704:) within a captured scene, Kreylos demonstrated the capacity of the Kinect and the virtual camera to allow free-viewpoint navigation of the range of depth, although the camera could only allow video capture of the scene as shown to the front of the Kinect, resulting in fields of black, empty space where the camera was unable to capture video within the field of depth. Later, Kreylos demonstrated a further elaboration on the modification by combining the video streams of two Kinects in order to further enhance the video capture within the view of the virtual camera. Kreylos' developments using the Kinect were covered among the works of others in the Kinect hacking and
741:
framework, and optional joystick or button controls that are commonly used to start or stop recording and adjust lens properties. In 1992, Michael McKenna of MIT's Media Lab demonstrated the earliest documented virtual camera rig when he fixed a
Polhemus magnetic motion sensor and a 3.2 inch portable LCD TV to a wooden ruler. The Walkthrough Project at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill produced a number of physical input devices for virtual camera view control including dual three-axis joysticks and a billiard-ball shaped prop known as the UNC Eyeball that featured an embedded six-degree of freedom motion tracker and a digital button.
664:
creative shot selection. In computing subsequent suggested virtual camera shots, the system analyzes the visual compositions and editing patterns of prior recorded shots to compute suggested camera shots that conform to continuity conventions such as not crossing the line of action, matching placement of virtual characters so they appear to look at one another across cuts, and favors those shots which the human operator had previously used in sequence.
521:
462:
73:
618:. Indeed, the system was "aware" of the structure of the level and therefore could anticipate certain shots. For example, in the first level, when the path to the hill is about to turn left, the camera automatically starts looking towards the left too, thus anticipating the player's movements. The second type allows the player to control the camera relatively to
551:
57:
638:
In some camera systems, if no solution can be found, constraints are relaxed. For example, if the solver cannot generate a shot where the character occupies 30 percent of the screen space, it might ignore the screen space constraint and simply ensure that the character is visible at all. Such methods
642:
Some camera systems use predefined scripts to decide how to select the current shot for commonly seen shot scenarios called film idioms. Typically, the script is going to be triggered as a result of an action. For instance, when the player's character initiates a conversation with another character,
541:
since it is very simple to implement. However, there are a number of issues with it. In particular, if the current view is not suitable (either because it is occluded by an object, or because it is not showing what the player is interested in), it cannot be changed since the player does not control
452:
There are primarily three types of third-person camera systems: the "fixed camera systems" in which the camera positions are set during the game creation; the "tracking camera systems" in which the camera simply follows the player's character; and the "interactive camera systems" that are under the
651:
shots. Such script-based approaches may switch the camera between a set of predefined cameras or rely on a constraint solver to generate the camera coordinates to account for variability in scene layout. This scripted approach and the use of a constraint solver to compute virtual cameras was first
634:
is to generate the best possible shot given a set of visual constraints. In other words, the constraint solver is given a requested shot composition such as "show this character and ensure that he covers at least 30 percent of the screen space". The solver will then use various methods to try to
663:
While much of the prior work in automated virtual camera control systems has been directed towards reducing the need for a human to manually control the camera, the
Director's Lens solution computes and proposes a palette of suggested virtual camera shots leaving the human operator to make the
740:
to control the position and orientation of a virtual camera enables the operator to intuitively move and aim the virtual camera by simply walking about and turning the virtual camera rig. A virtual camera rig consists of a portable monitor or tablet device, motion sensors, an optional support
659:
with its own personality. The style of the shots and their rhythm will be affected by their mood. Thus a happy camera will "cut more frequently, spend more time in close-up shots, move with a bouncy, swooping motion, and brightly illuminate the scene".
528:
Tracking cameras follows the characters from behind. The player does not control the camera in any way – they cannot for example rotate it or move it to a different position. This type of camera system was very common in early 3D games such as
564:
This type of camera system is an improvement over the tracking camera system. While the camera is still tracking the character, some of its parameters, such as its orientation or distance to the character, can be changed. On
999:
635:
create a shot that would satisfy this request. Once a suitable shot is found, the solver outputs the coordinates and rotation of the camera, which can then be used by the graphic engine renderer to display the view.
1545:
383:. Camera systems are used in video games where their purpose is to show the action at the best possible angle; more generally, they are used in 3D virtual worlds when a third-person view is required.
643:
the "conversation" script is going to be triggered. This script will contain instructions on how to "shoot" a two-character conversation. Thus the shots will be a combination of, for instance,
652:
proposed by
Drucker. Subsequent research demonstrated how a script-based system could automatically switch cameras to view conversations between avatars in a realtime chat application.
614:. The game had two types of camera systems between which the player could switch at any time. The first one was a standard tracking camera system except that it was partly driven by
1003:
1127:
504:, creating mood through camerawork and selection of shots. Games that use this kind of technique are often praised for their cinematic qualities. Many games with fixed cameras use
479:, during the game creation. The camera views will not change dynamically, so the same place will always be shown under the same set of views. Games that use fixed cameras include
696:
in a series of YouTube videos which showed him combining the Kinect with a PC-based virtual camera. Because the Kinect is capable of detecting a full range of depth (through
542:
the camera. Sometimes this viewpoint causes difficulty when a character turns or stands face out against a wall. The camera may jerk or end up in awkward positions.
386:
As opposed to filmmakers, virtual camera system creators have to deal with a world that is interactive and unpredictable. It is not possible to know where the
1555:
622:'s position. By pressing the left or right buttons, the camera rotates around Mario, while pressing up or down moves the camera closer or away from Mario.
524:
An illustration of a protagonist whom a player controls and a tracking camera just behind, slightly above, and slightly facing down towards that character
1232:
1167:
1052:
692:
players and hands-free control of the user interfaces of video games and other software on the console. This was later modified by Oliver
Kreylos of
449:. Games with this perspective often make use of positional audio, where the volume of ambient sounds varies depending on the position of the avatar.
413:
are partially automated and allow the player to directly change the view. To implement camera systems, video game developers use techniques such as
437:
rendered from a fixed distance behind and slightly above the player character. This viewpoint allows players to see a more strongly characterized
789:
898:
1412:
358:
1138:
1494:
1509:
1387:
1341:
Tomlinson, Bill; Bruce
Blumberg; Delphine Nain (2000). "Expressive autonomous cinematography for interactive virtual environments".
1301:
923:
1740:
724:
and view the digital character's movements in real time in a pre-constructed digital environment, such as a house or spaceship.
1026:
972:
843:
1373:
1245:
1180:
315:
1467:
1100:
585:
1704:
1443:
799:
418:
351:
325:
34:
320:
475:
With a fixed camera system, the developers set the properties of the camera, such as its position, orientation or
405:, the camera does not move at all, and the system displays the player's character in a succession of still shots.
1773:
693:
305:
1251:
1186:
537:
512:
rather than the camera position; this allows the player to maintain direction when the camera angle changes.
124:
1783:
1056:
655:
Bill
Tomlinson used a more original approach to the problem. He devised a system in which the camera is an
531:
344:
330:
114:
270:
253:
209:
1426:
Lino, Christophe; Marc
Christie; Roberto Ranon; William Bares (1 December 2011). "The director's lens".
765:
310:
192:
104:
805:
129:
30:
1687:
1282:
1217:
1356:
615:
395:
134:
1677:
Michael McKenna (March 1992). "Interactive viewpoint control and three-dimensional operations".
1629:
1682:
1351:
760:
705:
697:
644:
631:
493:
414:
119:
1302:"The Virtual Cinematographer: A Paradigm for Automatic Real-Time Camera Control and Directing"
1601:
446:
275:
149:
1524:
589:. Fully interactive camera systems are often difficult to implement in the right way. Thus
579:
434:
372:
224:
199:
177:
154:
61:
1342:
8:
1316:
927:
85:
1125:
1710:
1529:
1449:
1406:
1379:
1270:
1205:
732:
566:
438:
182:
1729:
869:
730:
was the first video game to use the technology, which was developed for the 2009 film
1700:
1634:
1439:
1369:
1241:
1176:
1163:
795:
630:
There is a large body of research on how to implement a camera system. The role of a
574:
248:
144:
1714:
1453:
1030:
976:
847:
554:
Instead of staying behind Mario, the camera intelligently rotates to show the path (
500:
One advantage of this camera system is that it allows the game designers to use the
394:
as a filmmaker would do. To solve this issue, the system relies on certain rules or
1778:
1692:
1578:
1573:
1431:
1383:
1361:
1297:
828:
701:
656:
509:
422:
387:
1656:
949:
550:
390:
is going to be in the next few seconds; therefore, it is not possible to plan the
1550:
726:
467:
260:
139:
1126:
Bares, William; Scott McDermott; Christina
Boudreaux; Somying Thainimit (2000).
1471:
737:
721:
709:
610:
556:
391:
1104:
573:
to provide good accuracy, whereas on PC games it is usually controlled by the
1767:
750:
508:, whereby players control character movement relative to the position of the
505:
487:
481:
476:
461:
380:
214:
1435:
1078:
605:
called the camera system "so smart that it rarely needs manual correction".
1510:"Two Kinects join forces to create better 3D video, blow our minds (video)"
1425:
570:
379:
aims at controlling a camera or a set of cameras to display a view of a 3D
236:
204:
1696:
1365:
755:
501:
442:
265:
241:
219:
159:
1309:
International
Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
56:
1679:
Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on
Interactive 3D graphics - SI3D '92
1344:
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents
681:
520:
677:
231:
187:
1340:
1137:. California, United States: Marina del Rey: 177–186. Archived from
899:"Bringing out the Dead: Tim Schafer reflects back on Grim Fandango"
874:
720:
Virtual cameras have been developed which allow a director to film
689:
648:
590:
109:
1428:
Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
1295:
1546:""Virtual Camera" Captures Actors' Movements for Resident Evil 5"
608:
One of the first games to offer an interactive camera system was
1574:"Resident Evil 5 Offers Sneak Peek at Avatar's 'Virtual Camera'"
409:, on the other hand, follow the character's movements. Finally,
688:
hybrid peripheral device which provides full-body detection of
685:
673:
1234:
CamDroid: A System for Implementing Intelligent Camera Control
1169:
CamDroid: A System for Implementing Intelligent Camera Control
72:
1053:"15 Most Influential Video Games of All Time: Super Mario 64"
619:
287:
1101:"Cameracontrol.org: The virtual camera control bibliography"
1630:"How James Cameron's Innovative New 3D Tech Created Avatar"
99:
715:
1606:
602:
1128:"Virtual 3D camera composition from frame constraints"
1350:. Vol. 4th. Barcelona, Spain. pp. 317–324.
64:
showing parameters of the camera that can be adjusted
1727:
1230:
1162:
787:
597:
difficulty comes from having to control the camera.
401:There are mainly three types of camera systems. In
1765:
1525:"With Kinect Controller, Hackers Take Liberties"
667:
1739:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
1676:
1079:"The Essential 50 Part 36: Super Mario 64 from"
1730:"Final Technical Report – Walkthrough Project"
783:
781:
51:System to display a view of a 3D virtual world
1522:
1492:
352:
1027:"The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker Review"
1507:
1024:
778:
433:In video games, "third-person" refers to a
15:
1411:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1231:Drucker, Steven M.; David Zeltzer (1995).
1000:"Super Mario Sunshine Review for GameCube"
359:
345:
16:
1686:
1572:Lewinski, John Scott (27 February 2009).
1355:
997:
950:"Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation Review"
1627:
1571:
1567:
1565:
549:
519:
460:
55:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
896:
841:
826:
788:Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006).
716:Real-time recording and motion tracking
569:, the camera is often controlled by an
14:
1766:
1746:from the original on 23 September 2015
1495:"Kinect Used As 3D Video Capture Tool"
398:to select the most appropriate shots.
1562:
1599:
897:Matulef, Jeffrey (26 January 2015).
577:. This is the case in games such as
428:
1543:
1315:. New York: 217–224. Archived from
1135:International Multimedia Conference
1025:Casamassina, Matt (25 March 2003).
599:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
586:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
48:
1728:Frederick Brooks Jr. (June 1992).
1523:Jenna Wortham (21 November 2010).
1493:Kevin Parrish (17 November 2010).
1393:from the original on 29 March 2005
998:Gerstmann, Jeff (4 October 2002).
49:
1795:
1628:Thompson, Anne (1 January 2010).
970:
890:
862:
625:
326:List of text-based computer games
1600:Lowe, Scott (27 February 2009).
1544:Hsu, Jeremy (27 February 2009).
1508:Tim Stevens (29 November 2010).
321:List of stereoscopic video games
71:
1721:
1670:
1649:
1621:
1593:
1537:
1516:
1501:
1486:
1460:
1419:
1334:
1289:
1224:
1156:
1119:
1093:
1071:
1045:
1018:
694:University of California, Davis
419:artificial intelligence scripts
991:
964:
942:
916:
835:
820:
545:
306:List of four-dimensional games
13:
1:
771:
668:In mixed-reality applications
125:Isometric video game graphics
870:"A eulogy for tank controls"
601:was more successful at it -
471:that aim at creating tension
331:Category:Video game graphics
115:Full motion video based game
7:
1300:; David H. Salesin (1996).
791:Fundamentals of Game Design
744:
515:
271:First-person shooter engine
10:
1800:
1055:. GameSpot. Archived from
1002:. GameSpot. Archived from
766:First-person (video games)
632:constraint solver software
411:interactive camera systems
100:2.5D & 3/4 perspective
1468:"Oliver Krelos' Homepage"
1430:. ACM. pp. 323–332.
973:"Enter the Matrix Review"
130:Side-scrolling video game
1166:; David Zeltzer (1995).
924:"Sonic Adventure Review"
593:argues that much of the
456:
31:latest accepted revision
1681:. ACM. pp. 53–56.
1436:10.1145/2072298.2072341
952:. IGN. 11 December 1999
645:over the shoulder shots
616:artificial intelligence
396:artificial intelligence
311:List of FMV-based games
135:Stereoscopic video game
1774:Video game development
1657:"Optitrack InsightVCS"
844:"Resident Evil Review"
761:Virtual cinematography
698:computer stereo vision
561:
525:
472:
465:Selection of shots in
447:action adventure games
441:and is most common in
120:Graphic adventure game
65:
60:Virtual camera system
1697:10.1145/147156.147163
1602:"The Tech Behind RE5"
1366:10.1145/336595.337513
1029:. IGN. Archived from
975:. IGN. Archived from
926:. IGN. Archived from
846:. IGN. Archived from
639:include zooming out.
595:Super Mario Sunshine'
553:
523:
485:(1998) and the early
464:
435:graphical perspective
377:virtual camera system
283:Virtual camera system
150:Tile-based video game
59:
580:Super Mario Sunshine
403:fixed camera systems
200:3D computer graphics
178:2D computer graphics
155:Top-down perspective
1784:Video game graphics
1474:on 23 December 2010
930:on 11 February 2008
842:Casamassina, Matt.
827:Casamassina, Matt.
808:on 17 February 2009
567:video game consoles
316:List of FPS engines
86:Video game graphics
80:Part of a series on
21:Page version status
1530:The New York Times
1164:Drucker, Steven M.
878:. 20 February 2015
562:
526:
473:
453:player's control.
415:constraint solvers
254:Real-time graphics
183:Parallax scrolling
66:
27:
1635:Popular Mechanics
1497:. Tom's Hardware.
1375:978-1-58113-230-4
1322:on 28 August 2008
1247:978-0-89791-736-0
1182:978-0-89791-736-0
1107:on 13 August 2011
794:. Prentice Hall.
429:Third-person view
423:autonomous agents
369:
368:
249:Computer graphics
145:Third-person view
105:First-person view
18:
1791:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1558:on 2 March 2009.
1554:. Archived from
1541:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1470:. Archived from
1464:
1458:
1457:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1359:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1298:Michael F. Cohen
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1250:. Archived from
1239:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1185:. Archived from
1174:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1103:. Archived from
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1059:on 26 March 2009
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1033:on 26 March 2009
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:on 26 March 2009
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
979:on 25 March 2009
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
850:on 25 March 2009
839:
833:
832:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
804:. Archived from
785:
702:Structured light
676:was released by
657:autonomous agent
510:player character
502:language of film
407:Tracking cameras
388:player character
361:
354:
347:
75:
68:
67:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1707:
1688:10.1.1.132.8599
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1570:
1563:
1551:Popular Science
1542:
1538:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1446:
1424:
1420:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1376:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1144:on 10 July 2010
1141:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
996:
992:
982:
980:
969:
965:
955:
953:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
895:
891:
881:
879:
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
840:
836:
825:
821:
811:
809:
802:
786:
779:
774:
747:
727:Resident Evil 5
718:
708:community in a
670:
628:
548:
532:Crash Bandicoot
518:
468:Resident Evil 2
459:
431:
365:
336:
335:
301:
293:
292:
266:Graphics engine
261:Game art design
173:
165:
164:
140:Text-based game
95:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1758:
1757:
1720:
1706:978-0897914673
1705:
1669:
1648:
1620:
1592:
1561:
1536:
1515:
1500:
1485:
1459:
1444:
1418:
1374:
1357:10.1.1.19.7502
1333:
1288:
1279:|journal=
1257:on 5 June 2011
1246:
1223:
1214:|journal=
1192:on 5 June 2011
1181:
1155:
1118:
1092:
1070:
1044:
1017:
990:
971:Carle, Chris.
963:
941:
915:
889:
861:
834:
829:"fixed-camera"
819:
800:
776:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
746:
743:
738:motion capture
722:motion capture
717:
714:
710:New York Times
669:
666:
627:
626:Implementation
624:
611:Super Mario 64
557:Super Mario 64
547:
544:
517:
514:
458:
455:
430:
427:
373:3D video games
367:
366:
364:
363:
356:
349:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
279:
278:
273:
263:
258:
257:
256:
246:
245:
244:
239:
229:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
197:
196:
195:
190:
185:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
50:
39:27 August 2024
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1796:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:9781450306164
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1272:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1207:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1080:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1005:
1001:
994:
978:
974:
967:
951:
945:
929:
925:
919:
904:
900:
893:
877:
876:
871:
865:
849:
845:
838:
830:
823:
807:
803:
801:9780131687479
797:
793:
792:
784:
782:
777:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Camera matrix
749:
748:
742:
739:
736:. The use of
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:In 2010, the
665:
661:
658:
653:
650:
646:
640:
636:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
581:
576:
572:
568:
559:
558:
552:
543:
540:
539:
534:
533:
522:
513:
511:
507:
506:tank controls
503:
498:
496:
495:
490:
489:
488:Resident Evil
484:
483:
482:Grim Fandango
478:
477:field of view
470:
469:
463:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
381:virtual world
378:
374:
362:
357:
355:
350:
348:
343:
342:
340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
215:Pre-rendering
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
63:
58:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
1761:
1748:. Retrieved
1736:
1723:
1678:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1605:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1577:
1556:the original
1549:
1539:
1528:
1518:
1503:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1462:
1427:
1421:
1395:. Retrieved
1343:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1312:
1308:
1296:He, Li-wei;
1291:
1259:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1233:
1226:
1194:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1168:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1134:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:the original
966:
954:. Retrieved
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:
892:
880:. Retrieved
873:
864:
852:. Retrieved
848:the original
837:
831:. giantbomb.
822:
810:. Retrieved
806:the original
790:
731:
725:
719:
671:
662:
654:
641:
637:
629:
609:
607:
598:
594:
584:
578:
571:analog stick
563:
555:
536:
530:
527:
499:
492:
486:
480:
474:
466:
451:
443:action games
432:
410:
406:
402:
400:
385:
376:
370:
282:
237:Digitization
205:3D rendering
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
1641:25 February
1613:24 February
1585:25 February
1512:. Engadget.
756:Game engine
546:Interactive
538:Tomb Raider
276:Tile engine
242:Rotoscoping
220:Cel shading
160:Vector game
1768:Categories
772:References
682:3D scanner
494:God of War
1683:CiteSeerX
1407:cite book
1352:CiteSeerX
1281:ignored (
1271:cite book
1216:ignored (
1206:cite book
1081:. 1UP.com
903:Eurogamer
712:article.
678:Microsoft
232:Animation
188:Pixel art
1750:23 March
1741:Archived
1737:Tr92-026
1715:17308648
1662:15 March
1454:14079689
1397:22 March
1388:Archived
1326:22 March
1261:15 March
1196:22 March
1148:22 March
1085:22 March
1063:22 March
1037:22 March
1010:22 March
983:22 March
956:22 March
934:22 March
875:PC Gamer
854:22 March
812:24 March
745:See also
706:homebrew
690:Xbox 360
649:close-up
591:GameSpot
516:Tracking
110:Fixed 3D
35:reviewed
1779:Cameras
1478:8 March
1384:5532829
908:5 March
882:5 March
497:games.
210:Polygon
1713:
1703:
1685:
1452:
1442:
1382:
1372:
1354:
1244:
1179:
798:
733:Avatar
686:webcam
674:Kinect
439:avatar
225:Skybox
193:Sprite
172:Topics
1744:(PDF)
1733:(PDF)
1711:S2CID
1579:Wired
1450:S2CID
1391:(PDF)
1380:S2CID
1348:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1305:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
1173:(PDF)
1142:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1111:6 May
680:as a
620:Mario
575:mouse
457:Fixed
421:, or
392:shots
300:Lists
288:Voxel
94:Types
1752:2015
1701:ISBN
1664:2015
1643:2015
1615:2015
1587:2015
1480:2011
1440:ISBN
1413:link
1399:2009
1370:ISBN
1328:2009
1313:23rd
1283:help
1263:2015
1242:ISBN
1218:help
1198:2009
1177:ISBN
1150:2009
1113:2011
1087:2009
1065:2009
1039:2009
1012:2009
985:2009
958:2009
936:2009
910:2018
884:2018
856:2009
814:2009
796:ISBN
700:and
647:and
491:and
445:and
375:, a
62:demo
1693:doi
1607:IGN
1432:doi
1362:doi
603:IGN
583:or
535:or
371:In
37:on
1770::
1735:.
1709:.
1699:.
1691:.
1632:.
1604:.
1576:.
1564:^
1548:.
1527:.
1448:.
1438:.
1409:}}
1405:{{
1386:.
1378:.
1368:.
1360:.
1311:.
1307:.
1275::
1273:}}
1269:{{
1240:.
1210::
1208:}}
1204:{{
1175:.
1133:.
901:.
872:.
780:^
560:).
425:.
417:,
33:,
1754:.
1717:.
1695::
1666:.
1645:.
1617:.
1589:.
1533:.
1482:.
1456:.
1434::
1415:)
1401:.
1364::
1330:.
1285:)
1265:.
1220:)
1200:.
1152:.
1115:.
1089:.
1067:.
1041:.
1014:.
987:.
960:.
938:.
912:.
886:.
858:.
816:.
684:/
360:e
353:t
346:v
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
