72:
326:, although five of these languages are primarily located around the border areas with New South Wales and South Australia. Clark also identified 19 sub-dialects in seven languages. The Victorian Aboriginal Corporation For Languages (VACL) is the peak body for Aboriginal languages in Victoria and coordinates all of the community language programs throughout Victoria. The corporation is focused on retrieving, recording and researching Aboriginal languages and providing a central resource on Victorian Aboriginal languages with programs and educational tools to teach the indigenous and wider community about language.
33:
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may show some variation about where one language ends and another begins. Many
Australian indigenous languages have declined to a critical state. More than three-quarters of the original Australian languages have already been lost, and the survival of almost all of the remaining languages is extremely threatened.
267:...an area of at least 15 acres was thus traced out ... These works must have been executed at great cost of labour ... There must have been some thousands of yards of this trenching and banking. The whole of the water from the mountain rivulets is made to pass through this trenching ere it reaches the marsh ...
329:
In recent years there has been an upsurge of interest in the
Aboriginal languages of the south-eastern corner of Australia. The boundaries between one language area and another are not distinct. Rather, mixtures of vocabulary and grammatical construction exist in such regions, and so linguistic maps
333:
Communities throughout
Victoria, supported by VACL, are reviving their languages through language camps, workshops, school programs, educational material for children, networking events, publications, music, digital resources, and dictionaries. VACL is expanding into the use of interactive digital
206:
hatchet heads, which were and traded across a wide area as far as New South Wales and
Adelaide. The mine provided a complex network of trading for economic and social exchange among the different Aboriginal nations in Victoria. The quarry had been in use for more than 1,500 years and covered 18
159:
rivers would have joined to flow through the heads then south and south west through the
Bassian plain before meeting the ocean to the west. Between 16,000 and 14,000 years BP the rate of sea level rise was most rapid, rising about 15 metres (50 ft) in 300 years according to Peter D. Ward.
122:
Islands have been dated to between 20,000 and 35,000 years ago, when sea levels were 130 metres (430 ft) below present level, allowing
Aboriginal people to move across the region of southern Victoria and on to the land bridge of the Bassian plain to Tasmania by at least 35,000 years ago.
230:
Two very substantial huts showed that even the natives had been attracted by the beauty of the land, and as the day was showery, I wished to return if possible, to pass the night there, for I began to learn that such huts, with a good fire between them, made comfortable quarters in bad
160:
Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands became separated from mainland
Australia around 12,000 BP, when the sea level was about 50 metres (160 ft) below present levels. Port Phillip was flooded by post-glacial rising sea levels between 8000 and 6000 years ago.
334:
tools and apps for learning language. They have a number of digital applications to revive
Victorian Aboriginal languages through traditional and contemporary stories. VACL supports education and learning activities in schools and communities around Victoria.
255:. Near Mount William, an elaborate network of channels, weirs and eel traps and stone shelters had been constructed, indicative of a semi-permanent lifestyle in which eels were an important economic component for food and bartering, particularly the
884:
The
Assembly met for the first time on 10 December 2019 and again met over two days in February 2020. The Assembly hopes to agree upon a framework, umpire and process before November 2022, the date of the next state election.
834:
There is considerable debate over the substance and location of North-eastern
Victorian indigenous languages including Mogullumbidj, Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang. Howitt considered Mogullumbidj the easternmost dialect of the
1086:
C.F.M. Bird and D. Frankel, 2005. An Archaeology of Gariwerd. From Pleistocene to Holocene in Western Victoria. Tempus 8. (Archaeology and Material Culture Studies in Anthropology) University of Queensland, St Lucia.Parks
58:
The Aboriginal people of Victoria had developed a varied and complex set of languages, tribal alliances, beliefs and social customs that involved totemism, superstition, initiation and burial rites, and tribal
2853:
2406:
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17:
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275:, who included the Gunditjmara, differed from other groups in Victoria in several respects. Because of the colder climate, they made, wore, and used as blankets, rugs of
2397:
3258:
1373:
2647:
1255:
Shire of Mt. Rouse Centenary booklet, 1964, as detailed by the Mt. Rouse & District Historical Society website, 20 October 2007. Accessed 25 November 2008
1178:, Vol. 16, No. 2, Mines and Quarries (Oct. 1984), pp. 267–285 (article consists of 19 pages) Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Accessed 3 November 2008
1148:
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was elected, consisting of 21 members elected from five different regions in the state, and 10 members to represent each of the state's formally recognised
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Marginal language groups in Victorian border areas with South Australia and New South Wales include Bindjali, Buandig, Jabulajabula, Ngargad, and Thawa.
2999:
2141:
870:
852:
214:
In some areas semi-permanent huts were constructed and a sophisticated network of water channels were constructed for farming eels. During winter the
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people – many thousands of years before the last Ice Age. One site in the Victoria Range (Billawin Range) has been dated from 22,000 years ago.
3486:
2515:
2378:
55:. Aboriginal people have lived a semi-nomadic existence of fishing, hunting and gathering and associated activities for at least 40,000 years.
3246:
2974:
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1052:, Heritage Victoria, who sources (Lambeck & Chappell 2001) and (Bird 1993, Bowler 1966, Holdgate et al. 2001), Accessed 3 November 2008
1533:
3372:
1467:
235:
During early autumn there were often large gatherings of up to 1000 people for one to two months hosted at the Mount William swamp or at
985:. This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding Aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management.
3481:
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881:
and individual Aboriginal peoples. It will also establish an independent "umpire" body to oversee the negotiations to ensure fairness.
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1609:
Australian Aborigines: the languages and customs of several tribes of Aborigines in the western district of Victoria, Australia
1370:
182:
was responsible for the formation of the bay, or the bay was flooded when the Yarra River was created (Yarra Creation Story.)
2695:
2536:
2335:
1694:
1670:
1596:
1574:
1247:
1132:
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2916:
2585:
1447:
Ian D. Clark, 2009 "Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north-east Victoria – a reconstruction." in
178:
languages describe the flooding of the bay. Hobsons Bay was once a kangaroo-hunting ground. Creation stories describe how
3464:
2095:
1607:
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3203:
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71:
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1233:, Australian Government, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Accessed 3 November 2008
3241:
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2876:
2823:
2773:
2705:
2235:
2193:
2186:
1658:
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862:
1381:, A Report to the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation For Languages, 25 August 2005. Accessed 10 September 2011
1077:, Prepared for Parsons Brinckerhoff and Port of Melbourne Corporation, August 2003. Accessed 3 November 2008
3019:
2357:
2242:
2200:
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1448:
259:. Near Lake Bolac a semi-permanent village extended some 35 kilometres along the river bank during autumn.
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894:
272:
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2228:
858:
848:
322:
Thirty nine Aboriginal languages were spoken in Victoria at the time of European contact, according to
219:
100:
3474:
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3278:
3173:
2886:
1171:
Kulin Greenstone Quarries: The Social Contexts of Production and Distribution for the Mt William Site
486:
418:
1306:
839:
speaking tribes of central Victoria, but Clark argues the name is a descriptive term of appearance.
3389:
3308:
3014:
2494:
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1648:
1462:
Ian D. Clark, 2010, "Aboriginal language areas in Northeast Victoria 'Mogullumbidj' reconsidered",
1365:
323:
260:
207:
hectares (44 acres), including pits of several metres. In February 2008 the site was placed on the
203:
1332:
263:
on 7 July 1841 described some of the infrastructure that had been constructed near Mount William:
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3355:
3193:
3138:
2637:
2480:
2221:
1984:
299:
127:
3367:
3056:
2617:
2601:
1705:
An Historical Atlas of the Aborigines of Eastern Victoria and Far South-eastern New South Wales
1534:"'We've got a lot of eyes watching us': The weight of expectation on Victoria's treaty process"
874:
520:
469:
218:
encampments were more permanent, sometimes consisting of substantial huts as attested by Major
208:
44:
1653:
Aboriginal languages and clans :an historical atlas of western and central Victoria, 1800–1900
3525:
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2109:
698:
354:
32:
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878:
797:
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610:
570:
555:
451:
383:
48:
8:
2901:
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2570:
2473:
2445:
2422:
2263:
1830:
1788:
1686:
780:
666:
138:
1096:
3501:
3411:
3340:
3325:
3148:
3061:
3024:
2431:
2256:
1998:
1879:
1795:
731:
683:
503:
436:
1014:
3163:
3133:
3086:
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2328:
2116:
2047:
1802:
1712:
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1592:
1570:
1290:
1212:
1192:
1128:
1107:
978:
938:
715:
538:
239:
for the annual eel migration. Several tribes attended these gatherings including the
89:
76:
1466:, Royal Historical Society of Victoria.: 2010, 81, 2, pp. 181–192. Accessed article
2871:
2833:
2438:
2102:
1977:
1844:
1823:
1638:
636:
588:
496:
368:
307:
276:
256:
248:
244:
60:
1655:, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic.
1244:
999:
3251:
1628:
1508:"'We are taking this place back': Treaty assembly sits in Victoria's Upper House"
1377:
1272:
1251:
1152:
1103:
1073:
1049:
1025:, Peter Brown's Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology, Accessed 3 November 2008
1021:
836:
1663:
Between the Murray and the Sea. Aboriginal Archaeology in Southeastern Australia
1567:
Between the Murray and the Sea: Aboriginal Archaeology in Southeastern Australia
3506:
3401:
3273:
3178:
2371:
2270:
1914:
1584:
1165:
400:
156:
142:
104:
107:, making Keilor one of the earliest sites of human habitation in Australia. A
3552:
3216:
3128:
2793:
2733:
1935:
1865:
1837:
1482:"Victorian Aboriginal voters have elected a treaty assembly. So what's next?"
966:
930:
815:
531:
479:
240:
108:
103:
a human hearth excavated in 1971 was radiocarbon-dated to about 31,000 years
873:. The main aim of the Assembly is to work out the rules by which individual
3406:
3313:
3263:
3168:
3043:
2743:
2277:
2132:
1928:
1767:
972:
462:
411:
393:
303:
252:
223:
215:
163:
148:
1642:
3123:
2798:
2214:
2068:
2026:
2012:
1970:
1949:
1893:
1886:
1851:
1809:
1781:
808:
758:
581:
429:
311:
152:
131:
119:
2407:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
1721:
1287:
Continent of Hunter-gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory
1067:
Channel Deepening Existing Conditions Final Report – Aboriginal Heritage
111:
found at the site has been dated at between 12,000 and 14,700 years BP.
3231:
3118:
3113:
2788:
2778:
2723:
2487:
2466:
2088:
2054:
2040:
2019:
2005:
1963:
1956:
790:
708:
676:
426:
Bi:g wurrung, Dhauwurd wurrung, Gai wurrung, Gurngubanud, Wullu wurrung
236:
191:
171:
167:
51:, Australia, occupied the land for tens of thousands of years prior to
1417:"Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages Apps on the App Store"
3377:
3108:
1991:
1858:
1816:
1337:
Australian Government. Dept of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
603:
513:
292:
288:
1042:
Investigating the Submerged Landscapes of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
2848:
2838:
1942:
1907:
1900:
1872:
1774:
1634:
The Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina: as seen by Peter Beveridge
1170:
599:
548:
280:
175:
115:
2061:
2033:
1679:
Victorian Aboriginal Life and Customs Through Early European Eyes
1333:"National Heritage Places – Budj Bim National Heritage Landscape"
765:
753:
647:
408:
Brabralung, Braiakalung, Brataualung, Krauatungalung, Tatungalung
195:
1156:, Wurundjeri Dreaming. Recorded 2004–5. Accessed 3 November 2008
1421:
284:
179:
93:
88:
There is some evidence to show that people were living in the
3188:
3158:
1921:
1394:
2818:
2600:
2398:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
1453:, Volume 33, 2009, ANU E-Press. Accessed 10 September 2011
1189:
People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days
1675:
1125:
The Flooded Earth. Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps
1371:
Aboriginal Language Areas in Victoria – a reconstruction
1209:
Aboriginal Melbourne. The lost land of the Kulin people
1060:
1058:
96:, about 40,000 years ago, according to Gary Presland.
211:
for its cultural importance and archeological value.
27:
Indigenous people of the Australian state of Victoria
1348:
See also attached documents: National Heritage List
1055:
3000:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
1506:Costa, Jedda; Dunstan, Joseph (11 December 2019).
1064:David Rhodes, Terra Culture Heritage Consultants,
912:
993:
991:
935:The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region
317:
126:There is evidence of occupation in Gariwerd (the
3550:
459:Djab wurrung, Pirtpirt wurrung, Knenknen wurrung
1711:, Number 53, 2000, Monash University, Victoria
1627:
1187:Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, p. 44,
977:, Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994,
853:2019 Victorian First Peoples' Assembly election
578:Nundadjali, Jardwadjali, Jagwadjali, Mardidjali
3487:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
2990:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
1003:, eMelbourne website. Accessed 3 November 2008
988:
18:Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
2975:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
2586:
1737:
75:Victorian indigenous with war implements and
3042:
1616:1981 ed.). Melbourne: George Robertson.
1505:
937:, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997.
271:The way of life of the Aboriginal people of
1589:Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800
1499:
1211:, Harriland Press, 1985. New edition 2001.
1097:Management Plan for Grampians National Park
971:Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the
773:Bewadjali, Buibadjali, Djadjala, Wudjubalug
283:. They also built huts from wood and local
3082:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
3067:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
2593:
2579:
1744:
1730:
1676:David Frankel; Janine Major, eds. (2017).
1614:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
842:
1751:
1191:, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001
867:Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation
36:Victorian Aboriginal language territories
1473:
1035:
1033:
1031:
724:Kwartkwart and Mogullumbidj (Minjambuta)
70:
31:
2804:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
2676:People from politics and public service
1561:
1531:
1479:
1389:
1387:
1299:
1266:Victorian Eel Fishery – Management Plan
918:
14:
3559:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)
3551:
2602:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
2379:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
2300:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
1605:
1583:
1525:
954:
528:Girai wurrung, Wirngilgnad dhalinanong
143:
2574:
2336:Minister for Treaty and First Peoples
1725:
1325:
1028:
2784:Literature of Indigenous Australians
1707:, Monash University Publications in
1532:Dunstan, Joseph (29 February 2020).
1384:
1289:, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
2096:Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
1709:Geography and Environmental Science
1480:Dunstan, Joseph (5 November 2019).
1245:Two Native Tribes Shared Shire Area
302:, which show extensive evidence of
24:
2965:Aborigines Progressive Association
1665:, Sydney University Press, Sydney.
1621:
1230:Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry
151:would have been dry land, and the
25:
3570:
869:, who declined to participate in
202:, a source of the highly valued
114:Similar archaeological sites in
3303:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
2208:Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
1456:
1441:
1409:
1359:
1279:
1258:
1236:
1221:
1201:
1181:
1159:
1137:
1127:, Basic Books, New York, 2010,
1117:
1090:
877:will be negotiated between the
314:area, are in Western Victoria.
3515:Uluru Statement from the Heart
2932:Torres Strait Island languages
2365:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
2307:Victoria Archaeological Survey
2250:Mount William stone axe quarry
1637:, Melbourne: M.L. Hutchinson,
1080:
1006:
960:
924:
863:traditional owner corporations
318:Victorian Aboriginal languages
166:and creation stories from the
13:
1:
2980:Australian Aborigines' League
2960:Aborigines Advancement League
2877:Australian Aboriginal English
2128:Registered Aboriginal Parties
900:
83:
3020:National Reconciliation Week
2358:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
2243:Lake Bolac stone arrangement
2201:Carisbrook stone arrangement
1464:Victorian Historical Journal
1285:Harry Lourandos, pp. 63–65,
7:
3072:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
3010:Registered Aboriginal Party
2995:National Indigenous Council
2882:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
1569:. Sydney University Press.
1114:. Accessed 19 November 2008
895:Aboriginal Housing Victoria
888:
718:(Waveroo, Pallanganmiddang)
340:Language or language family
10:
3575:
3450:Constitutional recognition
3319:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
2955:Aboriginal Medical Service
2460:Convincing Ground massacre
1000:Keilor Archaeological Site
846:
147:, the area now the bay of
101:Keilor archaeological site
66:
3437:
3292:
3202:
3099:
2940:
2862:
2844:Traditional custodianship
2704:
2656:
2608:
2504:
2421:
2388:
2352:
2345:
2320:
2287:
2181:
2172:
2126:
2078:
1759:
1350:Location and Boundary Map
1311:The Sydney Morning Herald
1276:Accessed 25 November 2008
1242:Major Mitchell quoted in
130:) – the territory of the
92:valley, near present-day
3309:Australian Frontier Wars
3015:Reconciliation Australia
2495:Murdering Gully massacre
2453:Campaspe Plains massacre
1250:21 November 2008 at the
1227:National Heritage List,
1020:15 November 2011 at the
261:George Augustus Robinson
185:
79:(c. 1883) by Fred Kruger
3361:Australian history wars
3222:Contemporary visual art
2638:Torres Strait Islanders
2481:Mudgegonga rock shelter
2222:Grampians National Park
1151:4 November 2008 at the
859:First Peoples' Assembly
849:First Peoples' Assembly
843:First Peoples' Assembly
691:Piangil and non-Piangil
300:Budj Bim heritage areas
3057:Kimberley Land Council
2907:Pama–Nyungan languages
2897:Loanwords into English
2814:Religion and mythology
2767:Torres Strait Islander
2618:Aboriginal Australians
1606:Dawson, James (1881).
1123:Peter D. Ward, p. 30,
1072:1 October 2009 at the
857:In November 2019, the
291:), with roofs made of
269:
233:
209:National Heritage List
80:
45:Aboriginal Australians
37:
3396:Native Title Act 1993
3331:Cummeragunja walk-off
3077:Northern Land Council
2927:Torres Strait English
2854:Torres Strait Islands
2510:By state or territory
1753:Aboriginal Victorians
1591:. Allen & Unwin.
1376:21 March 2012 at the
1271:20 March 2011 at the
847:Further information:
265:
228:
74:
41:Aboriginal Victorians
35:
3052:Central Land Council
1470:on 10 September 2011
1146:Yarra Creation Story
1102:23 June 2011 at the
879:Victorian Government
871:the election process
798:Yorta Yorta language
654:Ngurai-illam wurrung
200:Mount William Quarry
2809:Outstation movement
2648:Western Australians
2474:Gippsland massacres
2446:Blood Hole massacre
2321:State organisations
2264:Sunbury earth rings
1687:La Trobe University
1612:(Facsimile edition
1048:23 May 2009 at the
141:about 20,000 years
53:European settlement
3502:Stolen Generations
3492:Self-determination
3412:Stolen Generations
3346:Historical figures
3326:Caledon Bay crisis
3149:Fire-stick farming
3062:Maralinga Tjarutja
2681:Performing artists
2523:Northern Territory
2257:New Guinea II cave
1450:Aboriginal History
1354:Government Gazette
1015:The Keilor Cranium
437:Dhudhuroa language
81:
77:possum-skin cloaks
38:
3546:
3545:
3429:Western Australia
3164:Possum-skin cloak
3095:
3094:
3087:Tiwi Land Council
2922:Taboo on the dead
2887:Australian Creole
2628:Aboriginal groups
2568:
2567:
2558:Western Australia
2417:
2416:
2329:Heritage Victoria
2316:
2315:
2117:Lake Boga mission
1696:978-0-9953727-0-2
1671:978-1-74332-552-0
1598:978-1-74114-569-4
1576:978-1-74332-552-0
1429:on 27 August 2016
1313:. 8 February 2004
1176:World Archaeology
1133:978-0-465-00949-7
829:
828:
308:short-finned eels
90:Maribyrnong River
16:(Redirected from
3566:
3040:
3039:
2872:Avoidance speech
2834:Smoking ceremony
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2439:Battle of Yering
2434:
2410:
2401:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2331:
2309:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2103:Ebenezer Mission
2098:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1985:Pallanganmiddang
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1845:Djargurd Wurrong
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1700:
1684:
1645:
1617:
1602:
1580:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:. Archived from
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1397:. Vaclang.org.au
1395:"Vaclang.org.au"
1391:
1382:
1363:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1205:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1163:
1157:
1141:
1135:
1121:
1115:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1062:
1053:
1037:
1026:
1010:
1004:
995:
986:
964:
958:
952:
946:
928:
922:
916:
865:, excluding the
644:Southern Ngarigu
497:Djargurd Wurrung
487:Djargurd wurrung
419:Dhauwurd wurrung
337:
336:
273:Western Victoria
257:Short-finned eel
249:Dhauwurd wurrung
245:Djargurd wurrung
145:
21:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3482:Media portrayal
3445:1967 Referendum
3433:
3341:Gurindji Strike
3336:Day of Mourning
3288:
3198:
3091:
3038:
2936:
2892:Language groups
2858:
2700:
2652:
2604:
2599:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2537:South Australia
2535:
2528:
2521:
2516:New South Wales
2514:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2432:Batman's Treaty
2430:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1755:
1750:
1697:
1682:
1629:Peter Beveridge
1624:
1622:Further reading
1599:
1585:Broome, Richard
1577:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:Wayback Machine
1364:
1360:
1356:, 20 July 2004.
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1284:
1280:
1273:Wayback Machine
1263:
1259:
1252:Wayback Machine
1241:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1207:Gary Presland,
1206:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1164:
1160:
1153:Wayback Machine
1142:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1104:Wayback Machine
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1074:Wayback Machine
1063:
1056:
1050:Wayback Machine
1038:
1029:
1022:Wayback Machine
1011:
1007:
997:Gary Presland,
996:
989:
965:
961:
953:
949:
929:
925:
917:
913:
903:
891:
855:
845:
320:
220:Thomas Mitchell
188:
86:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3507:Half-Caste Act
3499:
3497:Reconciliation
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3475:Protected Area
3472:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3402:Pilbara strike
3399:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Spinifex resin
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Sign languages
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2691:Visual artists
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2372:Half-Caste Act
2368:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2271:Tarragal Caves
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2142:Barengi Gadjin
2137:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1915:Krauatungalang
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1701:
1695:
1673:
1656:
1646:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1581:
1575:
1563:Frankel, David
1551:
1550:
1524:
1498:
1472:
1455:
1440:
1408:
1383:
1358:
1324:
1298:
1278:
1257:
1235:
1220:
1200:
1180:
1166:Isabel McBryde
1158:
1136:
1116:
1089:
1079:
1054:
1039:Hanna Steyne,
1027:
1005:
987:
959:
947:
923:
910:
909:
902:
899:
898:
897:
890:
887:
844:
841:
827:
826:
824:
822:
819:
812:
811:
806:
804:
801:
794:
793:
788:
786:
783:
777:
776:
774:
771:
768:
762:
761:
756:
751:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
734:
728:
727:
725:
722:
719:
712:
711:
706:
704:
701:
695:
694:
692:
689:
686:
680:
679:
674:
672:
669:
663:
662:
660:
658:
655:
651:
650:
645:
642:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
625:
621:
620:
618:
616:
613:
607:
606:
597:
594:
591:
585:
584:
579:
576:
573:
567:
566:
564:
562:
559:
558:(Jaithmathang)
552:
551:
546:
544:
541:
535:
534:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
511:
509:
506:
500:
499:
494:
492:
489:
483:
482:
477:
475:
472:
466:
465:
460:
457:
454:
448:
447:
445:
443:
440:
439:(Jaithmathang)
433:
432:
427:
424:
421:
415:
414:
409:
406:
403:
397:
396:
391:
389:
386:
380:
379:
377:
375:
372:
365:
364:
362:
360:
357:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
319:
316:
306:and traps for
295:and branches.
187:
184:
85:
82:
68:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3571:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3538:Voting rights
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:Native police
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Bark painting
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Bush medicine
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3044:Land councils
3041:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2942:Organisations
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Message stick
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Deadly Awards
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2133:Land councils
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:Girai wurrung
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:Djadjawurrung
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
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1717:0-909685-68-1
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1698:
1692:
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1685:. Melbourne:
1681:
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1659:David Frankel
1657:
1654:
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1351:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1307:"Lake Condah"
1302:
1296:
1295:0-521-35946-5
1292:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1261:
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1246:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1217:0-9577004-2-3
1214:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1197:0-9577728-0-7
1194:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1112:0-7311-3131-2
1109:
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1101:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1076:
1075:
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1059:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:Peter Brown,
1009:
1002:
1001:
994:
992:
984:
983:0-9577004-2-3
980:
976:
974:
968:
967:Gary Presland
963:
956:
951:
944:
943:0-646-33150-7
940:
936:
932:
931:Gary Presland
927:
920:
915:
911:
908:
907:
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565:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:Girai wurrung
530:
527:
524:
522:
521:Girai wurrung
519:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:Djadjawurrung
478:
476:
473:
471:
470:Djadjawurrung
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
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310:, around the
309:
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296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Girai wurrung
238:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
181:
177:
173:
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140:
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133:
129:
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102:
97:
95:
91:
78:
73:
64:
62:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
3513:
3470:Native title
3424:Tent embassy
3407:Pintupi Nine
3394:
3314:Bathurst War
3301:
3284:Yininmadyemi
3269:Sandpainting
3264:Papunya Tula
3259:NATSIA Award
3247:Music groups
3169:Scarred tree
3139:Dugout canoe
2829:Sacred sites
2744:The Dreaming
2686:Sportspeople
2642:
2405:
2396:
2288:
2278:Wurdi Youang
1831:Djab Wurrung
1789:Braiakaulung
1768:Barababaraba
1752:
1708:
1704:
1703:Sue Wessen,
1678:
1662:
1652:
1651:, (c. 1990)
1649:Ian D. Clark
1632:
1608:
1588:
1566:
1555:
1554:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1369:
1366:Ian D. Clark
1361:
1353:
1349:
1340:. Retrieved
1336:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1286:
1281:
1264:
1260:
1243:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1208:
1203:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1144:
1143:Ian Hunter,
1139:
1124:
1119:
1092:
1082:
1065:
1041:
1013:
1008:
998:
970:
962:
950:
934:
926:
919:Frankel 2017
914:
905:
904:
883:
856:
833:
830:
699:Wathawurrung
624:Mogullumbidj
463:Djab wurrung
394:Boon wurrung
355:Barababaraba
332:
328:
324:Ian D. Clark
321:
304:fish-farming
297:
270:
266:
253:Wada wurrung
234:
229:
224:Mount Napier
216:Djab wurrung
213:
189:
168:Wada wurrung
164:Oral history
162:
149:Port Phillip
136:
125:
113:
98:
87:
57:
40:
39:
29:
3465:Land rights
3368:King plates
3184:Sweet foods
3154:Food groups
3124:Bush tucker
2864:Language(s)
2799:NAIDOC Week
2749:Enumeration
2658:Individuals
2623:Communities
2346:Legislation
2215:Cloggs Cave
2110:Framlingham
2080:Communities
2069:Yorta Yorta
2027:Wemba-Wemba
2013:Wadawurrung
1999:Tatungalung
1971:Ngooraialum
1950:Ladji Ladji
1894:Jardwadjali
1887:Gunditjmara
1880:Gunaikurnai
1852:Djilamatang
1810:Boonwurrung
1796:Brataualung
1782:Brabiralung
1433:1 September
1342:13 February
1317:13 February
957:, p. .
955:Dawson 1881
809:Yorta Yorta
800:(Bangarang)
759:Wemba-Wemba
746:Wemba-Wemba
582:Jardwadjali
571:Jardwadjali
556:Gundungerre
452:Djabwurrung
430:Gunditjmara
384:Boonwurrung
312:Lake Condah
176:Bun wurrung
137:During the
132:Jardwadjali
120:Bass Strait
118:and on the
3356:Prehistory
3279:Visual art
3232:Didgeridoo
3144:Fibrecraft
3119:Bush bread
2985:Mass media
2912:Placenames
2789:Marn Grook
2779:Kurdaitcha
2762:Aboriginal
2724:Corroboree
2643:Victorians
2633:Tasmanians
2530:Queensland
2488:Munangabum
2467:Coranderrk
2194:Box Gulley
2163:Wurundjeri
2156:Wathaurung
2089:Coranderrk
2055:Wurundjeri
2048:Wotjobaluk
2041:Woiwurrung
2020:Warkawarka
2006:Taungurung
1964:Minyambuta
1957:Mardidjali
1803:Bungandidj
901:References
818:(Ngindadj)
791:Wurundjeri
781:Woiwurrung
709:Wathaurong
677:Taungurung
667:Taungurung
349:Spoken by
287:(known as
237:Lake Bolac
204:greenstone
192:Wurundjeri
172:Woiwurrung
84:Prehistory
3378:Black War
3373:Massacres
3212:Artefacts
3109:Boomerang
3101:Bushcraft
3025:Sorry Day
2839:Songlines
2714:Astronomy
2671:Musicians
2666:Activists
2236:Kow Swamp
2187:Bend Road
1992:Pangerang
1978:Ngurelban
1901:Jari Jari
1859:Gadubanud
1824:Dhudhuroa
1817:Dadi Dadi
1689:Ebureau.
1643:Q19077386
1087:Victoria,
716:Way wurru
604:Dadi Dadi
514:Gadubanud
504:Gadubanud
289:bluestone
226:in 1836:
128:Grampians
3553:Category
3385:Missions
3237:Dreaming
3134:Coolamon
3005:Politics
2849:Tjurunga
2551:Victoria
2544:Tasmania
2290:See also
2149:Bunurong
1943:Kwatkwat
1908:Jupagalk
1873:Gulidjan
1775:Bidhawal
1639:Wikidata
1631:(1889),
1587:(2005).
1565:(2017).
1543:27 April
1538:ABC News
1517:27 April
1512:ABC News
1491:27 April
1486:ABC News
1468:abstract
1401:27 March
1374:Archived
1269:Archived
1248:Archived
1149:Archived
1106:, 2003,
1100:Archived
1070:Archived
1046:Archived
1018:Archived
969:, p. 1,
889:See also
875:treaties
821:Extinct
732:Wekiweki
721:Extinct
684:Wadiwadi
671:Extinct
600:Jarijari
596:Jarijari
561:Extinct
549:Gulidjan
539:Gulidjan
525:Extinct
508:Extinct
491:Extinct
474:Extinct
456:Extinct
423:Extinct
374:Extinct
359:Extinct
346:Dialects
281:kangaroo
231:weather.
157:Werribee
116:Tasmania
61:moieties
49:Victoria
3417:Apology
3351:History
3294:History
3194:Woomera
2970:AIATSIS
2824:Seasons
2774:Kinship
2739:Deities
2729:Country
2706:Culture
2696:Writers
2610:Peoples
2423:History
2062:Yalukit
2034:Wergaia
1760:Peoples
1661:(2017)
1556:Sources
803:Revived
785:Extinct
770:Extinct
766:Wergaia
754:Wergaia
750:Extinct
736:Extinct
703:Extinct
688:Extinct
657:Extinct
648:Ngarigo
641:Extinct
637:Ngarigu
627:Extinct
615:Extinct
611:Ladjila
593:Extinct
589:Keramin
575:Extinct
543:Extinct
442:Extinct
405:Revived
388:Extinct
369:Bidawal
196:diorite
139:Ice Age
109:cranium
99:At the
67:History
3521:Treaty
3460:Health
3438:Issues
2902:Palawa
2758:Flags
2754:Elders
2389:Cases:
2229:Keilor
1936:Kurung
1715:
1693:
1669:
1641:
1595:
1573:
1422:iTunes
1352:, and
1293:
1215:
1195:
1131:
1110:
981:
975:People
941:
371:(Maap)
343:Status
285:basalt
277:possum
194:mined
180:Bunjil
94:Keilor
43:, the
3531:Voice
3526:Truth
3455:Crime
3242:Music
3227:Dance
3189:Waddy
3174:Soaks
3159:Humpy
2950:ATSIC
2174:Sites
1929:Kulin
1922:Koori
1683:(PDF)
1174:, in
973:Kulin
906:Notes
837:Kulin
412:Gunai
401:Gunai
222:near
186:Later
153:Yarra
3274:Vibe
3252:Rock
3204:Arts
3114:Buka
3034:TSRA
2819:Riji
2719:Bora
1713:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1545:2020
1519:2020
1493:2020
1435:2016
1403:2023
1344:2020
1319:2020
1291:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1108:ISBN
979:ISBN
939:ISBN
851:and
816:Yuyu
298:The
293:turf
279:and
251:and
190:The
174:and
155:and
198:at
47:of
3555::
1536:.
1510:.
1484:.
1419:.
1386:^
1368:,
1335:.
1309:.
1168:,
1057:^
1030:^
990:^
933:,
602:,
247:,
243:,
170:,
144:BP
105:BP
63:.
2594:e
2587:t
2580:v
2130:/
1745:e
1738:t
1731:v
1699:.
1601:.
1579:.
1547:.
1521:.
1495:.
1437:.
1405:.
1346:.
1321:.
945:.
921:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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