714:
501:
478:, who refused the offer because they believed it was a trick, and advised other prisoners not to trust Pestek. Previously, an SS man named Dobrovolný—an ethnic German from Slovakia—had met a Jewish childhood friend at Auschwitz. Dobrovolný offered to help him escape but then turned him in, resulting in his brutal execution and a bonus for the SS man. This and similar incidents persuaded Vrba, Wetzler and other prisoners that guards could not be trusted under any circumstances. According to Wetzler, Pestek told him, "I hate myself for having to watch women and children be killed. I want to do something to forget the smell of burning human flesh and feel a little cleaner." Pestek also approached the Czech
726:, head of the self-administration. Eppstein, Baeck, and Holzer agreed the truth about Auschwitz must be kept strictly secret, lest a "catastrophe" befall the 35,000 prisoners at Theresienstadt at the time. Although rumors about the fate awaiting them at Auschwitz had already spread around the ghetto, many people refused to believe them. Almost all the Jews who were deported to the family camp in May 1944 were unaware of Lederer's previous visit to Theresienstadt, and the few who had access to Lederer's reports made no effort to avoid deportation. Even the resistance members in the fire brigade opposed armed resistance, trusting the
886:. Although some authors, including Levine, have connected Lederer's report to the fact that the second liquidation of the family camp spared those able to work, Miroslav Kárný emphasizes that the decision was made due to the increasing labor shortage. Kárný, who felt that Lederer's actions needed no embellishment, found that Lederer and the Czech journalist Eduard Kotora, who publicized the former's actions, exaggerated them. These distortions were uncritically repeated by other writers. One influential, although discredited, account of the escape was Erich Kulka's semi-fictional 1966 book
554:
516:
to rescue
Neumann, in considerable detail. Lederer would leave disguised as an SS man. After obtaining false documents in the Protectorate, Lederer and Pestek would return, impersonating SS officers, and present a forged Gestapo warrant for the arrest of Renée Neumann and her mother. The Auschwitz staff would provide a car and driver, who would be killed on the way to the Gestapo station. After disposing of the body, the escapees would take an express train to the Protectorate. The plan was based on Pestek's knowledge of protocol from his experience in the transport office.
413:
40:
447:(ethnic Germans from outside Germany), who comprised the majority of Auschwitz guards. Some SS men formed relationships with Jewish women in the family camp because, unlike other prisoners, they had been allowed to keep their hair. Pestek fell in love with Renée Neumann, a Czech Jewish prisoner at the family camp, although she did not return his affection. He arranged for Neumann to get a job as a block clerk and offered to help her escape by disguising her as an
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811:
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304:—a hotbed of resistance—heard about Lederer's resistance activities and postponed his deportation by recruiting him into the fire brigade. Lederer later claimed that he had maintained contact with the Plzeňák 28 while at Theresienstadt, but survivors of that group testified that they had heard nothing from him until his escape. He was dismissed from the fire brigade and lost his protection from deportation because he was caught smoking. Deported to
802:, the ICRC probably did not receive the report. Lederer said in 1967 that he had the opportunity to escape to Switzerland but decided not to because his family had already been killed by the Germans and he felt obliged to continue to fight. According to Kárný, Lederer regarded fleeing to Switzerland as cowardice and desertion, even though Kárný notes that his testimony on Auschwitz would have been more credible if he had delivered it in person.
710:, where he met with Václav Veselý, a barber who regularly went into the ghetto to shave the Czech guards; he knew Lederer and had helped the Jews in the past. Veselý told Lederer how to avoid the sentries, taking advantage of a security vulnerability around a hospital located outside the ghetto's perimeter. Lederer crossed the open ground outside the ghetto while the sentry was looking the other way and passed through a fence.
689:. Josef Plzák, who had known Lederer in the resistance, was arrested in June 1944 under suspicion of helping to hide him. Plzák provided assistance to those hiding Lederer and did not betray him. Steiner, a German bank clerk named Ludwig Wallner whose Jewish sister-in-law had been deported to Auschwitz, and three others were indicted by the Nazi authorities for hiding Pestek and Lederer, and providing false papers for them.
512:
the offer but suggested
Lederer. Cierer and Pestek spoke in French to avoid being understood. Cierer later shared his contacts with Lederer in the hope that his escape would be successful, and the two men planned together how to break news of Auschwitz to the outside world—a plan they concealed from Pestek until after the escape. Other sources state that it was Lederer whom Pestek escorted to the Gestapo.
782:(ICRC) in neutral Switzerland. In Plzeň, he met Czech journalist Eduard Kotora, to whom he confided his plans. Kotora accompanied Lederer to the Křimice station, where the latter boarded a train. Using false papers provided by Steiner and a false work permit provided by the Zbraslav resistance, Lederer continued to the Škodovák station, which was used by many Czechs crossing the border to work at the
624:
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Baeck did not tell anyone of this. In his memoirs, he wrote: "Living in the expectation of death by gassing would only be the harder. And this death was not certain for all—there was selection for slave labor; perhaps not all transports went to
Auschwitz. So came the grave decision to tell no one." Grünberger's report spread as a rumor through Theresienstadt but many people refused to believe it.
561:
575:
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850:, his actions in particular indicate the limits of the absolute totalitarian hierarchy imposed by SS leaders. Langbein evaluates Pestek's actions more favorably than those of the guards who helped inmates escape during the evacuation of the camp in January 1945 in hopes of avoiding punishment for their crimes. One survivor described Pestek as "a decent person who never beat inmates" and
665:. From Prague they went to Plzeň, where they hid with Josef Černík, a former Czechoslovak Army officer who had earlier helped Lederer find work. The police circulated a photograph of Lederer but did not offer a reward for his capture. Brigitta Steiner, the daughter of a friend of Lederer's, provided false civilian papers for him. She was a
756:. SS guard Stefan Baretzki, who knew Pestek well, testified that Pestek had been arrested at Birkenau. Baretzki said he had seen other SS guards beating Pestek. Ryszard Henryk Kordek, a prisoner, said that Baretzki had raised the alarm over Pestek's return and that Baretzki was one of the guards who beat Pestek. SS man
387:
According to
Siegfried Lederer, Pestek said that he was a "killer, and a Soviet partisan spared my life anyway". By the time of his return to a German-controlled area, he had lost the use of his hand. Found unfit for front-line service, he was posted to the Auschwitz concentration camp as a guard. Pestek was an SS
978:, p. 177), it could have been as early as late April (per Ryszard Henryk Kordek) or as late as June (per Lederer), who said that he had visited Constance first. Josef Neumann gave conflicting testimony on when the return had occurred, saying it was 25 May and late April at different times. According to
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had been deported directly to
Auschwitz and later transferred to a work detail, from which he escaped. With the help of a Czech gendarme, he smuggled himself into the ghetto to warn an engineer who was a friend of his, probably Julius Grünberger. Baeck heard the report from Grünberger in August 1943.
174:
about the mass murders at
Auschwitz. He and Pestek returned to Auschwitz in an attempt to rescue Neumann and her mother. Pestek was arrested under disputed circumstances and later executed. Lederer returned to occupied Czechoslovakia, where he rejoined the resistance movement and attempted to smuggle
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Pestek and
Lederer returned to Auschwitz between late April and June, planning to rescue Renée Neumann, her mother, and Faltys' relative. What happened afterwards is disputed. It is known the SS arrested Pestek and that Lederer escaped capture. According to Kárný, Pestek had overstayed his leave and
733:
Explaining the reaction to the possibility of imminent death, Israeli historian and survivor Jakov Tsur stated that no one was capable of understanding
Auschwitz until he or she had arrived and was undergoing selection. Miroslav Kárný said that he and his friends knew before their deportation on 28
515:
As a member of the family camp and because he was detained for his resistance activities, Lederer believed he had nothing to lose. He told Pestek he was wealthy and that his contacts in the underground would help Pestek and
Neumann. Pestek and Lederer planned their escape, and their intended return
511:
According to Jakov Tsur, Pestek escorted Cierer to the
Gestapo for interrogation and made an offer to him. When interrogated later, Cierer claimed the offer was only a transfer to another part of the camp, not a complete escape. Cierer, whose three children were with him in the family camp, refused
760:
said he heard kapos bragging about chasing and catching Pestek in woods around the camp. Kárný hypothesizes that Pestek, realizing he had been recognized, gave up his plans to save Renée Neumann and her mother, and therefore made the offer to Josef Neumann. Pestek was sentenced to death by firing
519:
Because he was a wounded soldier, Pestek was entitled to a long leave and requested it for 6 April 1944. On 3 April, he stole an SS uniform, pistol, and paybook for Lederer, who hid them in a double wall. Before standing guard at the gate of the family camp on the night of 5 April, Pestek left a
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After Werner had died of his injuries, partisans discovered Pestek. Despite the SS killings in the village, the partisans spared his life. This humane treatment while in enemy hands was apparently what reawakened Pestek's Catholic faith and convinced him to oppose Germany's policies of genocide.
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whose partial German ancestry prevented her deportation. She also told them of Faltys, a Jew in hiding in Prague who could arrange the rest of the papers, including SS officer identification for Pestek and Lederer that would give them the authority to arrest Renée Neumann and her mother. Faltys
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Josef Neumann said he had been approached by an unknown SS man—probably Pestek—with an offer of escape. Before they could enact their plans, the alarm was raised and SS guards arrived. Neumann and Pestek were caught, handcuffed together, and carried away; both were interrogated and tortured at
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and that she reported him when he tried to retrieve them. Kárný disputes that Lederer could have known that she betrayed him because, according to Lederer, he had remained at the Auschwitz train station while Pestek continued to Myslowitz. Kárný concludes that the conflicting accounts make it
833:
Following this, Lederer said he returned to Zbraslav and joined a partisan group named after S. P. Vezděněv and continued his activity with Plzeňák 28. According to Kárný, Lederer's role in the latter group, which during 1944 focused on sabotaging the Roderstein capacitor factory and a local
790:, alternately dressed as a civilian and an SS officer. He met the widow of Werner, Pestek's SS colleague who was killed in action in Belarus, and gave her some of Werner's personal possessions that had ended up in Pestek's hands. Mrs. Werner introduced Lederer to the captain of a boat on
524:, avoiding border control by pretending to be luggage inspectors. Lederer's absence was discovered in the morning of 6 May by an SS man inspecting the family camp who had seen a woman exiting Lederer's block and stepped in to investigate, only to discover Lederer missing. At 11:30, SS-
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bicycle by Lederer's barracks as a signal for him to come out. Pestek gave the correct passwords, telling the other guards Lederer was on special duty, and both men bicycled out of the front gate. They went to the railway station outside Auschwitz and caught a train to
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Lederer told Leo Holzer about what he had witnessed at Auschwitz, and according to his later testimony also informed Jirka Petschauer, the captain of the Jewish police inside the ghetto, and Otto Schliesser, a member of the Council of Elders. Holzer notified Baeck and
825:(August–October 1944), and was wounded in the attempt. In November, he made his last visit to Theresienstadt, staying about eight days to compile a detailed report on the Small Fortress, the ghetto, and the Sudeten barracks to which the Germans had transferred the
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There is no evidence the report reached its destination, or even that Lederer sent it as he described. Kárný writes that the most likely interpretation is that the skipper destroyed the report to avoid difficulties with border control. According to Czech historian
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September 1944 that there were gas chambers at Auschwitz, but that "no human being could accept these facts as truth". Lederer made two or three trips into the ghetto in May, smuggling weapons and parts of a radio transmitter that he received from Josef Pokorný.
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on 8 October 1944 at 7:04. Members of Pestek's unit reported being ordered to witness the shooting. During the second liquidation of the family camp in July 1944, Neumann and her mother were selected for forced labor in the Hamburg area. Both survived the war.
440:
Pestek was initially appointed the supervisor of section BIId of Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Although he quickly developed a reputation for trading contraband, he was disgusted by the mass killings at Auschwitz and by the contempt of some German SS members for
466:) of Block 14 within the family camp later that month. Alfred Cierer, a Czech Jewish industrialist, and his son Jakov Tsur moved in because they knew Lederer. Realizing he would have to act quickly to save Neumann's life, Pestek began to approach other
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upon arrival, were allowed to retain their civilian clothes, and were not forced to shave their heads. Families were allowed to stay together and write to their friends and relatives in an attempt to mislead the outside world about the
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archives in 1943. Lederer's report contained information for which, according to Kárný, "every Allied secret service would have given anything" to obtain. There is no evidence that Lederer tried to send it to the Allies.
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Wehrmacht installation is unclear. Kulka disagrees, stating that the report on Lederer's activities in the Plzeňák 28 group confirms his testimony "to the smallest detail". Lederer remained in Czechoslovakia after the
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Although described as "one of the most bizarre" escapes of World War II by historian Alan J. Levine, Lederer's flight was overshadowed by that of Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler two days later, which produced the
697:
On 20 April, Lederer made the first of four or five visits to the Theresienstadt Ghetto. Unbeknownst to him, Lederer was not the first Auschwitz escapee to bring news of mass executions by gassing. Rabbi
537:. Another telegram four hours later reported that an SS man—presumably Pestek—was under suspicion for aiding the escape. Cierer and others suspected of being close to Pestek or Lederer were interrogated.
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In Prague, Pestek and Lederer sold jewelry that Lederer had obtained on the Auschwitz black market and bought civilian clothes. They also altered their uniforms to resemble Waffen-SS soldiers instead of
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wrote in the introduction of the book that "The story that Erich Kulka tells is not fiction". Kulka claimed that his work was historically accurate, even while describing it as a "historical novel".
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for alleged resistance activity. On both occasions, he was quickly released because of a lack of evidence. He was arrested a third time and imprisoned with other political prisoners at the
1058:
Nenávidím sám sebe za to, že se musím dívat na to, jak jsou zabíjeny ženy a děti. Chtěl bych něco udělat, abych zapomněl na zápach pálícího lidského se masa a mohl se cítit trošku čistší.
479:
455:, Pestek decided against escaping with Neumann and her mother because of their lack of contacts in the Czech underground who could help him evade prosecution until the end of the war.
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grew up in the same town; he and Pestek were acquaintances as children. Pestek's father was a blacksmith and a small farmer; Pestek learned these trades as a young man. He joined the
743:
was suspected of having helped Lederer escape, and therefore success was impossible under the circumstances. Lederer said Pestek had left some valuables with a Polish girlfriend in
683:, a suburb of Prague. The Černík, Dundr, and Kopřiva families collaborated closely, providing basic needs for Lederer, and Černík and his wife were shadowed and interrogated by the
2574:"Report regarding the activities of Siegfried Lederer in the Czech underground, and a telegram sent by the Gestapo following Lederer's escape from Auschwitz camp, dated, 1944–1945"
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155:; he was a devout Catholic and was infatuated with Renée Neumann, a Jewish prisoner. Pestek accompanied Lederer out of the camp, and the two men traveled together to the
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866:, Pestek may have helped Lederer in an attempt to distance himself from Nazi crimes because his home in Bukovina had been recently occupied by the advancing
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Pestek was one of only two or three Auschwitz guards who risked their lives to help inmates escape. According to Austrian historian and Auschwitz survivor
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opened fire at the Germans, they hit Pestek in his arm and in his leg. Separated from his unit, he and another wounded SS man named Werner hid in a barn.
533:, the commandant of Auschwitz II-Birkenau, sent a telegram to the German police notifying them that Lederer had escaped, probably disguised as an SS-
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262:
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257:, helped those living in hiding, and distributed illegal publications. Lederer also said that he was a member of the resistance group named after
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in Switzerland. After the war he remained in Czechoslovakia. The story of the escape was retold by Lederer and writers including historian
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Several people helped hide Lederer during the summer of 1944. In May 1944, Lederer was hiding in Prague with Bedřich and Božena Dundr, at
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2525:"Nonfiction Book Review: Escape from Auschwitz by Erich Kulka, Author J F Bergin & Garvey $ 28.95 (150p) ISBN 978-0-89789-088-5"
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For her resistance activities, Škardová was sentenced to death and executed in 1943. The indictment does not mention Lederer.
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462:. Pestek rescued Neumann and her mother by temporarily moving them to a different block. Lederer was appointed block elder (
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On 8 March 1944, exactly six months from their arrival, the Jews from the family camp who had arrived in September were all
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Jews transported from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz between September 1943 and May 1944 were housed in a separate block at
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Theresienstadt Family Camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau: Proceedings of the International Conference, Prague 7–8 March 1994
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451:. This was unsuccessful, partly because Neumann was unwilling to leave her mother. According to Czech historian
379:. His unit was ordered to attack a village suspected of containing partisans, and to kill its inhabitants. When
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said he was "more humane" than other SS guards. Czech prisoners at the family camp reportedly called him "
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According to Lederer, he joined the Kriváň partisan group and tried to cross the border to fight in the
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demanded an exorbitant fee but offered a discount if they could smuggle another woman out of Auschwitz.
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Terezínský rodinný tábor v Osvětimi-Birkenau: sborník z mezinárodní konference, Praha 7.-8. brězna 1994
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2343:(1965). "Terezín, a Mask for Auschwitz". In Ehrmann, František; Heitlinger, Ota; Iltis, Rudolf (eds.).
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Kárný, Miroslav (1998). "The Vrba and Wetzler report". In Gutman, Israel; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
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982:, p. 135), the June date is too late to be plausible; the return probably happened in late May.
862:, a leader in the family camp until his death in the 8 March liquidation. According to psychologist
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437:. The Nazis, however, were planning to kill each group of prisoners six months after their arrival.
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706:, had been informed by an anonymous escapee in August 1943. Lederer went to the nearby village of
312:, marking him as a Jew and a political prisoner. There is no evidence that he was involved in the
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so called because it had twenty-eight members, including Josef Pokorný, commander of the Zbraslav
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998:, Prague) and English (Pergamon Press, United States). In 1986, it was republished and made a
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After the war, Holzer estimated that half the men in the fire brigade were in the resistance.
794:, who agreed to smuggle the report across the border to Switzerland and send it to the ICRC.
679:, Mánesova No. 16. Later, Lederer hid with Mrs. Dundr's brother Adolf Kopřiva in Na Závisti,
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Ich war ein Mörder, und mir, dem Mörder, hat ein sowjetischer Partisan das Leben geschenkt
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impossible to know what happened, and he is convinced Lederer's account is not accurate.
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Tsur, Jakov (1994). "Lederův a Pestekův útěk" [Lederer and Pestek's Escape]. In
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Tsur (born Kurt Cierer) was the son of Alfred Cierer and a survivor of the family camp.
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Die Flucht des Auschwitzer Häftlings Vítězslav Lederer und der tschechische Widerstand
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Für ein Dokument dieser Art hätte jeder alliierte Geheimdienst mehr als alles gegeben.
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858:", Czech for "darling". Bacon also said Pestek maintained confidential contact with
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described the book as "a searing delineation of the horrors of the Nazi regime".
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2347:. Prague: Council of Jewish Communities in the Czech Lands. pp. 182–203.
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BIId (pink) and BIIb (orange) highlighted on an aerial photograph of Birkenau.
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The Escape of Auschwitz Prisoner Vítězslav Lederer and the Czech Resistance
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In early June, Lederer attempted to smuggle a report on Auschwitz to the
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daß kein Mensch imstande wäre, diese Tatsachen als Wahrheit anzunehmen
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Auschwitz, 1940–1945: Important Issues from the History of the Camp
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and did manual labor, including agricultural work and a stint in a
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in the Sudetenland. According to Lederer, he was then driven to
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Auschwitz, 1940–1945: węzłowe zagadnienia z dziejów obozu
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Theresienstadt 1941–1945: The Face of a Coerced Community
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According to Baeck's testimony after the war, an unknown
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for favoring inmates and desertion. He was executed in
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to obtain false documents for Neumann and her mother.
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1944 prisoner escape from Auschwitz concentration camp
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133:On the night of 5 April 1944, Siegfried Lederer, a
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44:Gate of the "family camp" at Auschwitz II–Birkenau
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2221:The Transports from Theresienstadt in Autumn 1944
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838:and married. He died in Prague in 1972, aged 68.
730:to ensure the survival of Theresienstadt's Jews.
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2364:. South Hadley: Bergin & Garvey Publishers.
308:on 18 December 1943, Lederer was forced to wear
292:. On 18 January 1942, he was transferred to the
2411:Captivity, Flight, and Survival in World War II
692:
470:and offer to help them escape. Among them were
994:was first published in 1966 in both Czech (as
2973:Jewish escapees from Nazi concentration camps
2637:
249:factory. According to Lederer, he joined the
218:5 April 1972) was born to a Jewish family in
33:Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz
2191:Resistance and Conformity in the Third Reich
2105:. Translated by Cooper, Belinda. Cambridge:
393:, which was a junior non-commissioned rank.
2439:Escaping Auschwitz: A Culture of Forgetting
2159:] (in Polish). Vol. IV. Oświęcim:
2123:
1439:
170:, tried unsuccessfully to warn the Jews at
2644:
2630:
2543:
2466:; Kárný, Miroslav; Kárná, Margita (eds.).
2386:. Translated by Zohn, Harry. Chapel Hill:
2217:Die Theresienstädter Herbsttransporte 1944
1985:
934:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
251:Association of Friends of the Soviet Union
38:
2904:Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz
2651:
970:, p. 445) gives the date as 23 May.
545:
261:Jaroslav Weidmann. Later, Lederer joined
2378:
1973:
1961:
1847:
1820:
1498:
1415:
1379:
1317:
1282:
974:, p. 218) has 26 May. According to
967:
809:
780:International Committee of the Red Cross
712:
499:
411:
190:
177:International Committee of the Red Cross
2392:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2185:
2124:Cílek, Roman; Moulis, Miloslav (2018).
1679:
717:Fortifications of Theresienstadt (1910)
14:
2950:
2408:
1997:
1862:
1551:
1510:
1391:
1139:
971:
737:
623:
609:
239:the Sudetenland was annexed to Germany
2625:
2359:
2339:
2316:
2274:] (in German). pp. 157–183.
2265:
2211:
2097:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2021:
1949:
1937:
1922:
1907:
1892:
1877:
1832:
1799:
1780:
1765:
1712:
1700:
1662:
1650:
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1626:
1614:
1602:
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1451:
1352:
1340:
1255:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1181:
1166:
1151:
1118:
975:
942:, the Gestapo, and the border police.
482:(not a relative of Renée Neumann), a
253:, was influenced by Communist leader
2461:
2431:
2147:Czech, Danuta; Długoborski, Wacław;
2130:Forget that you were Human Beings...
2009:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1534:
1522:
1475:
1463:
1427:
1403:
1367:
1305:
979:
186:
2319:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
2161:Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau
1194:Czech, Długoborski & Piper 1995
157:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
24:
2388:University of North Carolina Press
2223:] (in German). pp. 7–37.
2132:] (in Czech). Prague: Epocha.
1024:
151:Viktor Pestek. Pestek opposed the
25:
2989:
2565:
774:Smuggling a report to Switzerland
560:
355:territory—to a devoutly Catholic
2932:
2931:
2899:Theresienstadt and the Red Cross
2321:. Bloomington and Indianapolis:
2090:
636:
622:
608:
587:
574:
573:
559:
552:
319:
106:Viktor Pestek, Siegfried Lederer
2545:"Names of Righteous by Country"
1077:
1062:
1047:
1031:
1011:
985:
961:
945:
922:
913:
890:. Czech-born Israeli historian
870:. Pestek is not recognized as "
2516:
2126:Zapomeňte, že jste byli lidmi…
904:
655:Pestek's and Lederer's travels
637:
13:
1:
2825:I Never Saw Another Butterfly
1096:
928:The telegram was sent to the
841:
805:
588:
401:
343:8 October 1944) was born in
314:Auschwitz resistance movement
310:both yellow and red triangles
175:a report on Auschwitz to the
1101:
702:, one of the leaders of the
693:Breaking into Theresienstadt
540:
396:
306:Auschwitz concentration camp
195:A room in the Small Fortress
139:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
2968:German resistance to Nazism
2963:Czech resistance operations
872:Righteous Among the Nations
428:. They were not subject to
300:, the leader of the ghetto
10:
2994:
2792:Theresienstadt family camp
2506:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2474:] (in Czech). Prague:
2415:Greenwood Publishing Group
2107:Cambridge University Press
2024:, pp. 558, 564, n. 5.
930:Reich Security Main Office
827:Reich Security Main Office
704:Jewish self-administration
426:Theresienstadt family camp
408:Theresienstadt family camp
405:
166:officer and member of the
69:Theresienstadt family camp
2927:
2876:
2841:
2802:
2754:
2724:
2695:
2688:
2675:(July 1943–February 1944)
2669:(November 1941–July 1943)
2659:
728:June 1944 Red Cross visit
663:concentration camp guards
495:
110:
102:
92:
78:
64:
49:
37:
2681:(February 1944–May 1945)
2445:Cornell University Press
2409:Levine, Alan J. (2000).
2323:Indiana University Press
2266:Kárný, Miroslav (1997).
1964:, pp. 63, 442, 448.
1454:, pp. 163, 179–180.
897:
823:Slovak National Uprising
359:family. Auschwitz guard
2958:Escapees from Auschwitz
2866:Transport from Paradise
2390:in connection with the
2193:. London and New York:
1440:Cílek & Moulis 2018
836:1948 Communist takeover
145:uniform provided by SS-
121:leaders about Auschwitz
117:Lederer reports to the
2360:Kulka, Erich (1986) .
2034:Publishers Weekly 1986
1087:
1072:
1057:
1041:
818:
767:Międzybrodzie Bialskie
718:
546:Obtaining false papers
531:Friedrich Hartjenstein
508:
468:prisoner functionaries
417:
294:adjacent Jewish ghetto
202:or Vítězslav Lederer (
196:
53:5 April 1944
2978:Theresienstadt Ghetto
2894:Theresienstadt Papers
2653:Theresienstadt Ghetto
2608:50.03583°N 19.17833°E
2362:Escape From Auschwitz
992:Escape from Auschwitz
888:Escape from Auschwitz
813:
716:
503:
422:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
415:
406:Further information:
369:anti-partisan warfare
241:in 1938, he moved to
194:
172:Theresienstadt Ghetto
73:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2715:Benjamin Murmelstein
2478:. pp. 135–148.
2417:. pp. 213–219.
2325:. pp. 558–564.
2060:, pp. 159, 167.
1537:, pp. 141, 143.
1320:, pp. 442, 446.
652:class=notpageimage|
2689:Prisoner leadership
2604: /
2384:People in Auschwitz
2099:Adler, Hans Günther
1835:, pp. 174–175.
1744:, pp. 144–145.
1641:, pp. 180–181.
1617:, pp. 165–166.
1566:, pp. 164–165.
1513:, pp. 216–217.
1478:, pp. 139–141.
1466:, pp. 139–140.
1418:, pp. 442–443.
1235:, pp. 161–162.
1154:, pp. 160–161.
1000:Jewish Book Council
996:Útěk z tábora smrti
884:Vrba–Wetzler report
817:during the uprising
738:Return to Auschwitz
137:, escaped from the
34:
2884:Białystok children
2613:50.03583; 19.17833
2084:, pp. xi–xii.
819:
719:
509:
418:
259:Lieutenant Colonel
199:Siegfried Lederer
197:
162:Lederer, a former
83:East Upper Silesia
32:
2945:
2944:
2750:
2749:
2529:Publishers Weekly
2485:978-80-7023-193-7
2454:978-0-8014-4130-1
2424:978-0-275-96955-4
2401:978-0-8078-6363-3
2380:Langbein, Hermann
2371:978-0-89789-088-5
2332:978-0-253-20884-2
2281:978-80-200-0614-1
2230:978-80-200-0593-9
2204:978-1-134-80846-5
2170:978-83-85047-52-0
2149:Piper, Franciszek
2139:978-80-7425-886-2
2116:978-0-521-88146-3
2012:, pp. 16–17.
1430:, pp. 15–16.
1005:Publishers Weekly
326:
201:
187:Siegfried Lederer
164:Czechoslovak Army
131:
130:
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2858:Distant Journey
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2819:Ghetto Swingers
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2703:Jakob Edelstein
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2667:Siegfried Seidl
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2205:
2187:Housden, Martyn
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2076:
2072:, p. xvii.
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939:Kriminalpolizei
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527:Sturmbannführer
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489:Leichenkommando
424:, known as the
410:
404:
399:
361:Stefan Baretzki
338:
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210:6 March 1904 –
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2566:External links
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2048:, p. 181.
2038:
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2014:
2002:
2000:, p. 213.
1990:
1978:
1976:, p. 444.
1966:
1954:
1952:, p. 143.
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1940:, p. 170.
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453:Miroslav Kárný
435:Final Solution
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324:Viktor Pestek
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290:Theresienstadt
286:Small Fortress
255:Marie Škardová
220:Písařova Vesce
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2713:
2710:
2709:Paul Eppstein
2707:
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2698:
2696:Jewish elders
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2127:
2122:
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2108:
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2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:Print sources
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1974:Langbein 2005
1970:
1963:
1962:Langbein 2005
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1924:
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1909:
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1872:
1864:
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1848:Langbein 2005
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1822:
1821:Langbein 2005
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1801:
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1794:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1768:, p. 16.
1767:
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1738:
1732:, p. 16.
1731:
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1499:Langbein 2005
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1318:Langbein 2005
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1210:
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1203:
1196:, p. 99.
1195:
1190:
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1089:
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964:
956:
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948:
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916:
907:
903:
895:
893:
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839:
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831:
828:
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789:
785:
781:
771:
768:
764:
759:
755:
749:
746:
735:
731:
729:
725:
724:Paul Eppstein
715:
711:
709:
705:
701:
690:
688:
687:
682:
678:
673:
670:
669:
664:
653:
555:
538:
536:
532:
529:
528:
523:
517:
513:
506:
502:
493:
491:
490:
485:
481:
480:Josef Neumann
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Blockältester
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:
444:Volksdeutsche
438:
436:
431:
427:
423:
414:
409:
394:
392:
391:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:ethnic German
354:
350:
346:
320:Viktor Pestek
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
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283:
278:
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268:
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136:
123:
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115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
18:Viktor Pestek
2903:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2830:
2823:
2811:
2737:Fredy Hirsch
2673:Anton Burger
2589:
2578:. Retrieved
2576:. Yad Vashem
2553:. Retrieved
2533:. Retrieved
2531:. March 1986
2471:
2467:
2438:
2413:. Westport:
2410:
2383:
2361:
2344:
2341:Kulka, Erich
2318:
2271:
2267:
2220:
2216:
2190:
2156:
2152:
2129:
2125:
2102:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1828:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1708:
1680:Housden 2013
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1559:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1348:
1313:
1228:
1216:
1189:
1147:
1079:
1064:
1049:
1033:
1013:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
972:Levine (2000
963:
952:
947:
937:
924:
915:
906:
892:Yehuda Bauer
887:
880:
860:Fredy Hirsch
852:Yehuda Bacon
845:
832:
820:
796:
777:
750:
741:
732:
720:
696:
684:
674:
666:
659:
535:Rottenführer
534:
525:
518:
514:
510:
487:
457:
442:
439:
419:
390:Rottenführer
388:
385:
323:
302:fire brigade
279:
198:
161:
148:Rottenführer
146:
132:
103:Participants
87:Nazi Germany
29:
2762:Baranavichy
2755:Deportation
2717:(1944–1945)
2711:(1943–1944)
2705:(1941–1943)
2660:Commandants
2611: /
2535:9 September
2517:Web sources
2464:Brod, Toman
1998:Levine 2000
1863:Levine 2000
1552:Levine 2000
1511:Levine 2000
1392:Levine 2000
1140:Levine 2000
1002:selection.
976:Kárný (1997
800:Erich Kulka
784:Škoda Works
758:Perry Broad
472:Rudolf Vrba
275:gendarmerie
235:Sudetenland
223: [
181:Erich Kulka
141:wearing an
2952:Categories
2742:Leo Holzer
2599:19°10′42″E
2596:50°02′09″N
2549:Yad Vashem
2476:Melantrich
2443:. Ithaka:
2433:Linn, Ruth
2082:Kulka 1986
2070:Kulka 1986
2058:Kárný 1997
2046:Kárný 1997
2022:Kárný 1998
1950:Kulka 1986
1938:Kárný 1997
1923:Kárný 1997
1908:Kárný 1997
1893:Kulka 1965
1878:Kárný 1997
1833:Kárný 1997
1800:Kárný 1997
1781:Kárný 1997
1766:Kárný 1995
1713:Kárný 1997
1701:Kulka 1965
1682:, p.
1663:Adler 2017
1651:Adler 2017
1639:Kárný 1997
1627:Kárný 1997
1615:Kárný 1997
1603:Kárný 1997
1591:Kárný 1997
1579:Kárný 1997
1564:Kárný 1997
1452:Kárný 1997
1353:Kulka 1965
1341:Kárný 1997
1256:Kárný 1997
1233:Kárný 1997
1221:Kárný 1997
1209:Kárný 1997
1182:Kárný 1997
1167:Kárný 1997
1152:Kárný 1997
1119:Kárný 1997
1097:References
980:Tsur (1994
876:Yad Vashem
842:Assessment
806:Afterwards
402:Background
345:Czernowitz
339:1944-10-08
331:1924-04-18
298:Leo Holzer
263:Plzeňák 28
214:1972-04-05
206:1904-03-06
57:1944-04-05
2912:Prisoners
2813:Brundibár
2787:Auschwitz
2782:Treblinka
2732:Leo Baeck
2679:Karl Rahm
2580:19 August
2502:cite book
2382:(2005) .
2308:ignored (
2298:cite book
2290:937213148
2257:ignored (
2247:cite book
2239:406298898
2195:Routledge
2189:(2013) .
2101:(2017) .
2010:Linn 2004
1754:Tsur 1994
1742:Tsur 1994
1730:Linn 2004
1535:Tsur 1994
1523:Tsur 1994
1476:Tsur 1994
1464:Tsur 1994
1428:Linn 2004
1404:Tsur 1994
1368:Tsur 1994
1306:Tsur 1994
1102:Citations
954:Mischling
864:Ruth Linn
788:Constance
763:Kattowitz
761:squad in
745:Myslowitz
700:Leo Baeck
677:Vinohrady
668:Mischling
567:Auschwitz
541:Aftermath
430:selection
397:Auschwitz
365:Waffen-SS
269:group in
153:Holocaust
135:Czech Jew
2937:Category
2777:Majdanek
2555:9 August
2494:32002060
2435:(2004).
2353:12720535
2215:(1995).
2179:34733879
2151:(1995).
868:Red Army
754:Block 11
708:Travčice
681:Zbraslav
602:Slovakia
581:Zbraslav
449:SS woman
353:Romanian
349:Bukovina
271:Zbraslav
79:Location
2842:In film
2804:Culture
2345:Terezín
856:miláček
486:on the
377:Belarus
282:Gestapo
233:in the
111:Outcome
55: (
2908:Lists
2877:Topics
2869:(1962)
2861:(1949)
2853:(1944)
2772:Izbica
2725:Others
2551:. 2018
2492:
2482:
2451:
2421:
2398:
2368:
2351:
2329:
2288:
2278:
2237:
2227:
2201:
2177:
2167:
2136:
2113:
1442:, 177.
1084:German
1069:German
1038:German
936:, the
932:, the
644:Prague
522:Prague
496:Escape
247:kaolin
97:Escape
2917:Works
2832:Vedem
2767:Minsk
2470:[
2270:[
2219:[
2155:[
2128:[
1054:Czech
898:Notes
874:" by
595:Plzeň
373:Minsk
371:near
243:Plzeň
231:]
143:SS-TV
65:Venue
2582:2018
2557:2018
2537:2018
2508:link
2490:OCLC
2480:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2349:OCLC
2327:ISBN
2310:help
2286:OCLC
2276:ISBN
2259:help
2235:OCLC
2225:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2175:OCLC
2165:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2111:ISBN
484:kapo
474:and
265:, a
93:Type
50:Date
1684:129
288:of
71:of
2954::
2547:.
2527:.
2504:}}
2500:{{
2488:.
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2394:.
2302::
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2296:{{
2284:.
2251::
2249:}}
2245:{{
2233:.
2197:.
2173:.
2163:.
2109:.
1930:^
1915:^
1900:^
1885:^
1870:^
1855:^
1840:^
1807:^
1788:^
1773:^
1720:^
1691:^
1670:^
1571:^
1542:^
1483:^
1360:^
1325:^
1290:^
1263:^
1240:^
1201:^
1174:^
1159:^
1126:^
1109:^
1086::
1071::
1056::
1040::
878:.
375:,
347:,
316:.
277:.
229:de
227:;
225:cs
183:.
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2584:.
2559:.
2539:.
2510:)
2457:.
2427:.
2404:.
2374:.
2355:.
2335:.
2312:)
2292:.
2261:)
2241:.
2207:.
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2142:.
2119:.
2036:.
1988:.
1686:.
1044:.
341:)
337:(
333:)
329:(
327:(
216:)
212:(
208:)
204:(
59:)
20:)
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