1046:, a 2018 collection of philosophical essays on games edited by Tavinor and Jon Robson, several philosophers consider the kind of art form games are, and whether they include characteristic or unique artistic interpretative practices. In his chapter, "Appreciating videogames", Zach Jurgensen, while accepting that previous philosophical arguments that videogames are art are "convincing", finds that they typically neglect gameplay in their accounts, and "what makes studying videogames as works of art worthwhile is grounded partly in our understanding of them as games" In 2020, University of Utah philosophy professor C. Thi Nguyen published
1026:
to uncontested artworks and count as art". In a later paper
Tavinor also argues that despite ontological differences to other examples in the category, video games count as examples of what the philosopher Noël Carroll has referred to as "mass art". Dominic McIver Lopes, a philosopher at the University of British Columbia, writing in a book on computer art, gives similar reasons to consider video games as a form of art, though also noting that their characteristic interactivity may mean that in comparison with established forms of art such as architecture and music, each "realizes positive aesthetic properties in its own way".
44:
586:
1207:, which was based on a similar law in California to block the sales of mature video games to minors, the United States Supreme Court ruled that games are entitled to First Amendment protection, with the majority opinion reading, "Like the protected books, plays, and movies that preceded them, video games communicate ideas—and even social messages—through many familiar literary devices (such as characters, dialogue, plot, and music) and through features distinctive to the medium (such as the player's interaction with the virtual world). That suffices to confer First Amendment protection."
1198:, new federal and state laws were proposed to further enforce the ESRB's system as well as to mandate processes for the ESRB. Other states passed laws to enforce sales of games based on the ESRB ratings, most designed to prevent sales of games rated "Mature" to minors by fining retailer. Video game industry trade groups sued to block these laws, generally succeeding based on similar precedence from the early 2000 cases that video games, even violent ones, were protected speech.
707:
1458:"art games", noted Samyn, was merely a byproduct of the imaginative stagnation and lack of progressivism in the video game industry. While Tale of Tales acknowledged that old media featuring one-way communication was not enough, and that two-way communication via computers offers the way forward for art, the studio argued that such communication today is being held hostage by the
4014:
1261:
negative criticism and controversy for failing to conform to the very standards of non-artistic triviality demanded by these traditional notions. He further explained games as a type of art more akin to architecture, in which the artist creates a space for the audience to experience on their own terms, than to a non-interactive presentation as in cinema.
1130:
of the municipalities that their concern about limiting behavior was a more compelling concern at the time. However, these early cases brought into question the potential that video games may be more advanced than just pinball machines due to the virtual worlds they could represent, and as technology advanced, could change the precedence.
1399:, and he were concerned with (i.e. fine art or sublime art) is exceptionally rare and that Ebert was being consistent by declaring video games to be without artistic merit in as much as Ebert had previously claimed that "hardly any movies are art". Moriarty decried the modern expansion of the definition of art to include
1454:, games represent nothing more than a physiological necessity. Art, on the other hand, is not created out of a physical need but rather it represents a search for higher purposes. Thus the fact that a game acts to fulfill the physical needs of the player is sufficient, according to Samyn, to disqualify it as art.
1215:
Emerging art forms depend upon existing communities for recognition and legitimization, even as they compete with those incumbents for ideological and material support. Games have faced suspicion from critics of established media, just as film, television, and comics were once doubted. Keith
Stewart,
1129:
began to be established for finding that video games were no more expressive than pinball, chess, board- or card-games, or organized sports, and thus could not be considered protected speech. The bulk of these cases declined to grant video games protection under the First
Amendment and ruled in favor
1474:
who may not share the artist's vision. However, Samyn does not reject the idea that games, as a medium, can be used to create art. To create art using the medium of the video game Samyn suggests that the artistic message must precede the means of its expression in the guidance of gameplay mechanics,
1457:
Gamers were surprised by this controversial stance due to the frequency of prior third-party characterizations of Tale of Tales' productions as "art games", however Tale of Tales clarified that the games they were making simply expanded the conception of games. The characterization of their games as
1344:
One obvious difference between art and games is that you can win a game. It has rules, points, objectives, and an outcome. Santiago might cite immersive game without points or rules, but I would say then it ceases to be a game and becomes a representation of a story, a novel, a play, dance, a film.
1167:
recognized that obscenity, related to sexualized content, was separate from violent content. Posner reasoned that, unlike cases involving obscene content, there was no similar prurient interest to support excluding violent content from First
Amendment protection. Applying this reasoning, video games
1058:
While many video games are recognized as art for their visual imagery and storytelling, another class of games has gained attention for creating an emotional experience for the player, generally by having the user role-play as a character under a stress-inducing situation, covering topics associated
1462:. To enable and foment this futuristic two-way art, suggests Tale of Tales, the concept of "the game" must be eviscerated by games that do not fit within the current paradigm and then "life must be breathed into the carcass" through the creation of artworks Samyn and Harvey refer to as "not games".
1260:
Munroe suggested that video games often face a double standard in that if they conform to traditional notions of the game as a toy for children then they are flippantly dismissed as trivial and non-artistic, but if they push the envelope by introducing serious adult themes into games then they face
1168:
were treated by reviewing courts as protected works under the First
Amendment, with decisions generally ruling that ordinances blocking minors from playing or purchasing them were unconstitutional. However, in the absence of Supreme Court precedent, these decisions did not set nationwide standards.
1025:
argues that when considered under disjunctive definitions or cluster accounts that have been employed to address the question of the definition of art itself, that "though they have their own non-artistic historical and conceptual precedents, videogames sit in an appropriate conceptual relationship
1084:
The characterization of games as works of art has been controversial. While recognizing that games may contain artistic elements in their traditional forms such as graphic art, music, and story, several notable figures have advanced the position that games are not artworks, and, according to them,
950:
as outlined by the German government, which banned the sale of games that contained imagery of extremist groups such as Nazis; while
Section 86a allowed for use of these images in artistic and scientific works, video games were not seen to fall within an artistic use. On August 9, 2018, the German
1300:
To my knowledge, no one in or out of the field has ever been able to cite a game worthy of comparison with the great dramatists, poets, filmmakers, novelists and composers. That a game can aspire to artistic importance as a visual experience, I accept. But for most gamers, video games represent a
1075:
country, with the player-character's pay reflecting how few mistakes they made and going to feed and house their family. The game requires the player to make decisions about letting in certain people who may not have all their proper papers but have dire reason to be allowed through such as to be
1016:
Video games have been of interest in philosophical aesthetics and the philosophy of the arts since at least the mid-2000s where a growing body of literature typically examines video games in the context of traditional philosophical questions concerning the arts. One such question is whether video
1438:
agreed with Ebert's assessment that video games are not art. Kojima acknowledged that games may contain artwork, but he stressed the intrinsically popular nature of video games in contrast to the niche interests served by art. Since the highest ideal of all video games is to achieve 100% player
1415:
and the difficulty of setting out to create art given the "slippery" tools that game designers must work with, Moriarty concluded that ultimately it was the fact that player choices were presented in games that structurally invalidated the application of the term "art" to video games as the
1154:
Despite the ESRB system, several states attempted to create laws that enforced the ESRB ratings on the basis that violent video games were harmful to minors. A series of cases at federal district and circuit courts starting in 2000 which challenged these ordinances and restrictions began an
1469:
as directly responsible for the marginalization of artistic narrative in games and he described modern video games as little more than digital sport. Pointing to systemic problems, Samyn criticized the current model whereby the putative artist must work through a large and highly efficient
1357:
Ebert's essay was strongly criticized by the gaming community, including
Santiago herself, who believes that video games as artistic media are only at their infancy, similar to prehistoric cave paintings. Ebert later amended his comments in 2010, conceding that games may indeed be art in a
1446:), argued in no uncertain terms that games "are not art" and that they are by and large "a waste of time". Central to Tale of Tales' distinction between games and art is the purposive nature of games as opposed to art: Whereas humans possess a biological need that is only satisfied by
804:'s 1989 "Hot Circuits: A Video Arcade", video games were showcased as preformed works whose quality as art came from the intent of the curator to display them as art. Further explorations of this theme were set up in the late 1990s and early 2000s with exhibitions like the
1492:
published an article arguing that games are more like a playground and not art. Jones also notes that the nature of creating video games robs "one person's reaction to life" and that "no one owns the game, so there is no artist, and therefore no work of art".
1236:
Auteur theory has led to some overlap between indie status and artistic cachet, with critics praising stylistic choices in indie games, when those same choices would be deplored in a commercial game. Rather than defending the medium as a whole, proponents of
1155:
alteration of precedent of the nature of expression of video games. In these cases, the courts identified two elements of video games; that they were expressive works that had the potential to be protected by the First
Amendment, and that under review using
1245:. In practice, indie auteurs often receive commercial backing, while mainstream creators such as Shigeru Miyamoto and Peter Molyneux are increasingly viewed as auteurs as well. The conflation of indieness and artistry has been criticized by some, including
1041:
Much of the literature has now turned from the question of whether video games are art, to the question of what kind of art form they are. University of St
Andrews philosopher Berys Gaut considers video games to be a case of "interactive cinema". In
1222:, sees mainstream media as preferring to approach games from the angle of the human stories surrounding them – making indie games with identifiable creators attractive to journalists. Critical communities devoted to games have likewise embraced
951:
government agreed to recognize some of the artistic nature of video games and softened the restriction on
Section 86a, allowing the USK to consider games with such imagery as long as they fell within the social adequacy clause of Section 86a.
1232:
noted that even as video games become a larger market by revenues compared to films and books, the amount of attention given to video games is generally delegated to a limited set of sources and do not readily enter the "cultural discourse".
1151:(ESRB) to stave off proposed legislation to regulate the industry. While the ESRB system was voluntary, retailers agreed to not sell unrated games or those rated "Adults Only" while restricting sales of "Mature" games to minors.
2175:
1327:
that would allow for an optional happy ending. Such an option, according to Ebert, would weaken the artistic expression of the original work. In April 2010, Ebert published an essay, dissecting a presentation made by
902:. This meeting of the art game movement and the indie game movement is important according to Professor Pearce, insofar as it brings art games to more eyes and allows for greater potential to explore in indie games.
1029:
Following on from these initial philosophical accounts of video games as art, video games have become an established topic in the philosophy of the arts, appearing as a frequent topic in aesthetics journals such as
3353:
1021:, "Are Video Games Art?", the philosopher Aaron Smuts argued that "by any major definition of art many modern video games should be considered art" The New Zealand philosopher Grant Tavinor's 2009 book
988:
forty historically important video games in their original format to exhibit, showcasing video game interaction design as part of a broader effort to "celebrate gaming as an artistic medium". The annual
970:", which was designed to demonstrate the artistic nature of video games, including the impact of older works and the subsequent influence of video games on creative culture. The Smithsonian later added
3732:
1268:
believes games can be artistic but denies that they need to be art in order to have cultural value. She feels video games should aspire to be toys through which adults can exercise their imaginations.
1317:
entitled "An Epic Debate: Are Video Games an Art Form?" in which he stated that video games do not explore the meaning of being human as other art forms do. A year later, in response to comments from
3287:
2467:
2882:
2142:
2043:
929:, in accepting grants for art projects for 2012, expanded the allowable projects to include "interactive games", furthering the recognition of video games as an art form. Similarly, the
1687:"Gaming In Art: A Case Study Of Two Examples Of The Artistic Appropriation Of Computer Games And The Mapping Of Historical Trajectories Of 'Art Games' Versus Mainstream Computer Games"
1416:
audience's interaction with the work wrests control from the author and thereby negates the expression of art. This lecture was in turn criticized sharply by noted video game designer
1321:
on the panel discussion, Ebert further noted that video games present a malleability that would otherwise ruin other forms of art. As an example, Ebert posed the idea of a version of
1949:
1479:" or economic considerations must cease to guide the work's creation, and the development process must embrace a model wherein a single artist-author's vision gains central primacy.
1916:
2165:
2644:
2500:
1875:
2109:
2704:
1465:
In 2011, Samyn further refined his argument that games are not art by emphasizing the fact that games are systematic and rule-based. Samyn identified an industry emphasis on
2674:
3210:
1143:
criticizing the industry for lack of a ratings system. The hearings prompted the formation of the Interactive Digital Software Association in 1994 – later renamed as the
3504:
3158:
1799:
3343:
1835:
909:
first characterized video games as cultural goods and as "a form of artistic expression", granting the industry a tax subsidy and inducting two French game designers (
832:
1383:. In this lecture Moriarty emphasized that video games are merely an extension of traditional rule-based games and that there has been no call to declare games like
3092:
2401:
1280:
participated in a series of controversial debates and published colloquies. In 2005, following an online discussion concerning whether or not knowledge of the game
1059:
with poverty, sexuality, and physical and mental illnesses. Such games are considered to be examples of an empathy game, loosely described by Patrick Begley of the
2851:
1982:
792:
The earliest institutional consideration of the video game as an art form came in the late 1980s when art museums began retrospective displays of then outdated
3465:
1367:
Although Ebert did not engage with the issue again and his view remains mired in controversy, the notion that video games are ineligible to be considered
768:
remains in question, even when considering the contribution of expressive elements such as acting, visuals, design, stories, interaction, and music. Even
3279:
3125:
2271:
2210:
3246:
2457:
4015:
Notice of the National Press and Publication Administration on Further Strict Management and Effective Prevention of Minors' Addiction to Online Games
3384:
3972:
2984:
2434:
1098:
793:
3407:
1439:
satisfaction whereas art is targeted to at least one person, Kojima argued that video game creation is more of a service than an artistic endeavor.
3543:
2955:
1852:
1185:
3187:
3962:
2874:
2132:
985:
318:
3320:
1636:
2035:
1658:
1101:
in strings of cases starting around 1982 related to ordinances that limited minors from buying video games or from video game arcades, such as
2787:
898:, according to Pearce, have become something like performance art pieces. Most recently, a strong overlap has developed between art games and
735:
563:
4041:
2996:
1939:
935:
1906:
2636:
2614:
2490:
2004:
1977:
1883:
1517:
1140:
801:
797:
1371:
due to their commercial appeal and structure as choice-driven narratives has proved persuasive for many including video game luminary
2820:
2696:
2099:
1755:
1203:
2919:
2076:
1296:) as a commentary on the game, Ebert described video games as a non-artistic medium incomparable to the more established art forms:
3443:
2666:
4048:
3835:
3739:
3599:
3028:
1827:
3864:
2735:
1531:
258:
125:
3488:
3830:
1789:
940:
3061:
1712:
3852:
3536:
1159:, video games were not seen as obscene, and thus were not restricted from being protected works. The Seventh Circuit case
3977:
3801:
3220:
3089:
2391:
1148:
344:
1093:
American courts first began examining the question of whether video games were entitled to constitutional guarantees of
3148:
1430:
1144:
843:
community was the development of playable video game pieces referencing or paying homage to earlier classic works like
761:
525:
2843:
1972:
772:, games purposely designed to be a work of creative expression, have been challenged as works of art by some critics.
3563:
1502:
728:
556:
3896:
3694:
1110:
809:
298:
268:
3746:
3529:
3462:
2008:
1691:
1135:
963:
926:
1050:
to examine the concept of video games as art in the context of the wider consideration of non-electronic games.
3987:
1442:
At the 2010 Art History of Games conference, Michael Samyn and Auriea Harvey (founding members of indie studio
1190:
1257:, who argue the characteristics that distinguish indie games from the mainstream are not inherently artistic.
1163:
in 2001 is considered to be the most definitive basis of the new precedent set by these cases, in which Judge
3908:
3660:
3646:
3115:
2259:
2198:
1226:
of games' artistic potential as underpinned by the creative visions of sole creators. John Lanchester of the
1194:
in 2006, both which revealed sexually explicit content within the game's assets that were only viewable with
1180:
1071:
is a game ostensibly about being a border agent checking passports and other travel documents in a fictional
994:
922:
520:
513:
508:
174:
3256:
3653:
3585:
3376:
2424:
906:
820:
721:
549:
535:
4105:
3417:
2981:
2776:"Protecting Protected Speech: Violent Video Game Legislation Post-Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n"
1489:
1314:
1301:
loss of those precious hours we have available to make ourselves more cultured, civilized and empathetic.
944:
930:
672:
530:
382:
2947:
1849:
4095:
3857:
3181:
1340:, where he again claimed that games can never be art, due to their rules and goal-based interactivity.
1109:
around the potential for violence and addictive behavior of video games and arcades in the wake of the
808:'s "Beyond Interface" (1998), the online "Cracking the Maze - Game Plug-Ins as Hacker Art" (1999), the
454:
278:
3310:
2610:
1008:, while having featured video games in the past, had its first Tribeca Games Award at the 2021 event.
108:
3967:
1527:
1443:
877:, the art game genre emerged from the intersection of commercial games and contemporary digital art.
439:
360:
323:
2305:
The Oxford Encyclopedia 2nd Edition, 2014. Edited by Michael Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1612:
3930:
3903:
3879:
3809:
3777:
3702:
3552:
2775:
1794:
933:
ruled that video games were protected speech like other forms of art in the June 2011 decision for
88:
83:
3767:
3474:
3283:
1879:
1624:
1564:, a film that explores the concept of video games as art and the role they play in modern society
1171:
1076:
reunited with their own loved ones, at the cost of their own pay and well-being of their family.
348:
288:
2993:
2012:
43:
4100:
3992:
3940:
3784:
3762:
2910:
2170:
1573:
1471:
1282:
1228:
967:
851:
753:
615:
607:
585:
204:
115:
65:
2600:
3935:
3825:
3794:
3632:
2462:
1973:"German Attorney General: Video game with Swastika does not violate the law; constitutes art"
1293:
1061:
1005:
954:
The lines between video games and art become blurred when exhibitions fit the labels of both
914:
845:
490:
293:
251:
189:
93:
4062:
3886:
3869:
3727:
3688:
2810:
2562:
Goroff, David B. (April 1984). "The First Amendment Side Effects of Curing Pac-Man Fever".
981:
387:
273:
263:
236:
77:
2166:"Tribeca Festival Unveils Games Lineup Including Annapurna Interactive's 'Twelve Minutes'"
2066:
1741:
1065:
as a game that "asks players to inhabit their character's emotional worlds". For example,
1038:; and appearing in multiple readers and collections of works in philosophical aesthetics.
8:
4055:
3772:
3592:
2905:
2564:
2429:
1459:
1396:
781:
678:
460:
370:
132:
72:
56:
3440:
3280:"Game Designer Kellee Santiago Responds to Roger Ebert's "Video Games Are Not Art" Rant"
4069:
3874:
3568:
3348:
3005:
2581:
2137:
1704:
1466:
1360:
873:
789:
stated that video games "are as much an art form as any other field of entertainment".
785:
711:
395:
231:
980:, games from this collection, as permanent exhibits within the museum. Similarly, the
4019:
3496:
3412:
3251:
3215:
3153:
3120:
3020:
2396:
2317:, 3rd Edition, 2013, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. Oxford: Routledge
2039:
1911:
1822:
1708:
1628:
1560:
1512:
1195:
1094:
805:
650:
415:
308:
226:
184:
103:
2727:
4002:
3315:
2605:
2573:
2495:
2071:
1696:
1507:
1337:
1323:
1175:
918:
835:
paper, "Arcade Classics Span Art? Current Trends in the Art Game Genre", professor
693:
688:
420:
313:
137:
3469:
3447:
3380:
3096:
3051:
3000:
2988:
2543:
Salamanca, Paul E. (Fall 2005). "Video Games as a Protected Form of Expression".
1856:
1831:
1686:
1542:
1447:
1333:
1329:
959:
668:
328:
3708:
3674:
2104:
1861:
1737:
1567:
1372:
1164:
1115:
1067:
998:
990:
836:
816:
635:
365:
33:
4089:
4024:
3997:
3842:
3500:
1632:
1276:
The question rose to wide public attention in the mid-2000s when film critic
1250:
1246:
1241:
attempt to create a separate milieu opposed to video games they accept to be
1223:
894:
602:
22:
3982:
3639:
3625:
3521:
3101:
3056:
2815:
1944:
1579:
1537:
1484:
1435:
1408:
1318:
1218:
1072:
910:
881:
880:
At the 2010 Art History of Games conference in Atlanta, Georgia, professor
824:
485:
410:
400:
377:
194:
142:
2522:
America's Best Family Showplace Corp. v. City of New York, Dept. of Bldgs.
1940:"Germany says games with Nazi symbols can get "artistic" exception to ban"
1103:
America's Best Family Showplace Corp. v. City of New York, Dept. of Bldgs.
3891:
3618:
1412:
1392:
1378:
1350:
1306:
1288:
1277:
1242:
1156:
1139:
intensified debate around violence in video games, and the U.S. Congress
1106:
840:
444:
355:
169:
120:
1174:
remained a concern for parents, advocates, and lawmakers. Following the
3681:
3606:
2585:
2133:"Tribeca Film Festival Adds Video Games As Official Selections In 2021"
1522:
1254:
1001:
selected by a panel of both video game and art industry professionals.
899:
863:
757:
432:
209:
179:
160:
2329:, edited by D. Goldblatt, L. B. Brown, S. Patridge, Oxford: Routledge.
1700:
2036:"Smithsonian acquires Flower, Halo 2600 for its permanent collection"
1547:
1417:
1388:
1265:
1126:
976:
889:
682:
645:
465:
3052:"That time Roger Ebert said games will never be as worthy as movies"
2577:
2367:, edited by Jon Robson and Grant Tavinor, 2018. New York: Routledge.
2354:, edited by Jon Robson and Grant Tavinor, 2018. New York: Routledge.
1411:. After addressing the corrupting influence of commercial forces in
892:
had paved the way for more modern "art games". Works such as Lantz'
4007:
3923:
3789:
2637:"House bill wants $ 5,000 fine for video games without ESRB rating"
2601:"July 29, 1994: Videogame Makers Propose Ratings Board to Congress"
1747:
1553:
1368:
1238:
828:
812:
Beall Centre's "Shift-Ctrl" (2000), and a number of shows in 2001.
769:
640:
427:
216:
199:
29:
3918:
3667:
1752:
Computer Games and Digital Cultures conference (Tampere, Finland)
1669:(1). United States: Carnegie Publications: 49–51. September 1983.
1450:, argues Samyn, and as play has manifested itself in the form of
1400:
1121:
868:
867:. In modifying the code of simplistic early games or by creating
857:
21:"Empathy game" redirects here. For the Doctor Who audiobook, see
2875:"The First Guardian: Keith Stuart on getting games into Culture"
1534:
that explores key artists and designers of the video game medium
1790:"The Art History... Of Games? Games As Art May Be A Lost Cause"
1404:
885:
2697:"ID, please: Bill would mandate carding for M-rated game buys"
1823:
Arcade Classics Span Art? Current Trends in the Art Game Genre
1345:
Those are things you cannot win; you can only experience them.
764:, the philosophical proposition that video games are works of
3913:
2982:
Repeat of Spark 126 – October 16 & 19, 2011: Games as Art
2592:
1384:
760:
have been afforded legal protection as creative works by the
3021:"Portal Designer Kim Swift Won't Let You Take Her Toys Away"
884:
further noted that alongside Duchamp's art productions, the
3612:
2667:"FTC report: retailers clamping down on M-rated game sales"
1743:
Art games and Breakout: New media meets the American arcade
1451:
955:
2458:"'Empathy gaming' focuses on emotions and moral decisions"
1391:
to be art. He went on to argue that art in the sense that
1476:
1375:, who in March 2011 gave a lecture on the topic entitled
1364:, and addressing some replies to his original arguments.
765:
1407:
and describing aesthetic appreciation of video games as
1017:
games are a form of art. In a 2005 essay in the journal
1907:"Germany relaxes stance on Nazi symbols in video games"
1876:"Games Now Legally Considered an Art Form (in the USA)"
1313:
In 2006, Ebert took part in a panel discussion at the
2425:"Videogames About Alcoholism, Depression and Cancer"
2392:"Gaming's New Frontier: Cancer, Depression, Suicide"
2067:"MoMA to Exhibit Videogames, From Pong to Minecraft"
1570:, artistic expressions using video games as a medium
1271:
1997:
1358:non-traditional sense, that he had enjoyed playing
1286:was essential to a proper appreciation of the film
839:noted that a significant emerging trend within the
3377:"Right. Moving On… [My Response to Ebert]"
2941:
2939:
2937:
3240:
3238:
3090:Opinion: Brian Moriarty's Apology for Roger Ebert
1105:These ordinances and regulations had come from a
4087:
1659:"Video Games Player 1983 Golden Joystick Awards"
888:movement of the 1960s, and most immediately the
2934:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
1850:For France, Video Games Are as Artful as Cinema
3311:"Alt Text: Are Videogames Art? Time Will Tell"
3235:
2975:
2973:
2659:
2327:Aesthetics: A reader in philosophy of the arts
3537:
2643:. Condé Nast Publications. January 17, 2013.
2629:
729:
557:
4042:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association
3551:
3183:An Epic Debate: Are Video Games an Art Form?
2811:"Congress seeks truth in video game ratings"
2762:
2527:
2100:"Pixels Floating on the Art World's Margins"
1970:
1931:
1732:
1730:
1610:
1204:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association
1161:American Amusement Machine Ass'n v. Kendrick
1125:drawing in millions in revenue from minors.
936:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association
166:Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types
3186:. 62nd Annual Conference on World Affairs.
3083:
3081:
3079:
2970:
2689:
1210:
1032:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
3544:
3530:
2866:
2757:American Amusement Mach. Ass'n v. Kendrick
1518:Electronic Language International Festival
1338:Technology Entertainment Design Conference
1085:may never be capable of being called art.
1011:
736:
722:
564:
550:
2542:
2422:
2163:
2033:
1904:
1727:
1680:
1678:
1676:
3374:
3344:"Roger Ebert: Video games cannot be art"
3277:
3116:"Why did the chicken cross the genders?"
3076:
2808:
2773:
2703:. Condé Nast Publications. May 8, 2008.
2673:. Condé Nast Publications. May 8, 2008.
2488:
2389:
2342:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2097:
2034:McWhertor, Michael (December 17, 2013).
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1423:
939:. In Germany, prior to August 2018, the
3341:
3308:
3146:
2872:
2844:"Supreme Court sees video games as art"
2257:
2145:from the original on September 28, 2020
1971:Schwiddessen, Sebastian (May 8, 2018).
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1684:
827:resonated with early developers of the
752:is a commonly debated topic within the
4088:
3507:from the original on September 8, 2015
3323:from the original on December 22, 2013
3128:from the original on December 20, 2013
3064:from the original on November 28, 2020
3049:
3018:
2958:from the original on December 22, 2015
2885:from the original on December 22, 2015
2841:
2725:
2647:from the original on December 16, 2013
2617:from the original on February 18, 2014
2598:
2561:
2455:
2079:from the original on February 21, 2014
2046:from the original on December 19, 2013
1937:
1788:Pratt, Charles J. (February 8, 2010).
1736:
1673:
1576:, the process of creating a video game
1532:Australian Centre for the Moving Image
993:" art exhibit held at the time of the
3525:
3489:"Sorry MoMA, video games are not art"
3487:Jones, Jonathan (November 30, 2012).
3486:
3405:
3387:from the original on November 9, 2010
3244:
3208:
3190:from the original on October 13, 2012
3179:
3113:
3087:Moriarty, Brian; Caoili, Eric (ed.).
3031:from the original on January 21, 2021
2945:
2823:from the original on January 22, 2009
2809:Bangeman, Eric (September 27, 2006).
2707:from the original on December 2, 2013
2677:from the original on December 2, 2013
2470:from the original on November 8, 2016
2437:from the original on October 14, 2016
2404:from the original on October 21, 2016
2315:The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics
2196:
2130:
2064:
2005:"Exhibitions: The Art of Video Games"
1905:Handrahan, Matthew (August 9, 2018).
1787:
1639:from the original on October 23, 2021
1591:
943:(USK) software ratings body enforced
941:Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle
4049:Entertainment Software Ass'n v. Foti
3161:from the original on August 27, 2010
3050:Reimer, Jeremy (November 28, 2020).
2922:from the original on October 5, 2016
2904:John, Lanchester (January 1, 2009).
2903:
2774:Clements, Christopher (March 2012).
2489:Quinones, Eva-Marie (July 9, 2019).
2456:Begley, Patrick (November 1, 2014).
2423:Dougherty, Conon (August 15, 2013).
1873:
1770:
3978:Family Entertainment Protection Act
3375:Santiago, Kellee (April 19, 2010).
3356:from the original on April 22, 2010
2854:from the original on April 18, 2023
2759:, 115 F.Supp.2d 943 (S.D.Ind.2000).
2738:from the original on April 22, 2021
2503:from the original on April 26, 2021
2491:""There's Basic Rules. I'm Sorry.""
2274:from the original on April 18, 2023
2235:. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p.172
2213:from the original on April 18, 2023
2065:Solon, Olivia (November 29, 2012).
1985:from the original on April 11, 2022
1802:from the original on April 18, 2023
1758:from the original on April 22, 2023
1550:, the use of games for storytelling
1149:Entertainment Software Rating Board
1034:; receiving their own entry in the
966:held an exhibit in 2012, entitled "
815:The concept of the video game as a
13:
3114:Ebert, Roger (November 27, 2005).
2946:Smith, Edward (January 24, 2013).
2524:, 536 F.Supp. 170, D.C.N.Y., 1982.
2380:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2131:Hayes, Dade (September 24, 2020).
2112:from the original on June 17, 2022
2098:Goldberg, Harold (June 12, 2013).
1952:from the original on June 21, 2022
1919:from the original on July 13, 2021
1715:from the original on March 5, 2016
1431:US Official PlayStation 2 Magazine
1145:Entertainment Software Association
917:) and one Japanese game designer (
800:games. In exhibitions such as the
762:Supreme Court of the United States
526:List of video game industry people
14:
4117:
3734:California v. Activision Blizzard
3564:List of controversial video games
3290:from the original on May 28, 2010
3211:"Games vs. Art: Ebert vs. Barker"
2842:Sutter, John D. (June 28, 2011).
2790:from the original on June 2, 2023
2164:Beresford, Tribly (May 6, 2021).
1503:Classificatory disputes about art
1272:Roger Ebert on video games as art
1036:Oxford Encyclopedia of Aesthetics
925:. In May 2011, the United States
3342:Sapieha, Chad (April 18, 2010).
3309:Sjöberg, Lore (April 23, 2010).
3278:Nosowitz, Dan (April 20, 2010).
3149:"Video games: The 'epic debate'"
2979:Young, Nora & Misener, Dan.
2728:"Playing games with free speech"
2178:from the original on May 6, 2021
1938:Orland, Kyle (August 10, 2018).
1053:
705:
584:
319:Intellectual property protection
42:
3480:
3454:
3432:
3399:
3368:
3335:
3302:
3271:
3245:Ebert, Roger (April 16, 2010).
3202:
3180:Ebert, Roger (April 13, 2006).
3173:
3147:Emerson, Jim (April 16, 2006).
3140:
3107:
3043:
3012:
2897:
2873:Pearson, Dan (March 14, 2013).
2835:
2802:
2750:
2719:
2599:Kohler, Chris (July 29, 2009).
2555:
2515:
2482:
2449:
2416:
2390:Campbell, Colin (May 9, 2013).
2383:
2370:
2357:
2345:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2299:
2286:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2190:
2157:
2124:
2091:
2058:
2027:
2009:Smithsonian American Art Museum
1964:
1692:University of the Witwatersrand
1685:Stalker, Phillipa Jane (2005).
1088:
964:Smithsonian American Art Museum
927:National Endowment for the Arts
3988:Truth in Video Game Rating Act
3247:"Video games can never be art"
3209:Ebert, Roger (July 21, 2007).
3019:Rigney, Ryan (June 21, 2012).
2948:"Indie Games Aren't Art Games"
1898:
1867:
1841:
1814:
1651:
1191:The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
1141:held hearings in 1993 and 1994
1079:
1:
3647:Super Columbine Massacre RPG!
3451:. Eurogamer. 24 January 2006.
3441:Games aren't art, says Kojima
3408:"Okay, kids, play on my lawn"
3406:Ebert, Roger (July 1, 2010).
2726:Wagner, James (May 6, 2002).
2340:A Philosophy of Cinematic Art
1585:
1181:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
995:Electronic Entertainment Expo
923:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
521:List of video game publishers
509:List of video game developers
16:Artistic value of video games
3963:Intellectual property rights
2952:International Business Times
2918:(1). Nicholas Spice: 18–20.
2365:The Aesthetics of Videogames
2352:The Aesthetics of Videogames
2294:A Philosophy of Computer Art
1044:The Aesthetics of Videogames
871:for more complex games like
750:video games as a form of art
536:List of video game magazines
7:
1613:"An Art World for Artgames"
1496:
1403:, comparing video games to
1315:Conference on World Affairs
931:United States Supreme Court
531:List of video game websites
10:
4122:
3468:February 21, 2011, at the
2987:December 19, 2011, at the
2296:. Oxford: Routledge. p.116
2248:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1874:Funk, John (May 6, 2011).
1147:– and the creation of the
905:In March 2006, the French
802:Museum of the Moving Image
775:
628:Artistic expression within
596:Video games as an art form
455:Advertising in video games
27:
20:
4033:
3973:1993 U.S. Senate hearings
3968:Video Recordings Act 1984
3958:
3951:
3836:regionally censored games
3818:
3755:
3718:
3577:
3559:
2999:October 29, 2014, at the
2780:Boston College Law Review
2260:"Video Games as Mass Art"
1428:In a 2006 interview with
1292:(which Ebert had awarded
948:(German code) section 86a
324:Digital rights management
3810:Corrupted Blood incident
3703:Digital Homicide Studios
3553:Video game controversies
2246:A Philosophy of Mass Art
1211:Theory of legitimization
1184:in 2005, and the ESRB's
1111:golden age of the arcade
833:Digital Arts and Culture
28:Not to be confused with
3768:Cheating in video games
2611:Condé Nast Publications
2363:Jurgensen, Z. 2018, in
2264:Contemporary Aesthetics
2258:Tavinor, Grant (2011).
2203:Contemporary Aesthetics
1855:April 11, 2022, at the
1830:April 20, 2013, at the
1625:Simon Fraser University
1530:, an exhibition at the
1172:Violence in video games
1019:Contemporary Aesthetics
1012:Philosophical arguments
663:Video game art creation
51:Part of a series on the
3993:Video Game Decency Act
3785:Death of Brandon Crisp
3763:Blitzchung controversy
3446:March 9, 2015, at the
2911:London Review of Books
2199:"Are video games art?"
2171:The Hollywood Reporter
1574:Video game development
1355:
1311:
1229:London Review of Books
968:The Art of Video Games
754:entertainment industry
712:Video games portal
616:Alternate reality game
608:The Art of Video Games
3853:Gender representation
3795:2017 Wichita swatting
3095:May 17, 2023, at the
2463:Sydney Morning Herald
2376:C. Thi Nguyen. 2020.
2233:The Art of Videogames
2197:Smuts, Aaron (2005).
1611:Felan Parker (2013).
1424:Other notable critics
1342:
1298:
1062:Sydney Morning Herald
1023:The Art of Videogames
1006:Tribeca Film Festival
4063:Epic Games v. Google
3805:match fixing scandal
3740:ABK Workers Alliance
3721:workplace misconduct
3689:Six Days in Fallujah
3223:on February 11, 2013
2992:(Podcast available:
2378:Games: Agency as Art
1475:the development of "
1264:Video game designer
1048:Games: Agency as Art
982:Museum of Modern Art
388:Downloadable content
4056:Epic Games v. Apple
3756:Other controversies
3259:on October 10, 2011
2565:Columbia Law Review
2430:Wall Street Journal
2292:Lopes D. M. (2010)
1460:video game industry
907:Minister of Culture
782:video game magazine
679:Video game graphics
579:Art and video games
371:Episodic video game
57:Video game industry
4106:Video game culture
4070:Strickland v. Sony
3875:Simulator sickness
3569:Video game culture
3477:. 1 February 2011.
3420:on August 11, 2010
3349:The Globe and Mail
3009:. 7 November 2010.
2545:Georgia Law Review
2244:Carroll, N. 1998.
2138:Deadline Hollywood
1864:. 2 November 2006.
1847:Crampton, Thomas.
1836:Melbourne DAC 2003
1663:Video Games Player
1467:gameplay mechanics
1361:Cosmology of Kyoto
1113:, with games like
890:New Games Movement
786:Video Games Player
396:Games as a service
4096:Visual arts media
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4020:Video game piracy
4003:Microtransactions
3413:Chicago Sun-Times
3252:Chicago Sun-Times
3216:Chicago Sun-Times
3154:Chicago Sun-Times
3121:Chicago Sun-Times
2879:gamesindustry.biz
2015:on August 6, 2011
1912:GamesIndustry.biz
1820:Holmes, Tiffany.
1561:Playing Columbine
1513:Video game auteur
1216:games editor for
984:in New York City
806:Walker Art Center
798:second generation
746:
745:
651:Interactive movie
612:
574:
573:
416:Microtransactions
185:Interactive movie
4113:
3956:
3955:
3661:Ethnic Cleansing
3593:Custer's Revenge
3546:
3539:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3484:
3478:
3460:Samyn, Michael.
3458:
3452:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3416:. Archived from
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3255:. Archived from
3242:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3219:. Archived from
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3111:
3105:
3104:. 15 March 2011.
3085:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3016:
3010:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2943:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2011:. Archived from
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:. Archived from
1871:
1865:
1845:
1839:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1785:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1695:. Johannesburg.
1682:
1671:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1608:
1508:Artistic freedom
1472:development team
1434:, game designer
1353:
1324:Romeo and Juliet
1309:
919:Shigeru Miyamoto
915:Frédérick Raynal
738:
731:
724:
710:
709:
708:
689:Video game music
610:
588:
576:
575:
566:
559:
552:
421:In-game currency
46:
39:
38:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4075:
4029:
3947:
3865:Health problems
3814:
3751:
3720:
3714:
3654:Muslim Massacre
3573:
3555:
3550:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3485:
3481:
3470:Wayback Machine
3459:
3455:
3448:Wayback Machine
3438:Gibson, Ellie.
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3381:thatgamecompany
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3243:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3112:
3108:
3097:Wayback Machine
3086:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3013:
3001:Wayback Machine
2989:Wayback Machine
2978:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2772:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2597:
2593:
2578:10.2307/1122504
2560:
2556:
2541:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:Gaut. B. 2010.
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1868:
1857:Wayback Machine
1846:
1842:
1832:Wayback Machine
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1786:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1754:. Art Gallery.
1740:(August 2002).
1738:Holmes, Tiffany
1735:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1683:
1674:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1609:
1592:
1588:
1543:Interactive art
1499:
1426:
1381:For Roger Ebert
1354:
1349:
1334:thatgamecompany
1330:Kellee Santiago
1310:
1305:
1274:
1213:
1133:The release of
1099:First Amendment
1091:
1082:
1056:
1014:
986:aims to collect
960:interactive art
946:Strafgesetzbuch
778:
748:The concept of
742:
706:
704:
699:
698:
669:Game art design
664:
656:
655:
631:
629:
621:
620:
598:
570:
541:
540:
504:
496:
495:
491:Game journalism
481:
473:
472:
457:
351:
337:
336:
329:Copy protection
254:
244:
243:
156:
148:
147:
80:
68:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3909:Sexual content
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3822:
3820:
3819:Social aspects
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3803:Counter-Strike
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3728:Crunch culture
3724:
3722:
3719:Harassment and
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3709:Active Shooter
3705:
3700:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3675:V-Tech Rampage
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3479:
3453:
3431:
3398:
3367:
3334:
3301:
3270:
3234:
3201:
3172:
3139:
3106:
3075:
3042:
3011:
2969:
2933:
2896:
2865:
2834:
2801:
2786:(2): 661–692.
2761:
2749:
2718:
2688:
2658:
2628:
2591:
2572:(3): 744–774.
2554:
2526:
2514:
2481:
2448:
2415:
2382:
2369:
2356:
2344:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2298:
2285:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2189:
2156:
2123:
2105:New York Times
2090:
2057:
2026:
1996:
1963:
1930:
1897:
1886:on May 9, 2011
1866:
1862:New York Times
1840:
1813:
1795:Game Developer
1769:
1726:
1672:
1650:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1568:Video game art
1565:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:Jonathan Jones
1425:
1422:
1373:Brian Moriarty
1347:
1303:
1273:
1270:
1212:
1209:
1165:Richard Posner
1116:Space Invaders
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1068:Papers, Please
1055:
1052:
1013:
1010:
999:video game art
991:Into the Pixel
837:Tiffany Holmes
831:. In her 2003
777:
774:
744:
743:
741:
740:
733:
726:
718:
715:
714:
701:
700:
697:
696:
691:
686:
676:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
636:Video game art
632:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
605:
599:
594:
593:
590:
589:
581:
580:
572:
571:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
517:
516:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
463:
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
437:
436:
435:
425:
424:
423:
413:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
374:
373:
368:
366:Expansion pack
363:
352:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
316:
311:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
299:Content rating
291:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
229:
227:Arcade cabinet
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
129:
128:
123:
113:
112:
111:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
75:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
34:video game art
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4118:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Art criticism
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4025:Skin gambling
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Law 3037/2002
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3858:LGBTQ+ themes
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Cyberbullying
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3696:Mass Effect 3
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:Mortal Kombat
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:Game-specific
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3435:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2551:(1): 153–206.
2550:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2149:September 24,
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Siggraph 2002
1745:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:Tale of Tales
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:Lucy Kellaway
1248:
1247:Anna Anthropy
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:auteur theory
1221:
1220:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:discovery in
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1136:Mortal Kombat
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:as under the
1096:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1054:Empathy games
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
949:
947:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
896:
895:Pac Manhattan
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
875:
870:
866:
865:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
787:
783:
780:In 1983, the
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
720:
719:
717:
716:
713:
703:
702:
695:
692:
690:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
670:
667:
666:
660:
659:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
625:
624:
617:
614:
609:
606:
604:
603:Arthouse game
601:
600:
597:
592:
591:
587:
583:
582:
578:
577:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
506:
500:
499:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
477:
476:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
456:
453:
452:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
346:
341:
340:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
248:
247:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
218:
215:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
152:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
67:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
24:
23:Empathy Games
19:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
3983:Shutdown law
3847:
3831:banned games
3802:
3778:online games
3733:
3707:
3695:
3687:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3640:JFK Reloaded
3638:
3631:
3626:The Guy Game
3624:
3617:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3509:. Retrieved
3493:The Guardian
3492:
3482:
3475:The Escapist
3461:
3456:
3439:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:the original
3411:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3347:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3314:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3284:Fast Company
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:the original
3250:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3214:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3182:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3152:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3119:
3109:
3102:GameSetWatch
3088:
3068:November 28,
3066:. Retrieved
3057:Ars Technica
3055:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3024:
3014:
3004:
2994:Games as Art
2980:
2962:December 11,
2960:. Retrieved
2951:
2924:. Retrieved
2915:
2909:
2906:"Is It Art?"
2899:
2889:December 11,
2887:. Retrieved
2878:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:
2827:November 21,
2825:. Retrieved
2816:Ars Technica
2814:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2783:
2779:
2756:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2731:
2721:
2711:November 22,
2709:. Retrieved
2701:Ars Technica
2700:
2691:
2681:November 22,
2679:. Retrieved
2671:Ars Technica
2670:
2661:
2651:December 16,
2649:. Retrieved
2641:Ars Technica
2640:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2604:
2594:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2521:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2494:
2484:
2474:November 15,
2472:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2441:November 15,
2439:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:
2408:November 15,
2406:. Retrieved
2395:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2267:
2263:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2231:Tavinor, G.
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2206:
2202:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2169:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2136:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2103:
2093:
2083:November 30,
2081:. Retrieved
2070:
2060:
2050:December 17,
2048:. Retrieved
2029:
2019:February 16,
2017:. Retrieved
2013:the original
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1976:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1945:Ars Technica
1943:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1910:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1880:The Escapist
1869:
1848:
1843:
1821:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1793:
1760:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1717:. Retrieved
1690:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1620:
1616:
1580:Visual novel
1559:
1538:Game studies
1528:Game Masters
1483:
1481:
1464:
1456:
1441:
1436:Hideo Kojima
1429:
1427:
1397:Schopenhauer
1395:like Ebert,
1376:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1336:at the 2009
1322:
1319:Clive Barker
1312:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1235:
1227:
1219:The Guardian
1217:
1214:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1179:
1176:"Hot Coffee"
1170:
1160:
1153:
1134:
1132:
1120:
1114:
1102:
1092:
1089:Legal status
1083:
1073:Eastern Bloc
1066:
1060:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1003:
975:
971:
953:
945:
934:
911:Michel Ancel
904:
893:
882:Celia Pearce
879:
872:
862:
856:
850:
844:
825:found object
814:
791:
784:
779:
749:
747:
694:Storytelling
611:(exhibition)
595:
486:Game studies
411:Free-to-play
401:Cloud gaming
383:Crowdfunding
378:Early access
349:monetization
345:Distribution
289:Localization
165:
109:Level design
18:
3892:Review bomb
3880:VR sickness
3848:Form of art
3619:Islamic Fun
1488:art critic
1413:indie games
1351:Roger Ebert
1307:Roger Ebert
1278:Roger Ebert
1243:low culture
1157:Miller test
1107:moral panic
1095:free speech
1080:Controversy
997:highlights
921:) into the
900:indie games
841:digital art
758:video games
630:video games
445:Battle pass
440:Season pass
356:Buy-to-play
279:South Korea
116:Programming
66:Development
4090:Categories
4008:Loot boxes
3826:Censorship
3682:No Russian
3633:Hot Coffee
3607:Night Trap
3586:Death Race
3463:Almost Art
3424:August 31,
3391:August 31,
3360:August 31,
3327:August 31,
3294:August 31,
3263:August 31,
3227:August 31,
3194:August 31,
3165:August 31,
3132:August 31,
2926:October 3,
1989:August 26,
1956:August 10,
1701:10539/1749
1586:References
1556:collective
1523:Game canon
1255:Jim Munroe
1201:In 2011's
864:Burgertime
294:Censorship
252:Publishing
190:Nonviolent
161:Video game
94:Programmer
3870:addiction
3747:Gamergate
3501:0261-3077
3035:April 18,
2858:April 18,
2794:April 18,
2742:April 18,
2507:April 26,
2278:April 18,
2217:April 18,
1923:August 9,
1806:April 18,
1762:April 18,
1719:April 13,
1709:193910089
1633:1923-2691
1627:: 54–55.
1617:Loading..
1548:Machinima
1482:In 2012,
1418:Zach Gage
1393:Romantics
1266:Kim Swift
1239:art games
1186:re-rating
1127:Precedent
977:Halo 2600
852:Asteroids
821:readymade
770:art games
756:. Though
683:pixel art
646:Machinima
466:Advergame
237:Accessory
78:Developer
4034:Lawsuits
3931:Violence
3924:Shotacon
3904:Religion
3790:Swatting
3511:April 6,
3505:Archived
3466:Archived
3444:Archived
3385:Archived
3354:Archived
3321:Archived
3288:Archived
3188:Archived
3159:Archived
3126:Archived
3093:Archived
3062:Archived
3029:Archived
2997:Archived
2985:Archived
2956:Archived
2920:Archived
2883:Archived
2852:Archived
2821:Archived
2788:Archived
2736:Archived
2705:Archived
2675:Archived
2645:Archived
2615:Archived
2501:Archived
2468:Archived
2435:Archived
2402:Archived
2272:Archived
2211:Archived
2176:Archived
2143:Archived
2116:June 15,
2110:Archived
2077:Archived
2044:Archived
1983:Archived
1978:Lexology
1950:Archived
1917:Archived
1853:Archived
1828:Archived
1800:Archived
1756:Archived
1713:Archived
1643:July 28,
1637:Archived
1554:Kokoromi
1497:See also
1485:Guardian
1369:fine art
1348:—
1304:—
1294:one star
869:art mods
846:Breakout
829:art game
641:Non-game
428:Loot box
361:AAA game
217:Non-game
210:Exergame
200:Art game
155:Products
133:Graphics
84:Designer
73:Producer
30:art game
3919:Lolicon
3773:esports
3668:RapeLay
2621:June 1,
2586:1122504
2397:Polygon
2040:Polygon
1838:. 2003.
1477:funness
1401:low art
1379:Apology
1122:Pac-Man
858:Pac-Man
819:-style
817:Duchamp
776:History
673:artists
480:Related
461:in-game
259:Markets
232:Console
205:Edugame
195:Serious
143:Testing
3941:Sexism
3698:ending
3499:
2584:
2182:May 6,
1890:May 6,
1707:
1631:
1623:(11).
1405:kitsch
1253:, and
972:Flower
962:. The
886:Fluxus
861:, and
823:or as
309:Piracy
175:Erotic
170:Casual
121:Engine
104:Design
89:Artist
3952:Legal
3936:Women
3914:Eroge
3316:Wired
3025:WIRED
3006:Spark
2732:Salon
2606:Wired
2582:JSTOR
2496:Slate
2270:(1).
2209:(1).
2072:Wired
1705:S2CID
1452:games
1385:Chess
874:Quake
794:first
514:Indie
503:Lists
433:gacha
314:Clone
274:Japan
264:China
180:Indie
138:Music
3897:List
3887:Race
3613:Jynx
3513:2016
3497:ISSN
3426:2010
3393:2010
3362:2010
3329:2010
3296:2010
3265:2010
3229:2010
3196:2010
3167:2010
3134:2010
3070:2020
3037:2023
2964:2015
2928:2016
2891:2015
2860:2023
2829:2021
2796:2023
2744:2023
2713:2013
2683:2013
2653:2013
2623:2011
2509:2021
2476:2016
2443:2016
2410:2016
2280:2023
2219:2023
2184:2021
2151:2020
2118:2013
2085:2012
2052:2013
2021:2011
1991:2019
1958:2018
1925:2018
1892:2011
1808:2023
1764:2023
1721:2015
1645:2013
1629:ISSN
1448:play
1409:camp
1387:and
1289:Doom
1283:Doom
1196:mods
1119:and
1004:The
974:and
958:and
956:game
796:and
347:and
269:U.S.
3003:).
2848:CNN
2574:doi
1697:hdl
1377:An
1332:of
1188:of
810:UCI
766:art
32:or
4092::
3503:.
3495:.
3491:.
3473:.
3410:.
3383:.
3379:.
3352:.
3346:.
3319:.
3313:.
3286:.
3282:.
3249:.
3237:^
3213:.
3157:.
3151:.
3124:.
3118:.
3100:.
3078:^
3060:.
3054:.
3027:.
3023:.
2972:^
2954:.
2950:.
2936:^
2916:31
2914:.
2908:.
2881:.
2877:.
2850:.
2846:.
2819:.
2813:.
2784:53
2782:.
2778:.
2764:^
2734:.
2730:.
2699:.
2669:.
2639:.
2613:.
2609:.
2603:.
2580:.
2570:84
2568:.
2549:40
2547:.
2529:^
2499:.
2493:.
2466:.
2460:.
2433:.
2427:.
2400:.
2394:.
2266:.
2262:.
2205:.
2201:.
2174:.
2168:.
2141:.
2135:.
2108:.
2102:.
2075:.
2069:.
2042:.
2038:.
2007:.
1981:.
1975:.
1948:.
1942:.
1915:.
1909:.
1878:.
1860:.
1834:.
1826:.
1798:.
1792:.
1772:^
1750:.
1746:.
1729:^
1711:.
1703:.
1689:.
1675:^
1665:.
1661:.
1635:.
1619:.
1615:.
1593:^
1420:.
1389:Go
1249:,
913:,
855:,
849:,
168::
126:AI
3684:"
3680:"
3545:e
3538:t
3531:v
3515:.
3428:.
3395:.
3364:.
3331:.
3298:.
3267:.
3231:.
3198:.
3169:.
3136:.
3072:.
3039:.
2966:.
2930:.
2893:.
2862:.
2831:.
2798:.
2746:.
2715:.
2685:.
2655:.
2625:.
2588:.
2576::
2511:.
2478:.
2445:.
2412:.
2282:.
2268:9
2221:.
2207:3
2186:.
2153:.
2120:.
2087:.
2054:.
2023:.
1993:.
1960:.
1927:.
1894:.
1810:.
1766:.
1723:.
1699::
1667:2
1647:.
1621:7
989:"
737:e
730:t
723:v
685:)
681:(
675:)
671:(
565:e
558:t
551:v
36:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
