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407:, and she between the young ones"; i.e., a faithless husband makes a faithless wife. According to R. Jose b. Ḥanina, Vashti declined the invitation because she had become a leper (Meg. 12b; Yalḳ., l.c.). Ahasuerus was "very wroth, and his anger burned in him" (Esth. i. 12) as the result of the insulting message which Vashti sent him: "Thou art the son of my father's stableman. My grandfather could drink before the thousand ; but that person quickly becomes intoxicated" (Meg. l.c.). Vashti was justly punished for enslaving young Jewish women and compelling them to work nude on the Sabbath (ib.).
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443:, a Canadian Jewish feminist, writes: "Saving the Jewish people was important, but at the same time whole submissive, secretive way of being was the absolute archetype of 1950s womanhood. It repelled me. I thought, 'Hey, what's wrong with Vashti? She had dignity. She had self-respect. She said: 'I'm not going to dance for you and your pals.
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tells him that Vashti has wronged not only the king, but also all of the husbands of Persia, whose wives may be encouraged by Vashti's actions to disobey. Memucan encourages
Ahasuerus to dismiss Vashti and find another queen. Ahasuerus takes Memucan's advice, and sends letters to all of the provinces
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Based on Vashti's descent from a King who was responsible for the destruction of the temple as well as on her unhappy fate, the
Midrash presents Vashti as wicked and vain. Since Vashti is ordered to appear before the king on the seventh day of the feast, the rabbis argued that Vashti enslaved Jewish
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Xerxes could not have wed a Jewess because this was contrary to the practices of
Persian monarchs who married only into one of the seven leading Persian families. History records that Xerxes was married to Amestris, not Vashti or Esther. There is no historical record of a personage known as Esther,
395:
According to the
Midrashic account, Vashti was a clever politician, and the ladies' banquet that she held in parallel to Ahasuerus' banquet represented an astute political maneuver. Since the noble women of the kingdom would be present at her banquet, she would have control of a valuable group of
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In the Book of Esther, Vashti is the first wife of King
Ahasuerus. While the king holds a magnificent banquet for his princes, nobles and servants, she holds a separate banquet for the women. On the seventh day of the banquet, when the king's heart was "merry with wine", the king orders his seven
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and
Persians attacked. They murdered Belshazzar that night. Vashti, unknowing of her father's death, ran to her father's quarters. There she was kidnapped by King Darius of Persia. But Darius took pity on her and gave her to his son, Ahasuerus, to marry.
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women and forced them to work on the
Sabbath. They attribute her unwillingness to appear before the king and his drinking partners not to modesty, but rather to an affliction with a disfiguring illness. One account relates that she suffered from
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to summon Vashti to come before him and his guests wearing her royal crown, in order to display her beauty. Vashti refuses to come, and the king becomes angry. He asks his advisers how Vashti should be punished for her disobedience. His adviser
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for Purim. Some historians additionally argue that, because the
Persian kings did not marry outside a handful of Persian noble families, it is unlikely that there was a Jewish queen Esther and that in any case the historical Xerxes's queen was
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Some more recent feminist interpreters of the Book of Esther compare Vashti's character and actions favorably to those of her successor, Esther, who is traditionally viewed as the heroine of the Purim story.
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Bible heroines: being narrative biographies of prominent Hebrew women in the patriarchal, national, and
Christian eras, giving views of women in sacred history, as revealed in the light of the present day
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In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bible commentators attempted to identify Vashti with
Persian queens mentioned by the Greek historians. Traditional sources identify Ahasuerus with
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The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.
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King Ahasuerus's command for the appearance of Queen Vashti is interpreted by several midrashic sources as an order to appear unclothed for the attendees of the king's banquet.
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Although the details of its setting are entirely plausible and the story may even have some basis in actual events, in terms of literary genre the book is not history.
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189:. She was either executed or banished for her refusal to appear at the king's banquet to show her beauty as Ahasuerus wished, and was succeeded as queen by
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Hoschander proposed that it originated as a shortening of an unattested "vashtateira", which he also proposed as the origin of the name "Stateira".
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wrote an admiring poem about Vashti ("Vashti," 1895) in which she calls Vashti "A woman who could bend to grief, /But would not bow to shame."
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came and "fixed a tail on her." The latter possibility is often interpreted as "a euphemism for a miraculous transformation to male anatomy."
331:. Jacob Hoschander, supporting the traditional identification, suggested that Vashti may be identical to a wife of Artaxerxes mentioned by
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668:". In the episode, she is abruptly thrown out of the palace after she refuses to make the King a sandwich in the middle of the night.
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339:. Upon the discovery of the equivalence of the names Ahasuerus and Xerxes, some Bible commentators began to identify Ahasuerus with
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wrote that Vashti "added new glory to day and generation...by her disobedience; for 'Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God.
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512:, set during the influenza epidemic of 1918 in Boston. Vashti is a stern, stubborn, complex woman with great gifts of healing.
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R. Abba b. Kahana says Vashti was no more modest than Ahasuerus. R. Papa quotes a popular proverb: "He between the old
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Attempts to identify her as one of the Persian royal consorts mentioned in extra-biblical records remain speculative.
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197:. That refusal might be better understood via the Jewish tradition that she was ordered to appear naked. In the
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Because the text lacks any references to known events, some historians believe that the narrative of
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interpretations of the Book of Esther. Early feminists admired Vashti's principle and courage.
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Vashti's refusal to obey the summons of her drunken husband has been admired as heroic in many
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1134:"My KPFA - A Historical Footnote: Compendium Cliché Productions: The Jim Armstrong Legacy"
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Littman, Robert J. (1975). "The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the "Book of Esther"".
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that men should dominate in their households. Ahasuerus subsequently chooses
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is an English singer-songwriter, often referred to by the mononym “Vashti.”
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is fictional, and the name Ahasuerus is used to refer to a fictionalized
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Tucker, Gene M. (2004) , Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.),
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Yalkut Shimoni Esther 1049, Esther Rabbah 4, Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 48
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Vashti is the name of Stamp Paid's wife in Toni Morrison's 1987 novel
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Vashti is the name of the main character in the 2003 children's book,
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has the local parson likening the Mehala to Vashti in his 1880 novel.
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Vashti is a key character in the 2001 computer strategy game
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Vasti is played by Daniela Galli in the brasilian series:
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also appears in the short story "A Strayed Allegiance" by
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Vashti is the name of one of the principal characters in
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1132:"Vashti, Queen of Queens" audio file, at John Whiting,
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Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of Jewish violence
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The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the 'Book of Esther'
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Megillah with In-Depth Commentary—Side by Side Version
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A drawing of Vashti from an illustrated scroll of the
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549:, portrayed a servant girl named Vashti in the 1946
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518:played a character named Vashti Snyth in the 1956
423:called Vashti's disobedience the "first stand for
1028:The Woman's Bible: A Classic Feminist Perspective
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308:who have a close relationship to Esther. In the
16:Character in the Book of Esther; queen of Persia
467:Vashti is the subject of the second chapter of
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363:, Vashti was the great-granddaughter of King
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727:The Book of Esther in the Light of History
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773:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,
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460:'s prophetic 1909 science fiction piece "
375:. During Vashti's father's rule, mobs of
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779:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001
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585:Vashti Bath is a protagonist in the
203:feminist theological interpretations
666:Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen
165:and the first wife of Persian king
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699:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "
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400:occurred during the king's feast.
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817:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
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43:Vashti Refuses the King's Summons
942:, 65.3, January 1975, p.145–148.
765:Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009),
709:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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262:as his queen to replace Vashti.
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1031:. European Pub Co. p. 83.
1000:Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1878).
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958:Holidays, history, and halakhah
729:, Oxford University Press, 1923
343:and Vashti with the wife named
1679:Heroes in mythology and legend
1065:. Princeton University Press.
1006:. Fords, Howard, & Hulbert
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884:or a queen called Vashti or a
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240:. From the collections of the
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1388:Esther in rabbinic literature
1128:Vashti at Jewish Encyclopedia
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173:, a book included within the
1684:Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible
1435:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai
1393:Haman in rabbinic literature
961:. Rowman & Littlefield.
891:, or a high placed courtier
367:, the granddaughter of King
365:Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
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7:
1114:Asimov's Guide to the Bible
1103:The Oxford Bible Commentary
1093:KPFA Folio (Feb 10-23 1964)
1025:Stanton, Elizabeth (1895).
940:The Jewish Quarterly Review
859:The Jewish Quarterly Review
819:, Oxford University Press,
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10:
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1059:Horowitz, Elliott (2006).
646:Kohan: Immortal Sovereigns
602:A radio production called
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242:National Library of Israel
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316:refers to this king as '
232:produced in the city of
955:Segal, Eliezer (2000).
938:", Littman, Robert J.,
706:The Jewish Encyclopedia
604:Vashti, Queen of Queens
543:, who played Prissy in
329:Artaxerxes II of Persia
21:Vashti (disambiguation)
1513:in rabbinic literature
1503:in rabbinic literature
429:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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278:The wrath of Ahasuerus
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1674:Book of Esther people
813:"Esther, The Book of"
421:Harriet Beecher Stowe
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227:
220:In the Book of Esther
212:Etymology and meaning
181:which is read on the
1117:, Random House, 1969
499:Lucy Maud Montgomery
469:László Krasznahorkai
205:of the Purim story.
19:For other uses, see
1694:Mythological queens
989:Jewish Encyclopedia
673:A História de Ester
610:", was produced at
580:Sabine Baring-Gould
574:Frances E.W. Harper
396:hostages in case a
91:Ahasuerus of Persia
1529:Bigthan and Teresh
1291:Bigthan and Teresh
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567:John Brayshaw Kaye
546:Gone with the Wind
474:Seiobo There Below
411:As a feminist icon
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614:and broadcast on
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