25:
547:
Vehicle motions are largely due to the shear forces generated between the tires and road, and therefore the tire model is an essential part of the math model. In current vehicle simulator models, the tire model is the weakest and most difficult part to simulate. The tire model must produce realistic
558:
are also a form of vehicle dynamics simulation. In early versions many simplifications were necessary in order to get real-time performance with reasonable graphics. However, improvements in computer speed have combined with interest in realistic physics, leading to
673:
84:
motion, e.g., how a vehicle's forward movement changes in response to driver inputs, propulsion system outputs, ambient conditions, air/surface/water conditions, etc. Vehicle dynamics is a part of
831:
537:
116:
The aspects of a vehicle's design which affect the dynamics can be grouped into drivetrain and braking, suspension and steering, distribution of mass, aerodynamics and tires.
566:
It is important that the models should agree with real world test results, hence many of the following tests are correlated against results from instrumented test vehicles.
548:
shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the
604:
532:
have become widely used in industry for rapidly evaluating hundreds of test conditions much faster than real time. Vehicle models are often simulated with
847:
949:
723:
803:
Vehicle dynamics as developed by
Maurice Olley from the 1930s onwards. First comprehensive analytical synthesis of vehicle dynamics.
917:
897:
841:
819:
781:
733:
From an OEM perspective, thermal modelling may be overkill but the tire models are still the weak point of any vehicle model
290:
1149:
508:
The dynamic behavior of vehicles can be analysed in several different ways. This can be as straightforward as a simple
942:
64:
42:
1230:
1225:
797:
762:
454:
97:
611:
513:
46:
1235:
788:
Mathematically oriented derivation of standard vehicle dynamics equations, and definitions of standard terms.
768:
A new way of representing tyre data obtained from measurements in pure cornering and pure braking conditions.
990:
935:
754:
622:
533:
528:. As computers have gotten faster, and software user interfaces have improved, commercial packages such as
1240:
280:
167:
674:"Modelling and analysis of vehicle crash system integrated with different VDCS under high speed impacts"
1144:
1126:
836:. Translated from the German by AGET (2nd ed.). Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers.
469:
459:
1220:
1178:
394:
1030:
1005:
807:
792:
728:
637:
384:
285:
35:
1136:
354:
874:
1173:
985:
444:
399:
300:
1015:
688:
369:
344:
152:
8:
1156:
970:
887:
632:
627:
417:
261:
89:
692:
862:
704:
581:
483:
364:
93:
1193:
913:
893:
883:
837:
826:
Latest and greatest, also the standard reference for automotive suspension engineers.
815:
777:
708:
642:
560:
529:
509:
389:
374:
359:
241:
125:
449:
1161:
696:
573:
517:
439:
324:
207:
1055:
1045:
750:
492:
349:
339:
334:
311:
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the
212:
160:
101:
1089:
1079:
1074:
975:
727:, Automotive Testing Technology International, September 2015, p.43 quote from
497:
236:
202:
136:
700:
1214:
1166:
1035:
1000:
652:
329:
319:
256:
563:
that are used for vehicle engineering using detailed models such as CarSim.
1188:
1110:
814:(4. printing. ed.). Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers.
776:(2nd printing. ed.). Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
521:
474:
464:
411:
273:
197:
182:
177:
1069:
1064:
995:
586:
487:
251:
246:
192:
187:
105:
85:
1183:
591:
555:
479:
434:
379:
172:
131:
49: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
927:
1105:
1025:
980:
429:
424:
295:
217:
829:
24:
1010:
830:
Limited, Jörnsen
Reimpell; Helmut Stoll; Jürgen W. Betzler (2001).
647:
541:
525:
156:
148:
599:
549:
228:
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely due to
81:
879:
Vehicle dynamics and chassis design from a race car perspective.
516:(DoF) bicycle model, to a large degree of complexity using a
1020:
312:
229:
416:
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely
272:
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely
672:
Elkady, Mustafa; Elmarakbi, Ahmed (26 September 2012).
924:
Lecture Notes to the MOOC Vehicle
Dynamics of iversity
671:
912:(1st. ed.). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
111:
833:
The automotive chassis : engineering principles
795:(2002). "Chassis Design – Principles and Analysis".
755:"Tyre modelling for use in vehicle dynamics studies"
748:
904:Handling, Braking, and Ride of Road and Race Cars.
806:
1212:
544:, or with physical hardware in the loop (HIL).
540:(SIL) with controller design software such as
16:The study of vehicle motion and how it changes
943:
128:(i.e. location of engine and driven wheels)
950:
936:
503:
142:
882:
771:
119:
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
791:
957:
907:
681:Central European Journal of Engineering
574:Linear range constant radius understeer
223:
1213:
892:(1st. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer.
931:
405:
232:and its distribution. These include:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
742:
112:Factors affecting vehicle dynamics
14:
1252:
493:Weight transfer and load transfer
774:Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics
23:
889:The Science of Vehicle Dynamics
798:Society of Automotive Engineers
763:Society of Automotive Engineers
455:Noise, vibration, and harshness
267:
34:needs additional citations for
749:Egbert, Bakker; Nyborg, Lars;
715:
665:
612:Performance driving techniques
556:Racing car games or simulators
147:Some attributes relate to the
1:
772:Gillespie, Thomas D. (1992).
658:
991:Electronic Stability Control
623:Automotive suspension design
7:
616:
518:multibody system simulation
281:Automobile drag coefficient
168:Ackermann steering geometry
10:
1257:
609:
409:
1135:
1119:
1098:
1088:
1054:
963:
812:Race car vehicle dynamics
701:10.2478/s13531-012-0035-z
908:Meywerk, Martin (2015).
512:system, through a three-
306:
98:bicycles and motorcycles
92:. It may be applied for
1231:Automotive technologies
638:Multi-axis shaker table
504:Analysis and simulation
385:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
345:Pacejka's Magic Formula
286:Automotive aerodynamics
143:Suspension and steering
96:(such as automobiles),
1226:Automotive engineering
355:Radial Force Variation
120:Drivetrain and braking
810:; Douglas L. (1995).
610:Further information:
552:Magic Formula model.
480:Understeer, oversteer
445:Directional stability
400:Tire load sensitivity
301:Ground effect in cars
1236:Dynamics (mechanics)
808:Milliken, William F.
793:Milliken, William F.
569:Techniques include:
538:software in the loop
536:designs provided as
370:Self aligning torque
224:Distribution of mass
43:improve this article
958:Automotive handling
693:2012CEJE....2..585E
633:Hunting oscillation
628:Automobile handling
605:Swept path analysis
596:Sinusoidal steering
534:advanced controller
262:Weight distribution
90:classical mechanics
88:primarily based on
1241:Vehicle technology
884:Guiggiani, Massimo
873:has generic name (
582:Frequency response
561:driving simulators
484:lift-off oversteer
406:Vehicle behaviours
365:Rolling resistance
291:Center of pressure
94:motorized vehicles
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:Semi-trailing arm
1170:
1153:
919:978-1-118-97135-2
899:978-94-017-8532-7
843:978-0-7680-0657-5
821:978-1-56091-526-3
783:978-1-56091-199-9
731:' Mark Gillian: "
643:Vehicular metrics
520:package such as
514:degree of freedom
420:. These include:
360:Relaxation length
315:. These include:
276:. These include:
242:Moment of inertia
163:. These include:
126:Automobile layout
75:
74:
67:
1248:
1221:Vehicle dynamics
1191:
1164:
1162:MacPherson strut
1147:
1120:Semi-independent
1096:
1095:
1041:Vehicle dynamics
952:
945:
938:
929:
928:
923:
910:Vehicle Dynamics
903:
878:
872:
868:
866:
858:
856:
855:
846:. Archived from
825:
802:
787:
767:
759:
751:Pacejka, Hans B.
736:
719:
713:
712:
678:
669:
440:Bundorf analysis
325:Circle of forces
80:is the study of
78:Vehicle dynamics
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1145:Double wishbone
1131:
1115:
1084:
1050:
1046:Weight transfer
959:
956:
920:
900:
870:
869:
860:
859:
853:
851:
844:
822:
784:
757:
745:
743:Further reading
740:
739:
720:
716:
676:
670:
666:
661:
619:
614:
506:
414:
408:
350:Pneumatic trail
340:Ground pressure
335:Cornering force
309:
270:
226:
213:Wheel alignment
145:
122:
114:
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1254:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1181:
1179:Sliding pillar
1176:
1171:
1159:
1154:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
976:Center of mass
973:
967:
965:
961:
960:
955:
954:
947:
940:
932:
926:
925:
918:
905:
898:
880:
842:
827:
820:
804:
789:
782:
769:
744:
741:
738:
737:
714:
687:(4): 585–602.
663:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
618:
615:
608:
607:
602:
597:
594:
589:
584:
579:
576:
505:
502:
501:
500:
495:
490:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
450:Critical speed
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
410:Main article:
407:
404:
403:
402:
397:
395:Steering ratio
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
308:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
269:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
237:Center of mass
225:
222:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
203:Steering ratio
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
144:
141:
140:
139:
137:Braking system
134:
129:
121:
118:
113:
110:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1253:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:Chapman strut
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Unsprung mass
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Inboard brake
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
934:
933:
930:
921:
915:
911:
906:
901:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
876:
864:
850:on 2012-11-02
849:
845:
839:
835:
834:
828:
823:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
799:
794:
790:
785:
779:
775:
770:
765:
764:
756:
752:
747:
746:
734:
730:
726:
725:
724:Quantum leaps
721:Rachel Evans
718:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
668:
664:
654:
653:7 post shaker
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
613:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
564:
562:
557:
553:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
419:
413:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:Contact patch
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Camber thrust
318:
317:
316:
314:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
275:
263:
260:
258:
257:Unsprung mass
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
231:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
138:
135:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
117:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This section
30:
26:
21:
20:
1189:Trailing arm
1111:De Dion tube
1040:
971:Car handling
909:
888:
852:. Retrieved
848:the original
832:
811:
796:
773:
761:
732:
722:
717:
684:
680:
667:
568:
565:
554:
546:
507:
475:Speed wobble
465:Ride quality
415:
412:Car handling
310:
271:
268:Aerodynamics
227:
198:Scrub radius
183:Caster angle
178:Camber angle
146:
115:
77:
76:
61:
52:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1137:Independent
1021:Tire / Tyre
996:Fishtailing
964:Main topics
871:|last=
587:Lane change
510:spring mass
488:fishtailing
274:aerodynamic
252:Sprung mass
247:Roll moment
193:Roll center
188:Ride height
86:engineering
1215:Categories
1184:Swing axle
1174:Multi-link
1150:Jaguar IRS
1127:Twist beam
1090:Suspension
1031:Understeer
1016:Suspension
854:2017-09-17
659:References
592:Moose test
435:Bump Steer
380:Slip angle
173:Axle track
153:suspension
132:Powertrain
106:watercraft
55:April 2018
1106:Beam axle
1099:Dependent
1075:Pneumatic
1026:Transaxle
1006:Oversteer
981:Downforce
863:cite book
709:109017056
522:MSC ADAMS
430:Body roll
425:Body flex
296:Downforce
218:Wheelbase
1157:Dubonnet
1011:Steering
986:Drifting
886:(2014).
753:(1987).
648:4-poster
617:See also
578:Fishhook
542:Simulink
526:Modelica
157:steering
149:geometry
102:aircraft
1080:Torsion
689:Bibcode
600:Skidpad
550:Pacejka
418:dynamic
390:Spinout
161:chassis
151:of the
82:vehicle
1056:Spring
916:
896:
840:
818:
780:
707:
530:CarSim
486:, and
104:, and
1092:types
1058:types
758:(PDF)
705:S2CID
677:(PDF)
460:Pitch
313:tires
307:Tires
1070:Leaf
1065:Coil
914:ISBN
894:ISBN
875:help
838:ISBN
816:ISBN
778:ISBN
470:Roll
375:Skid
230:mass
159:and
729:MTS
697:doi
524:or
498:Yaw
208:Toe
45:by
1217::
867::
865:}}
861:{{
760:.
703:.
695:.
683:.
679:.
482:,
155:,
108:.
100:,
1196:)
1192:(
1169:)
1165:(
1152:)
1148:(
951:e
944:t
937:v
922:.
902:.
877:)
857:.
824:.
801:.
786:.
766:.
735:"
711:.
699::
691::
685:2
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
