of brain imaging devices researchers able to further investigate
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varies from the averages provided in the Benton Visual
Retention Test manual the worse the participant is assessed to be on visual memory ability. The Benton Visual Retention Test has proved to be a generalizable test with the ability to be accurately administered to participants aged 8-adult, and no
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receive and process visual information. The occipital lobes also process colors and shapes. Whereas the right occipital lobe interprets images from the left visual space, the left occipital lobe interprets images from the right visual space. Damage to the occipital lobes can permanently damage visual
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is another factor that has been found to have an effect on visual memory. Memory impairment affects both novel and familiar experiences. Poor memory after damage to the brain is usually considered to result from information being lost or rendered inaccessible. With such impairment it is assumed that
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and Gary Wells. In one study by Wells, individuals were exposed to misleading information after witnessing an event; they were then tested on their ability to remember details from this event. Their findings included: when given misinformation that contradicts the witnessed event they were less able
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and her ability to draw from memory was severely diminished, whilst her spatial memory remained normal. Other patients represent the opposite, where memory for colors and shapes is unaffected but spatial memory for previously known places is greatly impaired. These case studies show that these two
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environment, entails work with pictures, symbols, numbers, letters, and especially words. Students must be able to look at a word, form an image of that word in their minds and be able to recall the appearance of the word later. When teachers introduce a new vocabulary word, generally they write it
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As we age performance in regards to spatial configurations deteriorates. In a task to store and combine two different spatial configurations to form a novel one young people out-performed the elderly. Vision also has an effect on performance. Sighted participants outperformed the visually impaired
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The dorsal stream pathway is mainly involved in the visual-spatial location of objects in the external world, and it is also known colloquially as the 'where' pathway. The dorsal stream pathway is also involved in the guidance of movements (e.g., reaching for an object in space), and is therefore
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Findings surrounding sleep and visual memory have been mixed. Studies have reported performance increases after a bout of sleep compared with the same period of waking. The implications of this are that there is a slow, offline process during sleep that strengthens and enhances the memory trace.
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Visual short term memory is the capacity for holding a small amount of visual information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time (usually no more than 30 seconds). Although visual short term memory is essential for the execution of a wide array of perceptual and
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We can only hold in mind a minute fraction of the visual scene. These mental representations are stored in visual short-term memory. Activity in the posterior parietal cortex is tightly correlated with the limited amount of scene information that can be stored in visual short-term memory. These
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and process the correct order of letters within the word. This means that the child perceives the word just as anyone else would, however their brains do not appear to hold onto the visual characteristics of the word. Although initially it was found that children with reading disabilities had
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of the resulting neural representations. Visual memory occurs over a broad time range spanning from eye movements to years in order to visually navigate to a previously visited location. Visual memory is a form of memory which preserves some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual
458:. These instructions are intended to minimize the activation of brain regions involved in visual memory to form a true resting brain state. After the scan is complete a control has been formed which can be compared with activated regions of the brain while performing visual memory tasks.
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The dorsal stream pathway begins with purely visual information in the occipital lobe, and then this information is transferred to the parietal lobe for spatial awareness functions. Specifically, the posterior parietal cortex is essential for "the perception and interpretation of spatial
699:, have the children spell it, read it and then use it in a sentence. The word is then erased from the chalkboard. Students with good visual memory will recognize that same word later in their readers or other texts and will be able to recall the appearance of the word to spell it.
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Soininen, H. S.; Partanen, K.; Pitkanen, A.; Vainio, P.; Hanninen, T.; Hallikainen, M.; Koivisto, K.; Riekkinen, P. J. (1994). "Volumetric MRI analysis of the amygdala and the hippocampus in subjects with age-associated memory impairment: Correlation to visual and verbal memory".
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The popular culture concept of photographic memory—where, for example, someone can briefly look at a page of text and then recite it perfectly from memory—is not the same as seeing eidetic images, and photographic memory has never been demonstrated to exist.
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who have not developed their visual memory skills cannot readily reproduce a sequence of visual stimuli. They frequently experience difficulty in remembering the overall visual appearance of words or the letter sequence of words for reading and spelling.
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The subject's resting brain activation level is first determined in order to form a control or 'baseline' to measure from. Subjects are blindfolded and instructed to lay motionless while simultaneously eliminating any visual imagery present in their
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is a person's knowledge of the space around them, and their whereabouts in it. It also encompasses all memories of areas and places, and how to get to and from them. Spatial memory is distinct from object memory and involves different parts of the
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through which we can retrieve from our memory a mental image of original objects, places, animals or people. Visual memory is one of several cognitive systems, which are all interconnected parts that combine to form the human memory. Types of
184:, located in the thalamus. However, ample evidence indicates that object identity and location are preferentially processed in ventral (occipito-temporal) and dorsal (occipito-parietal) cortical visual streams, respectively. Comparison of
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its sensory details. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is responsible for holding onto the visual and spatial qualities of a vivid image in your working memory, and the degree of vividness is directly affected by the limits of the sketchpad.
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how a real object would look if it were changed in some way (rotated, flipped, moved, change of colour, etc.). It is also responsible for representing how vivid an image is. A vivid image is one which you have a high potential for
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The ventral stream pathway is mainly involved in object recognition, and is known colloquially as the 'what' pathway. It has connections to the medial temporal lobe (which is involved in the storage of long-term memories), the
842:. This has been tested by having children with and without reading disabilities perform on tasks related to the transient systems, where the children with reading disabilities did very poorly. It has also been found in
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Eidetic memory is an ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory with high precision for a few minutes without using mnemonics. It occurs in a small number of children and generally is not found in adults.
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Belcastro, V; Cupini, LM; Corbelli, I; Pieroni, A; D'Amore, C; Caproni, S; Gorgone, G; Ferlazzo, E; Di Palma, F; Sarchielli, P; Calabresi, P (Jul 2011). "Palinopsia in patients with migraine: a case-control study".
764:, the intermittent consumption of large amounts of alcohol. The findings revealed that there may be binge-drinking related functional alteration in recognition working memory processes. This suggests that impaired
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Another study conducted in 2004 examined the level of response to alcohol and brain response during visual working memory. This study looked at the neural correlated of the low level of response to alcohol using
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Cadaveira, F.; Corral, M.; Crego, A.; Mota, N.; Parada, M.; Rodriguez-Holguin, S. (2010). "Reduced anterior prefrontal cortex activation in young binge drinkers during a visual working memory task".
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Cattaneo, Zaira; Bhatt, Ela; Merabet, Lotfi B.; Pece, Alfredo; Vecchi, Tomaso (2008). "The
Influence of Reduced Visual Acuity on Age-Related Decline in Spatial Working Memory: An Investigation".
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experience. We are able to place in memory visual information which resembles objects, places, animals or people in a mental image. The experience of visual memory is also referred to as the
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Roland, P. E.; Gulyás, Balazs (1995). "Visual Memory, Visual
Imagery, and Visual Recognition of Large Field Patterns by the Human Brain: Functional Anatomy by Positron Emission Tomography".
687:"We do not store and retrieve words based on visual memory." "Our phonological filing system is the basis for word memory/word recognition." -Dr. Kilpatrick (Equipped for Reading Success).
88:. However, these two streams hypothesis, although useful, are a simplification of the visual system because the two streams maintain intercommunication along their entire rostral course.
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Tapert, Susan F; Pulido, Carmen; Paulus, Martin P; Schuckit, Marc A; Burke, Christina (November 2004). "Level of response to alcohol and brain response during visual working memory".
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Visual short-term memory storage is mediated by distinctive posterior brain mechanisms, such that capacity is determined both by a fixed number of objects and by object complexity.
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to recall those details; and whether misinformation was given before or after the witnessed event did not seem to matter. Furthermore, visual memory can be subjected to various
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The ventral stream pathway begins with purely visual information in the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe), and then this information is transferred to the temporal lobe.
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and attention. We therefore have to establish a clear separation of visual memory and attention from processes related to the planning of goal-directed motor behaviors.
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and connections in the areas representing the transient visual systems. However, there is debate over whether this is the only reason for reading disabilities,
598:. However, both types of memory are often used together, such as when trying to remember where you put a lost object. A classic test of spatial memory is the
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Damage to the occipital lobe is characterized by loss of visual capability and the inability to identify colors both important processes in visual memory.
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Bradfield, A. L.; Wells, G. L. (1998). "Good, You
Identified the Suspect": Feedback to Eyewitness Distorts Their Reports of the Witnessing Experience".
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comparable visual memory to those without difficulty, a more specific part of the visual memory system has been found to cause reading disabilities.
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is called their Corsi span. Spatial memory is always being used whenever a person is moving any part of their body; therefore it is generally more
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Verhaeghen, P.; Marcoen, A.; Goossens, L. (1993). "Facts and
Fiction About Memory Aging: A Quantitative Integration of Research Findings".
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might act as a capacity-limited store for the representation of the visual scene, the frontal/prefrontal cortex might be necessary for the
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on visual memory. In a recent study visual working memory and its neutral correlates was assessed in university students who partake in
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results suggest that the posterior parietal cortex is a key neural locus of our impoverished mental representation of the visual world.
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types of visual memory are located in different parts of the brain and are somewhat unrelated in terms of functioning in daily life.
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Della Sala, S.; Gray, C.; Baddeley, A.; Allamano, N.; Wilson, L. (1999). "Pattern span: a means of unwelding visuo-spatial memory".
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Seo, E. H.; Lee, D. Y.; Choo, I. H.; Youn, J. C.; Kim, K. W.; Jhoo, J. H.; Suh, K. W.; Paek, Y. S.; Jun, Y. H.; Woo, J. I. (2007).
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is presented at the top, after a delay participants are asked to recall the correct target stimulus from the list of design cards.
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Todd, J, & Marois, R. (2004). Capacity limit of visual short term memory in human posterior parietal cortex. Retrieved from
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indicating that an age-associated decline in visual memory performance may be more prominent for those individuals with a lower
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systems. The sustained system is responsible for fine detail such as word and letter recognition and is very important in
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cognitive functions, and is supported by an extensive network of brain regions, its storage capacity is severely limited.
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Visual memory is not always accurate and can be misled by outside conditions. This can be seen in studies carried out by
325:. More than 50 years of proven clinical use is the staple of the Benton Visual Retention Test. This test has proven its
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regardless of testing modality. This suggests that vision tends to shape the general supramodal mechanisms of memory.
650:. A few studies have shown that on average most people can recall up to four items each with a set of four different
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Vogel, E; Machizawa, M (2004). "Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity".
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of a written word in the right order. However, studies show it is more likely that it is caused by a failure to
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relationships, accurate body image, and the learning of tasks involving coordination of the body in space."
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http://www.pearsonassessments.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=015-8027-507&Mode=summary
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during performance of the two tasks again revealed differences between the ventral and dorsal pathways.
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Gersztenkorn, D; Lee, AG (Jul 2, 2014). "Palinopsia revamped: A systematic review of the literature".
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834:, and processing the larger visual environment around us. When these two processes do not work in
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memory performance above and beyond standard tests based on exact response times, and activation.
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1101:"Performance on the Benton Visual Retention Test in an Educationally Diverse Elderly Population"
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Wilson, B. A.; Baddeley, A. D.; Young, A. W. (1999). "LE, A person who lost her 'mind's eye'".
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implicated in the analysis of the movement of objects in addition to their spatial locations.
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Magnussen, S. (2009). Cognition and
Neurosciences: Implicit visual working memory, 50, 532-542
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873:, and/or their visual memory for specific things. For example, a patient “L.E.” suffered
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A majority of experiments highlights a role of human posterior parietal cortex in visual
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1542:"Gender difference in the effect of daytime sleep on declarative memory for pictures"
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160:(purple) are both actively involved in visual memory. Both pathways originate in the
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858:, deficits in verbal memory and orthographic knowledge are other proposed factors.
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words in their correct order. The transient system is responsible for controlling
594:. Spatial memory involves the dorsal parts of the brain and more specifically the
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and/or maintenance of this store, especially during extended retention intervals.
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The
Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
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Hallucinatory palinopsia, which is a dysfunction of visual memory, is caused by
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One common group of people that have visual memory problems are children with
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Alan
Baddeley; Michael W. Eysenck; Michael C. Anderson (7 November 2014).
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Berryhill, M. (2008, May 09). Visual memory and the brain. Retrieved from
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them. The number of blocks they can tap before performance breaks down on
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very quickly, but contains a very vivid image of the surrounding stimuli.
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Recall of the patterns from long term visual memory is associated with
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Benton visual retention test,® fifth edition. (n.d.). Retrieved from
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1490:"Sleep and rest facilitate implicit memory in a visual search task"
1028:"Brain mechanisms of visual long-term memory retrieval in primates"
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361:, misplacements, and sizing errors. The further the participant's
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describes the relationship between perceptual processing and the
1262:"The role of spatial working memory in visual search efficiency"
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less able to adjust cognitive processing to contextual demands.
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http://www.ioi.knaw.nl/viscog/temp/Todd%20(2004)%20Nature.pdf
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Cai, D.J.; Jiang, Y.V.; Makovski, T.; Mednick, S.C. (2009).
440:. These studies involve the use of one or multiple types of
56:, the persistence or recurrence of a visual image after the
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using methods designed to activate brain areas involved in
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An example of the Benton Visual
Retention Test. The target
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and spatial information, which is currently being used or
1696:
1600:"Paradoxical False Memory for Objects After Brain Damage"
850:
of people with reading disabilities that they have fewer
366:
gender effect. Some studies have suggested a significant
1777:
1734:
1487:
301:
768:
function may occur at an early age in binge drinkers.
245:
999:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
60:
has been removed, is a dysfunction of visual memory.
521:
103:(light green) is shown at the posterior area of the
1944:
1392:
602:, where an instructor taps a series of blocks in a
1987:CPS Testing Library – Benton Visual Retention Test
992:
709:
1872:Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache
899:http://www.visionsciences.org/symposia2008_4.html
16:Ability to process visual and spatial information
3990:
861:Deficits in visual memory can also be caused by
928:
780:
296:
1423:
1188:
1098:
924:
922:
176:of the brain, much of which is located in the
3014:
2014:
1924:. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. pp. 102–106.
1299:
1297:
869:. These can lead to the patient losing their
682:
1920:Catts, Hugh William; Kamhi, Alan G. (2005).
1153:
822:These parts are the sustained and transient
488:. It is responsible for temporarily storing
91:
3145:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1594:Bussey, T.J.; Cowell, R.A.; McTighe, S.M.;
919:
475:
253:
3021:
3007:
2021:
2007:
1919:
1294:
1255:
1253:
1247:. Elsevier Science Publishers. Pg. 105-113
634:features of an object or material such as
496:. It is thought of as a three-dimensional
271:
1799:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1565:
1513:
1462:. Learning Disabilities. pp. 26–39.
1277:
1239:Logie, R.H., & Marchetti, C. (1991).
1119:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1043:
210:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1821:
1819:
1730:
1728:
1546:Journal of Zhejiang University Science B
1453:
1403:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 33–34.
654:qualities. It is a separate system from
388:
300:
191:
147:
95:
18:
1771:
1449:
1447:
1349:
1250:
480:The visuo-spatial sketchpad is part of
461:
3991:
1582:
1539:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1460:Learning Disabilities: there is a Cure
1233:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1060:
1025:
237:Located at the back of the brain, the
3002:
2002:
1906:
1816:
1737:Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
1725:
1535:
1533:
1259:
774:functional magnetic resonance imaging
384:
84:have a more superior location in the
76:have a more inferior location in the
1982:Benton Visual Retention Test (BRVRT)
1978:– Measuring Visual Memory on the Web
1444:
1303:
1182:
990:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
893:
891:
756:Studies have shown that there is an
570:, because it works very quickly and
448:
280:increases in different areas of the
27:, the main organ of visual sensation
1938:
1476:
1136:
1079:
470:
291:
246:Occipital lobe injury complications
13:
1530:
1013:
232:
14:
4015:
3426:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
1969:
1922:Language and Reading Disabilities
1332:"Does Photographic Memory Exist?"
1266:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
995:Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
957:
943:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.003
888:
581:
522:Eidetic and photographic memories
409:while performing a visual memory
68:In humans, areas specialized for
3971:
3959:
3028:
2230:
1792:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.020
642:. It is processed mainly in the
625:
606:and the participant attempts to
540:
504:on. It is used in tasks such as
143:
1862:
1690:
1646:
1417:
1324:
723:
710:Factors affecting visual memory
335:nonverbal learning disabilities
63:
3636:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3509:Memory and social interactions
2028:
1019:
984:
910:
1:
2326:Industrial and organizational
1828:Journal of Studies on Alcohol
1426:Journal of Applied Psychology
1370:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00159-6
881:
856:scotopic sensitivity syndrome
740:Studies have shown that with
3345:Retrieval-induced forgetting
2567:Human factors and ergonomics
1506:10.1016/j.visres.2009.04.011
1045:10.1016/j.neures.2018.06.005
781:Dysfunction of visual memory
679:which will affect accuracy.
508:manipulation where a person
315:Benton Visual Retention Test
297:Benton visual retention test
7:
1780:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
1304:Foer, Joshua (2006-04-27).
1260:Oh, S. H.; Kim, M. (2004).
1026:Takeda, Masaki (May 2019).
665:
10:
4020:
3683:Levels of Processing model
3608:World Memory Championships
3441:Lost in the mall technique
3288:dissociative (psychogenic)
1456:"Visual Memory and Beyond"
1438:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.360
784:
751:
683:Visual memory in education
544:
525:
482:Baddeley and Hitch's model
343:attention-deficit disorder
257:
214:
195:
3954:
3909:
3878:
3737:
3730:
3623:
3595:
3527:
3484:
3456:
3416:
3358:
3253:
3159:
3134:
3086:
3079:
3036:
2953:
2890:
2597:
2507:
2419:
2256:Applied behavior analysis
2239:
2228:
2064:
2036:
1749:10.1080/13825580802036951
1540:Fu, X.; Wang, B. (2009).
286:anterior cingulate cortex
112:posterior parietal cortex
101:Posterior parietal cortex
92:Posterior parietal cortex
70:visual object recognition
3721:The Seven Sins of Memory
3666:Intermediate-term memory
3471:Indirect tests of memory
3448:Recovered-memory therapy
3398:Misattribution of memory
1884:10.1177/0333102411410083
1840:10.15288/jsa.2004.65.692
1711:10.1093/geronj/48.4.p157
1598:; Winters, B.D. (2010).
1454:Cusimano, Addie (2001).
1121:10.1093/geronb/62.3.p191
797:posterior visual pathway
791:Hallucinatory palinopsia
714:
600:Corsi block-tapping task
476:Visuo-spatial sketch pad
442:brain imaging techniques
397:pattern a subject would
393:An example of a colored
260:Visual short-term memory
254:Short term visual memory
3408:Source-monitoring error
2532:Behavioral neuroscience
2096:Behavioral neuroscience
1624:10.1126/science.1194780
931:Survey of Ophthalmology
844:postmortem examinations
658:and is not affected by
630:Object memory involves
622:than object memory is.
272:Long term visual memory
182:lateral geniculate body
3815:George Armitage Miller
3775:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2582:Psychology of religion
2522:Behavioral engineering
2459:Human subject research
2115:Cognitive neuroscience
2081:Affective neuroscience
1959:10.1093/neucas/5.2.119
1699:Journal of Gerontology
735:
414:
339:traumatic brain injury
310:
211:Ventral stream pathway
165:
107:
28:
3978:Philosophy portal
3966:Psychology portal
3830:Henry L. Roediger III
3431:False memory syndrome
3403:Misinformation effect
3383:Imagination inflation
2958:Wiktionary definition
2494:Self-report inventory
2489:Quantitative research
1668:10.1212/wnl.44.9.1660
1558:10.1631/jzus.B0820384
1168:10.1093/cercor/5.1.79
1032:Neuroscience Research
799:cortical lesions and
690:Visual memory, in an
420:studies focus on the
392:
349:, and other forms of
304:
192:Dorsal stream pathway
151:
99:
22:
3335:Motivated forgetting
2484:Qualitative research
2439:Behavior epigenetics
840:reading disabilities
808:reading disabilities
662:from spatial tasks.
558:part of the sensory
462:Activation condition
331:reading disabilities
321:, and visual memory
317:is an assessment of
114:is a portion of the
3845:Arthur P. Shimamura
3745:Richard C. Atkinson
3562:Effects of exercise
3436:Memory implantation
3320:Interference theory
3236:Selective retention
3216:Meaningful learning
2963:Wiktionary category
2527:Behavioral genetics
2499:Statistical surveys
2356:Occupational health
2091:Behavioral genetics
1616:2010Sci...330.1408M
1610:(6009): 1408–1410.
1336:Scientific American
1211:10.1038/nature02447
1203:2004Natur.428..748V
991:Bear, Mark (2007).
867:trauma to the brain
638:, color, size, and
566:is responsible for
424:involved in visual
3942:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3765:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3671:Involuntary memory
3572:Memory improvement
3557:Effects of alcohol
3519:Transactive memory
3497:Politics of memory
3466:Exceptional memory
2935:Schools of thought
2838:Richard E. Nisbett
2718:Donald T. Campbell
2396:Sport and exercise
1992:2010-08-25 at the
1976:Visual Memory Test
1279:10.3758/bf03196570
904:2011-07-28 at the
415:
385:Neuroimaging tests
311:
166:
108:
29:
3986:
3985:
3950:
3949:
3937:Cosmos Rossellius
3785:Marcia K. Johnson
3656:Exosomatic memory
3641:Context-dependent
3631:Absent-mindedness
3514:Memory conformity
3492:Collective memory
3393:Memory conformity
3330:Memory inhibition
3249:
3248:
3241:Tip of the tongue
2996:
2995:
2973:Wikimedia Commons
2900:Counseling topics
2863:Ronald C. Kessler
2853:Shelley E. Taylor
2778:Lawrence Kohlberg
2753:Stanley Schachter
2552:Consumer behavior
2434:Archival research
2202:Psycholinguistics
2086:Affective science
1931:978-0-205-44417-5
1500:(21): 2557–2565.
1469:978-0-615-12053-9
1410:978-1-84872-184-5
1364:(10): 1189–1199.
1306:"Kaavya Syndrome"
1197:(6984): 748–751.
1006:978-0-7817-6003-4
824:visual processing
766:prefrontal cortex
758:effect of alcohol
449:Control condition
357:, preservations,
319:visual perception
282:prefrontal cortex
4011:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3917:Jonathan Hancock
3870:Robert Stickgold
3840:Richard Shiffrin
3795:Elizabeth Loftus
3735:
3734:
3651:Childhood memory
3458:Research methods
3340:Repressed memory
3315:Forgetting curve
3303:transient global
3174:Autobiographical
3084:
3083:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2930:Research methods
2873:Richard Davidson
2868:Joseph E. LeDoux
2743:George A. Miller
2733:David McClelland
2728:Herbert A. Simon
2628:Edward Thorndike
2449:Content analysis
2234:
2207:Psychophysiology
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1705:(4): P157–P171.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1662:(9): 1660–1668.
1650:
1644:
1643:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1485:
1474:
1473:
1451:
1442:
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1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1358:Neuropsychologia
1353:
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1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
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1292:
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1248:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1114:(3): P191–P193.
1105:
1096:
1077:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1010:
998:
988:
982:
976:
955:
954:
926:
917:
914:
908:
895:
672:Elizabeth Loftus
574:. Iconic memory
471:Current theories
292:Methods of study
134:posterior cortex
23:Close up of the
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3946:
3927:Dominic O'Brien
3905:
3874:
3855:Susumu Tonegawa
3835:Daniel Schacter
3810:Eleanor Maguire
3800:Geoffrey Loftus
3755:Stephen J. Ceci
3750:Robert A. Bjork
3726:
3645:state-dependent
3619:
3591:
3523:
3504:Cultural memory
3480:
3476:Memory disorder
3452:
3412:
3354:
3245:
3155:
3130:
3075:
3032:
3027:
2997:
2992:
2949:
2925:Psychotherapies
2886:
2843:Martin Seligman
2808:Daniel Kahneman
2748:Richard Lazarus
2698:Raymond Cattell
2602:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2503:
2415:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2187:Neuropsychology
2067:
2060:
2032:
2027:
1994:Wayback Machine
1972:
1967:
1966:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1907:
1878:(9): 999–1004.
1867:
1863:
1824:
1817:
1776:
1772:
1733:
1726:
1695:
1691:
1651:
1647:
1592:
1583:
1538:
1531:
1494:Vision Research
1486:
1477:
1470:
1452:
1445:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1393:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1302:
1295:
1258:
1251:
1238:
1234:
1187:
1183:
1156:Cerebral Cortex
1152:
1137:
1103:
1097:
1080:
1072:
1061:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1007:
989:
985:
977:
958:
927:
920:
915:
911:
906:Wayback Machine
896:
889:
884:
838:this can cause
836:synchronization
793:
783:
754:
738:
726:
717:
712:
685:
668:
644:ventral regions
628:
584:
549:
543:
530:
524:
478:
473:
464:
451:
422:neural networks
387:
299:
294:
274:
262:
256:
248:
239:occipital lobes
235:
233:Occipital lobes
219:
213:
200:
194:
146:
94:
86:parietal cortex
78:temporal cortex
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4017:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3968:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Paul R. McHugh
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
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3862:
3857:
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3827:
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3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Ivan Izquierdo
3777:
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3762:
3757:
3752:
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3727:
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3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
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3479:
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3473:
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3460:
3454:
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3428:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Hindsight bias
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Memory erasure
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:post-traumatic
3280:
3275:
3270:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Personal-event
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3151:Working memory
3148:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3121:Motor learning
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
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3090:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3037:Basic concepts
3034:
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2927:
2922:
2917:
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2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:Roy Baumeister
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Michael Posner
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Elliot Aronson
2800:
2798:Walter Mischel
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Albert Bandura
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Leon Festinger
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Neal E. Miller
2705:
2703:Abraham Maslow
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Ernest Hilgard
2685:
2683:Donald O. Hebb
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:J. P. Guilford
2660:
2658:Gordon Allport
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:John B. Watson
2635:
2630:
2625:
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2615:
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2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Animal testing
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2134:
2132:Cross-cultural
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1970:External links
1968:
1965:
1964:
1953:(2): 119–127.
1937:
1930:
1905:
1861:
1834:(6): 692–700.
1815:
1786:(1–3): 45–56.
1770:
1743:(6): 687–702.
1724:
1689:
1645:
1581:
1529:
1475:
1468:
1443:
1432:(3): 360–372.
1416:
1409:
1391:
1348:
1323:
1293:
1272:(2): 275–281.
1249:
1232:
1181:
1135:
1078:
1059:
1018:
1012:
1005:
983:
956:
918:
909:
886:
885:
883:
880:
871:spatial memory
782:
779:
762:binge drinking
753:
750:
737:
734:
725:
722:
716:
713:
711:
708:
684:
681:
667:
664:
656:spatial memory
627:
624:
587:Spatial memory
583:
582:Spatial memory
580:
568:visual priming
545:Main article:
542:
539:
528:Eidetic memory
526:Main article:
523:
520:
486:working memory
477:
474:
472:
469:
463:
460:
450:
447:
386:
383:
298:
295:
293:
290:
273:
270:
258:Main article:
255:
252:
247:
244:
234:
231:
217:Ventral stream
215:Main article:
212:
209:
196:Main article:
193:
190:
178:Occipital lobe
158:ventral stream
145:
142:
123:working memory
93:
90:
74:ventral stream
65:
62:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4016:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3901:Clive Wearing
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Endel Tulving
3863:
3861:
3860:Anne Treisman
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Brenda Milner
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:James McGaugh
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Sigmund Freud
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:retrospective
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Muscle memory
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:Art of memory
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Memory biases
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Confabulation
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3360:Memory errors
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:post-hypnotic
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Rote learning
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Hyperthymesia
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Active recall
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Consolidation
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Psychologists
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Organizations
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:John Anderson
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Ulric Neisser
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Endel Tulving
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Robert Zajonc
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Jerome Bruner
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:B. F. Skinner
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Clark L. Hull
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Sigmund Freud
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:William James
2611:
2609:
2608:Wilhelm Wundt
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:Psychologists
2596:
2588:
2587:Psychometrics
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Consciousness
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Psychophysics
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2421:Methodologies
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Psychotherapy
2379:
2377:
2376:Psychometrics
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Developmental
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:Saksida, L.M.
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:(7): 36–546.
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1241:Mental images
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1002:
997:
996:
987:
981:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
923:
913:
907:
903:
900:
894:
892:
887:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:eye movements
829:
825:
820:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
792:
788:
778:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
749:
745:
743:
733:
730:
721:
707:
704:
700:
698:
693:
688:
680:
678:
677:memory errors
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:Object memory
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
579:
577:
573:
572:unconsciously
569:
565:
564:Iconic memory
561:
560:memory system
557:
553:
552:Iconic memory
548:
547:Iconic memory
541:Iconic memory
538:
534:
529:
519:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:cognitive map
495:
491:
487:
483:
468:
459:
457:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
382:
380:
376:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
303:
289:
287:
283:
279:
269:
266:
261:
251:
243:
240:
230:
227:
225:
224:limbic system
218:
208:
204:
199:
198:Dorsal stream
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:visual cortex
163:
162:visual cortex
159:
155:
154:dorsal stream
150:
144:Visual cortex
141:
139:
138:consolidation
135:
130:
126:
124:
119:
117:
116:parietal lobe
113:
106:
105:parietal lobe
102:
98:
89:
87:
83:
82:dorsal stream
79:
75:
71:
61:
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Visual memory
26:
21:
3932:Ben Pridmore
3850:Larry Squire
3760:Susan Clancy
3719:
3603:Memory sport
3528:Other topics
3418:False memory
3373:Cryptomnesia
3350:Weapon focus
3310:Decay theory
3125:
3071:Neuroanatomy
3030:Human memory
2833:Larry Squire
2828:Bruce McEwen
2823:Amos Tversky
2793:Jerome Kagan
2783:Noam Chomsky
2723:Hans Eysenck
2693:Harry Harlow
2673:Erik Erikson
2572:Intelligence
2469:Neuroimaging
2212:Quantitative
2177:Mathematical
2172:Intelligence
2162:Experimental
2157:Evolutionary
2147:Differential
2056:Psychologist
1950:
1946:
1940:
1921:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1831:
1827:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1740:
1736:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1607:
1603:
1549:
1545:
1497:
1493:
1459:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1338:. 2003-01-01
1335:
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1309:
1269:
1265:
1235:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1162:(1): 79–93.
1159:
1155:
1111:
1107:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1015:
994:
986:
934:
930:
912:
875:brain damage
860:
821:
805:
794:
770:
755:
746:
739:
729:Brain damage
727:
724:Brain damage
718:
701:
689:
686:
669:
660:interference
629:
604:random order
585:
550:
535:
531:
506:mental image
502:concentrated
479:
465:
452:
418:Neuroimaging
416:
411:neuroimaging
312:
275:
267:
263:
249:
236:
228:
220:
205:
201:
167:
156:(green) and
131:
127:
120:
109:
67:
64:Neuroanatomy
31:
30:
3790:Eric Kandel
3738:Researchers
3710:Prospective
3661:Free recall
3615:Shas Pollak
3268:anterograde
3184:Declarative
2905:Disciplines
2878:Susan Fiske
2768:Roger Brown
2668:Carl Rogers
2653:Jean Piaget
2618:Ivan Pavlov
2474:Observation
2454:Experiments
2401:Suicidology
2296:Educational
2251:Anomalistic
2222:Theoretical
2197:Personality
2127:Comparative
2110:Cognitivism
2101:Behaviorism
1801:10347/16798
937:(1): 1–35.
640:orientation
596:hippocampus
395:geometrical
375:interaction
355:distortions
347:alzheimer's
327:sensitivity
242:perception
168:There is a
3993:Categories
3825:Lynn Nadel
3703:intertrial
3688:Metamemory
3676:flashbacks
3596:In society
3293:retrograde
3255:Forgetting
3226:Procedural
3136:Short-term
3106:Eyewitness
2968:Wikisource
2813:Paul Ekman
2648:Kurt Lewin
2542:Competence
2464:Interviews
2444:Case study
2321:Humanistic
2301:Ergonomics
2286:Counseling
2261:Assessment
2243:psychology
2192:Perception
2152:Ecological
2068:psychology
2046:Philosophy
2030:Psychology
1342:2022-02-07
1317:2022-02-07
882:References
787:Palinopsia
785:See also:
697:chalkboard
632:processing
616:vulnerable
515:retrieving
456:mind's eye
174:hemisphere
54:palinopsia
49:mind's eye
3577:Nutrition
3485:In groups
3298:selective
3273:childhood
3201:Flashbulb
3161:Long-term
3061:Attention
2988:Wikibooks
2978:Wikiquote
2848:Ed Diener
2633:Carl Jung
2537:Cognition
2366:Political
2276:Community
2106:Cognitive
1947:Neurocase
1656:Neurology
1245:cognition
1243:in human
379:education
372:education
359:rotations
323:abilities
44:retrieval
25:human eye
3879:Patients
3550:mnemonic
3545:chunking
3211:Implicit
3194:Semantic
3189:Episodic
3179:Explicit
3044:Encoding
2983:Wikinews
2940:Timeline
2562:Feelings
2557:Emotions
2517:Behavior
2508:Concepts
2386:Religion
2371:Positive
2361:Pastoral
2346:Military
2311:Forensic
2306:Feminist
2291:Critical
2281:Consumer
2271:Coaching
2266:Clinical
2241:Applied
2137:Cultural
2076:Abnormal
1990:Archived
1900:41022593
1892:21628437
1856:32903926
1848:15700505
1810:20079980
1765:28246373
1757:18608051
1684:33777145
1640:35543994
1632:21127256
1576:19585672
1524:19379769
1378:10509840
1288:15260193
1219:15085132
1130:17507588
1054:29964078
1038:: 7–15.
951:25113609
902:Archived
828:encoding
801:seizures
703:Children
692:academic
666:Accuracy
510:imagines
430:encoding
351:dementia
307:stimulus
284:and the
172:in each
58:stimulus
36:encoding
3698:Priming
3624:Related
3567:Emotion
3263:Amnesia
3101:Eidetic
3088:Sensory
3049:Storage
2915:Outline
2411:Traffic
2406:Systems
2341:Medical
2167:Gestalt
2041:History
1719:8315232
1676:7936293
1612:Bibcode
1604:Science
1567:2704972
1515:2764830
1386:1894333
1227:4327158
1199:Bibcode
1176:7719132
865:and/or
863:disease
852:neurons
846:of the
812:letters
752:Alcohol
695:on the
646:of the
636:texture
612:average
608:imitate
554:is the
494:encoded
434:storage
381:level.
72:in the
40:storage
4004:Vision
3999:Memory
3731:People
3716:memory
3647:memory
3587:Trauma
3126:Visual
3116:Iconic
3111:Haptic
3096:Echoic
3054:Recall
2945:Topics
2391:School
2316:Health
2217:Social
2120:Social
2066:Basic
2051:Portal
1928:
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1401:Memory
1384:
1376:
1286:
1225:
1217:
1191:Nature
1174:
1128:
1052:
1003:
949:
848:brains
816:encode
652:visual
576:decays
556:visual
490:visual
438:recall
436:, and
426:memory
407:recall
405:, and
399:encode
368:gender
363:scores
3910:Other
3582:Sleep
3535:Aging
3080:Types
2892:Lists
2351:Music
2336:Media
2331:Legal
2182:Moral
1896:S2CID
1852:S2CID
1761:S2CID
1680:S2CID
1636:S2CID
1382:S2CID
1311:Slate
1223:S2CID
1104:(PDF)
742:aging
715:Sleep
648:brain
620:decay
592:brain
413:test.
403:store
3712:and
3643:and
2577:Mind
1926:ISBN
1888:PMID
1844:PMID
1806:PMID
1753:PMID
1715:PMID
1672:PMID
1628:PMID
1572:PMID
1520:PMID
1464:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1374:PMID
1284:PMID
1215:PMID
1172:PMID
1126:PMID
1050:PMID
1001:ISBN
947:PMID
789:and
370:and
313:The
278:rCBF
186:rCBF
152:The
132:The
110:The
42:and
1955:doi
1880:doi
1836:doi
1796:hdl
1788:doi
1784:109
1745:doi
1707:doi
1664:doi
1620:doi
1608:330
1562:PMC
1554:doi
1510:PMC
1502:doi
1434:doi
1366:doi
1274:doi
1207:doi
1195:428
1164:doi
1116:doi
1040:doi
1036:142
939:doi
736:Age
618:to
484:of
329:to
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