20:
180:
346:
1785:
138:
272:, as well as other, smaller deficiencies in hearing, can greatly affect one's ability to comprehend spoken language, as well as to speak it. However, if the person loses hearing ability later in life, most can still maintain a normal level of verbal intelligence. This is thought to be because of the brain's
690:
and activation of other organs and systems of the body. Over time, epilepsy can lead to cognitive and behavioral decay. This mental decay can eventually lead to a loss of language and communication skills. Some authors discuss the relationships that exist between expressive language and auditory
151:
Speech production is process by which a thought in the brain is converted into an understandable auditory form. This is a multistage mechanism that involves many different areas of the brain. The first stage is planning, where the brain constructs words and sentences that turn the thought into an
450:
Fluency Test – Subjects are asked to produce words in groups, such as animals, kitchen tools, fruits, etc. This type of test focuses on the subject's ability to generate words that have meaning to them. This test has been found to be sensitive to
911:
Dan, Haruka; Sano, Kyutoku; Oguro, Yokota; Tsuzuki, Watanabe (Aug 2013). "Language-specific cortical activation patterns for verbal fluency tasks in
Japanese as assessed by multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy".
315:, writing differs in two major ways from verbal language. First, instead of relating the thought to sounds, the brain must relate the thought to symbols or letters, and second, the
1400:
Gaillard, W.D.; Hertz-Pannier; Mott; Barnett; LeBihan; Theodore (Jan 2000). "Functional anatomy of cognitive development - fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults".
427:
187:
504:
Recently, a study was done showing that verbal fluency test results can differ depending on the mental focus of the subject. In this study, mental focus on physical
153:
145:
534:
Damage and injury in the brain can severely lower one's ability to communicate, and therefore lower one's linguistic intelligence. Common forms of major damage are
252:
Hearing plays an important part in both speech generation and comprehension. When speaking, the person can hear their speech, and the brain uses what it hears as a
526:
Since linguistic intelligence is based on several complex skills, there are many disorders and injuries that can affect an individual's linguistic intelligence.
678:. As a result, many patients suffering from ASD also have language problems, arising from both the lack of social interaction and lowered mental flexibility.
454:
Formal
Fluency Test – Subjects are asked to produce words given specific letter-based rules. This test has been found to be sensitive to education level.
1496:
236:
Verbal
Comprehension is a fairly complex process, and it is not fully understood. From various studies and experiments, it has been found that the
381:
has been linked to language capacity, and it is believed to be one of the factors that accounts for the variation in linguistic intelligence.
602:. In addition, damage to large areas of the brain can result in any combinations of these disorders, as well as a loss of other abilities.
460:
Excluded Letter
Fluency Test – A type of formal fluency test where the subject is asked to list words that do not contain a certain letter.
353:
While the capabilities of the physical structures used are large factors in determining linguistic intelligence, there have been several
303:
Generation of written language is thought to be closely related to speech generation. Neurophysiologically speaking, it is believed that
160:. Next, the brain must plan how to physically create the sounds necessary for speech by linking the planned speech with known sounds, or
1324:
754:
457:
Initial Letter
Fluency Test – A type of formal fluency test where the subject is asked to list words starting with a specific letter.
378:
1489:
492:
activated compared to adults, as well as activation of both the left and right hemispheres. This is most likely due to the high
1359:
Casals-Coll, M.; Sanchez-Benavides; Quintana; Manero; Rognoni; Calvo; Palomo; Aranciva; Tamayo; Pena-Casanova (Jan–Feb 2013).
805:
390:
168:
plays a key role in this step. Finally, the brain must signal for the words to actually be spoken. This is carried out by the
1361:"Spanish normative studies in young adults (NEURONORMA young adults project): Normative data: norms for verbal fluency tests"
210:, the left hemisphere was almost always the speech controlling side. However, it has been discovered that in cases of neural
337:. However, instead of using the auditory system to gain language input, written comprehension relies on the visual system.
1687:
1682:
1598:
1482:
264:
correction occurs multiple times, the brain will begin to incorporate the correction to all future speech, making it a
1552:
1750:
1707:
1692:
1542:
734:
488:
In one series of tests, it was shown that when children were given verbal fluency tests, a larger portion of their
203:
199:
107:
1770:
1723:
1240:
Szalontai, Adam; Katalin
Csiszar (September 2013). "Genetic insights into the functional elements of language".
610:
There are several disorders that primarily affect only language skills. Three major pure language disorders are
19:
623:
611:
468:
Fluency Test – Subjects are asked to list verbs. Subjects are then tested on their ability to use listed verbs.
1818:
1788:
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1508:
704:
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692:
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475:. They are then asked to repeat the monologue, and the subject is scored based on the number of words and
1697:
1813:
1742:
439:
In general, it is difficult to test for linguistic intelligence as a whole, therefore various types of
1443:
Lisman, Amanda; Neeraja, Sadagopan (May–Jun 2013). "Focus of attention and speech motor performance".
1285:"Administration duration for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and Wechsler Memory Scale-III"
729:
654:
Some disorders cause a wide array of effects, and language impairment is merely one of many possible
521:
980:
1603:
237:
165:
58:
1746:
1537:
1532:
1522:
776:"The role of verbal and performance intelligence in children's strategy selection and execution"
1754:
1527:
975:
308:
273:
265:
194:
In most cases, speech production is controlled by the left hemisphere. In a series of studies,
141:
1103:
The Brain That
Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science
76:
that control speech and language. These mechanisms can be broken down into four major groups:
1766:
1616:
675:
1702:
714:
642:
is a fairly common disorder where speech flow is interrupted by involuntary repetitions of
631:
370:
95:
In a practical sense, linguistic intelligence is the extent to which an individual can use
81:
365:
of this gene has been shown to cause major issues to overall linguistic intelligence. The
8:
1547:
739:
719:
440:
73:
1792:
1728:
1505:
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1265:
1196:
1171:
1147:
1122:
1047:
937:
883:
858:
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567:
476:
334:
241:
1123:"Movement goals and feedback and feed forward control mechanisms in speech production"
859:"Neural Representations and Mechanisms for the Performance of Simple Speech Sequences"
773:
240:
activates when hearing human speech, and that speech processing seems to occur within
1583:
1460:
1417:
1382:
1306:
1257:
1201:
1187:
1152:
1138:
1039:
995:
929:
888:
775:
749:
683:
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is a disorder where electrical malfunctions or mis-communications in the brain cause
559:
509:
505:
328:
281:
89:
27:
1429:
1269:
1051:
941:
820:
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Written comprehension, similar to spoken comprehension, seems to occur primarily in
1452:
1409:
1372:
1296:
1249:
1191:
1183:
1142:
1134:
1029:
985:
964:"The neural mechanisms of speech comprehension: fMRI studies of semantic ambiguity"
921:
878:
870:
834:
787:
211:
115:
23:
1456:
1015:
626:(DVD) is a disorder where children have errors in consonant and vowel production.
222:, etc.) the right hemisphere has the ability to take control of speech functions.
72:
In order to understand linguistic intelligence, it is important to understand the
1636:
1377:
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791:
667:
659:
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374:
312:
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111:
46:
925:
179:
838:
821:
Fernandez-Martinez, Fernando; Kseniya
Zablotskaya; Wolfgang Minker (Aug 2012).
774:
Luwel, Koen; Ageliki
Foustana; Patrick Onghena; Lieven Verschaffel (Apr 2013).
103:
54:
1301:
1284:
1253:
1016:
Konrad, Andreas; Goran
Vucurevic; Francesco Musso; Georg Winterer (Apr 2012).
910:
164:. While the location of these associations is not known, it is known that the
1807:
1733:
1666:
1661:
1588:
1018:"VBM-DTI Correlates of Verbal Intelligence: A Potential Link to Broca's area"
823:"Text categorization methods for automatic estimation of verbal intelligence"
671:
508:
mechanisms caused speech production times to suffer, whereas mental focus on
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and performance, and mutations in this gene is thought to be involved in
345:
137:
50:
1325:"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
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639:
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reception, and therefore language disorders and auditory processing
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31:
1626:
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856:
709:
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362:
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activates a different set of muscles to write, than when speaking.
269:
261:
253:
161:
96:
1172:"Neural mechanisms underlying auditory feedback control of speech"
1170:
Tourville, Jason; Kevin Reilly; Frank Guenther (1 February 2008).
586:. Alexia is the inability to read, which can arise from damage to
198:, among others, probed the brains of both right-handed (generally
1651:
655:
575:
563:
535:
366:
298:
231:
85:
1399:
670:(ASD) is a disorder in which the patient suffers from decreased
1641:
1631:
744:
219:
132:
77:
42:
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is the inability to write which can also arise from damage to
515:
45:
using concepts framed in words. More broadly, it is linked to
1646:
687:
547:
471:
Verbal Reproduction Test – Subjects are asked to listen to a
358:
354:
961:
357:
that have been linked to individual linguistic ability. The
857:
Bohland, Jason; Daniel Bullock; Frank Guenther (Jul 2010).
555:
465:
822:
578:
is the inability to speak, and can be caused by damage to
118:, as well as their ability to speak and write themselves.
1442:
1239:
393:(WAIS-III) divides Verbal IQ (VIQ) into two categories:
110:
that deals with individuals' ability to understand both
307:
is crucial for early linguistic processing, while the
361:
gene has been linked to general language ability, and
649:
630:(SLI) is a disorder where the patient has a lack of
247:
962:Rodd, J.M.; M.H. Davis; I.S. Johnsrude (Aug 2005).
349:
Protein NRXN1, which is created from the NRXN1 gene
1235:
311:is critical in semantic processing. According to
152:understandable form. This occurs primarily in the
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
268:mechanism. This is apparent in some deaf people.
1805:
206:) patients. They discovered that, regardless of
1116:
1114:
1112:
408:, similarities, information, and comprehension.
1212:
1163:
852:
850:
848:
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1393:
1011:
1009:
483:
99:, both written and verbal, to achieve goals.
1109:
1436:
1081:
957:
955:
953:
951:
845:
658:. The two major disorders of this type are
516:Disorders affecting linguistic intelligence
16:The ability to understand concepts in words
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1344:
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67:
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1033:
989:
979:
882:
816:
814:
767:
57:. Verbal intelligence is one of the most
1085:
948:
344:
178:
136:
18:
1341:
1282:
1120:
1058:
899:
434:
1806:
1100:
811:
1478:
1094:
806:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III
391:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III
102:Linguistic intelligence is a part of
1289:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
562:that result from these injuries are
499:
1688:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
1599:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
780:Learning and Individual Differences
634:skills, despite a seemingly normal
287:
156:, specifically in an area known as
13:
1445:Journal of Communication Disorders
650:Other disorders affecting language
322:
121:
14:
1830:
1022:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
863:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
558:-related damage. The three major
479:used from the original monologue.
248:Auditory feedback and feedforward
41:is the ability to understand and
1783:
1188:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.054
1139:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2010.02.011
827:Expert Systems with Applications
735:Theory of multiple intelligences
340:
225:
1784:
1724:Evolution of human intelligence
1317:
1276:
292:
276:mechanism still helping to fix
798:
624:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
612:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
1:
1789:Outline of human intelligence
1693:Multiple-intelligences theory
1457:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.02.002
760:
705:Outline of human intelligence
202:) and left-handed (generally
126:
1739:Intelligence and environment
1378:10.1016/j.nrleng.2012.02.003
1283:Axelrod, Bradely N. (2001).
1121:Perkell, Joseph (Sep 2012).
792:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.010
725:Auditory processing disorder
628:Specific language impairment
616:specific language impairment
496:of newly developing brains.
108:multiple intelligence theory
7:
1683:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
1127:Journal of Neurolinguistics
926:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.05.007
698:
529:
369:gene is believed to affect
10:
1835:
1088:Speech and Brain-Mechanism
839:10.1016/j.eswa.2012.02.173
519:
484:Verbal fluency in children
398:Verbal Comprehension Index
326:
296:
229:
130:
1779:
1716:
1675:
1566:
1515:
1254:10.1007/s00439-013-1317-0
1086:Penfield, Wilder (1959).
730:Speech-language pathology
522:Speech-language pathology
375:autism spectrum disorders
280:, even in the absence of
204:right-hemisphere dominant
668:Autism spectrum disorder
660:autism spectrum disorder
428:letter-number sequencing
238:superior temporal sulcus
200:left-hemisphere dominant
166:supplementary motor area
30:form the basis for many
1302:10.1093/arclin/16.3.293
1101:Doidge, Norman (2007).
875:10.1162/jocn.2009.21306
606:Pure language disorders
385:Measurement and testing
154:inferior frontal cortex
146:inferior frontal cortex
68:Linguistic intelligence
638:level in other areas.
590:, among other places.
512:improved these times.
350:
309:inferior frontal gyrus
191:
148:
144:; a major part of the
142:Inferior frontal gyrus
35:
1617:Intelligence quotient
1329:www.sciencedirect.com
991:10.1093/cercor/bhi009
804:Wechsler, D. (1997).
755:Verbal IQ in WAIS-III
348:
182:
140:
90:writing comprehension
22:
1819:Intelligence by type
1703:Three-stratum theory
1414:10.1212/wnl.54.1.180
1035:10.1162/jocn_a_00187
715:Language acquisition
686:, leading to muscle
632:language acquisition
560:linguistic disorders
441:verbal fluency tests
435:Verbal fluency tests
412:Working Memory Index
371:language development
82:speech comprehension
1676:Models and theories
740:Verbal fluency test
720:Sentence processing
39:Verbal intelligence
34:, including English
1729:Heritability of IQ
1506:Human intelligence
914:Brain and Language
676:mental flexibility
351:
192:
149:
86:writing generation
51:abstract reasoning
36:
1814:Psycholinguistics
1801:
1800:
1717:Areas of research
1667:Visual processing
1584:Cognitive liberty
833:(10): 9807–9820.
750:Reading education
510:auditory feedback
506:speech production
500:Possible conflict
282:auditory feedback
256:mechanism to fix
78:speech generation
1826:
1787:
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1708:Triarchic theory
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1182:(3): 1429–1443.
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1105:. Penguin Books.
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993:
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974:(8): 1261–1269.
959:
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886:
869:(7): 1504–1529.
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443:are often used.
288:Written language
116:written language
24:English alphabet
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1007:
981:10.1.1.590.5918
968:Cerebral Cortex
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588:Wernicke's area
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335:Wernicke's area
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242:Wernicke's area
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196:Wilder Penfield
170:premotor cortex
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122:Spoken language
88:(writing), and
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47:problem solving
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1572:and constructs
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1451:(3): 281–293.
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1408:(1): 180–185.
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1340:
1316:
1295:(3): 293–301.
1275:
1248:(9): 959–986.
1242:Human Genetics
1211:
1162:
1133:(5): 382–407.
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1057:
1028:(4): 888–895.
1005:
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920:(2): 208–216.
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260:. If a single
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230:Main article:
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131:Main article:
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104:Howard Gardner
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55:working memory
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1662:Understanding
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1589:Communication
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1557:visuospatial
1533:Intellectual
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186:with muscle
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174:motor cortex
158:Broca's area
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1763:personality
1698:PASS theory
1656:abstraction
1090:. Atheneum.
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1808:Categories
1594:Creativity
1538:Linguistic
1523:Collective
1365:Neurologia
1334:2020-09-16
1176:NeuroImage
761:References
640:Stuttering
620:stuttering
494:plasticity
424:digit span
420:arithmetic
406:vocabulary
293:Generation
216:hemorrhage
208:handedness
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1743:fertility
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1570:, traits,
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693:disorders
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664:epilepsy
656:symptoms
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