Venus flytrap - Knowledge

1049: 1062: 1358:, and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient-poor soil. Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments and compensate for the reduced photosynthetic benefit. Phylogenetic studies have shown that carnivory in plants is a common adaptation in habitats with abundant sunlight and water but scarce nutrients. Carnivory has evolved independently six times in the angiosperms based on extant species, with likely many more carnivorous plant lineages now extinct. 820: 474:—with a "jaw"-like clamping structure, which is formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves; when an insect makes contact with the open leaves, vibrations from the prey's movements ultimately trigger the "jaws" to shut via tiny hairs (called "trigger hairs" or "sensitive hairs") on their inner surfaces. Additionally, when an insect or spider touches one of these hairs, the trap prepares to close, only fully enclosing the prey if a second hair is contacted within (approximately) twenty seconds of the first contact. Triggers may occur as quickly as 832: 244: 38: 848: 969: 808: 1342: 104: 1566: 951:, within 21 counties in North and South Carolina. As of 2019, it was considered extirpated in North Carolina in the inland counties of Moore, Robeson, and Lenoir, as well as the South Carolina coastal counties of Charleston and Georgetown. Remaining extant populations exist in North Carolina in Beaufort, Craven, Pamlico, Carteret, Jones, Onslow, Duplin, Pender, New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, Bladen, Sampson, Cumberland, and Hoke counties, and in South Carolina in Horry county. 679: 1173: 891:. Small in stature and slow-growing, the Venus flytrap tolerates fire well and depends on periodic burning to suppress its competition. Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild. It survives in wet sandy and peaty soils. Although it has been successfully transplanted and grown in many locales around the world, it is native only to the coastal bogs of North and South Carolina in the United States, specifically within a 100-kilometer (60 mi) radius of 1183: 62: 1720:. Since then, several poachers have been charged, with one man receiving 17 months in prison for poaching 970 Venus flytraps, and another man charged with 73 felony counts in 2019. Poachers may do greater harm to the wild populations than a simple count of individuals taken would indicate, as they may selectively harvest the largest plants at a site, which have more flowers and fruit and therefore generate more seeds than smaller plants. 778:

with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees; and 'filiformis', with extremely narrow or linear petioles. Except for 'filiformis', all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season (decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring), length of photoperiod (long petioles in spring versus short in summer), and intensity of light (wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light).

872: 982: 1677:

residential and commercial development and road building directly eliminate flytrap habitat, while site preparation that entails ditching and draining can dry out soil in surrounding areas, destroying the viability of the species. Additionally, increased recreational use of natural areas in populated areas directly destroys the plants by crushing or uprooting them.

1440:, such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement. The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps, driven by increasing prey size. Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value, but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent escape and 2468:: Together with a Catalogue of Such Foreign Plants as Are Worthy of Being Encouraged in Our American Colonies, for the Purposes of Medicine, Agriculture, and Commerce. To Which is Added, the Figure and Botanical Description of a New Sensitive Plant, Called Dionæa muscipula: or, Venus's Fly-trap – (London, printed and sold by L. Davis, 1770). 960:

of more than 93% from a 1979 estimate of approximately 4,500,000 individuals. A 1958 study found 259 confirmed extant or historic sites. As of 2016, there were 71 known sites where the plant could be found in the wild. Of these 71 sites, only 20 were classified as having excellent or good long-term viability.

625:. In the letter he wrote: "We have a kind of Catch Fly Sensitive which closes upon anything that touches it. It grows in Latitude 34 but not in 35. I will try to save the seed here." A year later, Dobbs went into greater detail about the plant in a letter to Collinson dated Brunswick, 24 January 1760. 1461:

and other molecular components of insect and microbial pests. In the Venus flytrap, this same molecule has been found to be responsible for the activation of the plant's digestive glands. A few hours after the capture of prey, another set of genes is activated inside the glands, the same set of genes

1669:

The Venus flytrap is only found in the wild in a very particular set of conditions, requiring flat land with moist, acidic, nutrient-poor soils that receive full sun and burn frequently in forest fires, and is therefore sensitive to many types of disturbance. A 2011 review identified five categories

1462:

that is active in the roots of other plants, allowing them to absorb nutrients. The use of similar biological pathways in the traps as non-carnivorous plants use for other purposes indicates that somewhere in its evolutionary history, the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes to facilitate carnivory.

959:

A large-scale survey in 2019, conducted by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, counted a total of 163,951 individual Venus flytraps in North Carolina and 4,876 in South Carolina, estimating a total of 302,000 individuals remaining in the wild in its native range. This represents a reduction

777:

The Venus flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40–60 degrees. The four major forms are: 'typica', the most common, with broad decumbent petioles; 'erecta', with leaves at a 45-degree angle; 'linearis',

1676:

is a major threat to the species. The human population of the coastal Carolinas is rapidly expanding. For example, Brunswick County, North Carolina, which has the largest number of Venus flytrap populations, has seen a 27% increase in its human population from 2010 to 2018. As the population grows,

1584:. Most Venus flytraps found for sale in nurseries garden centers have been produced using this method, as this is the most cost-effective way to propagate them on a large scale. Regardless of the propagation method used, the plants will live for 20 to 30 years if cultivated in the right conditions. 915:

They are full sun plants, usually found only in areas with less than 10% canopy cover. The habitats where it thrives are typically either too nutrient-poor for many noncarnivorous plants to survive, or frequently disturbed by fires which regularly clear vegetation and prevent a shady overstory from

487:

The requirement of repeated, seemingly redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against energy loss and to avoid trapping objects with no nutritional value; the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli are activated, ensuring that it has caught a live prey animal

911:

formation that the soil cannot. They tolerate mild winters, and require a period of winter dormancy to survive freezing temperatures and low photoperiods. It is a common misconception that Venus flytraps require dormancy if kept indoors under sufficient artificial light. However, most professional

745:

The holes in the meshwork allow small prey to escape, presumably because the benefit that would be obtained from them would be less than the cost of digesting them. If the prey is too small and escapes, the trap will usually reopen within 12 hours. If the prey moves around in the trap, it tightens

725:

that are found on the upper surface of each of the lobes. The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops; two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in

670:

The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like object. Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year; longer leaves

629:

The great wonder of the vegetable kingdom is a very curious unknown species of Sensitive. It is a dwarf plant. The leaves are like a narrow segment of a sphere, consisting of two parts, like the cap of a spring purse, the concave part outwards, each of which falls back with indented edges (like an

749:

Speed of closing can vary depending on the amount of humidity, light, size of prey, and general growing conditions. The speed with which traps close can be used as an indicator of a plant's general health. Venus flytraps are not as humidity-dependent as are some other carnivorous plants, such as

1453:. The gene activation observed in the leaves of the plants gives support to the hypothesis that the carnivorous mechanisms present in the flytrap are a specially adapted version of mechanisms used by non-carnivorous plants to defend against herbivorous insects. In many non-carnivorous plants, 1687:

requires fire every 3–5 years, and best thrives with annual brush fires. Although flytraps and their seeds are typically killed alongside their competition in fires, seeds from flytraps adjacent to the burnt zone propagate quickly in the ash and full sun conditions that occur after a fire

1518:

As the trap became more and more active, the energy required to "wrap" the prey increased. Plants that could somehow differentiate between actual insects and random detritus/rain droplets would have an advantage, thus explaining the specialization of inner tentacles into trigger

630:

iron spring fox-trap); upon anything touching the leaves, or falling between them, they instantly close like a spring trap, and confine any insect or anything that falls between them. It bears a white flower. To this surprising plant I have given the name of Fly trap Sensitive.

3548:

Hsu YL, Cho CY, Kuo PL, Huang YT, Lin CC (August 2006). "Plumbagin (5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Cells through p53 Accumulation via c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation at Serine 15 in Vitro and in Vivo".

985: 984: 989: 988: 983: 3382:

Bemm, Felix; Becker, Dirk; Larisch, Christina; Kreuzer, Ines; Escalante-Perez, Maria; Schulze, Waltraud X.; Ankenbrand, Markus; Weyer, Anna-Lena Van de; Krol, Elzbieta; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.; Mithöfer, Axel; Weber, Andreas P.; Schultz, Jörg; Hedrich, Rainer (4 May 2016).

990: 1225:

enzymes secreted by the glands. One of these enzymes includes GH18 chitinase, which breaks down chitin-containing exoskeleton of trapped insects. Synthesis of this enzyme begins with at least five action potentials, which will stimulate transcription of chitinase.

1638:. The current review commenced in 2018, after an initial "90-day" review found that action may be warranted. A previous review in 1993 resulted in a determination that the plant was a "Potential candidate without sufficient data on vulnerability". The 572:

Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term "tipitiwitchet" or "tippity twitchet", possibly an oblique reference to the plant's resemblance to human female genitalia. The term is similar to the term tippet-de-witchet which derives from

987: 1002:

Most carnivorous plants selectively feed on specific prey. This selection is due to the available prey and the type of trap used by the organism. With the Venus flytrap, prey is limited to beetles, spiders and other crawling arthropods. The

1602:(cultivated varieties) have come into the market through tissue culture of selected genetic mutations, and these plants are raised in large quantities for commercial markets. The cultivars 'Akai Ryu' and 'South West Giant' have gained the 1703:

has been another cause of population decline. Harvesting Venus flytraps on public land became illegal in North Carolina in 1958, and since then a legal cultivation industry has formed, growing tens of thousands of flytraps in commercial

4500: 1723:

Additionally, the species is particularly vulnerable to catastrophic climate events. Most Venus flytrap sites are only 2–4 meters (6.5 –13 feet) above sea level and are located in a region prone to hurricanes, making storm surges and

1500:, must have adapted to move the trap and its stalks in directions that maximized its chance of capturing and retaining such prey—in this particular case, longitudinally. Once adequately "wrapped", escape would be more difficult. 1490:. Nevertheless, it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera. Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap-trap mechanism: 2432: 1692:

s survival relies upon adequate seed production and dispersal from outside the burnt patches back into the burnt habitat, requiring a critical mass of populations, and exposing the success of any one population to

1200:

If the prey is unable to escape, it will continue to stimulate the inner surface of the lobes, and this causes a further growth response that forces the edges of the lobes together, eventually sealing the trap

4691: 4609: 3313:

Böhm, J.; Scherzer, S.; Krol, E.; Kreuzer, I.; von Meyer, K.; Lorey, C.; Mueller, T. D.; Shabala, L.; Monte, I.; Solano, R.; Al-Rasheid, K. A. S.; Rennenberg, H.; Shabala, S.; Neher, E.; Hedrich, R. (2016).

1670:

of threats for the species: agriculture, road-building, biological resource use (poaching and lumber activities), natural systems modifications (drainage and fire suppression), and pollution (fertilizer).

1576:

Plants can be propagated by seed, taking around four to five years to reach maturity. More commonly, they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer. Venus flytraps can also be propagated

1165:; the plant knows if one of its trigger hairs have been touched, and remembers this for a few seconds. If a second touch occurs during that time frame, the flytrap closes. After closing, the flytrap 1529:

Completing the transition, the plant eventually developed the depressed digestive glands found inside the trap, rather than using the dews in the stalks, further differentiating it from genus

1697:. These dynamics make small, isolated populations particularly vulnerable to extirpation, for if there are no mature plants adjacent to the fire zone, there is no source of seeds post-fire. 2639: 1161:, allowing water to follow by osmosis, and the cells to collapse. Both of these mechanisms may play a role and have some experimental evidence to support them. Flytraps show an example of 986: 726:

rapid succession, whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second. The edges of the lobes are fringed by stiff hair-like protrusions or

488:

worthy of consumption. These hairs also possess a heat sensor. A forest fire, for example, causes them to snap shut, making the plant more resilient to periods of summer fires.

2840:

Gray, Janet Bracey; Sorrie, Bruce A; Wall, Wade (2016). "Canebrakes of the Sandhills Region of the Carolinas and Georgia: Fire History, Canebrake Area, and Species Frequency".

2429: 1494:

Larger insects usually walk over the plant, instead of flying to it, and are more likely to break free from sticky glands alone. Therefore, a plant with wider leaves, like

1526:

would lose their original function altogether, becoming the "teeth" and trigger hairs—an example of natural selection utilizing pre-existing structures for new functions.

4699: 4617: 928:

seeds germinate well in ash and sandy soil, with seedlings growing well in the open post-fire conditions. The seeds germinate immediately without a dormant period.

1683:

is another threat to the Venus flytrap. In the absence of regular fires, shrubs and trees encroach, outcompeting the species and leading to local extirpations.

1647: 1110:

of the trigger hairs; this is to avoid inadvertent triggering of the mechanism by dust and other wind-borne debris. In the open, untripped state, the lobes are

1478:. They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood. As a result, there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link 3129:

Suda, Hiraku; Mano, Hiroaki; Toyota, Masatsugu; Fukushima, Kenji; Mimura, Tetsuro; Tsutsui, Izuo; Hedrich, Rainer; Tamada, Yosuke; Hasebe, Mitsuyasu (2020).

2106: 491:

Although widely cultivated for sale, the population of the Venus flytrap has been rapidly declining in its native range. As of 2017, the species was under

2603:

Cameron, Kenneth M.; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Jobson, Richard W. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants".

4640: 1157:, thus elongating and changing the shape of the trap lobe. Alternatively, cells in the inner layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete other 939:

occurs naturally only along the coastal plain of North and South Carolina in the U.S., with all known current sites within 90 km (56 mi) of

4098: 1661:. The Endangered Species Act specifies a two-year timeline for a species review. However, the species listing process takes 12.1 years on average. 1622:

has suffered a significant decline in its population in the wild. The population in its native range is estimated to have decreased 93% since 1979.

1688:

disturbance. Because the mature plants and new seedlings are typically destroyed in the regular fires that are necessary to maintain their habitat,

912:

carnivorous plant growers recommend dormancy, and Venus fly traps grown without dormancy may require more light, water, and food to remain healthy.

2539: 786:

The plant also has a flower on top of a long stem, about 6 inches (15 cm) long. The flower is pollinated from various flying insects such as

5341: 730:, which mesh together and prevent large prey from escaping. These protrusions, and the trigger hairs (also known as sensitive hairs) are likely 2239:

A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature: Three Volume Set Volume I A–F Volume II G–P Volume III Q–Z

1904: 1598:

Venus flytraps are by far the most commonly recognized and cultivated carnivorous plant, and they are frequently sold as houseplants. Various

5406: 819: 2669:"Quantification of insect nitrogen utilization by the Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula catching prey with highly variable isotope signatures" 2067: 709:, and a pair of terminal lobes hinged at the midrib, forming the trap which is the true leaf. The upper surface of these lobes contains red 5576: 4782: 2151:

Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Ethnography of Ancient Italy and to the Philological Study of the Latin Language

1522:

Ultimately, as the plant relied more on closing around the insect rather than gluing them to the leaf surface, the tentacles so evident in

995: 614: 5586: 3777:

Cameron, K. M.; Wurdack, K. J.; Jobson, R. W. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants".

1122:

state that closes the trap, but the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood. When the trigger hairs are stimulated, an

2774: 5478: 5571: 4723: 2878:

Roberts, Patricia R.; Oosting, H. J. (1958). "Responses of Venus Fly Trap (Dionaea muscipula) to Factors Involved in Its Endemism".

5289: 1447:

In 2016, a study of the expression of genes in the plant's leaves as they captured and digested prey was published in the journal,

5354: 5302: 5115: 1635: 1457:

serves as a signaling molecule for the activation of defense mechanisms, such as the production of hydrolases, which can destroy

847: 496: 831: 5429: 1213:, the same hormone that triggers the release of toxins as an anti-herbivore defense mechanism in non-carnivorous plants. (See 5385: 5135: 5125: 4108: 4046: 2758: 2519: 2354: 2303: 2276: 2246: 1786: 1444:(theft of prey captured by the plant before it can derive benefit from it), and would also permit a more complete digestion. 1018:(carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear. 585:, who gave the plant its scientific name in 1768, wrote that the plant name tippitywichit was an indigenous word from either 4665: 4315:"Many endangered species face long waits for protection: Scientists concerned about decreasing global diversity as a result" 3669:

Albert, V. A.; Williams, S. E.; Chase, M. W. (11 September 1992). "Carnivorous plants: phylogeny and structural evolution".

907:. The nutritional poverty of the soil is the reason it relies on such elaborate traps: insect prey provide the nitrogen for 5359: 3509:

Galek H, Osswald WF, Elstner EF (1990). "Oxidative protein modification as predigestive mechanism of the carnivorous plant

2344: 2466:

Directions for Bringing over Seeds and Plants, from the East Indies and Other Distant Countries, in a State of Vegetation

1781: 721:, snapping shut when stimulated by prey. The trapping mechanism is tripped when prey contacts one of the three hair-like 5611: 2234: 1952: 1650:(CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system. 5606: 3294: 1964: 4549: 3047: 2932: 5596: 5591: 4775: 4289: 3612: 920:

bamboos. Regular fire disturbance is an important part of its habitat, required every 3–5 years in most places for

3204: 2293: 2036:"Petition to list the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) as Endangered under the 1973 Endangered Species Act" 5411: 5328: 2374:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society ;v. 33, pt. L. American Philosophical Society. p. 104. 1806: 1593: 1048: 416: 4583: 2110: 5434: 4339:

Jennings, David E.; Rohr, Jason R. (1 May 2011). "A review of the conservation threats to carnivorous plants".

1631: 1371:. For most of the 20th century, this relationship was thought to be coincidental, more precisely an example of 1137:

It is hypothesized that there is a threshold of ion buildup for the Venus flytrap to react to stimulation. The

684: 492: 20: 5496: 4735: 4477: 4153: 1981: 3377: 3375: 2709: 2173: 5229: 4236: 807: 5281: 4062:

Jang, Gi-Won; Kim, Kwang-Soo; Park, Ro-Dong (2003). "Micropropagation of Venus fly trap by shoot culture".

2266: 1169:

additional stimulations of the trigger hairs, to five total, to start the production of digesting enzymes.

896: 598: 3372: 5504: 5195: 5120: 4768: 4755: 1603: 5307: 2586: 2372:

Diary of a journey through the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida : From July 1, 1765 to April 10, 1766

5616: 5491: 5130: 4745: 4017: 3171: 940: 892: 622: 1921: 916:

developing. It can be found living alongside herbaceous plants, grasses, sphagnum, and fire-dependent

5421: 5380: 5070: 4522: 2450: 1537:

Phylogenetic studies using molecular characters place the emergence of carnivory in the ancestors of

1061: 1007:

diet is 33% ants, 30% spiders, 10% beetles, and 10% grasshoppers, with fewer than 5% flying insects.

446: 401: 4182: 2960:"Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants – Darwin's 'Most Wonderful plants in the world'" 671:

with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are

103: 5601: 5581: 4856: 4124: 3316:"The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake" 3228:

Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Society Conference. Tokyo, Japan. pp. 77–81.

3221: 1899: 947:

specimens and old documents found 259 sites where the historical record documented the presence of

5398: 2790: 1657:

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not indicated a timeline to conclude its current review of

1503:

Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time, in a manner similar to

640:

This was the first detailed recorded notice of the plant by Europeans. The description was before

5483: 4695: 4382: 4314: 3384: 2400: 2078: 1852: 1753: 1712:

reported that demand for wild plants still exists, which "has led to a 'Venus flytrap crime ring.

1419: 1308: 1249: 641: 582: 197: 4464:

Luken, James (2007). "Performance of Dionaea muscipula as influenced by developing vegetation".

2815: 1646:

as a species of "Special Concern–Vulnerable". The species is protected under Appendix II of the

738:. Scientists have concluded that the snap trap evolved from a fly-paper trap similar to that of 5346: 5276: 5157: 5049: 4795: 2326: 1130:) is generated, which propagates across the lobes and stimulates cells in the lobes and in the 2414: 2265:

Mabey, Richard (2016). "The Challenge of Carnivorous Plants: The Tipitiwitchet (Chapter 16)".

2132: 4982: 4842: 1607: 1141:

theory states that individual cells in the outer layers of the lobes and midrib rapidly move

1080: 441: 220: 4036: 3959:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet" 3449:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet" 1736:

In 2005, the Venus flytrap was designated as the state carnivorous plant of North Carolina.

5447: 5372: 5250: 4420: 4348: 3866: 3678: 3627: 3327: 2887: 2554: 1757: 1680: 1581: 1511: 1372: 1099: 1070: 968: 718: 4760: 3975: 3958: 3465: 3448: 8: 5091: 4523:"Venus Flytraps in Peril: Why Everyone's Favorite Carnivorous Houseplant Is Under Threat" 4343:. Ecoregional-scale monitoring within conservation areas, in a rapidly changing climate. 2155: 1673: 646: 51: 5206: 4424: 4352: 3870: 3682: 3631: 3331: 3238:

Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1988). "On the mechanism of closure of Venus flytrap (

2891: 2558: 2394: 5543: 4828: 4481: 4446: 4079: 3996: 3651: 3574: 3486: 3417: 3356: 3315: 3267: 3111: 2911: 2857: 2640:"Venus flytraps give insects that pollinate their flowers a break. They don't eat them" 2578: 1765: 1436:. Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of 1301: 1127: 904: 731: 256: 98: 66: 5470: 3934: 3901: 2508: 2396:

Hortus Collinsonianus. An account of the plants cultivated by the late Peter Collinson

37: 5442: 5237: 4791: 4557: 4438: 4433: 4408: 4364: 4104: 4042: 4000: 3988: 3980: 3939: 3921: 3882: 3839: 3794: 3754: 3749: 3730: 3702: 3694: 3655: 3643: 3566: 3530: 3526: 3490: 3478: 3470: 3422: 3404: 3361: 3343: 3290: 3259: 3179: 3152: 3103: 3025: 3020: 3003: 2981: 2903: 2754: 2690: 2620: 2570: 2515: 2350: 2320: 2299: 2272: 2242: 2035: 1960: 1829: 1505: 1496: 1346: 1257: 1217:

below) Once the digestive glands in the leaf lobes have been activated, digestion is

1054: 586: 516: 508: 456: 397: 4485: 4450: 4083: 3271: 2861: 2538:

Forterre, Yoël; Skotheim, Jan M.; Dumais, Jacques; Mahadevan, L. (27 January 2005).

1828:

Schnell, D.; Catling, P.; Folkerts, G.; Frost, C.; Gardner, R.; et al. (2000).

1515:. The faster the closing, the less reliant on the flypaper model the plant would be. 654:

on 23 September 1768, in which he described the plant and proposed its English name

621:, penned the first written description of the plant in a letter to English botanist 5548: 5242: 5021: 4938: 4473: 4428: 4356: 4071: 3970: 3929: 3913: 3874: 3829: 3786: 3744: 3686: 3635: 3578: 3558: 3522: 3460: 3412: 3396: 3351: 3335: 3251: 3142: 3115: 3095: 3055: 3015: 2971: 2895: 2849: 2680: 2612: 2582: 2562: 2379: 2375: 2295:

The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination

2268:

The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination

1847: 1471: 1441: 1383:. It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study, by analyzing combined 1166: 1162: 1123: 1107: 1043: 706: 672: 296: 2465: 1772:, even though available scientific evidence does not support these health claims. 1153:

and loosening the extracellular components, which allows them to swell rapidly by

1098:

The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between

899:. There also appears to be a naturalized population of Venus flytraps in northern 5522: 4360: 3878: 3857:

Stokstad, E. (12 May 2016). "How the Venus flytrap acquired its taste for meat".

3818:(Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA Sequences" 3735: 2748: 2685: 2668: 2436: 1908: 1749: 1449: 1400: 1388: 1229:

Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by

791: 243: 191: 141: 5509: 1375:. Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of 5465: 5457: 5216: 4989: 4909: 4835: 3289:. United States: Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 117. 3147: 3130: 2149: 2107:"Background Information on Venus Fly Traps – Venus Fly Trap naming and history" 1725: 1694: 1475: 1355: 1341: 1289: 1238: 1188: 702: 689: 590: 534: 412: 408: 164: 128: 4075: 3339: 3060: 2208: 5565: 5367: 5180: 5140: 4886: 4820: 4740: 4561: 4442: 4368: 3984: 3925: 3698: 3474: 3408: 3347: 3183: 3131:"Calcium dynamics during trap closure visualized in transgenic Venus flytrap" 2907: 2478: 2190: 2003: 1838: 1745: 1639: 1565: 1454: 1399:

were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a

1329:

Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of

1281: 1210: 1202: 1075: 651: 71: 3690: 3593: 3562: 3385:"Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies" 2175:

Dictionarium Minus: A Compendious Dictionary English-Latin and Latin-English

1545:

million years ago, and the development of the snap-trap in the ancestors of

5535: 4975: 4901: 4894: 4878: 4261: 3992: 3943: 3886: 3843: 3798: 3758: 3731:"Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap" 3647: 3570: 3482: 3426: 3365: 3263: 3156: 3107: 3029: 3004:"Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap" 2985: 2694: 2624: 2574: 1874: 1827: 1261: 1146: 678: 618: 420: 3790: 3706: 3639: 3534: 3400: 2616: 1959:(1st ed.). Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 45. 1642:

classifies the species as "vulnerable". The State of North Carolina lists

1115: 5393: 5315: 5189: 5042: 4996: 4923: 4641:"Man charged with 73 counts of poaching Venus Flytrap, bond at $ 750,000" 3834: 3813: 2976: 2959: 1769: 1651: 1384: 1323: 1293: 1280:

extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of

1138: 1119: 1092: 917: 787: 764: 710: 558: 459: 174: 4750: 2566: 1111: 5294: 5077: 5014: 4967: 4953: 4849: 4812: 4610:"A poacher who stole 970 venus flytraps in N.C. is sentenced to prison" 4409:"Long-Term Outcomes of Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) Establishment" 3917: 3255: 3099: 2915: 2734: 2666: 1705: 1367: 1253: 1182: 1172: 758: 1209:

occurs. Release of the digestive enzymes is controlled by the hormone

1030:

are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. This gives

5320: 5263: 5098: 4946: 4930: 3811: 1716:" In 2014, the state of North Carolina made Venus flytrap poaching a 1430:

snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with

1269: 1265: 1241: 1222: 1218: 1206: 1176: 1084: 944: 888: 752: 520: 428: 5151: 3900:

Turner, John G.; Ellis, Christine; Devoto, Alessandra (1 May 2002).

2899: 1069:

The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants capable of

871: 5530: 5174: 5084: 5063: 5056: 5035: 4960: 4916: 2853: 2392: 1700: 1599: 1406:

A 2009 study presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of

1297: 1264:. Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes. 880: 795: 722: 714: 471: 154: 5333: 5268: 3082:

Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1989). "The action potential of

2346:

The Poetics of Natural History: From John Bartram to William James

4870: 4383:"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Brunswick County, North Carolina" 4211: 4154:"Federal Register / Vol. 82 / December 20, 2017 / Proposed Rules" 2506:

Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).

1432: 1315: 1285: 1234: 1154: 1034:

an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form.

908: 900: 770: 701:

The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart-shaped

546: 507:

The plant's common name (originally "Venus's flytrap") refers to

451: 404: 4550:"Venus Flytraps Need Protection From Poachers in North Carolina" 5255: 5224: 5028: 4730: 2537: 1717: 1458: 1380: 1330: 1319: 1312: 1142: 1131: 1103: 1088: 735: 727: 578: 574: 467: 734:

with the tentacles found in this plant's close relatives, the

527:, is Latin for both "mousetrap" and "flytrap". The Latin word 5517: 3613:"Nutrient limitation and stoichiometry of carnivorous plants" 1305: 1273: 431: 115: 88: 82: 4790: 4666:"Venus Flytrap State Carnivorous Plant | State Symbols USA" 2667:

W. Schulze; E.D. Schulze; I. Schulze & R. Oren (2001).

1821: 1245: 2134:

The London Magazine, Or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer

1052:

Stages and timing of the Venus flytrap carnivory process,

4501:"The Venus Flytrap: Conserving the Carnivorous Curiosity" 4478:

10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[45:PODMAI]2.0.CO;2

3812:

Rivadavia, F.; K. Kondo; M. Kato & M. Hasebe (2003).

2419:. Vol. 3–4. Haymarket Publishing. 1875. p. 306. 1761: 1760:

as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including

1158: 884: 675:

formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground.

3381: 2933:"Biodiversity Day: Venus Flytrap Preservation | NC DNCR" 1114:(bent outwards), but in the closed state, the lobes are 3312: 3128: 1744:

Venus flytrap extract is available on the market as an

1648:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

1365:

is shared with only one other carnivorous plant genus,

1150: 419:. Although various modern hybrids have been created in 4038:

Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution

1957:

Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology, and evolution

994:

A time lapse showing Venus flytrap catching prey (see

2209:"tippet-de-witchet, n. – Green's Dictionary of Slang" 1618:

Although widely cultivated for sale as a houseplant,

1572:'Akai Ryu', Japanese for 'Red Dragon', in cultivation 1118:(forming a cavity). It is the rapid flipping of this 1106:

and growth. The trap only shuts when there have been

875:

Map of the original distribution of the Venus flytrap

19:

This article is about the plant. For other uses, see

3776: 2602: 2068:"Venus Flytrap: Under Endangered Species Act review" 1654:

classified it as "Imperiled" (G2) in a 2018 review.

825:

Flowering Venus flytrap showing its long flower stem

3668: 3508: 3308: 3306: 1304:, it may be that the presence of oxygen-activating 1233:. Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain 4756:Criminal Podcast Episode Five: Dropping Like Flies 4290:"Comprehensive Report Species – Dionaea muscipula" 3957:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021). 3447:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021). 2750:Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada 2507: 2505: 2137:. Vol. October 1768. R. Baldwin. p. 523. 1422:. The molecular and physiological data imply that 1354:Carnivory in plants is a very specialized form of 605:("they (leaves) which wind around (or involve)"). 4100:The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants 3899: 3210:(Press release). Wiley ChemBioChem. January 2010. 2452:Letter 23 September 1768, London to Carl Linnaeus 2322:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N–Z 1951:Ellison, Aaron M.; Adamec, Lubomír, eds. (2018). 1333:. The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse. 439:. It is closely related to the waterwheel plant ( 5563: 4736:Venus Flytrap Growing Guide and Distribution Map 3956: 3513:: an hypothesis based on in vitro experiments". 3446: 3303: 1465: 2109:. FlyTrapCare.com. 4 April 2008. Archived from 1708:for sale as household plants. Yet in 2016, the 1318:to render membrane-bound proteins of the prey ( 903:as well as an introduced population in western 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3547: 3172:"Why Scientists Made Venus Flytraps That Glow" 2957: 2877: 2839: 2393:Lewis Weston Dillwyn; Peter Collinson (1843). 1867: 1486:, or either genus with their common ancestor, 853:The species produces small, shiny black seeds. 4776: 4134:. The Royal Horticultural Society. March 2020 4034: 3585: 3237: 3214: 3081: 2471: 1950: 511:, the Roman goddess of love. The genus name, 4584:"Stealing Venus Flytrap plants now a felony" 4338: 3728: 3001: 2780:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. 2767: 2740: 2416:Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist 2325:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1953:"4:Systematics and evolution of Droseraceae" 1853:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39636A10253384.en 1361:The "snap trap" mechanism characteristic of 883:- and phosphorus-poor environments, such as 4575: 4466:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 4096: 4090: 4061: 4035:Ellison, Aaron M.; Adamec, Lubomír (2018). 4012: 4010: 3713: 1288:digestion of SA was facilitated. Since the 861: 564: 556: 550: 540: 528: 4783: 4769: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3610: 3592:Produced by Neil Lucas (7 December 2009). 3222:Comparative physiology of the Droseraceae 2710:"How does the Venus flytrap digest flies?" 2514:(7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. 2004:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02654-x 1739: 1065:Closeup of one of the hinged trigger hairs 242: 60: 36: 4505:Journal of the American Botanical Council 4432: 4212:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 4103:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 3974: 3933: 3833: 3748: 3464: 3416: 3355: 3284: 3146: 3059: 3019: 2997: 2995: 2975: 2796:. International Carnivorous Plant Society 2684: 2191:"How did the Venus flytrap get its name?" 2147: 1851: 1748:, sometimes as the prime ingredient of a 1022:consume smaller, aerial insects, whereas 608: 299:(1998) name published without description 4498: 4125:"AGM Plants March 2020 RHS – ORNAMENTAL" 4007: 3856: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3226:– How do tentacles bend and traps close? 2707: 2349:. Rutgers University Press. p. 31. 2342: 2232: 1564: 1340: 1272:, associated with the regulation of the 1181: 1171: 1060: 1047: 1037: 980: 967: 870: 677: 5116:International Carnivorous Plant Society 4724:Images and movies of the Venus flytrap 3950: 3765: 3197: 3041: 3039: 2951: 2746: 2637: 2369: 2101: 2099: 650:on 1 September 1768, and his letter to 5564: 4548:Mele, Christopher (28 November 2016). 3169: 2992: 2533: 2531: 2501: 2499: 2399:. W. C. Murray & D. Rees. p. 2033: 1979: 1149:) into their cell walls, lowering the 5156: 5155: 5136:List of carnivorous plant periodicals 5126:North American Sarracenia Conservancy 4764: 4746:Venus flytrap origins uncovered – BBC 4638: 4581: 4463: 4406: 4284: 4282: 4254: 4183:"Federal Register / Vol. 58, No. 188" 3976:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429 3729:Gibson, T. C.; Waller, D. M. (2009). 3497: 3466:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429 2927: 2925: 2873: 2871: 2662: 2660: 2448: 2318: 2291: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1787:List of ineffective cancer treatments 1350:, with short, wide, sticky leaf traps 895:. One such place is North Carolina's 581:). In contrast, the English botanist 5422:3c414fbe-7822-41d3-9c5f-fd6439fd5477 4607: 4547: 4064:Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 3045: 3036: 2188: 2171: 2096: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1752:named "Carnivora". According to the 613:On 2 April 1759, the North Carolina 5577:Carnivorous plants of North America 4741:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Flytraps 4639:Still, Johanna F. (18 March 2019). 4216:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3541: 2528: 2496: 2154:. J. W. Parker & Son. pp. 1980:Sumner, Thomas (20 November 2012). 1914: 1839:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1782:Carnivorous plants of North America 1126:(mostly involving calcium ions—see 976: 746:and digestion begins more quickly. 13: 5587:Endemic flora of the United States 4279: 2922: 2868: 2657: 2255: 2117: 2053: 2034:Waller, Donald (21 October 2016). 1932:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023 1014:evolved from an ancestral form of 696: 593:. The plant name according to the 484:of a second from initial contact. 14: 5628: 4717: 4161:Government Publishing Office (US) 4018:"Venus flytrap origins uncovered" 2958:Ellison, DM; Gotelli, NJ (2009). 2449:Ellis, John (23 September 1768). 2008: 1982:"Investigating the Venus Flytrap" 1756:, these products are promoted in 1470:Carnivorous plants are generally 1205:and forming a "stomach" in which 1026:consume larger terrestrial bugs. 5572:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 5497:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:275898-2 4582:Evans, Jon (18 September 2014). 4434:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.00888.x 3750:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x 3170:Giaimo, Cara (12 October 2020). 3046:Pain, Stephanie (2 March 2022). 3021:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x 2638:Guarino, Ben (7 February 2018). 2148:Donaldson, John William (1852). 2075:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1636:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1474:, and their traps the result of 846: 830: 818: 806: 519:"), refers to the Greek goddess 497:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 102: 4698:. November 2008. Archived from 4684: 4658: 4632: 4601: 4541: 4515: 4492: 4457: 4400: 4375: 4332: 4307: 4229: 4204: 4175: 4146: 4117: 4055: 4028: 3893: 3850: 3805: 3662: 3604: 3440: 3278: 3231: 3163: 3122: 3075: 3002:Gibson, TC; Waller, DM (2009). 2833: 2808: 2783: 2727: 2701: 2631: 2596: 2459: 2442: 2423: 2407: 2386: 2363: 2336: 2312: 2285: 2241:. A&C Black. p. 1533. 2226: 2201: 2182: 2165: 2141: 1731: 1613: 1594:List of Venus flytrap cultivars 931: 713:pigments and its edges secrete 417:East Coast of the United States 4751:The CP Photo Finder: "Dionaea" 3963:Annual Review of Plant Biology 3902:"The Jasmonate Signal Pathway" 3453:Annual Review of Plant Biology 2964:Journal of Experimental Botany 2753:(2nd ed.). Timber Press. 2673:Journal of Experimental Botany 2319:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912). 2298:. W. W. Norton & Company. 2271:. W. W. Norton & Company. 1996: 1973: 1944: 1892: 1799: 1560: 1214: 879:The Venus flytrap is found in 781: 665: 577:and witchet (archaic term for 533:("mousetrap") is derived from 455:), all of which belong to the 21:Venus Flytrap (disambiguation) 1: 4608:Love, Shayla (28 July 2016). 4499:Yearsley, Connor (May 2017). 2791:"Grow Venus Flytraps Indoors" 2540:"How the Venus flytrap snaps" 1911:. Carnivorous Plant Database. 1815: 1466:Proposed evolutionary history 1276:family of proteins. When the 954: 838: 4361:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.013 3879:10.1126/science.352.6287.756 3527:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90020-J 3048:"How plants turned predator" 2343:Irmscher, Christoph (1999). 2189:Rice, Barry (January 2007). 1587: 1336: 1195: 963: 595:Handbook of American Indians 555:("flytrap") is derived from 502: 400:native to the temperate and 16:Species of carnivorous plant 7: 5121:Insectivorous Plant Society 4237:"Threatened Search Results" 4041:. Oxford University Press. 3814:"Phylogeny of the sundews, 2077:. June 2017. Archived from 1775: 1604:Royal Horticultural Society 685:Curtis's Botanical Magazine 427:is the only species of the 10: 5633: 5131:List of carnivorous plants 3822:American Journal of Botany 3779:American Journal of Botany 3285:Chamovitz, Daniel (2012). 3148:10.1038/s41477-020-00773-1 2816:"Venus Flytraps (Dionaea)" 2686:10.1093/jexbot/52.358.1041 2605:American Journal of Botany 2172:Wase, Christopher (1662). 1930:Plants of the World Online 1664: 1591: 1414:from a flypaper trap like 1391:sequences, indicated that 1311:function as extracellular 1244:that couples to different 1041: 941:Wilmington, North Carolina 893:Wilmington, North Carolina 866: 523:, while the species name, 18: 5612:Symbols of North Carolina 5164: 5108: 5006: 4802: 3340:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057 3061:10.1146/knowable-030122-1 2483:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ 2233:Williams, Gordon (2001). 2195:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ 1625: 466:catches its prey—chiefly 262: 255: 250: 241: 226: 219: 99:Scientific classification 97: 80: 58: 49: 44: 35: 30: 5607:Plants described in 1768 4407:Luken, James O. (2012). 4294:explorer.natureserve.org 1792: 862:Habitat and distribution 813:Venus flytrap flower bud 5597:Flora of South Carolina 5592:Flora of North Carolina 5007:Protocarnivorous genera 4796:protocarnivorous plants 4696:American Cancer Society 4488:– via bioone.org. 4341:Biological Conservation 4097:D'Amato, Peter (1998). 4076:10.1023/A:1021203811457 3691:10.1126/science.1523408 3563:10.1124/jpet.105.098863 2747:Schnell, D. E. (2002). 2380:2027/uc1.32106020417272 2292:Mabey, Richard (2016). 1754:American Cancer Society 1740:In alternative medicine 1695:metapopulation dynamics 924:to thrive. After fire, 3912:(suppl 1): S153–S164. 3220:Williams, S. E. 2002. 2435:29 August 2017 at the 2430:The Nature Conservancy 2370:Bartram, John (1942). 1632:Endangered Species Act 1573: 1351: 1322:) more susceptible to 1192: 1179: 1066: 1058: 999: 973: 876: 693: 638: 609:Discovery by Europeans 565: 557: 551: 541: 529: 493:Endangered Species Act 287:Sol. (1990) as synonym 269:Raf., spelling variant 3791:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503 3640:10.1055/s-2006-923956 3401:10.1101/gr.202200.115 3205:"The Trap Snaps Shut" 2880:Ecological Monographs 2617:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503 2213:greensdictofslang.com 1846:: e.T39636A10253384. 1630:The species is under 1608:Award of Garden Merit 1568: 1549:and its sister genus 1344: 1185: 1175: 1064: 1051: 1038:Mechanism of trapping 993: 971: 887:, wet savannahs, and 874: 719:rapid plant movements 681: 627: 442:Aldrovanda vesiculosa 4262:"Appendices | CITES" 3835:10.3732/ajb.90.1.123 3551:J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2735:Insectivorous Plants 2733:Darwin, C. R. 1875. 2131:Ellis, John (1768). 2113:on 17 December 2008. 1907:24 July 2020 at the 1898:Schlauer, J. (N.d.) 1758:alternative medicine 1728:a long-term threat. 1582:plant tissue culture 1512:Drosera glanduligera 1373:convergent evolution 1186:Chrysomelid beetle, 717:. The lobes exhibit 658:and scientific name 545:("trap"), while the 364:Drosera sessiliflora 350:(Raf.) Steud. (1840) 341:(Raf.) Steud. (1840) 337:Dionaea sessiliflora 278:(Raf.) Steud. (1840) 4726:(Dionaea muscipula) 4702:on 18 February 2015 4672:. 26 September 2014 4670:statesymbolsusa.org 4529:. 30 September 2019 4527:www.mentalfloss.com 4425:2012ResEc..20..669L 4413:Restoration Ecology 4353:2011BCons.144.1356J 4192:. 30 September 1993 3871:2016Sci...352..756S 3683:1992Sci...257.1491A 3677:(5076): 1491–1495. 3632:2006PlBio...8..740E 3611:AM Ellison (2006). 3515:Free Radic Biol Med 3332:2016CBio...26..286B 2892:1958EcoM...28..193R 2820:Brian's Carnivorous 2714:Scientific American 2592:on 2 December 2007. 2567:10.1038/nature03185 2559:2005Natur.433..421F 1984:. insidescience.com 1807:CITES Annotation #4 1557:million years ago. 1553:to approximately 48 1403:of the two genera. 1302:degradative enzymes 1300:and possibly other 1268:is known to induce 943:. A 1958 survey of 837:Closeup of flower ( 647:The London Magazine 52:Conservation status 4803:Carnivorous genera 4554:The New York Times 4163:. 20 December 2017 3918:10.1105/tpc.000679 3287:What a Plant Knows 3256:10.1007/BF00395768 3176:The New York Times 3100:10.1007/BF00394867 2977:10.1093/jxb/ern179 2679:(358): 1041–1049. 1690:D. muscipula' 1574: 1352: 1193: 1180: 1128:calcium in biology 1067: 1059: 1000: 974: 877: 841:20 mm in diameter) 694: 682:Illustration from 304:Dionaea heterodoxa 5617:Vulnerable plants 5559: 5558: 5458:Dionaea_muscipula 5443:Open Tree of Life 5230:dionaea-muscipula 5196:Dionaea muscipula 5166:Dionaea muscipula 5158:Taxon identifiers 5149: 5148: 4110:978-0-89815-915-8 4048:978-0-19-877984-1 3511:Dionaea muscipula 3240:Dionaea muscipula 3141:(10): 1219–1224. 3084:Dionaea muscipula 3052:Knowable Magazine 2776:Dionaea muscipula 2760:978-0-88192-540-1 2553:(7024): 421–425. 2521:978-0-7167-1007-3 2510:Biology of Plants 2356:978-0-8135-2615-7 2305:978-0-393-24877-7 2278:978-0-393-24877-7 2248:978-0-485-11393-8 2084:on 6 October 2019 1924:Dionaea muscipula 1901:Dionaea muscipula 1832:Dionaea muscipula 1726:rising sea levels 1685:D. muscipula 1659:Dionaea muscipula 1644:Dionaea muscipula 1620:D. muscipula 1570:Dionaea muscipula 1539:Dionaea muscipula 1506:Drosera burmannii 1497:Drosera falconeri 1347:Drosera falconeri 1284:(SA), subsequent 1258:hydrogen peroxide 1231:Dionaea muscipula 1055:Knowable Magazine 991: 949:D. muscipula 937:Dionaea muscipula 926:D. muscipula 922:D. muscipula 796:checkered beetles 660:Dionaea muscipula 615:colonial governor 597:derives from the 425:D. muscipula 398:carnivorous plant 393:Dionaea muscipula 384: 383: 378: 369: 360: 355:Drosera corymbosa 351: 342: 333: 328:Dionaea sensitiva 324: 316:Dionaea muscicapa 312: 300: 288: 279: 274:Dionaea corymbosa 270: 230:Dionaea muscipula 212:D. muscipula 201: 92: 75: 5624: 5552: 5551: 5539: 5538: 5526: 5525: 5513: 5512: 5500: 5499: 5487: 5486: 5474: 5473: 5461: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5402: 5401: 5389: 5388: 5376: 5375: 5363: 5362: 5350: 5349: 5337: 5336: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5310: 5298: 5297: 5285: 5284: 5272: 5271: 5259: 5258: 5246: 5245: 5233: 5232: 5220: 5219: 5210: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5153: 5152: 4939:Palaeoaldrovanda 4785: 4778: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4616:. Archived from 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4436: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4347:(5): 1356–1363. 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4187: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4129: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4005: 4004: 3978: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3937: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3837: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3785:(9): 1503–1509. 3774: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3726: 3711: 3710: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3506: 3495: 3494: 3468: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3235: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3023: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2979: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2688: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2611:(9): 1503–1509. 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2585:. Archived from 2544: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2513: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2479:"Venus flytraps" 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2446: 2440: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2115: 2114: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2083: 2072: 2064: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2031: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1918: 1912: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1825: 1809: 1803: 1715: 1681:Fire suppression 1442:kleptoparasitism 1290:secretory glands 1163:memory in plants 1124:action potential 1108:two stimulations 1044:Plant arithmetic 996:more videos here 992: 977:Prey selectivity 850: 840: 834: 822: 810: 792:longhorn beetles 636: 568: 562: 554: 544: 532: 483: 482: 478: 376: 373:Drosera uniflora 367: 358: 349: 346:Dionaea uniflora 340: 331: 319: 307: 295: 286: 277: 268: 246: 232: 190: 107: 106: 86: 69: 64: 63: 40: 28: 27: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5602:Plant cognition 5582:Dionaea (plant) 5562: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5534: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5490: 5482: 5477: 5469: 5464: 5456: 5454: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5428: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5319: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5280: 5275: 5267: 5262: 5254: 5249: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5215: 5213: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5160: 5150: 5145: 5104: 5002: 4804: 4798: 4789: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4692:"Venus Flytrap" 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4645:Port City Daily 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4620:on 29 July 2016 4614:Washington Post 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4497: 4493: 4462: 4458: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4241:plants.usda.gov 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4095: 4091: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4016: 4015: 4008: 3955: 3951: 3898: 3894: 3855: 3851: 3810: 3806: 3775: 3766: 3736:New Phytologist 3727: 3714: 3667: 3663: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3546: 3542: 3507: 3498: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3389:Genome Research 3380: 3373: 3320:Current Biology 3311: 3304: 3297: 3283: 3279: 3236: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3168: 3164: 3127: 3123: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3044: 3037: 3008:New Phytologist 3000: 2993: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2900:10.2307/1942208 2876: 2869: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2773:Giblin, D. Nd. 2772: 2768: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2706: 2702: 2665: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2644:Washington Post 2636: 2632: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2504: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2447: 2443: 2439:– Venus Flytrap 2437:Wayback Machine 2428: 2424: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2391: 2387: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2341: 2337: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2187: 2183: 2170: 2166: 2146: 2142: 2129: 2118: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2032: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1909:Wayback Machine 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1778: 1766:Crohn's disease 1750:patent medicine 1742: 1734: 1713: 1667: 1628: 1616: 1596: 1590: 1563: 1468: 1450:Genome Research 1401:common ancestor 1389:chloroplast DNA 1339: 1198: 1081:telegraph plant 1046: 1040: 981: 979: 966: 957: 934: 869: 864: 859: 858: 857: 854: 851: 842: 835: 826: 823: 814: 811: 784: 699: 697:Fly trap leaves 668: 656:Venus's Flytrap 637: 634: 623:Peter Collinson 611: 505: 480: 476: 475: 375: 366: 357: 348: 339: 330: 320:St.Hil. (1824) 318: 308:D'Amato (1998) 306: 294: 292:Dionaea dentata 285: 283:Dionaea crinita 276: 237: 234: 228: 215: 189: 101: 93: 76: 65: 61: 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5630: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5549:wfo-0000943687 5540: 5527: 5514: 5501: 5488: 5475: 5462: 5452: 5439: 5426: 5416: 5403: 5390: 5377: 5364: 5351: 5338: 5325: 5312: 5299: 5286: 5273: 5260: 5247: 5234: 5221: 5211: 5201: 5186: 5170: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4990:Triphyophyllum 4986: 4979: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4910:Fischeripollis 4905: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4788: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4719: 4718:External links 4716: 4714: 4713: 4683: 4657: 4631: 4600: 4574: 4540: 4514: 4491: 4456: 4419:(6): 669–670. 4399: 4387:www.census.gov 4374: 4331: 4306: 4278: 4253: 4228: 4203: 4174: 4145: 4116: 4109: 4089: 4054: 4047: 4027: 4006: 3969:(1): 133–153. 3949: 3906:The Plant Cell 3892: 3849: 3828:(1): 123–130. 3804: 3764: 3743:(3): 575–587. 3712: 3661: 3626:(6): 740–747. 3603: 3584: 3557:(2): 484–494. 3540: 3521:(5): 427–434. 3496: 3459:(1): 133–153. 3439: 3395:(6): 812–825. 3371: 3326:(3): 286–295. 3302: 3295: 3277: 3230: 3213: 3196: 3162: 3121: 3074: 3035: 3014:(1): 575–587. 2991: 2950: 2921: 2886:(2): 193–218. 2867: 2854:10.2179/16-112 2848:(4): 280–291. 2832: 2807: 2782: 2766: 2759: 2739: 2726: 2708:Leege, Lissa. 2700: 2656: 2630: 2595: 2527: 2520: 2495: 2470: 2458: 2441: 2422: 2406: 2385: 2362: 2355: 2335: 2311: 2304: 2284: 2277: 2254: 2247: 2225: 2200: 2181: 2164: 2140: 2116: 2095: 2052: 2007: 1995: 1972: 1965: 1943: 1913: 1891: 1866: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1710:New York Times 1666: 1663: 1634:review by the 1627: 1624: 1615: 1612: 1592:Main article: 1589: 1586: 1562: 1559: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1516: 1501: 1476:primary growth 1467: 1464: 1420:molecular data 1356:foliar feeding 1338: 1335: 1239:naphthoquinone 1197: 1194: 1134:between them. 1071:rapid movement 1039: 1036: 978: 975: 972:A closing trap 965: 962: 956: 953: 933: 930: 868: 865: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 845: 843: 836: 829: 827: 824: 817: 815: 812: 805: 802: 801: 800: 783: 780: 703:photosynthesis 698: 695: 690:William Curtis 667: 664: 632: 610: 607: 539:("mouse") and 515:("daughter of 504: 501: 495:review by the 413:South Carolina 409:North Carolina 382: 381: 380: 379: 370: 361: 352: 343: 334: 332:Salisb. (1796) 325: 322:sphalm.typogr. 313: 301: 289: 280: 271: 260: 259: 253: 252: 248: 247: 239: 238: 235: 224: 223: 217: 216: 209: 207: 203: 202: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 165:Caryophyllales 162: 158: 157: 152: 145: 144: 139: 132: 131: 126: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 95: 94: 81: 78: 77: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 31:Venus flytrap 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5629: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5142: 5141:Pitcher plant 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4887:Droserapollis 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821:Archaeamphora 4817: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3865:(6287): 756. 3864: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620:Plant Biology 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3296:9780374533885 3292: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3225: 3224:sensu stricto 3217: 3206: 3200: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135:Nature Plants 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2939:. 21 May 2019 2938: 2937:www.ncdcr.gov 2934: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2331:titipiwitshik 2328: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1966:9780198779841 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1917: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1895: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:herbal remedy 1737: 1729: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:IUCN Red List 1637: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455:jasmonic acid 1452: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:Drosera regia 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1313:pre-digestive 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:serum albumin 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:jasmonic acid 1208: 1204: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:hydrogen ions 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1076:Mimosa pudica 1072: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 997: 970: 961: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 929: 927: 923: 919: 913: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 873: 849: 844: 833: 828: 821: 816: 809: 804: 803: 799: 797: 793: 789: 779: 775: 773: 772: 767: 766: 761: 760: 755: 754: 747: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 691: 687: 686: 680: 676: 674: 663: 661: 657: 653: 652:Carl Linnaeus 649: 648: 643: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 606: 604: 603:titipiwitshik 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 570: 567: 561: 560: 553: 548: 543: 538: 537: 531: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 500: 498: 494: 489: 485: 473: 469: 465: 461: 458: 454: 453: 448: 444: 443: 438: 437: 433: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403: 399: 395: 394: 389: 388:Venus flytrap 374: 371: 365: 362: 356: 353: 347: 344: 338: 335: 329: 326: 323: 317: 314: 311: 305: 302: 298: 293: 290: 284: 281: 275: 272: 267: 264: 263: 261: 258: 254: 251:Distribution 249: 245: 240: 233: 231: 225: 222: 221:Binomial name 218: 214: 213: 208: 205: 204: 199: 196: 193: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129:Tracheophytes 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 105: 100: 96: 90: 84: 79: 73: 68: 57: 53: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5165: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5071:Paepalanthus 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4976:Saxonipollis 4974: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4902:Drosophyllum 4900: 4895:Droseridites 4893: 4885: 4879:Droserapites 4877: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4857:Darlingtonia 4855: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4725: 4706:22 September 4704:. Retrieved 4700:the original 4686: 4674:. Retrieved 4669: 4660: 4648:. Retrieved 4644: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4618:the original 4613: 4603: 4591:. Retrieved 4588:www.wect.com 4587: 4577: 4565:. Retrieved 4553: 4543: 4531:. Retrieved 4526: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4472:(1): 45–52. 4469: 4465: 4459: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4386: 4377: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4322:. Retrieved 4319:ScienceDaily 4318: 4309: 4297:. Retrieved 4293: 4269:. Retrieved 4265: 4256: 4244:. Retrieved 4240: 4231: 4219:. Retrieved 4215: 4206: 4194:. Retrieved 4189: 4177: 4165:. Retrieved 4160: 4148: 4138:11 September 4136:. Retrieved 4131: 4119: 4099: 4092: 4070:(1): 95–98. 4067: 4063: 4057: 4037: 4030: 4021: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3807: 3782: 3778: 3740: 3734: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3623: 3619: 3606: 3597: 3587: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3392: 3388: 3323: 3319: 3286: 3280: 3250:(1): 32–42. 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3223: 3216: 3199: 3187:. Retrieved 3175: 3165: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3065:. Retrieved 3051: 3011: 3007: 2970:(1): 19–42. 2967: 2963: 2953: 2941:. Retrieved 2936: 2883: 2879: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2825:21 September 2823:. Retrieved 2819: 2810: 2798:. Retrieved 2785: 2775: 2769: 2749: 2742: 2729: 2717:. Retrieved 2713: 2703: 2676: 2672: 2647:. Retrieved 2643: 2633: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2587:the original 2550: 2546: 2509: 2486:. Retrieved 2482: 2473: 2461: 2451: 2444: 2425: 2415: 2409: 2395: 2388: 2371: 2365: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2321: 2314: 2294: 2287: 2267: 2238: 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2212: 2203: 2194: 2184: 2174: 2167: 2159: 2150: 2143: 2133: 2111:the original 2086:. Retrieved 2079:the original 2074: 2043:. Retrieved 2039: 1998: 1986:. Retrieved 1975: 1956: 1946: 1934:. Retrieved 1929: 1923: 1916: 1900: 1894: 1882:. Retrieved 1878: 1875:"Appendices" 1869: 1857:. Retrieved 1843: 1837: 1831: 1823: 1801: 1743: 1735: 1732:Designations 1722: 1709: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674:Habitat loss 1672: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1643: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1614:Conservation 1597: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1523: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1448: 1446: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1376: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1353: 1345: 1328: 1277: 1262:autoxidation 1237:such as the 1230: 1228: 1203:hermetically 1199: 1187: 1136: 1097: 1093:bladderworts 1074: 1068: 1053: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1001: 958: 948: 936: 935: 932:Distribution 925: 921: 914: 878: 785: 776: 769: 763: 757: 751: 748: 744: 739: 700: 683: 669: 659: 655: 645: 644:' letter to 639: 635:Arthur Dobbs 628: 619:Arthur Dobbs 612: 602: 594: 571: 563:("fly") and 535: 524: 512: 506: 490: 486: 463: 450: 447:cosmopolitan 440: 435: 434: 424: 392: 391: 387: 385: 372: 363: 354: 345: 336: 327: 321: 315: 309: 303: 291: 282: 273: 265: 229: 227: 211: 210: 194: 185: 184: 148: 135: 122: 25: 5394:NatureServe 5316:iNaturalist 5190:Wikispecies 5092:Proboscidea 5043:Drymocallis 4997:Utricularia 4924:Heliamphora 4805:(† extinct) 4792:Carnivorous 4650:15 December 4624:15 December 4567:15 December 4533:15 December 4392:15 December 4324:15 December 4299:15 December 4246:15 December 4221:15 December 4196:14 December 4190:cdn.loc.gov 4167:14 December 3094:(1): 8–18. 2943:14 December 2088:15 December 2045:14 December 1859:19 November 1805:Subject to 1770:skin cancer 1706:greenhouses 1652:NatureServe 1561:Cultivation 1418:, based on 1324:proteolytic 1294:Droseraceae 1252:to produce 1250:diaphorases 1248:-dependent 1177:Muscoid fly 1139:acid growth 1010:Given that 918:Arundinaria 897:Green Swamp 782:Other parts 768:, and some 765:Heliamphora 711:anthocyanin 692:(1746–1799) 666:Description 460:Droseraceae 421:cultivation 402:subtropical 377:Raf. (1833) 368:Raf. (1833) 359:Raf. (1833) 175:Droseraceae 142:Angiosperms 85:Appendix II 5566:Categories 5466:Plant List 5078:Passiflora 5015:Aracamunia 4968:Sarracenia 4954:Pinguicula 4850:Cephalotus 4829:Brocchinia 4813:Aldrovanda 4676:17 October 4271:14 January 4132:rhs.org.uk 3600:. BBC One. 3189:19 October 2218:21 January 2178:. Maxwell. 1936:30 October 1884:14 January 1816:References 1551:Aldrovanda 1484:Aldrovanda 1472:herbaceous 1428:Aldrovanda 1412:Aldrovanda 1397:Aldrovanda 1377:Aldrovanda 1368:Aldrovanda 1254:superoxide 1100:elasticity 1073:, such as 1042:See also: 955:Population 905:Washington 889:canebrakes 788:sweat bees 759:Cephalotus 732:homologous 642:John Ellis 583:John Ellis 445:) and the 67:Vulnerable 5471:kew-62109 5282:220004158 5099:Stylidium 4947:Philcoxia 4931:Nepenthes 4562:0362-4331 4443:1526-100X 4369:0006-3207 4266:cites.org 4001:231595236 3985:1543-5008 3926:1532-298X 3699:0036-8075 3656:260253121 3491:231595236 3475:1543-5008 3409:1088-9051 3348:0960-9822 3242:Ellis)". 3184:0362-4331 2908:1557-7015 2719:20 August 1600:cultivars 1588:Cultivars 1379:were the 1337:Evolution 1326:attacks. 1309:cofactors 1298:proteases 1270:apoptosis 1266:Plumbagin 1242:plumbagin 1223:hydrolase 1219:catalysed 1215:Evolution 1207:digestion 1196:Digestion 1085:starfruit 964:Carnivory 753:Nepenthes 723:trichomes 705:-capable 552:muscipula 530:muscipula 525:muscipula 521:Aphrodite 503:Etymology 472:arachnids 449:sundews ( 429:monotypic 415:, on the 206:Species: 112:Kingdom: 5536:11400032 5531:Tropicos 5518:Species+ 5455:PalDat: 5399:2.159781 5347:11196344 5334:275898-2 5175:Wikidata 5109:See also 5085:Plumbago 5064:Lathraea 5057:Ibicella 5050:Geranium 5036:Dipsacus 5022:Capsella 4983:Triantha 4961:Roridula 4917:Genlisea 4843:Catopsis 4486:14022318 4451:84408526 4084:40976899 4022:BBC News 3993:33434053 3944:12045275 3887:27174967 3844:21659087 3799:21665752 3759:19573135 3648:17203429 3594:"Plants" 3571:16632641 3483:33434053 3427:27197216 3366:26804557 3272:23445586 3264:24201419 3157:33020606 3108:24221411 3086:Ellis". 3067:11 March 3030:19573135 2986:19213724 2862:89603409 2842:Castanea 2695:11432920 2649:2 August 2625:21665752 2575:15674293 2433:Archived 2235:"wicket" 1988:18 March 1926:J.Ellis" 1905:Archived 1776:See also 1701:Poaching 1578:in vitro 1316:oxidants 1296:contain 1235:quinones 1120:bistable 945:herbaria 881:nitrogen 715:mucilage 673:colonies 633:— 587:Cherokee 566:decipula 542:decipula 405:wetlands 310:nom.nud. 257:Synonyms 171:Family: 155:Eudicots 72:IUCN 2.3 5381:MoBotPF 5295:5421410 5181:Q155825 4871:Drosera 4864:Dionaea 4593:21 July 4421:Bibcode 4349:Bibcode 4024:. 2009. 3867:Bibcode 3859:Science 3816:Drosera 3707:1523408 3679:Bibcode 3671:Science 3628:Bibcode 3579:6880736 3535:2292436 3418:4889972 3357:4751343 3328:Bibcode 3116:3114033 2916:1942208 2888:Bibcode 2583:4340043 2555:Bibcode 2488:13 June 2160:cipula. 1665:Threats 1547:Dionaea 1541:to 85.6 1531:Drosera 1524:Drosera 1488:Drosera 1480:Dionaea 1438:Drosera 1433:Drosera 1424:Dionaea 1408:Dionaea 1393:Dionaea 1385:nuclear 1381:sundews 1363:Dionaea 1320:insects 1286:tryptic 1278:Dionaea 1155:osmosis 1116:concave 1089:sundews 1032:Dionaea 1028:Dionaea 1024:Dionaea 1020:Drosera 1016:Drosera 1012:Dionaea 1005:Dionaea 909:protein 901:Florida 867:Habitat 771:Drosera 762:, most 740:Drosera 736:sundews 707:petiole 591:Catawba 547:homonym 513:Dionaea 479:⁄ 468:insects 464:Dionaea 452:Drosera 436:Dionaea 396:) is a 297:D'Amato 236:J.Ellis 198:J.Ellis 186:Dionaea 181:Genus: 161:Order: 116:Plantae 87: ( 70: ( 5479:PLANTS 5419:NZOR: 5386:279896 5308:405268 5256:584643 5225:ARKive 5204:AoFP: 5029:Colura 4836:Byblis 4731:ARKive 4560: 4484: 4449: 4441: 4367: 4107: 4082: 4045: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3942: 3935:151253 3932: 3924: 3885: 3842: 3797: 3757: 3705: 3697: 3654: 3646: 3577: 3569: 3533: 3489: 3481: 3473: 3432:26 May 3425: 3415: 3407: 3364: 3354: 3346: 3293: 3270: 3262: 3244:Planta 3182: 3155: 3114: 3106: 3088:Planta 3028: 2984: 2914: 2906: 2860: 2800:2 June 2757: 2693: 2623: 2581: 2573: 2547:Nature 2518: 2353: 2302: 2275: 2245: 1963: 1718:felony 1626:Status 1580:using 1555: 1543: 1519:hairs. 1459:chitin 1331:chitin 1167:counts 1132:midrib 1112:convex 1104:turgor 1079:, the 599:Renape 579:vagina 575:tippet 457:family 266:Dionea 5523:21371 5484:DIMU4 5448:14971 5430:NZPCN 5373:39636 5360:22008 5342:IRMNG 5321:52666 5269:DJOMU 5243:36B65 5214:APA: 4482:S2CID 4447:S2CID 4186:(PDF) 4157:(PDF) 4128:(PDF) 4080:S2CID 3997:S2CID 3652:S2CID 3616:(PDF) 3575:S2CID 3487:S2CID 3268:S2CID 3208:(PDF) 3112:S2CID 2912:JSTOR 2858:S2CID 2794:(PDF) 2590:(PDF) 2579:S2CID 2543:(PDF) 2082:(PDF) 2071:(PDF) 2040:USFWS 2002:doi: 1879:CITES 1793:Notes 1306:redox 1274:Bcl-2 1260:upon 1189:Paria 728:cilia 601:word 559:musca 549:word 517:Dione 509:Venus 432:genus 149:Clade 136:Clade 123:Clade 89:CITES 83:CITES 45:Leaf 5510:5893 5492:POWO 5435:4586 5412:4362 5407:NCBI 5368:IUCN 5355:ITIS 5329:IPNI 5303:GRIN 5290:GBIF 5264:EPPO 5217:5519 5207:1651 4794:and 4708:2013 4678:2019 4652:2019 4626:2019 4595:2017 4569:2019 4558:ISSN 4535:2019 4511:(5). 4439:ISSN 4394:2019 4365:ISSN 4326:2019 4301:2019 4273:2022 4248:2019 4223:2019 4198:2019 4169:2019 4140:2020 4105:ISBN 4043:ISBN 3989:PMID 3981:ISSN 3940:PMID 3922:ISSN 3883:PMID 3840:PMID 3795:PMID 3755:PMID 3703:PMID 3695:ISSN 3644:PMID 3598:Life 3567:PMID 3531:PMID 3479:PMID 3471:ISSN 3434:2016 3423:PMID 3405:ISSN 3362:PMID 3344:ISSN 3291:ISBN 3260:PMID 3191:2020 3180:ISSN 3153:PMID 3104:PMID 3069:2022 3026:PMID 2982:PMID 2945:2019 2904:ISSN 2827:2023 2802:2023 2755:ISBN 2721:2008 2691:PMID 2651:2020 2621:PMID 2571:PMID 2516:ISBN 2490:2005 2351:ISBN 2300:ISBN 2273:ISBN 2243:ISBN 2220:2020 2090:2019 2047:2019 1990:2018 1961:ISBN 1938:2023 1886:2022 1861:2021 1844:2000 1768:and 1482:and 1426:and 1410:and 1395:and 1387:and 1256:and 1246:NADH 1159:ions 1091:and 885:bogs 794:and 470:and 411:and 386:The 200:1768 192:Sol. 5544:WFO 5505:RHS 5277:FNA 5251:EoL 5238:CoL 4729:at 4474:doi 4470:134 4429:doi 4357:doi 4345:144 4072:doi 3971:doi 3930:PMC 3914:doi 3875:doi 3863:352 3830:doi 3787:doi 3745:doi 3741:183 3687:doi 3675:257 3636:doi 3559:doi 3555:318 3523:doi 3461:doi 3413:PMC 3397:doi 3352:PMC 3336:doi 3252:doi 3248:179 3143:doi 3096:doi 3092:174 3056:doi 3016:doi 3012:183 2972:doi 2896:doi 2850:doi 2681:doi 2613:doi 2563:doi 2551:433 2376:hdl 2327:759 2156:431 1848:doi 1762:HIV 1606:'s 1509:or 1292:of 1221:by 688:by 589:or 536:mus 407:of 5568:: 5546:: 5533:: 5520:: 5507:: 5494:: 5481:: 5468:: 5445:: 5432:: 5409:: 5396:: 5383:: 5370:: 5357:: 5344:: 5331:: 5318:: 5305:: 5292:: 5279:: 5266:: 5253:: 5240:: 5227:: 5192:: 5177:: 4694:. 4668:. 4643:. 4612:. 4586:. 4556:. 4552:. 4525:. 4509:14 4507:. 4503:. 4480:. 4468:. 4445:. 4437:. 4427:. 4417:20 4415:. 4411:. 4385:. 4363:. 4355:. 4317:. 4292:. 4281:^ 4264:. 4239:. 4214:. 4188:. 4159:. 4130:. 4078:. 4068:72 4066:. 4020:. 4009:^ 3995:. 3987:. 3979:. 3967:72 3965:. 3961:. 3938:. 3928:. 3920:. 3910:14 3908:. 3904:. 3881:. 3873:. 3861:. 3838:. 3826:90 3824:. 3820:. 3793:. 3783:89 3781:. 3767:^ 3753:. 3739:. 3733:. 3715:^ 3701:. 3693:. 3685:. 3673:. 3650:. 3642:. 3634:. 3622:. 3618:. 3596:. 3573:. 3565:. 3553:. 3529:. 3517:. 3499:^ 3485:. 3477:. 3469:. 3457:72 3455:. 3451:. 3421:. 3411:. 3403:. 3393:26 3391:. 3387:. 3374:^ 3360:. 3350:. 3342:. 3334:. 3324:26 3322:. 3318:. 3305:^ 3266:. 3258:. 3246:. 3178:. 3174:. 3151:. 3137:. 3133:. 3110:. 3102:. 3090:. 3054:. 3050:. 3038:^ 3024:. 3010:. 3006:. 2994:^ 2980:. 2968:60 2966:. 2962:. 2935:. 2924:^ 2910:. 2902:. 2894:. 2884:28 2882:. 2870:^ 2856:. 2846:81 2844:. 2818:. 2712:. 2689:. 2677:52 2675:. 2671:. 2659:^ 2642:. 2619:. 2609:89 2607:. 2577:. 2569:. 2561:. 2549:. 2545:. 2530:^ 2498:^ 2481:. 2401:18 2329:. 2257:^ 2237:. 2211:. 2193:. 2158:. 2119:^ 2098:^ 2073:. 2055:^ 2038:. 2010:^ 1955:. 1928:. 1877:. 1842:. 1836:. 1764:, 1610:. 1151:pH 1102:, 1095:. 1087:, 1083:, 839:c. 798:. 790:, 774:. 756:, 742:. 662:. 617:, 569:. 499:. 481:10 462:. 423:, 195:ex 151:: 138:: 125:: 4973:† 4942:? 4936:† 4907:† 4892:† 4884:† 4876:† 4824:? 4818:† 4784:e 4777:t 4770:v 4710:. 4680:. 4654:. 4628:. 4597:. 4571:. 4537:. 4476:: 4453:. 4431:: 4423:: 4396:. 4371:. 4359:: 4351:: 4328:. 4303:. 4275:. 4250:. 4225:. 4200:. 4171:. 4142:. 4113:. 4086:. 4074:: 4051:. 4003:. 3973:: 3946:. 3916:: 3889:. 3877:: 3869:: 3846:. 3832:: 3801:. 3789:: 3761:. 3747:: 3709:. 3689:: 3681:: 3658:. 3638:: 3630:: 3624:8 3581:. 3561:: 3537:. 3525:: 3519:9 3493:. 3463:: 3436:. 3399:: 3368:. 3338:: 3330:: 3299:. 3274:. 3254:: 3193:. 3159:. 3145:: 3139:6 3118:. 3098:: 3071:. 3058:: 3032:. 3018:: 2988:. 2974:: 2947:. 2918:. 2898:: 2890:: 2864:. 2852:: 2829:. 2804:. 2778:. 2763:. 2737:. 2723:. 2697:. 2683:: 2653:. 2627:. 2615:: 2565:: 2557:: 2524:. 2492:. 2455:. 2403:. 2382:. 2378:: 2359:. 2308:. 2281:. 2251:. 2222:. 2197:. 2092:. 2049:. 1992:. 1969:. 1940:. 1922:" 1888:. 1863:. 1850:: 1834:" 1830:" 1714:' 1533:. 1145:( 1143:H 998:) 477:1 390:( 91:) 74:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index