5171:
1495:
1197:
1181:
5192:
4819:
4535:
4663:(although the harsh voice seems to vary according to speaker). In Hanoi, the tone is mid falling (31). In other northern speakers, the tone is mid falling and then rises back to the mid level (313 or 323). This characteristic gives this tone its traditional description as "dipping". However, the falling-rising contour is most obvious in citation forms or when syllable-final; in other positions and when in fast speech, the rising contour is negligible. The
4557:
4546:
25:
2245:
Arguments for the second analysis include the limited distribution of final and , the gap in the distribution of and which do not occur after and , the pronunciation of ⟨ach⟩ and ⟨anh⟩ as and in certain conservative central dialects, and the patterning of ~ and ~ in certain reduplicated words.
4257:
There is much variation among speakers concerning how tone is realized phonetically. There are differences between varieties of
Vietnamese spoken in the major geographic areas (northern, central, southern) and smaller differences within the major areas (e.g. Hanoi vs. other northern varieties). In
166:
features 19 consonant phonemes, with 5 additional consonant phonemes used in
Vietnamese's Southern dialect, and 4 exclusive to the Northern dialect. Vietnamese also has 14 vowel nuclei, and 6 tones that are integral to the interpretation of the language. Older interpretations of Vietnamese tones
4800:
tone starts mid or low-mid and rapidly falls in pitch (32 or 21). It starts with tense voice that becomes increasingly tense until the vowel ends in a glottal stop closure. This tone is noticeably shorter than the other tones. Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) describes this as "chesty-heavy";
8173:
Another thing to mention about Han's studies is that she uses a rather small number of participants and, additionally, although her participants are native speakers of the Hanoi variety, they all have lived outside of Hanoi for a significant period of their lives (e.g. in
835:. However, it is becoming distinct and pronounced as , especially in careful speech or when reading a text. In traditional performance including Cải lương, Đờn ca tài tử, Hát bội and some old speakers of Overseas Vietnamese, it is pronounced as consonant cluster
8100:) are shorter than all of the other vowels, which is shown here with the length mark added to the other vowels. His vowels above are only the basic vowel phonemes. Thompson gives a very detailed description of each vowel's various allophonic realizations.
5832:
orthography represents more phonemic distinctions than are made by any one dialect). A description of syllable structure and exploration of its patterning according to the
Prosodic Analysis approach of J.R. Firth is given in Henderson (1966).
7695:
tone mark (dot below) has been added to all rimes in this table for illustration purposes only. It indicates which letter tone marks in general are added to, largely according to the "new style" rules of
Vietnamese orthography as stated in
8188:
has a simpler, more symmetrical description. He says that his work is not a "complete grammar" but rather a "descriptive introduction." So, his chart above is more a phonological vowel chart rather than a phonetic one.
7697:
585:
pronunciation. However, sometimes the glottal closure is released prior to the oral release in which case the stops are pronounced . Therefore, the primary characteristic is preglottalization with implosion being
4708:
closure in the middle of the vowel (i.e. as ). In Hanoi
Vietnamese, the tone starts at a higher pitch (45) than other northern speakers. Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) describes this as "chesty-raised";
3464:
by diphthongization and still exist in the North
Central dialect in many placenames. The articulation of these rimes in the North Central dialect are , without a simultaneous bilabial closure or
4246:(which is a combination of phonation type, pitch, length, vowel quality, etc.). Thus, it may be more accurate to categorize Vietnamese as a register language rather than a "pure" tonal language.
2921:
While the variety of
Vietnamese spoken in Hanoi has retained finals faithfully from Middle Vietnamese, the variety spoken in Ho Chi Minh City has drastically changed its finals. Rimes ending in
1539:
are only distinguished in closed syllables. For some speakers the distinction may be one of vowel quality or of the articulation of the syllable coda in addition to or instead of vowel quantity.
2957:
as . Subsequently, vowels of rimes ending in labiovelars have been diphthongized, while vowels of rimes ending in alveolar have been centralized. Otherwise, some
Southern speakers distinguish
1496:
9054:
Henderson, Eugénie J. A. (1966). "Towards a prosodic statement of the
Vietnamese syllable structure". In Bazell, C. J.; Catford, J. C.; Halliday, M. A. K.; Robins, R. H. (eds.).
5222:
North-central and
Central Vietnamese varieties are fairly similar with respect to tone although within the North-central dialect region there is considerable internal variation.
9391:
Phạm, Hoà (2001). "A phonetic study of Vietnamese tones: Reconsideration of the register flip-flop rule in reduplication". In Féry, C.; Green, A. D.; van de Vijver, R. (eds.).
9214:
Michaud, Alexis; Vu-Ngoc, Tuan; Amelot, Angélique; Roubeau, Bernard (2006). "Nasal release, nasal finals and tonal contrasts in Hanoi Vietnamese: an aerodynamic experiment".
7721:
Below is a table comparing four linguists' different transcriptions of Vietnamese vowels as well as the orthographic representation. Notice that this article mostly follows
4258:
addition, there seems to be variation among individuals. More research is needed to determine the remaining details of tone realization and the variation among speakers.
4704:
starting toward the middle of the vowel, which is then lessening as the end of the syllable is approached. Some speakers with more dramatic glottalization have a
581:
is always closed before the oral closure). This glottal closure is often not released before the release of the oral closure, resulting in the characteristic
8604:
1457:
chart of vowel nuclei above is based on the sounds in Hanoi Vietnamese; other regions may have slightly different inventories. Vowel nuclei consist of
154:
2997:
and the "unspecified" consonants have been affected by coronal spreading from the preceding front vowels which are surfaced as coronals (alveolar)
2261:
is not diphthongized but is actually articulated more forward, approaching a front vowel . This results in a three-way contrast between the rimes
9605:
9288:
9265:
5261:
and considered a fourth tone. Similar considerations lead to the identification of two additional tones in Vietnamese for syllables ending in
167:
differentiated between "sharp" and "heavy" entering and departing tones. This article is a technical description of the sound system of the
901:
are pronounced . However, it is becoming distinct and pronounced as , , , respectively, especially in formal speech or when reading a text.
9113:
8529:
2249:
The first analysis closely follows the surface pronunciation of a slightly different Hanoi dialect than the second. In this dialect, the
195:
Initial consonants which exist only in the Northern dialect are in red, while those that exist only in the Southern dialect are in blue.
9163:
8780:
10256:
9867:
89:
61:
9089:
9318:
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1992). "Vietnamese phonology and graphemic borrowings from Chinese: The Book of 3,000 Characters revisited".
4620:
tone starts low-mid and falls (21). Some Hanoi speakers start at a somewhat higher point (31). It is sometimes accompanied by
9872:
9835:
9501:
9419:
9361:
9240:
9124:
9002:
5293:
tones, however, and hence not considered as separate tones by modern linguists and are not distinguished in the orthography.
42:
68:
8992:
519:
498:
5140:
tone is pronounced as low rising tone (12) in fast speech or low falling-rising tone (212) in more careful utterance.
9598:
5131:
have similar contours to Northern tones; however, these tones are produced with normal voice instead of breathy voice.
2246:
Additionally, final is not articulated as far forward as the initial : and are pre-velar with no alveolar contact.
75:
9400:
9340:
108:
5822:, there are 4,500 to 4,800 possible spoken syllables (depending on dialect), and the standard national orthography (
2989:, meanwhile, the consonants have been labialized. Similarly, the short front vowels have been centralized which are
10390:
9707:
5257:
had no tonal distinctions. Rather, they were consistently pronounced with a short high tone, which was called the
8670:
Baumann, Jessica; Blodgett, Allison; Rytting, C. Anton; Shamoo, Jessica. "The ups and downs of Vietnamese tones".
8473:
10093:
10080:
9634:
1454:
1336:
416:
136:
57:
8605:"Sự hình thành cách ghi thanh điệu chữ Quốc ngữ [The formation of tone spelling in the National Script]"
2986:
10291:
9659:
1398:
46:
10251:
10216:
9857:
9649:
9591:
9114:"French loanwords in Vietnamese: the role of input language phonotactics and contrast in loanword adaptation"
1300:
430:
8965:. Studies in the phonology of Asian languages. Vol. 10. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
8114:
measuring and plotting, to describe the vowels. She states that the primary difference between orthographic
2969:
in formal speech, but there are no Southern speakers who pronounce "ch" and "nh" at the end of syllables as
10395:
9847:
9800:
9644:
8956:. Studies in the phonology of Asian languages. Vol. 8. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
8947:. Studies in the phonology of Asian languages. Vol. 6. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
8938:. Studies in the phonology of Asian languages. Vol. 4. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
5203:
4830:
1360:
462:
423:
9012:
8404:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8151:
8143:
8135:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7669:
7662:
7654:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7576:
7523:
7474:
7445:
7404:
7323:
7226:
7145:
7089:
7028:
6939:
6882:
6833:
6760:
6703:
6646:
6597:
6540:
6483:
6426:
6349:
6292:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6205:
6198:
6190:
6186:
6168:
6164:
6145:
6141:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6115:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6078:
6072:
6060:
6049:
5919:
5891:
5887:
5874:
5641:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5054:
4772:
4762:
4510:
4472:
4434:
4427:
4389:
4351:
4315:
4139:
4078:
3955:
3834:
3774:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3627:
3613:
3609:
3587:
3583:
3564:
3560:
3538:
3534:
3515:
3511:
3489:
3485:
3211:
3207:
3157:
3153:
3123:
3119:
3097:
3093:
3074:
3070:
3048:
3044:
3022:
3018:
2998:
2994:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2835:
2760:
2683:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2519:
2502:
2498:
2476:
2472:
2450:
2446:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2382:
2378:
2356:
2352:
2330:
2326:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2090:
2069:
2048:
2027:
2006:
1985:
1958:
1954:
1938:
1918:
1898:
1875:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1760:
1751:
1743:
1734:
1723:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1610:
1604:
1583:
1579:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1485:
1478:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1048:
1043:
1018:
1013:
1008:
990:
986:
981:
976:
905:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
875:
871:
864:
857:
850:
836:
824:
817:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
765:
747:
739:
706:
686:
666:
647:
629:
615:
607:
597:
589:
563:
555:
150:
146:
5238:
4655:
tone starts a mid level and falls. It starts with modal voice phonation, which moves increasingly toward
3236:
1422:
1288:
446:
317:
10229:
9775:
9730:
9664:
9639:
8970:
Han, Mieko S.; Kim, Kong-On (1974). "Phonetic variation of Vietnamese tones in disyllabic utterances".
6082:
5245:, syllables ending in a vowel or nasal allowed for three tonal distinctions, but syllables ending with
1554:
1436:
1410:
925:
913:
512:
310:
302:
9578:
9948:
9877:
9735:
9720:
8269:
3239:) which have also been merged in codas, but some vowels are pronounced differently in some dialects:
1434:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1372:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1267:
1255:
1243:
917:
469:
439:
387:
380:
324:
224:
9371:
6110:. Together, V and G must form one of the diphthongs or triphthongs listed in the section on Vowels.
4238:
Unlike many Native American, African, and Chinese languages, Vietnamese tones do not rely solely on
10261:
9953:
9887:
9852:
9554:
1312:
611:
8565:
5914:
In other words, a syllable has an obligatory nucleus and tone, and can have an optional consonant
82:
10105:
9998:
9968:
9933:
9725:
9669:
9654:
6136:
331:
35:
9583:
10359:
10146:
9963:
9862:
9549:
9133:
5170:
3232:
921:
655:
480:
218:
132:
8864:. SCRL monograph. Vol. 11. Santa Barbara, CA: Speech Communications Research Laboratory.
8772:
SEALS XII: Papers from the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002
9980:
9973:
9882:
9795:
9790:
8791:
4249:
In Vietnamese orthography, tone is indicated by diacritics written above or below the vowel.
601:
505:
490:
259:
252:
9540:
Thurgood, Graham (2002). "Vietnamese and tonogenesis: Revising the model and the analysis".
9378:(1998). "Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies".
8498:
Hoa Pham, Andrea. "Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam. ".
4700:
tone is mid rising (35). Many speakers begin the vowel with modal voice, followed by strong
10211:
10121:
10100:
10010:
10003:
9747:
2990:
268:
8764:
8513:
Lê T. H., Mai. "Âm sắc, trường độ và giải pháp cho hệ thống nguyên âm thổ ngữ Bình Định".
8:
10339:
10246:
10224:
10181:
10166:
10131:
10075:
10020:
10015:
9894:
9780:
9757:
9702:
9375:
7708:
4592:
1635:
1466:
1238:
403:
373:
356:
290:
168:
122:
9395:. Linguistics in Potsdam. Vol. 12. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam. pp. 140–158.
10236:
10045:
9990:
9985:
9940:
9899:
9692:
9618:
9528:
9480:
9282:
9259:
9229:
9202:
9194:
8888:
Ferlus, Michel (1997). "Problemes de la formation du systeme vocalique du vietnamien".
8306:
8237:
6178:
5430:
4212:
1962:
1879:
623:
593:
275:
213:
10136:
8983:
4538:
Northern Vietnamese (non-Hanoi) tones as uttered by a male speaker in isolation. From
1557:: . However, Han's instrumental analysis indicates that it is more central than back.
10364:
10329:
10314:
10298:
10286:
10271:
10241:
10201:
10171:
10151:
10141:
10085:
10065:
10055:
10040:
10025:
9920:
9915:
9842:
9812:
9807:
9785:
9767:
9762:
9752:
9742:
9497:
9447:
9430:
9415:
9396:
9357:
9336:
9236:
9186:
9076:
9059:
8998:
8865:
8848:
8832:
8451:
8298:
8290:
1348:
633:
549:
455:
239:
229:
8310:
10344:
10276:
10266:
10206:
10196:
10191:
10176:
10161:
10156:
10070:
10060:
9928:
9822:
9715:
9697:
9687:
9559:
9520:
9472:
9178:
9148:
9098:
8979:
8878:
8811:
8282:
8229:
8179:
5824:
5155:
tone are merged into a mid falling-rising (214) , which is somewhat similar to the
4243:
2223:
1196:
619:
529:
208:
203:
9198:
8286:
5379:
10354:
10334:
10319:
10281:
10186:
10126:
10050:
10035:
10030:
9830:
9817:
9351:
8170:
in some contexts (but this would be secondary to the main difference of length).
5237:
An older analysis assumes eight tones rather than six. This follows the lead of
4440:
2290:
1713:
1374:
1324:
246:
234:
121:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Vietnamese for Knowledge articles, see
9206:
8530:"Khảo sát địa danh ở Hà Tĩnh (The investigation of Hà Tĩnh province's toponyms)"
5174:
Southern Vietnamese tone system from female native speaker. From Jessica Bauman
4669:
also is relatively short compared with the other tones, but not as short as the
10369:
10324:
8815:
8325:
6092:
The vowel nucleus V may be any of the following 14 monophthongs or diphthongs:
5915:
5242:
1770:
1386:
1180:
929:
641:
637:
9153:
8802:
Brunelle, Marc (2009). "Tone perception in Northern and Southern Vietnamese".
7700:. In practice, not all these rimes have real words or syllables that have the
3626:
With the above phonemic analyses, the following is a table of rimes ending in
2518:
With the above phonemic analyses, the following is a table of rimes ending in
10384:
9331:
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1996). "Vietnamese". In Daniels, P. T.; Bright, W. (eds.).
9235:. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
9164:"Final consonants and glottalization: New perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese"
8294:
6194:
6064:
5923:
5258:
4621:
4239:
4200:
Combinations that have changed their pronunciation due to merger are bolded.
3465:
2286:
1966:
1850:, respectively, whereas other dialects in the Tonkin delta pronounce them as
1623:
1594:. Below is a chart listing the closing sequences of general northern speech.
1226:
409:
9080:
8852:
8836:
4743:
phonation throughout the duration of the vowel. In some Hanoi speakers, the
4624:(or lax) phonation in some speakers, but this is lacking in other speakers:
9563:
9190:
9063:
8869:
8408:
8302:
4705:
4701:
4395:
4357:
3429:
1517:
662:
339:
9028:
Haudricourt, André-Georges (1954). "De l'origine des tons en vietnamien".
2218:). This analysis interprets orthographic ⟨ach⟩ and ⟨anh⟩ as an underlying
8107:
5226:
4740:
4660:
4656:
4585:
4534:
1674:
1618:
1520:
than the other vowels. These short vowels only occur in closed syllables.
1474:
1458:
1281:
1221:
1185:
8901:
Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology".
5191:
4818:
4560:
Hanoi tones as uttered by a different female speaker in isolation. From
9511:
Thompson, Laurence (1967). "The history of Vietnamese final palatals".
5225:
It is sometimes said (by people from other provinces) that people from
4556:
4478:
1775:
1628:
1591:
1531:
are marginal. As with the other short/long vowel pairs, short and long
1391:
1231:
949:
9532:
9484:
9182:
9103:
8241:
6045:
Any consonant may occur in as an onset with the following exceptions:
4545:
2131:
in Hanoi Vietnamese has had different analyses. One analysis, that of
9614:
8788:
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of Phonetic Sciences
8571:
8452:"Synchronic evidence for historical hypothesis – Vietnamese palatals"
5308:
4852:
4588:
4274:
4231:
2982:
2294:
1718:
1587:
1329:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1201:
651:
582:
559:
176:
172:
4675:
tone. Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) describes this as "smooth-rising";
874:. However, in many speakers, these two pairs are becoming merged as
24:
9524:
9476:
8580:
tone while another male speaker from Hanoi has modal voice for the
8233:
5837:
5161:
tone of the non-Hanoi Northern accent mentioned above. This merged
4733:
tone starts as mid and then rises (35) in much the same way as the
4630:= . Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) describes this as "grave-lowering";
1961:, they are articulated with a simultaneous bilabial closure (i.e.
187:, which are slightly different to each other, are described below.
142:
8747:
4775:(45). Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) describes this as "acute-angry";
9613:
8347:
8111:
5278:
3228:
578:
285:
4584:
tone is level at around the mid level (33) and is produced with
908:, generally represented in Vietnamese linguistics by the letter
9015:(1949). "Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien".
8175:
1578:
In Vietnamese, vowel nuclei are able to combine with offglides
184:
8963:
Intertonal influences in two-syllable utterances of Vietnamese
8843:Đoàn, Thiện Thuật; Nguyễn, Khánh Hà; Phạm, Như Quỳnh (2003) .
4549:
Hanoi tones as uttered by a female speaker in isolation. From
8828:
6163:
is restricted to labial, coronal, and velar stops and nasals
4516:
4266:
The six tones in the Hanoi and other northern varieties are:
1462:
180:
8770:. In Wayland, Ratree; Hartmann, John; Sidwell, Paul (eds.).
8672:
University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language
8456:
Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States Forum
8363:
6185:
Six tone contours are possible for syllables with offglides
912:, has a number of variant pronunciations. It may occur as a
577:
The glottalized stops are preglottalized and voiced: (the
9213:
9112:
Kang, Yoonjung; Phạm, Andrea Hòa; Storme, Benjamin (2014).
8574:
and a female speaker from Hanoi with breathy voice for the
9091:
A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English
8354:
8352:
8350:
2194:
as representing different spellings of the velar phonemes
9496:(1st ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
9041:
Haupers, Ralph (1969). "A note on Vietnamese kh and ph".
8270:"Consonants, vowels and tones across Vietnamese dialects"
8748:"Tonal features and the development of Vietnamese tones"
8669:
8636:. Cần Thơ: Chính trị Quốc gia - Sự thật. pp. 70–77.
8627:
8625:
8323:
2234:→ . This diphthongization also affects ⟨êch⟩ and ⟨ênh⟩:
941:
The table below summarizes these sound correspondences:
9335:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 691–699.
9097:(MA thesis). Lubbock, TX: Texas Technological College.
8220:
Thompson, Laurence C. (July 1959). "Saigon Phonemics".
7711:. Different dialects may have different pronunciations.
7688:
Less common rimes may not be represented in this table.
5167:
tone is characteristic of Southern Vietnamese accents.
8845:
A Concise Vietnamese Grammar (For Non-Native Speakers)
5182:
4234:(with or without accompanying constricted vocal cords)
4211:
Vietnamese vowels are all pronounced with an inherent
2953:, many speakers close their lips, i.e. they pronounce
8847:(Revised 2nd ed.). Hà Nội: Thế Giới Publishers.
8781:"Coarticulation effects in northern Vietnamese tones"
8622:
8368:
8366:
6204:
If the syllable is closed with one of the oral stops
2941:
is before "nh"). However, they are always pronounced
7725:, with the exception of marking short vowels short.
5929:
More explicitly, the syllable types are as follows:
665:
is inserted before words that begin with a vowel or
548:/w/ is the only initial consonant permitted to form
141:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7731:comparison of orthography & vowel descriptions
2976:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9228:
8407:, these words are few and are mostly loanwords or
8275:International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
8268:
6081:in native Vietnamese words (it occurs in uncommon
640:(the blade of the tongue makes contact behind the
9448:"The Non-Issue of Dialect in Teaching Vietnamese"
9141:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9073:Tiếng Việt trên các miền đất nước: Phương ngữ học
8395:Although there are some words where orthographic
10382:
8581:
8575:
8563:
8449:
5860:
5802:
5772:
5757:
5727:
5713:
5708:
5697:
5665:
5650:
5615:
5601:
5596:
5585:
5562:
5547:
5515:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5470:
5438:
5418:
5387:
5368:
5363:
5353:
5348:
5288:
5282:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5102:
5073:
5063:
5031:
5021:
5004:
4994:
4965:
4955:
4926:
4916:
4888:
4795:
4784:
4766:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4734:
4728:
4717:
4695:
4684:
4670:
4664:
4650:
4639:
4625:
4615:
4604:
4579:
4568:
4521:
4493:
4483:
4455:
4445:
4410:
4400:
4372:
4362:
4334:
4324:
4299:
155:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
9463:Thompson, Laurence (1959). "Saigon phonemics".
9370:
9312:(Revised & expanded version of Nguyễn 1966)
8903:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises
8559:
4561:
4550:
4539:
742:. But in some families, people still pronounce
9252:Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam
9111:
8862:An acoustic study of northern Vietnamese tones
8842:
8774:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–7.
7142:Labiovelar on-glide followed by vowel nucleus
3456:rimes are the "archaic" form before becoming
3404:as , in many Southern speakers, but not with
2929:, respectively, so they are always pronounced
827:is pronounced in common speech, merging with
9599:
8335:
8130:is a difference of length (a ratio of 2:1).
5813:
2981:The short back vowels in the rimes have been
2933:, respectively, after the short front vowels
839:or . In loanwords, it is always pronounced :
9452:Journal of Southeast Asian Language Teaching
8534:Luận án Tiến sĩ Ngữ văn, Trường Đại học Vinh
846:Historically, a distinction is made between
9027:
9011:
8203:
8201:
8162:. Her formant plots also seem to show that
2179:is, then, identified with syllable-initial
2111:
1488:are all diphthongized in open syllables: ,
799:, although this is not considered standard.
9606:
9592:
9287:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9264:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8927:. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
8663:
8631:
8602:
8527:
8267:Phạm, Ben; McLeod, Sharynne (2016-03-03).
8266:
6167:, which cannot cooccur with the offglides
3428:rimes are few and are mostly loanwords or
2911:
9553:
9310:(revised ed.). Lincolnwood, IL: NTC.
9152:
9102:
9053:
8922:
8900:
8883:(PhD thesis). University of Pennsylvania.
8708:
8324:Alvin Vuong; Megha Sundara (2016-06-07).
6052:does not occur in native Vietnamese words
1477:except for the four back rounded vowels:
936:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
9539:
9510:
9491:
9462:
8801:
8778:
8471:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8358:
8219:
8198:
8089:
7698:Quy tắc đặt dấu thanh trong chữ quốc ngữ
6144:cannot occur if the syllable contains a
5169:
4555:
4544:
4533:
2280:
2132:
1835:
1562:
1419:
1395:
1357:
1333:
1195:
1179:
9161:
9040:
8876:
6071:does not occur after labial consonants
4779:describes it as "high (or mid) rising".
2273:. For this reason, a separate phonemic
1838:says that in Hanoi, words spelled with
1545:: Many descriptions, such as Thompson,
10383:
9349:
9330:
9317:
9305:
9295:
9272:
9249:
9226:
9058:. London: Longmans. pp. 163–197.
8990:
8969:
8960:
8925:A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology
8918:(MA thesis). University of Washington.
8916:A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology
8887:
8831:: Đại học và Trung học Chuyên nghiệp,
8719:
8696:
8384:
8185:
6208:, only two contours are possible: the
6177:Syllables are spoken with an inherent
5819:
5232:
4802:
4776:
4709:
4676:
4631:
4599:describes it as "high (or mid) level".
4596:
2222:, which becomes phonetically open and
1569:also transcribe this vowel as central.
1550:
1546:
9587:
9353:Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn
9131:
9125:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
9087:
9070:
8945:Complex syllable nuclei in Vietnamese
8913:
8859:
8762:
8745:
8646:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8437:
8413:
8341:
8207:
7707:The IPA representations are based on
6225:
6197:—i.e., those without consonant codas
5301:
5229:pronounce every tone as a nặng tone.
4809:
4261:
1878:occur at the end of words, they have
1863:
1558:
1205:
1189:
402:
190:
9445:
9428:
9409:
9390:
8961:Han, Mieko S.; Kim, Kong-On (1972).
8822:
8765:"A Look At North-Central Vietnamese"
8730:
8684:
8657:
8546:
8512:
8497:
8426:
8254:
8092:says that the vowels (orthographic
6189:, closed syllables with nasal codas
6094:/i,ɨ,u,e,ə,o,ɛ,ə̆,ɔ,ă,a,iə̯,ɨə̯,uə̯/
5186:
4813:
4252:
2202:that occur after upper front vowels
2123:The pronunciation of syllable-final
1859:
1573:
1566:
558:occurs syllable-initially mostly in
179:. Two main varieties of Vietnamese,
145:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
16:Phonology of the Vietnamese language
9308:NTC's Vietnamese-English dictionary
9275:Hòa's Vietnamese-English dictionary
8951:
8942:
8933:
8474:"Các đặc·điểm ngữ·âm của tiếng Huế"
8372:
8103:
7722:
6128:does not follow the rounded vowels
5183:North-central and Central varieties
4749:tone is noticeably higher than the
2916:
2143:contrasts with both syllable-final
1858:. This observation is also made by
13:
8589:
8106:uses acoustic analysis, including
7678:
6063:(sometimes transcribed instead as
4712:describes it as "creaking-rising".
4595:(1651) describes this as "level";
4242:. Vietnamese often uses instead a
803:
14:
10407:
9572:
6118:does not follow the front vowels
5828:) can represent 6,200 syllables (
4679:describes it as "dipping-rising".
3630:in the Ho Chi Minh City dialect:
2967:/u,uː,o,ɔ,iː,ɨː,ɨ,aw,a,aː,ɛ,ə,əː/
2947:/u,uː,o,ɔ,iː,ɨː,ɨ,aw,a,aː,ɛ,ə,əː/
754:in English, which is pretty rare.
721:
518:
511:
504:
497:
479:
468:
461:
445:
438:
429:
422:
415:
386:
379:
355:
338:
330:
323:
316:
309:
301:
274:
267:
258:
251:
9435:Southwest Journal of Linguistics
9412:Vietnamese Tone – A New Analysis
9302:(Revised version of Nguyễn 1959)
9121:Annual Meeting on Phonology 2014
5190:
4817:
4591:(i.e. with "normal" phonation).
4424:mid falling, glottalized, heavy
3472:
3005:
2977:Table of Ho Chi Minh City finals
2313:
1973:
1886:
904:In southern speech, the phoneme
674:
562:, some speakers pronounce it as
23:
9134:"Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)"
8738:
8724:
8713:
8702:
8690:
8678:
8651:
8640:
8552:
8540:
8521:
8506:
8491:
8465:
8443:
8431:
8389:
4469:mid falling(-rising), emphasis
2106:
1175:
137:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
9494:A Vietnamese reference grammar
8997:. University of Hawaii Press.
8923:Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1981).
8377:
8317:
8260:
8248:
8213:
7680:
6134:with some exceptions (such as
5968:ám "possess (by ghosts etc.)"
5714:
5602:
5502:
5487:
5369:
5354:
5322:Chao Tone Contour by Location
4805:describes it as "constricted".
4634:describes it as "low falling".
2161:contrasts with syllable-final
1484:In the South, the high vowels
1:
9356:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
9298:Vietnamese-English dictionary
9088:Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965).
8984:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31272-0
8877:Emerich, Giang Huong (2012).
8752:Working Papers in Linguistics
8560:Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998)
8287:10.3109/17549507.2015.1101162
8192:
5239:traditional Chinese phonology
5113:In Southern varieties, tones
4603:
4567:
4562:Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998)
4551:Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998)
4540:Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998)
8166:may be slightly higher than
4783:
2925:merged with those ending in
1553:, consider this vowel to be
1433:
1432:
1407:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1345:
1322:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1236:
7:
9836:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
9492:Thompson, Laurence (1965).
9333:The world's writing systems
9300:. Rutland, VT: C.E. Tuttle.
9075:. Hà Nội: Khoa học xã hội.
8994:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma
8880:The Vietnamese Vowel System
6067:on a preceding consonant):
4739:tone. It is accompanied by
4716:
4683:
4638:
3227:The other closed dialects (
2186:Another analysis has final
2135:has them as being phonemes
10:
10412:
9227:Nguyễn, Đăng-Liêm (1970).
9013:Haudricourt, André-Georges
8823:Đoàn, Thiện Thuật (1980),
8816:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.09.003
6288:
5814:Syllables and phonotactics
5302:Traditional Tone Category
4199:
2297:in the Hanoi dialect, but
1953:When the velar consonants
783:Some rural speakers merge
120:
10307:
10114:
9908:
9680:
9625:
9446:Phạm, Hoà Andrea (2008).
9429:Phạm, Hoà Andrea (2006).
9410:Phạm, Hoà Andrea (2003).
9350:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1997).
9306:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1995).
9296:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1966).
9273:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1959).
9250:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1955).
9154:10.1017/S0025100311000181
8564:
8562:show a male speaker from
8528:Nguyễn Văn, Loan (2012).
8450:Phạm, Andrea Hòa (2013),
7658:
7615:
7612:
7141:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6221:Common Vietnamese rimes
5870:= initial consonant onset
5706:
5594:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5494:
5479:
5361:
5346:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5304:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4851:
3594:
3545:
3496:
3361:
3318:
3278:
3275:
3055:
1869:
1622:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1385:
1323:
1170:
1135:
1119:
1083:
1067:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1012:
1007:
959:
956:
953:
948:
528:
503:
489:
284:
245:
200:
9231:Vietnamese pronunciation
9162:Michaud, Alexis (2004).
9132:Kirby, James P. (2011).
9071:Hoàng, Thị Châu (1989).
9056:In Memory of J. R. Firth
8991:Hannas, William (1997).
8632:Huỳnh Công, Tín (2003).
8603:Nguyễn Văn, Lợi (2018).
8478:Nguyễn Tiến Hải blogspot
7716:
5873:w = labiovelar on-glide
5576:mid rising, glottalized
4507:mid rising, glottalized
10391:Phonologies by language
9868:Regional North American
9414:. New York: Routledge.
8779:Brunelle, Marc (2003).
8763:Alves, Mark J. (2007).
8746:Alves, Mark J. (1995).
7709:Knowledge's conventions
6140:"elbow"), the offglide
5918:, an optional on-glide
4475:(313) or (323) or (31)
4206:
2949:. After rounded vowels
2945:after the other vowels
2912:Ho Chi Minh City finals
164:phonology of Vietnamese
133:phonetic transcriptions
10292:Dialects and varieties
9863:Received Pronunciation
9708:American Sign Language
9564:10.1075/dia.19.2.04thu
8952:Han, Mieko S. (1969).
8943:Han, Mieko S. (1968).
8914:Gregerson, Kenneth J.
8582:
8576:
8326:"VIETNAMESE PHONOLOGY"
5901:= final consonant coda
5803:
5773:
5758:
5728:
5709:
5698:
5666:
5651:
5616:
5597:
5586:
5563:
5548:
5516:
5497:
5482:
5471:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5388:
5378:
5364:
5349:
5289:
5283:
5179:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5103:
5074:
5064:
5032:
5022:
5005:
4995:
4966:
4956:
4927:
4917:
4889:
4796:
4785:
4767:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4735:
4729:
4718:
4696:
4685:
4671:
4665:
4651:
4640:
4626:
4616:
4605:
4580:
4569:
4564:
4553:
4542:
4522:
4494:
4484:
4456:
4446:
4411:
4401:
4373:
4363:
4348:low falling (breathy)
4335:
4325:
4300:
3412:as pronounced , . The
3396:rimes are merged into
2522:in the Hanoi dialect:
1209:
1193:
937:Comparison of initials
570:, derived from French
552:with other consonants.
130:This article contains
58:"Vietnamese phonology"
8860:Earle, M. A. (1975).
8472:Vương H., Lễ (1992).
8096:) and (orthographic
6234:Nasal consonant coda
6077:does not occur after
5173:
4559:
4548:
4537:
2281:Table of Hanoi finals
1275:⟨ua~uô⟩
1263:⟨ưa~ươ⟩
1251:⟨ia~iê⟩
1200:Vowel chart of Hanoi
1199:
1184:Vowel chart of Hanoi
1183:
860:, as well as between
9393:Proceedings of HILP5
9376:Edmondson, Jerold A.
8972:Journal of Phonetics
8804:Journal of Phonetics
6237:Stop consonant coda
6102:The offglide may be
5974:oán "bear a grudge"
5886:G = off-glide coda (
5840:follows the scheme:
5786:low checked falling
5741:high checked rising
2066:'man'/'grandfather'
1555:close back unrounded
1467:centering diphthongs
1294:⟨i, y⟩
885:In informal speech,
816:are both pronounced
776:are both pronounced
764:are both pronounced
43:improve this article
10396:Vietnamese language
10217:Proto-Indo-European
9873:White South African
8934:Han, Mieko (1966).
7732:
6222:
6159:The optional coda C
5679:low falling-rising
5529:mid falling-rising
5233:Eight-tone analysis
5087:low falling-rising
4979:mid falling-rising
4755:tone, for example:
4593:Alexandre de Rhodes
1668:⟨uôi⟩
1660:⟨ươi⟩
1652:⟨ươu⟩
1644:⟨iêu⟩
1133: 'beautiful'
1056: 'to go out'
926:palatal approximant
914:retroflex fricative
795:or the opposite to
738:are all pronounced
650:are often slightly
169:Vietnamese language
123:Help:IPA/Vietnamese
9431:"Vietnamese Rhyme"
8401:⟨ng⟩
7730:
6220:
5922:, and an optional
5838:syllable structure
5281:distinct from the
5202:. You can help by
5180:
4866:Chao Tone Contour
4829:. You can help by
4810:Southern varieties
4659:with accompanying
4565:
4554:
4543:
4450:('to strengthen')
4386:mid rising, tense
4288:Chao Tone Contour
4262:Northern varieties
4215:. Tones differ in
2993:as central vowels
2192:⟨nh⟩
2188:⟨ch⟩
2112:Analysis of final
1965:) or are strongly
1963:doubly articulated
1880:no audible release
1826:⟨oi⟩
1817:⟨ay⟩
1809:⟨ai⟩
1800:⟨au⟩
1792:⟨ao⟩
1784:⟨eo⟩
1764:⟨ôi⟩
1755:⟨ây⟩
1747:⟨ơi⟩
1738:⟨âu⟩
1727:⟨êu⟩
1707:⟨ui⟩
1699:⟨ưi⟩
1691:⟨ưu⟩
1683:⟨iu⟩
1518:pronounced shorter
1210:
1194:
918:alveolar fricative
550:consonant clusters
191:Initial consonants
10378:
10377:
9878:Standard Canadian
9619:world's languages
9503:978-0-8248-1117-4
9421:978-0-415-96762-4
9380:Mon-Khmer Studies
9363:978-1-55619-733-8
9320:Mon-Khmer Studies
9254:. Washington, DC.
9242:978-0-87022-462-1
9216:Mon-Khmer Studies
9183:10.1159/000082560
9043:Mon-Khmer Studies
9030:Journal Asiatique
9004:978-0-8248-1892-0
8936:Vietnamese vowels
8825:Ngữ âm tiếng Việt
8397:⟨c⟩
8085:
8084:
7675:
7674:
6034:
6033:
5988:oắt "little imp"
5910:
5909:
5879:V = vowel nucleus
5811:
5810:
5342:Ho Chi Minh City
5277:. These are not
5220:
5219:
5111:
5110:
4883:Ho Chi Minh City
4847:
4846:
4530:
4529:
4433:
4253:Six-tone analysis
4204:
4203:
3628:/n,t,ŋ,k,ŋ͡m,k͡p/
3622:
3621:
3386:
3385:
3256:Ho Chi Minh City
3223:
3222:
2909:
2908:
2514:
2513:
2216:⟨ê⟩
2208:⟨i⟩
2102:
2101:
1949:
1948:
1831:
1830:
1574:Closing sequences
1500:
1447:
1446:
1442:⟨ă⟩
1428:⟨o⟩
1416:⟨a⟩
1404:⟨e⟩
1380:⟨â⟩
1366:⟨ô⟩
1354:⟨ơ⟩
1342:⟨ê⟩
1318:⟨u⟩
1306:⟨ư⟩
1166:
1165:
910:⟨r⟩
717:
716:
632:are phonetically
545:
544:
458:
412:
376:
350:
297:
119:
118:
111:
93:
10403:
10230:Kerkrade dialect
9853:General American
9608:
9601:
9594:
9585:
9584:
9567:
9557:
9536:
9507:
9488:
9459:
9442:
9425:
9406:
9387:
9367:
9346:
9327:
9311:
9301:
9292:
9286:
9278:
9269:
9263:
9255:
9246:
9234:
9223:
9210:
9177:(2–3): 119–146.
9168:
9158:
9156:
9138:
9128:
9118:
9108:
9106:
9096:
9084:
9067:
9050:
9037:
9024:
9008:
8987:
8966:
8957:
8954:Vietnamese tones
8948:
8939:
8928:
8919:
8910:
8897:
8884:
8873:
8856:
8839:
8819:
8798:
8796:
8790:. Archived from
8785:
8775:
8769:
8759:
8733:
8728:
8722:
8717:
8711:
8709:Henderson (1966)
8706:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8649:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8629:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8600:
8587:
8585:
8579:
8569:
8568:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8424:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8370:
8361:
8356:
8345:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8272:
8264:
8258:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8180:Ho Chi Minh City
8169:
8165:
8161:
8153:
8145:
8137:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7733:
7729:
7684:
7671:
7664:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7578:
7525:
7476:
7447:
7406:
7325:
7228:
7147:
7091:
7030:
6941:
6884:
6835:
6762:
6705:
6648:
6599:
6542:
6485:
6428:
6351:
6294:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6223:
6219:
6207:
6200:
6192:
6188:
6170:
6166:
6147:
6143:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6080:
6074:
6062:
6051:
5934:
5933:
5921:
5893:
5889:
5876:
5861:
5806:
5776:
5761:
5731:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5701:
5669:
5654:
5643:
5619:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5589:
5566:
5551:
5519:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5474:
5442:
5422:
5391:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5215:
5212:
5194:
5187:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5106:
5077:
5067:
5056:
5035:
5025:
5008:
4998:
4969:
4959:
4930:
4920:
4892:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4821:
4814:
4799:
4788:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4738:
4732:
4721:
4699:
4688:
4674:
4668:
4654:
4643:
4629:
4619:
4608:
4583:
4572:
4525:
4512:
4497:
4487:
4474:
4459:
4449:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4414:
4404:
4391:
4376:
4367:('grandmother')
4366:
4353:
4338:
4328:
4317:
4303:
4271:
4270:
4244:register complex
4141:
4080:
3957:
3836:
3776:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3615:
3611:
3589:
3585:
3566:
3562:
3540:
3536:
3517:
3513:
3491:
3487:
3473:
3242:
3241:
3213:
3209:
3159:
3155:
3125:
3121:
3099:
3095:
3076:
3072:
3050:
3046:
3024:
3020:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:Merger of finals
2837:
2762:
2685:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2504:
2500:
2478:
2474:
2452:
2448:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2384:
2380:
2358:
2354:
2332:
2328:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2291:velar consonants
2276:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2092:
2071:
2050:
2029:
2008:
1987:
1974:
1960:
1956:
1940:
1920:
1900:
1887:
1877:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1586:to form closing
1585:
1581:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1487:
1480:
1443:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1381:
1378:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1340:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1216:
1215:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1050:
1045:
1038: 'to add'
1020:
1015:
1010:
992:
988:
983:
978:
946:
945:
911:
907:
900:
897:, and sometimes
896:
892:
888:
881:
877:
873:
866:
859:
852:
838:
826:
819:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
767:
749:
741:
708:
688:
675:
668:
649:
631:
617:
609:
599:
591:
565:
557:
522:
515:
508:
501:
483:
472:
465:
454:
449:
442:
433:
426:
419:
408:
390:
383:
372:
359:
348:
342:
334:
327:
320:
313:
305:
295:
278:
271:
262:
255:
198:
197:
152:
148:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
10411:
10410:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10401:
10400:
10381:
10380:
10379:
10374:
10303:
10257:Scottish Gaelic
10110:
9964:Standard Modern
9904:
9716:Modern Standard
9676:
9621:
9612:
9575:
9570:
9504:
9422:
9403:
9372:Nguyễn, Văn Lợi
9364:
9343:
9280:
9279:
9257:
9256:
9243:
9166:
9136:
9116:
9094:
9005:
8794:
8783:
8767:
8741:
8736:
8729:
8725:
8718:
8714:
8707:
8703:
8695:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8668:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8645:
8641:
8630:
8623:
8613:
8611:
8609:Văn hóa Nghệ An
8601:
8590:
8557:
8553:
8545:
8541:
8526:
8522:
8511:
8507:
8496:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8470:
8466:
8448:
8444:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8414:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8359:Thompson (1965)
8357:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8328:
8322:
8318:
8265:
8261:
8253:
8249:
8218:
8214:
8206:
8199:
8195:
8090:Thompson (1965)
7719:
7714:
7606:
7596:
7584:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7547:
7539:
7531:
7518:
7512:
7504:
7498:
7490:
7482:
7453:
7438:
7430:
7424:
7414:
7399:
7389:
7377:
7367:
7357:
7347:
7335:
7318:
7308:
7298:
7288:
7278:
7268:
7258:
7248:
7238:
7221:
7211:
7201:
7191:
7181:
7171:
7159:
7137:
7131:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7103:
7097:
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7023:
7017:
7007:
6997:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6955:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6896:
6890:
6877:
6871:
6863:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6828:
6818:
6812:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6780:
6772:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6717:
6711:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6654:
6639:
6633:
6625:
6619:
6611:
6605:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6497:
6491:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6434:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6231:Off-glide coda
6162:
6156:
6083:Sino-Vietnamese
6042:
5900:
5869:
5851:
5847:
5836:The Vietnamese
5816:
5526:3 / r / ?
5400:mid flat level
5316:Vni/telex/Viqr
5296:
5235:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5200:needs expansion
5185:
4976:3 / r / ?
4901:mid flat level
4860:Vni/telex/Viqr
4843:
4837:
4834:
4827:needs expansion
4812:
4791:
4724:
4691:
4646:
4611:
4575:
4513:(3ˀ5) or (4ˀ5)
4466:3 / r / ?
4405:('to embrace')
4282:Vni/telex/Viqr
4264:
4255:
4209:
4170:
4159:
4145:
4109:
4098:
4084:
4070:
4059:
4048:
4033:
4022:
4013:
4002:
3991:
3980:
3965:
3947:
3936:
3925:
3910:
3899:
3890:
3879:
3868:
3857:
3843:
3812:
3801:
3786:
3752:
3741:
3726:
2979:
2919:
2914:
2309:are more open:
2283:
2215:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2133:Thompson (1965)
2121:
2109:
1872:
1846:are pronounced
1836:Thompson (1965)
1825:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1576:
1563:Brunelle (2003)
1497:
1494:
1493:
1473:All vowels are
1441:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1390:
1379:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1328:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1178:
1173:
1107: 'young'
1081: 'split'
939:
922:velar fricative
909:
806:
804:Saigon initials
724:
654:, but they are
289:
228:
212:
193:
160:
159:
158:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10409:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10311:
10309:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10262:Serbo-Croatian
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10227:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10118:
10116:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10007:
10006:
10001:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9977:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9943:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9923:
9918:
9912:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9833:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9684:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9637:
9632:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9611:
9610:
9603:
9596:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9574:
9573:External links
9571:
9569:
9568:
9555:10.1.1.694.756
9548:(2): 333–363.
9537:
9525:10.2307/411402
9519:(1): 362–371.
9508:
9502:
9489:
9477:10.2307/411232
9471:(3): 454–476.
9460:
9443:
9426:
9420:
9407:
9401:
9388:
9368:
9362:
9347:
9341:
9328:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9303:
9270:
9247:
9241:
9224:
9211:
9159:
9147:(3): 381–392.
9129:
9109:
9085:
9068:
9051:
9038:
9025:
9009:
9003:
8988:
8978:(3): 223–232.
8967:
8958:
8949:
8940:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8920:
8898:
8890:Asie Orientale
8885:
8874:
8857:
8840:
8820:
8799:
8797:on 2011-07-09.
8776:
8760:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8723:
8712:
8701:
8689:
8677:
8662:
8650:
8639:
8634:Tiếng Sài Gòn
8621:
8588:
8551:
8539:
8520:
8517:. số 10, 2016.
8505:
8490:
8464:
8442:
8430:
8412:
8388:
8376:
8362:
8346:
8334:
8316:
8281:(2): 122–134.
8259:
8247:
8234:10.2307/411232
8228:(3): 454–476.
8212:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8023:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7705:
7689:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7657:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7433:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7368:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7336:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7309:
7299:
7289:
7279:
7269:
7259:
7249:
7239:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7182:
7172:
7162:
7160:
7150:
7148:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7018:
7008:
6998:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6956:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6819:
6813:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6290:
6289:Vowel nucleus
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6218:
6217:
6202:
6195:open syllables
6160:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6132:
6122:
6087:
6086:
6075:
6054:
6053:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:ớt "capsicum"
5980:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5960:uể "sluggish"
5958:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5926:or off-glide.
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5704:
5703:
5702:('at random')
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5613:
5608:
5592:
5591:
5583:
5580:
5579:˧ˀ˥ (3ˀ5~4ˀ5)
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5513:
5508:
5493:
5477:
5476:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5436:
5425:
5424:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5385:
5375:
5360:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5243:Middle Chinese
5234:
5231:
5218:
5217:
5197:
5195:
5184:
5181:
5109:
5108:
5107:('at random')
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4845:
4844:
4824:
4822:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4790:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4723:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4574:
4566:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4236:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4225:contour melody
4223:
4220:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4163:
4152:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4102:
4091:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4063:
4052:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4026:
4015:
4006:
3995:
3984:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3940:
3929:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3892:
3883:
3872:
3861:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3747:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3483:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3205:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3151:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3016:
2978:
2975:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2410:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2324:
2285:The following
2282:
2279:
2214:(orthographic
2206:(orthographic
2120:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1871:
1868:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1803:
1786:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1741:
1729:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1540:
1521:
1507:
1482:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159: 'born'
1154:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1026: 'skin'
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
998: 'wife'
993:
984:
979:
973:
972:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
938:
935:
934:
933:
902:
883:
844:
823:Historically,
821:
805:
802:
801:
800:
781:
755:
723:
722:Hanoi initials
720:
719:
718:
715:
714:
712:
709:
704:
703:'to delegate'
701:
695:
694:
692:
689:
684:
681:
671:
670:
659:
645:
642:alveolar ridge
638:palatoalveolar
627:
612:denti-alveolar
605:
587:
575:
553:
543:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
526:
525:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
493:
487:
486:
484:
477:
475:
473:
466:
459:
451:
450:
443:
436:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
400:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
384:
377:
369:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
353:
351:
345:
344:
335:
328:
321:
314:
307:
298:
293:
282:
281:
279:
272:
265:
263:
256:
249:
243:
242:
237:
232:
221:
216:
206:
201:
192:
189:
153:⟩, see
129:
128:
127:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10408:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10297:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10113:
10107:
10106:Luxembourgish
10104:
10102:
10099:
10095:
10094:Maastrichtian
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9946:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9841:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9679:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9635:Orthographies
9633:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9609:
9604:
9602:
9597:
9595:
9590:
9589:
9586:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9499:
9495:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9427:
9423:
9417:
9413:
9408:
9404:
9402:3-935024-27-4
9398:
9394:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9359:
9355:
9354:
9348:
9344:
9342:0-19-507993-0
9338:
9334:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9316:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9293:
9290:
9284:
9276:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9253:
9248:
9244:
9238:
9233:
9232:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9093:
9092:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9000:
8996:
8995:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8968:
8964:
8959:
8955:
8950:
8946:
8941:
8937:
8932:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8882:
8881:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8793:
8789:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8766:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8744:
8743:
8732:
8727:
8721:
8720:Nguyễn (1997)
8716:
8710:
8705:
8698:
8693:
8686:
8681:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8643:
8635:
8628:
8626:
8610:
8606:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8584:
8578:
8573:
8567:
8561:
8558:For example,
8555:
8548:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8524:
8516:
8509:
8502:. số 6, 2014.
8501:
8494:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8446:
8439:
8434:
8428:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8410:
8392:
8386:
8385:Nguyễn (1997)
8380:
8374:
8369:
8367:
8360:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8343:
8338:
8327:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8271:
8263:
8256:
8251:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8216:
8209:
8204:
8202:
8197:
8190:
8187:
8186:Nguyễn (1997)
8183:
8181:
8177:
8171:
8157:
8149:
8141:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7744:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7668:
7661:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6227:
6224:
6215:
6211:
6203:
6196:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6165:/p,t,k,m,n,ŋ/
6158:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6123:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:labialization
6058:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6002:huỷ "cancel"
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5903:
5896:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5820:Hannas (1997)
5818:According to
5805:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5711:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5655:('governor')
5653:
5649:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5599:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5499:
5492:
5484:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5310:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5280:
5260:
5259:entering tone
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5201:
5198:This section
5196:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5068:('governor')
5066:
5062:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4854:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4828:
4825:This section
4823:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4804:
4803:Nguyễn (1997)
4798:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4778:
4777:Nguyễn (1997)
4769:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4711:
4710:Nguyễn (1997)
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4678:
4677:Nguyễn (1997)
4673:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4633:
4632:Nguyễn (1997)
4628:
4623:
4622:breathy voice
4618:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4598:
4597:Nguyễn (1997)
4594:
4590:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4536:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:(21) or (31)
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:pitch contour
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:labialization
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3218:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:diphthongized
2974:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2509:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2296:
2295:diphthongized
2292:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2247:
2243:
2225:
2224:diphthongized
2184:
2171:
2164:
2153:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1802:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Nguyễn (1997)
1548:
1547:Nguyễn (1970)
1541:
1522:
1519:
1508:
1502:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1376:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:according to
1203:
1198:
1191:
1188:according to
1187:
1182:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
985:
980:
975:
974:
970:
967:
964:
963:
951:
947:
944:
943:
942:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
903:
884:
882:respectively.
870:
863:
856:
849:
845:
842:
834:
830:
822:
815:
811:
808:
807:
782:
775:
771:
763:
759:
756:
753:
745:
737:
733:
729:
726:
725:
713:
710:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
664:
660:
657:
653:
646:
643:
639:
635:
628:
625:
621:
613:
606:
603:
595:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
561:
554:
551:
547:
546:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
527:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
500:
496:
494:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
476:
474:
471:
467:
464:
460:
457:
453:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
435:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
405:
401:
398:
396:
394:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
365:
363:
361:
358:
354:
352:
347:
346:
341:
336:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
299:
294:
292:
287:
283:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
226:
222:
220:
217:
215:
210:
207:
205:
202:
199:
196:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
156:
144:
140:
138:
134:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
10360:West Frisian
10349:
10147:Massachusett
9660:Prepositions
9629:
9545:
9541:
9516:
9512:
9493:
9468:
9464:
9455:
9451:
9438:
9434:
9411:
9392:
9383:
9379:
9352:
9332:
9323:
9319:
9307:
9297:
9274:
9251:
9230:
9219:
9215:
9207:hal-00130119
9174:
9170:
9144:
9140:
9120:
9090:
9072:
9055:
9046:
9042:
9033:
9029:
9020:
9017:Dân Việt-Nam
9016:
8993:
8975:
8971:
8962:
8953:
8944:
8935:
8924:
8915:
8906:
8902:
8893:
8889:
8879:
8861:
8844:
8824:
8810:(1): 79–96.
8807:
8803:
8792:the original
8787:
8771:
8755:
8751:
8739:Bibliography
8726:
8715:
8704:
8697:Hannas (1997
8692:
8680:
8671:
8665:
8653:
8647:Alves (1995)
8642:
8633:
8612:. Retrieved
8608:
8554:
8542:
8533:
8523:
8514:
8508:
8499:
8493:
8481:. Retrieved
8477:
8467:
8459:
8455:
8445:
8433:
8409:onomatopoeia
8403:occur after
8391:
8379:
8337:
8319:
8278:
8274:
8262:
8250:
8225:
8221:
8215:
8184:
8172:
8155:
8147:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8108:spectrograms
8102:
8097:
8093:
8088:
7736:Orthography
7720:
7701:
7692:
7679:
7677:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7603:
7593:
7581:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7536:
7528:
7515:
7509:
7501:
7495:
7487:
7479:
7450:
7435:
7427:
7421:
7411:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7382:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7241:
7235:
7231:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7164:
7156:
7152:
7134:
7128:
7120:
7114:
7108:
7100:
7094:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7020:
7014:
7010:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6893:
6887:
6874:
6868:
6860:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6769:
6765:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6714:
6708:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6651:
6636:
6630:
6622:
6616:
6608:
6602:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6494:
6488:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6431:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6213:
6209:
6179:tone contour
6174:
6173:
6152:
6151:
6135:
6099:
6098:
6089:
6088:
6085:borrowings )
6059:the onglide
6056:
6055:
6038:
6037:
6024:tức "angry"
6016:toán "math"
5996:nữ "female"
5928:
5913:
5855:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5789:˧ˀ˩ʔ (3ˀ1ʔ)
5767:
5722:
5707:
5682:˧ˀ˩ʔ (3ˀ1ʔ)
5660:
5629:high rising
5610:
5595:
5590:('residue')
5557:
5510:
5495:
5480:
5452:low falling
5428:
5377:
5362:
5347:
5319:Description
5295:
5279:phonemically
5236:
5224:
5221:
5208:
5204:adding to it
5199:
5175:
5142:
5133:
5112:
5045:high rising
5026:('residue')
4940:low falling
4863:Description
4838:January 2011
4835:
4831:adding to it
4826:
4706:glottal stop
4702:creaky voice
4526:('residue')
4285:Description
4265:
4256:
4248:
4237:
4210:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3625:
3604:
3600:
3578:
3574:
3555:
3551:
3529:
3525:
3506:
3502:
3480:
3476:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:onomatopoeia
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3371:
3367:
3348:
3344:
3328:
3324:
3305:
3301:
3288:
3284:
3265:
3261:
3226:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3174:
3170:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3114:
3110:
3088:
3084:
3065:
3061:
3039:
3035:
3013:
3009:
2980:
2920:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2517:
2493:
2489:
2467:
2463:
2441:
2437:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2373:
2369:
2347:
2343:
2321:
2317:
2289:ending with
2284:
2277:is posited.
2270:
2266:
2262:
2248:
2244:
2185:
2169:
2162:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2107:Hanoi finals
2082:
2061:
2040:
2019:
1998:
1977:
1952:
1935:'different'
1930:
1910:
1890:
1873:
1864:Kirby (2011)
1843:
1839:
1834:
1811:
1794:
1749:
1732:
1577:
1559:Hoang (1965)
1489:
1465:) and three
1459:monophthongs
1452:
1186:monophthongs
1176:Vowel nuclei
1156:
1130:
1104:
1078:
1053:
1035:
1023:
995:
940:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
832:
828:
813:
809:
773:
769:
761:
757:
751:
743:
735:
731:
727:
698:
678:
663:glottal stop
571:
567:
194:
171:, including
163:
161:
149:and ⟨
131:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
10090:Limburgish
9981:Greenlandic
9858:New Zealand
9791:Northern Wu
9650:Determiners
9630:Phonologies
9615:Phonologies
9542:Diachronica
8731:Đoàn (1980)
8438:Kirby (2011
8427:Phạm (2006)
8342:Kirby (2011
8208:Kirby (2011
6130:/u,o,ɔ,uə̯/
6120:/i,e,ɛ,iə̯/
6010:cơm "rice"
5807:('silver')
5606:"departing"
5567:"tumbling"
5552:('poison')
5009:"tumbling"
4999:('poison')
4741:tense voice
4661:harsh voice
4657:tense voice
4586:modal voice
4498:'tumbling'
3450:ec, êng, êc
3179:/um/, /up/
2987:centralized
2937:(only when
1895:'to reply'
1874:When stops
1860:Phạm (2008)
1592:triphthongs
1567:Phạm (2006)
1523:The vowels
1479:/u,o,ɔ,uə̯/
1206:Kirby (2011
1190:Kirby (2011
656:unaspirated
602:labiodental
491:Approximant
296:unaspirated
10385:Categories
10350:Vietnamese
10221:Ripuarian
10212:Portuguese
10122:Macedonian
10101:Lithuanian
10011:Hindustani
9848:Australian
9801:Historical
9748:Belarusian
9645:Adjectives
9579:Ngữ âm học
9441:: 107–142.
9326:: 163–182.
9222:: 121–137.
9104:2346/12672
8909:(135–193).
8685:Phạm (2003
8658:Phạm (2003
8547:Phạm (2003
8373:Han (1966)
8255:Phạm (2008
8193:References
8104:Han (1966)
7739:Knowledge
7723:Han (1966)
6228:Zero coda
6030:hoặc "or"
5783:5 / j / .
5762:('uncle')
5738:1 / s / '
5718:"entering"
5691:˨˩˨ (212)
5688:˦˧˦ (313)
5685:˧˨˧ (323)
5676:5 / j / .
5638:˦˧˥ (435)
5626:1 / s / '
5573:4 / x / ~
5541:˨˩˦ (214)
5538:˧˨˦ (324)
5535:˧˨˦ (324)
5532:˧˩˧ (313)
5449:2 / f / `
5423:('three')
5339:Bình Định
5336:Quảng Nam
5325:Diacritic
5096:˨˩˨ (212)
5093:˦˧˦ (313)
5090:˧˨˧ (323)
5084:5 / j / .
5051:˦˧˥ (435)
5042:1 / s / '
5015:4 / x / ~
4988:˨˩˦ (214)
4985:˧˨˦ (324)
4982:˧˨˦ (324)
4937:2 / f / `
4921:('three')
4880:Bình Định
4877:Quảng Nam
4869:Diacritic
4504:4 / x / ~
4421:5 / j / .
4383:1 / s / '
4345:2 / f / `
4329:('three')
4312:mid level
4291:Diacritic
3253:Binh Dinh
3250:Quang Nam
2293:have been
2024:'to read'
1967:labialized
1957:are after
1588:diphthongs
1202:diphthongs
950:Diaphoneme
652:affricated
614:(), while
586:secondary.
560:loan words
69:newspapers
10340:Ukrainian
10247:Sardinian
10225:Colognian
10182:Old Saxon
10167:Norwegian
10132:Maldivian
10076:Latgalian
10021:Icelandic
10016:Hungarian
9895:Esperanto
9781:Cantonese
9758:Bulgarian
9731:Levantine
9703:Afrikaans
9550:CiteSeerX
9283:cite book
9277:. Saigon.
9260:cite book
9171:Phonetica
8614:April 21,
8572:lax voice
8295:1754-9507
7742:Thompson
6137:khuỷu tay
6124:offglide
6114:offglide
6073:/ɓ,f,v,m/
5943:Syllable
5937:Syllable
5904:T = tone.
5848:)(w)V(G|C
5520:"asking"
5491:"oblique"
5475:('lady')
5309:Tone name
5305:Register
4970:"asking"
4960:('lady')
4853:Tone name
4589:phonation
4488:('bait')
4460:'asking'
4275:Tone name
4232:phonation
4228:intensity
3237:Binh Dinh
3233:Quang Nam
2520:/n,t,ŋ,k/
2045:'cancer'
2003:'poison'
1714:Close-mid
1636:Centering
1613:offglide
1607:offglide
1475:unrounded
1325:Close-mid
1239:Centering
683:'to eat'
583:implosive
572:champagne
410:voiceless
404:Fricative
374:implosive
349:aspirated
291:Affricate
219:Retroflex
177:phonology
173:phonetics
99:June 2020
10237:Romanian
10046:Japanese
10004:Biblical
9991:Hawaiian
9986:Gujarati
9949:Standard
9941:Galician
9929:Parisian
9900:Estonian
9831:Standard
9776:Mandarin
9772:Chinese
9736:Tunisian
9721:Egyptian
9693:Acehnese
9665:Pronouns
9640:Grammars
9513:Language
9465:Language
9458:: 22–39.
9191:15662108
9081:27465711
9023:: 61–68.
8853:54703297
8837:52436584
8566:Nam Định
8515:Ngôn Ngữ
8500:Ngôn Ngữ
8311:25000895
8303:27172848
8222:Language
7681:^ Notes:
7286:(q)uạng
6212:and the
5946:Example
5940:Example
5830:Quốc Ngữ
5825:Quốc Ngữ
5796:˨˩ (21)
5777:"heavy"
5751:˦˥ (45)
5744:˧˥ (35)
5732:"sharp"
5670:"heavy"
5635:˦˥ (45)
5632:˧˥ (35)
5620:"sharp"
5506:"rising"
5464:˧˩ (31)
5461:˧˩ (31)
5458:˧˩ (31)
5455:˨˩ (21)
5406:˦˨ (42)
5328:Example
5313:Tone ID
5211:May 2008
5178:. (2009)
5078:"heavy"
5048:˦˥ (45)
5036:"sharp"
4949:˧˩ (31)
4946:˧˩ (31)
4943:˧˩ (31)
4904:˦˨ (42)
4872:Example
4857:Tone ID
4415:'heavy'
4377:'sharp'
4294:Example
4279:Tone ID
3446:ooc, eng
2991:realized
2951:/aw,u,o/
2175:. Final
2139:, where
1982:'murky'
1848:/iw,iəw/
1771:Open-mid
1461:(simple
1387:Open-mid
960:Example
768:, while
624:alveolar
596:, while
594:bilabial
568:sâm panh
214:Alveolar
147:/ /
143:Help:IPA
10365:Yiddish
10330:Turkish
10315:Tagalog
10299:Swedish
10287:Spanish
10272:Slovene
10242:Russian
10202:Persian
10172:Occitan
10152:Medumba
10142:Marathi
10086:Latvian
10066:Kurdish
10056:Konkani
10041:Italian
10026:Ingrian
9995:Hebrew
9969:Ancient
9954:Bernese
9945:German
9925:French
9921:Finnish
9916:Faroese
9843:English
9813:Cornish
9808:Chukchi
9786:Hokkien
9768:Catalan
9763:Burmese
9753:Bengali
9743:Avestan
9712:Arabic
9617:of the
9386:: 1–18.
9064:1671521
8870:3182752
8758:: 1–13.
8483:9 April
8112:formant
7748:Nguyễn
7397:(q)uạch
7375:(q)uạnh
7189:(q)uặng
6206:/p,t,k/
6199:/p,t,k/
6191:/m,n,ŋ/
6148:onglide
5954:ê "eh"
5443:"deep"
5412:˦ (44)
5409:˧ (33)
5403:˧ (33)
5392:"flat"
5373:"level"
5227:Nghệ An
5164:hỏi–ngã
4931:"deep"
4910:˦ (44)
4907:˧ (33)
4893:"flat"
4437:(3ˀ1ʔ)
4339:'deep'
4304:'flat'
3452:as well
2995:/ă,ə,ɨ/
2935:/i,e,a/
2432:, , ,
1959:/u,o,ɔ/
1915:'cool'
1876:/p,t,k/
1624:Central
1486:/i,ɨ,u/
1227:Central
971:Saigon
957:Saigon
928:, or a
616:/ɗ,n,l/
579:glottis
566:(as in
286:Plosive
240:Glottal
230:palatal
225:Alveolo
135:in the
83:scholar
10345:Uyghur
10277:Somali
10267:Slovak
10207:Polish
10197:Pashto
10192:Ottawa
10177:Ojibwe
10162:Nepali
10157:Navajo
10071:Kyrgyz
10061:Korean
9999:Modern
9960:Greek
9934:Quebec
9888:Middle
9827:Dutch
9823:Danish
9726:Hejazi
9698:Adyghe
9688:Abkhaz
9552:
9533:411402
9531:
9500:
9485:411232
9483:
9418:
9399:
9360:
9339:
9239:
9205:
9199:462578
9197:
9189:
9079:
9062:
9001:
8868:
8851:
8835:
8829:Hà Nội
8309:
8301:
8293:
8242:411232
8240:
8176:France
8126:&
8118:&
7387:(q)uẹt
7365:(q)uẹn
7355:(q)uẹm
7345:(q)uẹo
7316:(q)uạc
7306:(q)uạt
7296:(q)uạp
7276:(q)uạn
7266:(q)uạm
7256:(q)uạo
7246:(q)uại
7219:(q)uặc
7209:(q)uặt
7199:(q)uặp
7179:(q)uặn
7169:(q)uặm
7157:(q)uạy
6216:tones.
6193:, and
5856:where
5498:thượng
5383:"high"
5358:"even"
5333:Hanoi
5241:. In
4765:(34);
4430:(3ˀ2ʔ)
4222:length
4086:ong /
3432:. The
2965:after
2210:) and
2157:, and
2087:'bee'
1870:Finals
1665:/uə̯j/
1657:/ɨə̯j/
1649:/ɨə̯w/
1641:/iə̯w/
1499:listen
1463:vowels
1171:Vowels
968:Hanoi
954:Hanoi
634:lamino
608:/t,tʰ/
530:Rhotic
456:voiced
209:Dental
204:Labial
185:Saigon
151:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
10355:Welsh
10335:Ubykh
10320:Tamil
10282:Sotho
10252:Scots
10187:Oromo
10137:Māori
10127:Malay
10081:Latin
10051:Kiowa
10036:Irish
10031:Inuit
9974:Koine
9818:Czech
9670:Verbs
9655:Nouns
9529:JSTOR
9481:JSTOR
9195:S2CID
9167:(PDF)
9137:(PDF)
9117:(PDF)
9095:(PDF)
9049:: 76.
8795:(PDF)
8784:(PDF)
8768:(PDF)
8583:huyền
8577:huyền
8570:with
8440::383)
8383:From
8344::384)
8329:(PDF)
8307:S2CID
8238:JSTOR
8210::382)
7751:Đoàn
7717:Notes
7704:tone.
7613:Tone
7577:/ʷiə/
7405:/ʷə̆/
7333:(q)uẹ
7236:(q)uạ
6949:(g)ịa
6371:(gi)á
6367:(gi)ã
6363:(gi)ả
6359:(gi)à
6187:/j,w/
6169:/j,w/
6027:CwVC
6013:CwVC
5916:onset
5644:(35)
5440:huyền
5434:"low"
5389:ngang
5176:et al
5128:huyền
5116:ngang
5057:(35)
4928:huyền
4890:ngang
4617:huyền
4606:Huyền
4581:ngang
4570:Ngang
4392:(35)
4336:huyền
4318:(33)
4301:ngang
4219:pitch
4147:oc /
4140:/k͡p/
4079:/ŋ͡m/
3614:/əwk/
3610:/əwŋ/
3588:/awk/
3584:/awŋ/
2999:/n,t/
2971:/k,ŋ/
2963:/t,n/
2959:/k,ŋ/
2955:/k,ŋ/
2943:/k,ŋ/
2931:/t,n/
2927:/t,n/
2923:/k,ŋ/
2600:/uə̯/
2595:/ɨə̯/
2590:/iə̯/
2357:/əwk/
2353:/əwŋ/
2331:/awk/
2327:/awŋ/
2287:rimes
2181:/c,ɲ/
2177:/c,ɲ/
2137:/c,ɲ/
2028:/ɗɔk/
2007:/ɗok/
1986:/ɗuk/
1955:/k,ŋ/
1939:/xak/
1919:/mat/
1899:/ɗap/
1856:/ɨəw/
1752:/ə̆j/
1735:/ə̆w/
1675:Close
1619:Front
1490:Ba Vì
1282:Close
1222:Front
1208::384)
1192::384)
965:word
930:trill
916:, an
841:va li
791:into
648:/ʈ,c/
630:/c,ɲ/
620:apico
598:/f,v/
590:/ɓ,m/
247:Nasal
235:Velar
181:Hanoi
139:(IPA)
90:JSTOR
76:books
10370:Zuni
10325:Taos
9498:ISBN
9416:ISBN
9397:ISBN
9358:ISBN
9337:ISBN
9289:link
9266:link
9237:ISBN
9187:PMID
9077:OCLC
9060:OCLC
9036:(1).
8999:ISBN
8896:(1).
8866:OCLC
8849:OCLC
8833:OCLC
8699::88)
8687::45)
8660::31)
8616:2020
8549::93)
8485:2020
8399:and
8299:PMID
8291:ISSN
8257::35)
8164:/ɜː/
8152:/ɐː/
8136:/ɜː/
8122:and
8110:and
7756:i/y
7745:Han
7702:nặng
7693:nặng
7691:The
7655:/âˀ/
7648:/ǎˀ/
7641:/a᷉/
7604:uyệt
7594:uyện
7569:uỵch
7551:uỵnh
7524:/ʷi/
7516:uệch
7502:uệnh
7475:/ʷe/
7446:/ʷə/
7428:uậng
7393:oạch
7371:oạnh
7324:/ʷɛ/
7282:oạng
7227:/ʷa/
7185:oặng
7146:/ʷă/
7121:uộng
7090:/uə/
7064:ượng
7029:/ɨə/
6995:yệng
6991:iệng
6985:yện
6940:/iə/
6541:/ə̆/
6214:nặng
6021:CVC
6007:CVC
5999:CwV
5985:wVC
5971:wVC
5924:coda
5774:nặng
5723:high
5710:nhập
5667:nặng
5611:high
5511:high
5483:trắc
5431:trầm
5365:bình
5350:bằng
5290:nặng
5287:and
5273:and
5149:and
5143:The
5137:nặng
5134:The
5075:nặng
4797:nặng
4794:The
4789:tone
4786:Nặng
4727:The
4722:tone
4694:The
4689:tone
4672:nặng
4649:The
4644:tone
4614:The
4609:tone
4578:The
4573:tone
4435:˧ˀ˩ʔ
4428:˧ˀ˨ʔ
4412:nặng
4213:tone
4207:Tone
4100:ôông
3949:iêng
3938:ương
3927:uông
3844:oong
3708:/iː/
3703:/ɨː/
3698:/uː/
3668:/ə̆/
3643:/aw/
3565:/ok/
3561:/oŋ/
3552:ôông
3546:, .
3539:/ot/
3535:/on/
3516:/ɔk/
3512:/ɔŋ/
3503:oong
3490:/ɔt/
3486:/ɔn/
3442:oong
3434:ôông
3420:and
3414:oong
3388:The
3247:Hue
3212:/ɨk/
3208:/ɨŋ/
3158:/it/
3154:/in/
3124:/et/
3120:/en/
3098:/at/
3094:/an/
3075:/ɔk/
3071:/ɔŋ/
3049:/ok/
3045:/oŋ/
3023:/uk/
3019:/uŋ/
2985:and
2961:and
2829:uông
2824:ương
2819:iêng
2555:/ə̆/
2550:/aw/
2503:/ik/
2499:/iŋ/
2477:/ek/
2473:/eŋ/
2451:/ɛk/
2447:/ɛŋ/
2425:/ɨt/
2421:/ɨn/
2417:/ɨk/
2413:/ɨŋ/
2383:/uk/
2379:/uŋ/
2305:and
2269:vs.
2265:vs.
2259:/aɲ/
2257:and
2255:/ac/
2242:→ .
2240:/eŋ/
2238:→ ,
2236:/ek/
2232:/ɛŋ/
2230:→ ,
2228:/ɛk/
2198:and
2190:and
2168:and
2150:and
2127:and
2091:/ɔŋ/
2070:/oŋ/
2049:/uŋ/
1931:khác
1882:():
1862:and
1854:and
1852:/ɨw/
1842:and
1823:/ɔj/
1814:/ăj/
1806:/aj/
1797:/ăw/
1789:/aw/
1781:/ɛw/
1776:Open
1761:/oj/
1744:/əj/
1724:/ew/
1704:/uj/
1696:/ɨj/
1688:/ɨw/
1680:/iw/
1629:Back
1590:and
1565:and
1535:and
1529:/ɔː/
1527:and
1525:/ɛː/
1516:are
1512:and
1510:/ə̆/
1453:The
1392:Open
1232:Back
1162:or
1157:sinh
1131:xinh
1110:or
1003:or
924:, a
920:, a
899:/ŋw/
895:/ʔw/
891:/hw/
887:/kw/
878:and
867:and
853:and
831:and
812:and
787:and
772:and
760:and
734:and
707:/wi/
687:/ăn/
618:are
610:are
600:are
592:are
183:and
175:and
162:The
62:news
10308:T–Z
10115:M–S
9909:F–L
9883:Old
9796:Old
9681:A–E
9560:doi
9521:doi
9473:doi
9203:HAL
9179:doi
9149:doi
9099:hdl
9034:142
8980:doi
8812:doi
8405:/ɛ/
8283:doi
8230:doi
8182:).
8178:or
8168:/ɜ/
8160:/ɐ/
8144:/ɜ/
7670:/à/
7663:/á/
7634:/ǎ/
7627:/â/
7620:/a/
7582:uỵa
7563:uỵt
7557:uỵp
7545:uỵn
7537:uỵu
7510:uệt
7496:uện
7488:uệu
7436:uật
7422:uận
7412:uậy
7383:oẹt
7361:oẹn
7351:oẹm
7341:oẹo
7312:oạc
7302:oạt
7292:oạp
7272:oạn
7262:oạm
7252:oạo
7242:oại
7215:oặc
7205:oặt
7195:oặp
7175:oặn
7165:oặm
7153:oạy
7135:uộc
7129:uột
7115:uộn
7109:uộm
7101:uội
7082:ược
7076:ượt
7070:ượp
7058:ượn
7052:ượm
7046:ượu
7040:ượi
7021:iệc
7015:yệt
7011:iệt
7005:yệp
7001:iệp
6981:iện
6975:yệm
6971:iệm
6965:yệu
6961:iệu
6914:ụng
6883:/u/
6861:ựng
6834:/ɨ/
6826:ỵch
6822:ịch
6800:ịnh
6761:/i/
6735:ộng
6704:/o/
6696:ệch
6678:ệnh
6647:/e/
6598:/ə/
6572:ậng
6515:ọng
6484:/ɔ/
6476:ạch
6458:ạnh
6427:/ɛ/
6401:ạng
6350:/a/
6324:ặng
6293:/ă/
6283:/k/
6278:/t/
6273:/p/
6268:/ŋ/
6263:/n/
6258:/m/
6253:/w/
6248:/j/
6210:sắc
6146:/w/
6142:/w/
6126:/w/
6116:/j/
6108:/w/
6106:or
6104:/j/
6079:/n/
6061:/w/
6050:/p/
5993:CV
5979:VC
5965:VC
5957:wV
5920:/w/
5892:/w/
5890:or
5888:/j/
5875:/w/
5852:)+T
5804:bạc
5799:◌̣
5780:D2
5768:low
5759:bác
5754:◌́
5735:D1
5729:sắc
5694:◌̣
5673:B2
5661:low
5647:◌́
5623:B1
5617:sắc
5598:khứ
5582:◌̃
5570:C2
5564:ngã
5558:low
5544:◌̉
5523:C1
5517:hỏi
5467:◌̀
5446:A2
5395:A1
5380:phù
5284:sắc
5275:/k/
5271:/c/
5267:/t/
5263:/p/
5255:/k/
5253:or
5251:/t/
5247:/p/
5206:.
5158:hỏi
5152:hỏi
5146:ngã
5122:sắc
5099:◌̣
5081:B2
5060:◌́
5039:B1
5033:sắc
5018:◌̃
5012:C2
5006:ngã
4991:◌̉
4973:C1
4967:hỏi
4952:◌̀
4934:A2
4896:A1
4833:.
4773:˦ˀ˥
4752:sắc
4746:ngã
4736:ngã
4730:sắc
4719:Sắc
4697:ngã
4686:Ngã
4666:hỏi
4652:hỏi
4641:Hỏi
4511:˧ˀ˥
4501:C2
4495:ngã
4473:˧˩˧
4463:C1
4457:hỏi
4432:or
4418:B2
4380:B1
4374:sắc
4342:A2
4307:A1
4161:ôôc
4111:ung
4088:ông
4072:iêc
4067:iêt
4061:ươc
4056:ươt
4050:uôc
4045:uôt
3967:ooc
3956:/k/
3944:iên
3933:ươn
3922:uôn
3912:eng
3901:ưng
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