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only the standard modes, or modes that at least use almost exactly the same H-sync and V-sync timings as one of the standard modes, can be expected to work with the original late-1980s and early-1990s VGA monitors. The use of other timings may in fact damage such monitors and thus was usually avoided by software publishers.
1602:"Unchaining" the 256 KB VGA memory into four separate "planes" makes VGA's 256 KB of RAM available in 256-color modes. There is a trade-off for extra complexity and performance loss in some types of graphics operations, but this is mitigated by other operations becoming faster in certain situations:
2153:
It is said about airplanes that the DC3 and 737 are the most popular planes ever built, and the 737, in particular, the best-selling airplane ever. The same could be said for the ubiquitous VGA, and its big brother the XGA. The VGA, which can still be found buried in today's modern GPUs and CPUs, set
1675:
The highest resolution modes were only used in special, opt-in cases rather than as standard, especially where high line counts were involved. Standard VGA monitors had a fixed line scan (H-scan) rate – "multisync" monitors being, at the time, expensive rarities – and so
1144:
VGA timings (i.e. those which use the master 25.175 and 28.322 MHz crystals and, to a lesser extent, the nominal 31.469 kHz line rate) can be varied by software that bypasses the VGA firmware interface and communicates directly with the VGA hardware, as many MS-DOS based games did. However,
1419:
In the 256-color modes, the DAC is set to combine four 2-bit color values, one from each plane, into an 8-bit-value representing an index into the 256-color palette. The CPU interface combines the 4 planes in the same way, a feature called "chain-4", so that each pixel appears to the CPU as a packed
666:
and many third-party options) there was initially no discrete VGA card released by IBM. The first commercial implementation of VGA was a built-in component of the IBM PS/2, in which it was accompanied by 256 KB of video RAM, and a new DE-15 connector replacing the DE-9 used by previous graphics
1334:
BNC breakout cables typically use five connectors, one each for Red, Green, Blue, Horizontal Sync, and
Vertical Sync, and do not include the other signal lines of the VGA interface. With BNC, the coaxial wires are fully shielded end-to-end and through the interconnect so that virtually no crosstalk
881:
mode unless the monitor is adjusted to stretch the image out to fill the screen, as they are derived simply by masking down the wider mode instead of altering pixel or line timings, but can be useful for reducing memory requirements and pixel addressing calculations for arcade game conversions or
1411:
These color registers are initialized to default values IBM expected to be most useful for each mode. For instance, EGA 16-color modes initialize to the default CGA 16-color palette, and the 256-color mode initializes to a palette consisting of 16 CGA colors, 16 grey shades, and then 216 colors
1481:
spreadsheets in high-resolution text on a monochrome display and associated graphics on a low-resolution CGA display simultaneously. Many programmers also used such a setup with the monochrome card displaying debugging information while a program ran in graphics mode on the other card. Several
1651:
and ColoRIX also supported tweaked 256-color modes on standard adaptors using freely-combinable widths of 256, 320, and 360 pixels and heights of 200, 240 and 256 (or 400, 480 and 512) lines, extending still further to 384 or 400 pixel columns and 576 or 600 (or 288, 300). However,
651: – which required a separate display adapter installed in a slot in order to connect a monitor. The term "array" rather than "adapter" in the name denoted that it was not a complete independent expansion device, but a single component that could be integrated into a system.
1148:
Third-party "multisync" CRT monitors were more flexible, and in combination with "super EGA", VGA, and later SVGA graphics cards using extended modes, could display a much wider range of resolutions and refresh rates at arbitrary sync frequencies and pixel clock rates.
1504:
It is also possible to use the "MODE MONO" command at the command prompt to redirect the output to the monochrome display. When a monochrome adapter was not present, it was possible to use the 0xB000β0xB7FF address space as additional memory for other programs.
1696:, the theoretical maximum resolution achievable with 256 KB at 16 colors, would have reduced it to about 48 Hz, barely higher than the rate at which XGA monitors employed a double-frequency interlacing technique to mitigate full-frame flicker).
2367:
1707:
or even a complete lack of picture depending on the exact mode attempted. Due to these potential issues, most VGA tweaks used in commercial products were limited to more standards-compliant, "monitor-safe" combinations, such as
792:
graphics (which VGA offers no backward compatibility for) but did not see wide adoption until VGA was introduced. As the VGA began to be cloned in great quantities by manufacturers who added ever-increasing capabilities, its
1501:, which implemented a serial interface simulation on the monochrome display and, for example, allowed the user to receive crash messages from debugging versions of Windows without using an actual serial terminal.
2857:
This is the original IBM reference. The document provides good overview of VGA functionality and is fairly complete, including a detailed description of standard BIOS modes and some programming techniques
1323:
Because VGA uses low-voltage analog signals, signal degradation becomes a factor with low-quality or overly long cables. Solutions include shielded cables, cables that include a separate internal
4985:
809:, which provided no support for lower resolutions or bit depths, or support for other memory or register layouts without additional drivers. Well into the 2000s, even after the
1251:
to return to text mode didn't change the frequency of the video signal, and thus the monitor did not have to resynchronize (which could otherwise have taken several seconds).
2213:
2208:
1720:(highest resolution compatible with both standard VGA monitors and cards, one video page, 60 Hz) in 256 colors, or double the horizontal resolution in 16-color mode.
842:
512 to 600 lines at reduced vertical refresh rates (down to 50 Hz, and including e.g. 528, 544, 552, 560, 576-line), depending on individual monitor compatibility.
2283:
2655:
632:) was integrated into a main VGA chip, which eliminated several other chips in previous graphics adapters, so VGA only additionally required external video RAM and
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3388:
773:
The other modes defaulted to standard EGA or CGA compatible palettes and instructions, but still permitted remapping of the palette with VGA-specific commands.
1929:
Extended
Graphics Array (XGA) is an IBM display standard introduced in 1990. Later it became the most common appellation of the 1024 Γ 768 pixels
1400:
For instance, when in EGA 16-color modes, VGA offers 16 palette registers, and in 256-color modes, it offers 256 registers. Each palette register contain a
2897:
2568:
1133:
solutions or external VGA-to-TV converter boxes at the time of VGA's development. It is also at least nominally twice that of CGA, which also supported
583:
which, in addition to their proprietary interfaces and capabilities, continue to implement common VGA graphics modes and interfaces to the present day.
4971:
1412:
chosen by IBM to fit expected use cases. After initialization they can be redefined at any time without altering the contents of video RAM, permitting
1692:
mode, being otherwise based on the matching SVGA resolution (with 628 total lines), reduced the refresh rate from 60 Hz to about 50 Hz (and
1609:
The video adapter could assist in copying video RAM regions, which was sometimes faster than doing this with the relatively slow CPU-to-VGA interface.
1972:
1864:
1854:
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via the boot menu "low resolution video" option and per-application compatibility mode settings, despite newer versions of
Windows now defaulting to
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1356:
991:
pixel display, which trades use of the more flickery 60 Hz mode for an additional 5 or 10 lines of text and square character blocks (or, at
2795:
1401:
1348:
960:
As with the pixel-based graphics modes, additional text modes are possible by programming the VGA correctly, with an overall maximum of about
767:
3395:
2637:
1225:
at 70 Hz was the most common mode for early 1990s PC games, with pixel-doubling and line-doubling performed in hardware to present a
2494:
1639:
with 256 colors), as well as other custom modes using unusual combinations of horizontal and vertical pixel counts in either color mode.
1191:
This convention has been eroded in recent years, however, with POST and BIOS screens moving to higher resolutions, taking advantage of
639:
This small part count allowed IBM to include VGA directly on the PS/2 motherboard, in contrast to prior IBM PC models –
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4604:
3485:
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3448:
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1967:
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was the best known and most frequently used, as it offered a standard 40-column resolution and 4:3 aspect ratio with square pixels. "
1218:
as VGA-signalling-standard screens or adaptors unable to show anything beyond the original resolutions have become increasingly rare.
1987:
1699:
These modes were also outright incompatible with some monitors, producing display problems such as picture detail disappearing into
5353:
2598:
1962:
1344:
217:
813:
standard for graphics cards became commonplace, the "VGA" graphics mode remained a compatibility option for PC operating systems.
568:
VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of IBM PC compatible computer manufacturers conformed, making it the
3005:
2890:
2463:
2203:
2101:
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Most particularly, several higher, arbitrary-resolution display modes were possible, all the way up to the programmable limit of
1314:
517:
189:
2142:
1201:@ 60 Hz is the default Windows graphics mode (usually with 16 colors), up to Windows 2000. It remains an option in XP
2384:
1352:
1335:
and very little external interference can occur. The use of BNC RGB video cables predates VGA in other markets and industries.
3318:
3273:
3000:
2265:
1563:
170:
63:
1606:
Single-color polygon filling could be accelerated due to the ability to set four pixels with a single write to the hardware.
196:
5333:
3436:
3359:
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3248:
3117:
3102:
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1462:
Due to the use of different address mappings for different modes, it is possible to have a monochrome adapter (i.e. MDA or
1169:
3112:
3097:
3082:
5338:
4691:
4628:
3143:
3077:
3037:
3148:
1389:
The VGA color system uses register-based palettes to map colors in various bit depths to its 18-bit output gamut. It is
2970:
2883:
2313:
2167:
4418:
2059:
569:
203:
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254:
236:
134:
77:
3208:
1571:
116:
5358:
4595:
4459:
2958:
789:
495:
2365:, Bril, Vlad & Pett, Boyd G., "VGA color system for personal computers", issued 1996-11-12
1216:
The need for such a low-quality, universally compatible fallback has diminished since the turn of the millennium,
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1004:
185:
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1567:
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174:
101:
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3253:
3198:
3193:
3173:
3163:
3092:
2796:"CHRP VGA Display Device Binding to IEEE 1275β1994 Standard for Boot (Initialization, Configuration) Firmware"
858:
with 256 colors. Alternatively, extended resolution is available with "fat" pixels and 256 colors using, e.g.
4858:
3333:
3233:
3218:
3072:
3017:
1394:
801:Γ16 graphics mode using the VGA memory and register specifications was expected by operating systems such as
4727:
3188:
1436:
address space (A000:0000 and B000:FFFF in segment:offset notation). Typically, these starting segments are:
1012:
711:
The VGA supports all graphics modes supported by the MDA, CGA and EGA cards, as well as multiple new modes.
5343:
3458:
2656:
retrocomputing SE question: why-were-those-colors-chosen-to-be-the-default-palette-for-256-color-vga ?
2581:
HP D1194A Super VGA Display & HP D1195A Ergonomic Super VGA Display
Installation Guide, Hewlett Packard
2550:
1160:), the horizontal timings can be found in the HP Super VGA Display Installation Guide and in other places.
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4890:
3702:
3697:
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1947:
1908:
1405:
629:
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1799:
1109:
1063:
2799:
2284:"THE IBM PERSONAL SYSTEM/2 (TM) DISPLAY ADAPTER, THE IBM PERSONAL SYSTEM/2 DISPLAY ADAPTER 8514/A AND"
1494:
could work in a dual monitor setup. Either Turbo
Debugger or CodeView could be used to debug Windows.
4815:
4454:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
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3052:
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1467:
797:, 16-color mode became the de facto lowest common denominator of graphics cards. By the mid 1990s, a
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548:
489:
69:
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1428:
The video memory of the VGA is mapped to the PC's memory via a window in the range between segments
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108:
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boot-up image was 320 Γ 400 resolution, displayed with pixel-doubling to present a
640:
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3563:
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38:
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8:
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for each color signal, and "broken out" cables utilizing a separate coaxial cable with a
1295:
in the "E" shell, variously referred to as "DE-15", "HD-15" and erroneously "DB-15(HD)".
610:
17:
2594:
5215:
5211:
5174:
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4643:
4515:
3729:
3135:
3029:
1930:
1381:
Examples of VGA images in 640Γ480 with 16 colors and 320Γ200 with 256 colors (bottom).
671:, which utilized the VGA but could be added to machines that did not have it built in.
1741:: S3 911, 911A, 924, 801, 805, 805i, 928, 805p, 928p, S3 Vision series, S3 Trio series
1243:
at 70 Hz signal to the monitor. The 400-line signal was the same as the standard
839:
224 to 256, or 448 to 512 lines (including 240 or 480-line) at 60 Hz refresh rate
4665:
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866:(60 Hz), and "thin" pixels, 16 colors and the 70 Hz refresh rate with e.g.
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426:
412:
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586:
The VGA analog interface standard has been extended to support resolutions of up to
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3764:
3759:
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3158:
2335:
2243:
2143:"Famous Graphics Chips: IBM's VGA. The VGA was the most popular graphics chip ever"
2117:
1900:
1756:
1732:
1681:
1617:
1613:
1525:
1157:
1087:
625:
448:
383:
327:
2412:
1011:, in the case of the CGA), the VGA introduced a video interface using pure analog
5205:
5194:
5182:
5154:
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4395:
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2516:
2362:
1993:
1904:
1838:
1817:
1704:
1361:
1306:
1008:
766:
256-color modes had fully redefinable palettes, with each entry selected from an
575:
VGA was adapted into many extended forms by third parties, collectively known as
2464:"Late PCI, early and middle AGP video chips DOS game compatibility test results"
2080:
1016:
572:
that virtually all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement.
5142:
5029:
3781:
2439:
1812:
1665:
1487:
1483:
1292:
1104:
633:
552:
31:
821:
Nonstandard display modes can be implemented, with horizontal resolutions of:
5327:
5188:
5160:
5107:
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4655:
4638:
4573:
3630:
3322:
3277:
2875:
2757:
2689:"PCI BARs and other means of accessing the GPU β envytools git documentation"
2154:
the foundation for a video standard, and an application programming standard.
1942:
1860:
1413:
1328:
1324:
1310:
1288:
1281:
1270:
1260:
1177:@ 70 Hz is traditionally the video mode used for booting VGA-compatible
902:
590:
for general usage, with specialized applications improving it further still.
555:
300:
2309:
2234:
Thompson, Stephen (1988). "VGA β Design choices for a new video subsystem".
836:
200, or 350 to 410 lines (including 400-line) at 70 Hz refresh rate, or
4623:
4428:
4413:
4154:
4149:
3640:
2055:
1772:
1677:
1042:
467:
431:
395:
2782:
1450:
0xB8000 for color text mode and CGA-compatible graphics modes (32 KB)
893:, allowing it to display a larger portion of the pinball table on screen.
703:
598:
5291:
5285:
4878:
4863:
4390:
3786:
3645:
3453:
3344:
2004:
1750:
1738:
1513:
1478:
1429:
806:
420:
377:
337:
321:
2247:
1915:, 36% more than VGA's maximum resolution of 640 Γ 480 pixels.
1680:
had to be reduced in order to accommodate them, which increased visible
1369:
1022:(6-bit per RGB channel), this produced a color gamut of 262,144 colors.
788:
resolution (at 256 colors rather than 16) was originally used by IBM in
274:
4742:
4562:
3635:
3593:
3132:
2914:
1843:
1762:
1685:
1233:
846:
For example, high resolution modes with square pixels are available at
802:
752:
539:
and accompanying de facto graphics standard, first introduced with the
389:
2870:
746:
707:
Comparison of standard resolutions including VGA's 640 Γ 480
4798:
4633:
4500:
3600:
3067:
2994:
2748:
1977:
1882:
1433:
1069:
603:
576:
512:
2546:
1541:
1015:, with a range of 0.7 volts peak-to-peak max. In conjunction with a
152:
119:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4894:
4825:
4786:
4552:
4495:
4474:
3796:
3682:
3677:
3615:
3610:
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3513:
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3421:
3042:
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1700:
1644:
1625:
1491:
1441:
1236:
1079:
889:
has the option to use non-standard modes "high res" modes, such as
730:
540:
451:
1477:
At the beginning of the 1980s, this was typically used to display
1121:
The intended standard value for the horizontal frequency of VGA's
5299:
5201:
5168:
5101:
5071:
4868:
4810:
4701:
2837:
1828:
1807:
1509:
1454:
A typical VGA card is also provide this port-mapped I/O segment:
1276:
1094:
459:
2385:"Reading and writing 18-bit RGB VGA Palette (pal) files with C#"
1728:
Several companies produced VGA compatible graphic board models.
1029:
Selectable 25.175 MHz or 28.322 MHz master pixel clock
5059:
4769:
4747:
4696:
3465:
1982:
1887:
Super VGA (SVGA) is a display standard developed in 1988, when
1744:
1661:
1382:
1130:
1126:
1019:
691:
621:
371:
2787:
Hardware Level VGA and SVGA Video
Programming Information Page
1703:(especially in the horizontal dimension), vertical roll, poor
679:
4993:
4915:
4732:
4547:
3257:
3237:
2793:
1999:
1912:
1302:
1184:
that show a graphical boot screen, while text-mode boot uses
1046:
1033:
648:
644:
2557:
1265:
1129:
video system, as this made it much easier to offer optional
5305:
5277:
5271:
5084:
4910:
4873:
2589:
2587:
2008:
1648:
1521:
1192:
810:
547:
industry within three years. The term can now refer to the
2204:"Famous Graphics Chips: IBM's VGA | IEEE Computer Society"
1404:
RGB value, selecting a color from the 18-bit gamut of the
543:
line of computers in 1987, which became ubiquitous in the
4952:
3375:
1896:
1833:
1789:
1784:
1178:
2584:
2266:"IBM VGA Adapter Card: 256K Video RAM, 17 Display Modes"
1377:
2517:"VGA Signal 640 x 480 @ 60 Hz Industry standard timing"
2639:
IBM PS/2 Hardware
Interface Technical Reference Manual
1716:(double resolution, two video pages, 70 Hz), and
1516:
graphics card can provide legacy VGA registers in its
1099:
Supports fast data transfers via "VGA latch" registers
1781:: TVGA 8000 series, TVGA 9000 series, TGUI9000 series
1195:
data to match the resolution to a connected monitor.
1003:
Unlike the cards that preceded it, which used binary
2735:
2536:
PS/2 Video
Subsystem Technical Reference Manual 1992
1735:: Graphics Solution Plus, Wonder series, Mach series
1612:
The use of multiple video pages in hardware allowed
3168:
177:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1620:or split screens, which, while available in VGA's
1393:with the EGA and CGA adapters, but supports extra
743:in 16 colors or monochrome (CGA/EGA compatibility)
2532:
2530:
2030:"Triple standard: three new video modes from IBM"
1973:List of defunct graphics chips and card companies
1163:
877:tend to preserve the same pixel ratio as in e.g.
5325:
2842:Signal Level VGA and SVGA Video Information Page
1918:
1712:(square pixels, three video pages, 60 Hz),
1320:pins, for identifying attached display devices.
1313:) video signals. Modern connectors also include
1209:and generally not allowing any resolution below
2678:; this whole section was learned from this book
1660: Γ 8" resolution was commonly called
654:Unlike the graphics adapters that preceded it (
4603:
2905:
2713:"The History of the Modern Graphics Processor"
2527:
2140:
1007:signals to interface with a monitor (and also
4979:
4589:
3360:
2891:
2165:
1447:0xB0000 for monochrome text mode (32 KB)
1125:mode is exactly double the value used in the
1036:in graphics mode, and 720 pixels in text mode
2794:Jordan Brown and John Kingman (6 May 1996).
2614:"VGA/SVGA Video Programming--Color Regsters"
2413:"VGA/SVGA Video Programming--Color Regsters"
1624:16-color mode, was not possible using stock
1440:0xA0000 for EGA/VGA graphics modes (64
1420:8-bit value representing the palette index.
918:pixel font, with an effective resolution of
699:256 color image (corrected for aspect ratio)
667:adapters. IBM later released the standalone
2134:
1895:(VESA). The development of SVGA was led by
1570:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
948:font grid, with an effective resolution of
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4986:
4972:
4596:
4582:
3374:
3367:
3353:
2898:
2884:
2838:"VGA Interface and video signal documents"
2780:
2741:
2668:Die Programmierung der EGA/VGA Grafikkarte
2099:
1899:, along with other VESA members including
854:in 16 colors, or medium-low resolution at
776:
714:
273:
37:"VGA" redirects here. For other uses, see
4995:Audio and video interfaces and connectors
2184:
1968:List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes
1775:: CL-GD400, CL-GD500 and CL-GD5000 series
1723:
1590:Learn how and when to remove this message
723:in 4 or 16 colors (CGA/EGA compatibility)
620:(DAC) were integrated into one chip (the
255:Learn how and when to remove this message
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
2752:. Vol. 10, no. 46. p. 3.
2361:
2336:"Drawing In Protected Mode - OSDev Wiki"
2233:
1963:List of monochrome and RGB color formats
1376:
1368:
1360:
1345:List of monochrome and RGB color formats
1275:
1264:
1025:The original VGA specifications follow:
964:cells and an active area spanning about
907:VGA also implements several text modes:
702:
690:
678:
597:
27:Computer display standard and resolution
2168:"Product Comparison - Super VGA Boards"
2027:
1893:Video Electronics Standards Association
1497:There were also device drivers such as
1466:) and a color adapter such as the VGA,
816:
14:
5326:
5264:
2742:Brownstein, Mark (November 14, 1988).
2201:
2056:"Chronology of IBM Personal Computers"
1353:List of 16-bit computer color palettes
971:One variant that is sometimes seen is
931:font, with an effective resolution of
896:
4967:
4577:
3348:
2879:
2487:"How 360Γ480 in 256 color mode works"
2434:
2432:
2407:
2405:
2379:
2377:
2357:
2355:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2081:"What is VGA (Video Graphics Array)?"
1397:for the palette when in these modes.
1247:text mode, which meant that pressing
1229:at 70 Hz signal to the monitor.
828:256 to 400 pixels wide, in 256 colors
2850:"IBM VGA Technical Reference Manual"
2316:from the original on 27 October 2012
2021:
1668:when he presented the resolution in
1568:adding citations to reliable sources
1535:
1170:Extended Display Identification Data
998:
825:512 to 800 pixels wide, in 16 colors
565:characteristic of the VGA hardware.
175:adding citations to reliable sources
146:
84:
43:
2871:VGA pinout and signals descriptions
2100:Enterprise, I. D. G. (1990-10-22).
2053:
1876:
1373:VGA palette organised into 4 groups
1076:Packed-pixel mode: 256 colors
24:
4424:ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe
2835:
2774:
2723:from the original on 29 March 2016
2565:"Javier Valcarce VGA timings page"
2497:from the original on 23 April 2012
2484:
2429:
2402:
2374:
2352:
2307:
2254:
2185:Magazines, S. P. H. (April 2007).
2166:Eckert; Azinger (April 15, 1991).
1385:is used to mask color limitations.
602:VGA section on the motherboard in
593:
25:
5370:
3396:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
2864:
2744:"NEC Forms Video Standards Group"
2440:"VGA Palette Conversion \ VOGONS"
2264:Rosch, Winn (December 22, 1987).
2011:(which have largely replaced VGA)
1116:
513:Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA)
59:This article has multiple issues.
4460:Professional Graphics Controller
2601:from the original on 2009-02-27.
2571:from the original on 2015-01-02.
2553:from the original on 2016-06-20.
2141:Dr. Jon Peddie (12 March 2019).
1540:
1338:
496:Professional Graphics Controller
151:
89:
48:
5354:Analog communication interfaces
2705:
2681:
2660:
2649:
2630:
2606:
2575:
2539:
2509:
2491:Graphics Programming Black Book
2478:
2456:
2328:
2301:
2276:
2227:
2216:from the original on 2022-11-28
2062:from the original on 2015-02-21
1474:installed in the same machine.
1032:Maximum of 640 horizontal
674:
162:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
4511:Industry Standard Architecture
2195:
2178:
2159:
2110:
2093:
2073:
2047:
2028:Petzold, Charles (July 1987).
1891:announced its creation of the
1531:
1164:Typical uses of selected modes
1152:For the most common VGA mode (
13:
1:
2202:Peddie, Jon (12 March 2019).
2015:
1919:Extended Graphics Array (XGA)
1871:
1365:VGA 256 default color palette
518:Extended Graphics Array (XGA)
2915:PC-compatible video hardware
1909:graphics display resolutions
1676:the vertical/frame (V-scan)
1254:
616:(RAM) and its corresponding
7:
5334:Products introduced in 1987
2118:"Drawing In Protected Mode"
1948:Graphic display resolutions
1936:
1688:. For example, the highest
1520:, which may be remapped by
1066:mode: up to 16 colors
618:digital-to-analog converter
287:; 37 years ago
115:the claims made and adding
10:
5375:
5339:Computer display standards
4605:Audio and video connectors
4465:Multi-Color Graphics Array
4445:Monochrome Display Adapter
3389:Influence on the PC market
2907:Computer display standards
2595:"ePanorama.net - Circuits"
1922:
1911:up to 800 Γ 600
1880:
1759:: PEGA 1, PEGA 1a, PEGA 2a
1482:debuggers, like Borland's
1342:
1258:
1167:
900:
579:, then gave way to custom
36:
29:
5257:
5227:
5129:
5122:
5052:
5008:
5001:
4940:
4924:
4836:
4715:
4679:
4611:
4488:
4455:Enhanced Graphics Adapter
4437:
4406:
4378:
4345:
4287:
4209:
4163:
4095:
4067:
4008:
3958:
3938:
3898:
3848:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3722:
3713:
3670:
3496:
3414:
3405:
3383:
3131:
3027:
2913:
2666:Uphoff, Matthias (1990).
1298:All VGA connectors carry
1039:Maximum of 480 lines
581:graphics processing units
570:lowest common denominator
549:computer display standard
505:
490:Enhanced Graphics Adapter
482:
477:
441:
405:
306:
299:
281:
272:
4932:List of video connectors
2693:envytools.readthedocs.io
1958:List of video connectors
1635:with 16 colors (or
1432:and 0xBFFFF in the PC's
1293:D-subminiature connector
1052:Vertical blank interrupt
669:IBM PS/2 Display Adapter
537:video display controller
456:Paradise Systems PEGA 2a
417:Paradise Systems PEGA 1a
30:Not to be confused with
5359:Analog video connectors
4661:Speaker spring terminal
4480:Extended Graphics Array
2783:"VGA Chipset Reference"
1925:Extended Graphics Array
1518:PCI configuration space
1331:for each color signal.
995:, square half-blocks).
873:"Narrow" modes such as
715:Standard graphics modes
5016:PC System Design Guide
4450:Color Graphics Adapter
2823:Cite journal requires
1953:List of color palettes
1795:Chips and Technologies
1724:Hardware manufacturers
1423:
1386:
1374:
1366:
1284:
1273:
987:font and an effective
768:18-bit (262,144-color)
708:
700:
688:
606:
330:Graphics Solution Plus
315:Chips and Technologies
186:"Video Graphics Array"
3750:PS/2 Note and PS/note
2798:. 1.0. Archived from
2209:IEEE Computer Society
1380:
1372:
1364:
1289:VGA monitor interface
1279:
1268:
706:
694:
682:
601:
4470:Video Graphics Array
2618:www.scs.stanford.edu
2603:090425 epanorama.net
2547:"VGA Signal timings"
1889:NEC Home Electronics
1779:Trident Microsystems
1564:improve this section
1059:cards support this.)
817:Other graphics modes
614:random access memory
529:Video Graphics Array
268:Video Graphics Array
171:improve this article
39:VGA (disambiguation)
5344:American inventions
3509:Industrial Computer
3136:display resolutions
3030:display resolutions
2802:on 9 September 2006
2781:J. D. Neal (1997).
2248:10.1147/sj.272.0185
2242:(2). IBM: 185β197.
2236:IBM Systems Journal
1825:Cornerstone Imaging
1664:, the name used by
1391:backward compatible
1305:(red, green, blue,
897:Standard text modes
882:console emulators.
269:
5349:IBM video hardware
4543:Music Feature Card
3378:personal computers
1931:display resolution
1670:Dr. Dobb's Journal
1387:
1375:
1367:
1285:
1274:
1203:and later versions
1182:personal computers
1135:composite monitors
914:, rendered with a
885:The PC version of
709:
701:
689:
607:
267:
100:possibly contains
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5253:
5252:
5118:
5117:
4961:
4960:
4571:
4570:
4506:IBM PC compatible
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4061:
4060:
3718:
3666:
3665:
3342:
3341:
2645:. pp. 13β18.
2485:Abrash, Michael.
2174:. pp. 53β63.
2106:. IDG Enterprise.
1849:Texas Instruments
1643:Software such as
1600:
1599:
1592:
1083:
1073:
1060:
1045:at 60 or 70
999:Technical details
887:Pinball Fantasies
545:IBM PC compatible
526:
525:
464:Tseng Labs ET6000
427:Tseng Labs ET4000
413:ATI Wonder series
265:
264:
257:
247:
246:
239:
221:
145:
144:
137:
102:original research
82:
16:(Redirected from
5366:
5262:
5261:
5127:
5126:
5006:
5005:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4419:Power Series 600
4065:
4064:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3412:
3411:
3398:
3391:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3345:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2860:
2854:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2790:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2685:
2679:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2470:. Archived from
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2308:Hinner, Martin.
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2191:. SPH Magazines.
2182:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2025:
1991:
1901:ATI Technologies
1877:Super VGA (SVGA)
1757:Paradise Systems
1719:
1715:
1711:
1695:
1691:
1659:
1655:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1618:triple buffering
1614:double buffering
1595:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1544:
1536:
1526:operating system
1500:
1490:and Microsoft's
1246:
1242:
1234:Windows 95/98/Me
1228:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1176:
1155:
1124:
1088:smooth scrolling
1077:
1067:
1054:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
963:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
892:
880:
876:
869:
865:
862:(50 Hz) or
861:
857:
853:
849:
832:And heights of:
800:
796:
787:
779:
765:
761:
751:in 16 colors or
749:
742:
738:
728:
722:
698:
686:
626:cathode-ray tube
589:
561:
384:Paradise Systems
318:
295:
293:
288:
277:
270:
266:
260:
253:
242:
235:
231:
228:
222:
220:
179:
155:
147:
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
117:inline citations
93:
92:
85:
74:
52:
51:
44:
21:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5313:
5258:Video and audio
5249:
5229:
5223:
5114:
5048:
4997:
4992:
4962:
4957:
4941:General-purpose
4936:
4920:
4837:Audio and video
4832:
4738:Composite video
4733:Component YPbPr
4711:
4675:
4607:
4602:
4572:
4567:
4484:
4433:
4402:
4386:Palm Top PC 110
4366:
4357:
4341:
4283:
4205:
4159:
4091:
4057:
4004:
3975:701 "Butterfly"
3954:
3934:
3894:
3844:
3791:
3709:
3662:
3492:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3343:
3338:
3127:
3023:
2909:
2904:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2777:
2775:Further reading
2772:
2762:
2760:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2521:www.tinyvga.com
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2417:www.osdever.net
2411:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2389:The Cyotek Blog
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2262:
2255:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2183:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2018:
1994:AX architecture
1985:
1939:
1927:
1921:
1907:. SVGA enabled
1905:Western Digital
1885:
1879:
1874:
1839:Western Digital
1726:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:horizontal sync
1693:
1689:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1561:
1545:
1534:
1498:
1426:
1414:palette cycling
1359:
1341:
1307:horizontal sync
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1153:
1122:
1119:
1001:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
961:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
905:
899:
890:
878:
874:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
819:
798:
794:
785:
782:
777:
763:
759:
747:
740:
736:
729:in 256 colors (
726:
720:
717:
696:
684:
677:
634:timing crystals
596:
594:Hardware design
587:
559:
522:
501:
473:
437:
401:
368:
367:
313:
291:
289:
286:
285:April 1987
261:
250:
249:
248:
243:
232:
226:
223:
180:
178:
168:
156:
141:
130:
124:
121:
106:
94:
90:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5372:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5268:
5266:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5133:
5131:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5094:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5030:Balanced audio
5027:
5026:
5025:
5012:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4629:D-subminiature
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4516:IntelliStation
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4438:Video hardware
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
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3408:and all-in-one
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2865:External links
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2825:|journal=
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2474:on 2022-03-21.
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1992:(for Japanese
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1580:September 2024
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1508:A VGA-capable
1484:Turbo Debugger
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1458:0x3B0 to 0x3DF
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1158:non-interlaced
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2272:. p. 35.
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2103:Computerworld
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1861:Genoa Systems
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1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
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1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
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1786:
1783:
1780:
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1768:
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1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
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1729:
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1706:
1702:
1697:
1687:
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1679:
1673:
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1650:
1646:
1630:
1627:
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1611:
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1605:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1583:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1549:This section
1547:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:Color palette
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:BNC connector
1326:
1325:coaxial cable
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:vertical sync
1308:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:The standard
1283:
1278:
1272:
1271:VGA connector
1267:
1262:
1261:VGA connector
1252:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:Refresh rates
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
996:
969:
936:
923:
910:
909:
908:
904:
903:VGA text mode
894:
888:
883:
871:
841:
838:
835:
834:
833:
827:
824:
823:
822:
814:
812:
808:
807:OS/2 Warp 3.0
804:
791:
780:graphics mode
774:
771:
769:
762:16-color and
754:
750:
745:
735:
732:
725:
719:
718:
712:
705:
693:
681:
672:
670:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
611:color palette
605:
600:
591:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
557:
556:VGA connector
554:
551:, the 15-pin
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
508:
504:
497:
494:
491:
488:
487:
485:
481:
476:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
447:
446:
444:
440:
433:
430:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
408:
404:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
316:
312:
311:
309:
305:
302:
298:
284:
280:
276:
271:
259:
256:
241:
238:
230:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188: β
187:
183:
182:Find sources:
176:
172:
166:
165:
160:This article
158:
154:
149:
148:
139:
136:
128:
125:November 2016
118:
114:
110:
104:
103:
98:This article
96:
87:
86:
81:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
5304:connectors:
5290:connectors:
5276:connectors:
5241:connectors:
5228:Digital and
5210:connectors:
5187:connectors:
5173:connectors:
5159:connectors:
5141:connectors:
5136:
5090:connectors:
5064:connectors:
5038:6.53 mm
5034:connectors:
5020:connectors:
4624:Binding post
4612:Analog audio
4469:
4010:Power Series
3960:
3940:
3900:
3850:
3815:
3734:PS/2 Laptop
3723:pre-ThinkPad
3334:15360βΓβ8640
3057:
2982:
2856:
2841:
2816:cite journal
2804:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2786:
2761:. Retrieved
2747:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2717:techspot.com
2716:
2707:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2667:
2662:
2651:
2638:
2632:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:
2608:
2577:
2559:
2541:
2520:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2472:the original
2467:
2458:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2393:. Retrieved
2391:. 2017-12-26
2388:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2290:. 1987-04-02
2287:
2278:
2269:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2146:. Retrieved
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2102:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2049:
2038:. Retrieved
2036:. Ziff Davis
2033:
2023:
1928:
1886:
1773:Cirrus Logic
1727:
1698:
1678:refresh rate
1674:
1642:
1601:
1586:
1577:
1562:Please help
1550:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1476:
1461:
1453:
1427:
1418:
1410:
1399:
1388:
1357:MCGA and VGA
1333:
1322:
1297:
1291:is a 15-pin
1286:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1197:
1190:
1173:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1120:
1110:Split screen
1024:
1002:
970:
959:
906:
884:
872:
845:
831:
820:
783:
772:
757:
710:
675:Capabilities
668:
653:
638:
628:controller (
608:
585:
574:
567:
532:
528:
527:
468:Cirrus Logic
432:Cirrus Logic
396:Cirrus Logic
282:Release date
251:
233:
224:
214:
207:
200:
193:
181:
169:Please help
164:verification
161:
131:
122:
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
5292:DisplayPort
5286:DisplayPort
5243:DVI-I/DVI-D
5024:3.5 mm
4948:Thunderbolt
4879:DisplayPort
4849:Belling-Lee
4619:Banana plug
3730:Convertible
3688:Portable PC
3646:ThinkCentre
2941:Plantronics
2270:PC Magazine
2034:PC Magazine
2005:DisplayPort
1986: [
1753:: Colorplus
1751:Plantronics
1747:: MAGIC RGB
1739:S3 Graphics
1532:Programming
1479:Lotus 1-2-3
1269:A standard
1213:to be set.
1013:RGB signals
979:, using an
588:2048βΓβ1536
483:Predecessor
452:Mach series
378:Plantronics
324:VEGA Deluxe
307:Entry-level
5328:Categories
5123:Video only
5087:, AES/EBU
5002:Audio only
4743:D-Terminal
4651:Audio jack
4563:ThinkLight
4407:Prototypes
3782:PS/55 Note
3621:ValuePoint
3427:DataMaster
3133:Widescreen
2698:2024-07-29
2623:2020-08-16
2501:7 November
2468:archive.ph
2449:2023-03-27
2422:2023-03-27
2395:2023-03-27
2363:US5574478A
2345:2020-12-20
2320:7 November
2294:2020-08-16
2220:2022-12-27
2148:2020-04-13
2127:2020-12-20
2122:OSDev Wiki
2086:2018-08-13
2066:2015-01-28
2040:2020-04-13
2016:References
1996:computers)
1872:Successors
1844:Intergraph
1765:: ET3000,
1763:Tseng Labs
1686:eye strain
1349:18-bit RGB
1343:See also:
1259:See also:
1207:1024βΓβ768
1168:See also:
1070:bit planes
944:, with an
901:See also:
803:Windows 95
753:monochrome
624:) and the
563:resolution
470:CL-GD5000s
390:Tseng Labs
227:April 2019
197:newspapers
109:improve it
64:improve it
5308:connector
5294:connector
5280:connector
5206:Component
5195:Composite
5189:RCA jacks
5183:Component
5155:Composite
5104:, optical
5074:, optical
5068:, coaxial
4799:Micro-DVI
4634:Euroblock
4521:Keyboards
4501:IBM BASIC
4353:TransNote
3631:PC Series
3329:7680Γ4800
3319:7680Γ4320
3314:6400Γ4800
3309:6400Γ4096
3304:5760Γ3240
3299:5120Γ3200
3294:5120Γ2880
3289:3840Γ2400
3284:3200Γ2400
3274:3840Γ2160
3269:3200Γ2048
3264:2560Γ1600
3254:2560Γ1440
3249:2048Γ1152
3244:1920Γ1200
3234:1920Γ1080
3229:1680Γ1050
3123:6400Γ4800
3118:5120Γ4096
3113:4096Γ3072
3108:3200Γ2400
3103:2560Γ2048
3098:2048Γ1536
3093:1600Γ1200
3088:1400Γ1050
3083:1280Γ1024
3028:Standard
2947:Quadcolor
2758:0199-6649
2749:InfoWorld
2172:InfoWorld
1978:Super VGA
1883:Super VGA
1718:360βΓβ480
1714:320βΓβ400
1710:320βΓβ240
1694:832βΓβ624
1690:800βΓβ600
1684:and thus
1658:320βΓβ240
1654:320βΓβ240
1637:400βΓβ600
1633:800βΓβ600
1622:320βΓβ200
1551:does not
1434:real mode
1395:bit depth
1383:Dithering
1255:Connector
1241:640βΓβ400
1227:640βΓβ400
1223:320βΓβ200
1211:800βΓβ600
1199:640βΓβ480
1186:720βΓβ400
1175:640βΓβ400
1154:640βΓβ480
1123:640βΓβ480
1086:Hardware
1055:(Not all
1009:composite
989:640βΓβ480
954:640βΓβ400
950:640βΓβ344
933:360βΓβ400
927:, with a
920:720βΓβ400
891:640βΓβ350
879:320βΓβ240
875:256βΓβ224
868:736βΓβ410
864:360βΓβ480
860:400βΓβ600
856:320βΓβ240
852:704βΓβ528
848:768βΓβ576
799:640βΓβ480
795:640βΓβ480
786:640βΓβ480
778:640βΓβ480
764:320βΓβ200
760:640βΓβ480
748:640βΓβ480
741:640βΓβ350
737:640βΓβ200
727:320βΓβ200
721:320βΓβ200
697:320βΓβ200
685:640βΓβ480
604:IBM PS/55
577:Super VGA
560:640βΓβ480
558:, or the
506:Successor
434:CL-GD500s
406:Mid-range
398:CL-GD400s
380:Colorplus
374:MAGIC RGB
113:verifying
70:talk page
5216:Mini-DIN
5175:Mini-DIN
5161:RCA jack
5092:RCA jack
5066:RCA jack
4901:Minijack
4895:superMHL
4854:CCJ/EIAJ
4826:Mini-VGA
4787:Mini-DVI
4763:Mini-DIN
4644:Mini-DIN
4558:UltraBay
4496:IBM 5151
4475:IBM 8514
4429:WatchPad
4414:Leapfrog
4379:Handheld
4289:R series
4211:X series
4165:A series
4097:T series
4069:G series
3797:ThinkPad
3671:Portable
3656:M series
3651:A series
3641:NetVista
3616:EduQuest
3224:1680Γ945
3219:1600Γ900
3214:1440Γ900
3209:1366Γ900
3204:1366Γ768
3199:1280Γ800
3194:1280Γ768
3189:1280Γ720
3184:1024Γ576
3078:1152Γ864
3073:1024Γ768
2836:Hinner.
2721:Archived
2599:Archived
2569:Archived
2551:Archived
2495:Archived
2314:Archived
2214:Archived
2060:Archived
1937:See also
1853:Gemini (
1804:Tamerack
1769:, ET6000
1701:overscan
1645:Fractint
1626:Mode 13h
1492:CodeView
1464:Hercules
1237:LOGO.SYS
1080:Mode 13h
962:100βΓβ80
731:Mode 13h
541:IBM PS/2
442:High-end
5300:HDBaseT
5265:Digital
5202:S-Video
5169:S-Video
5102:TOSLINK
5072:TOSLINK
5053:Digital
4906:P&D
4869:HDBaseT
4811:S-Video
4702:TOSLINK
4666:Speakon
4553:SurePOS
4531:Model M
4526:Model F
4489:Related
4391:WorkPad
3787:PCradio
3743:CL57 SX
3486:3270 AT
3454:3270 PC
3406:Desktop
3179:854Γ480
3174:800Γ480
3169:640Γ400
3164:480Γ320
3159:480Γ270
3154:432Γ240
3149:320Γ240
3144:240Γ160
3068:800Γ600
3063:720Γ348
3058:640Γ480
3053:640Γ350
3048:640Γ200
3043:320Γ200
3038:160Γ120
2806:22 June
2763:May 27,
1865:defunct
1855:defunct
1829:Winbond
1808:Realtek
1682:flicker
1572:removed
1557:sources
1430:0xA0000
1402:3Γ6 bit
1245:80βΓβ25
1142:derived
1112:support
1095:Blitter
1090:support
993:80βΓβ30
977:80βΓβ60
973:80βΓβ30
968:cells.
966:88βΓβ64
956:pixels.
942:80βΓβ50
938:80βΓβ43
925:40βΓβ25
912:80βΓβ25
770:gamut.
535:) is a
478:History
460:S3 Trio
322:Video-7
292:1987-04
290: (
211:scholar
107:Please
5230:analog
5214:using
5204:, and
5163:yellow
5130:Analog
5060:S/PDIF
5009:Analog
4864:Type F
4770:DMS-59
4748:DB13W3
4697:S/PDIF
4346:Others
3963:series
3943:series
3903:series
3853:series
3818:series
3770:N51SLC
3738:L40 SX
3714:Laptop
3636:Aptiva
3584:70 486
3579:70 386
3544:30 286
3529:25 286
3497:Series
3481:AT/370
3459:XT 286
3449:XT/370
3323:8K UHD
3278:4K UHD
3020:(1991)
3014:(1990)
3008:(1989)
3001:AX-VGA
2997:(1987)
2991:(1987)
2985:(1987)
2979:(1987)
2973:(1987)
2967:(1984)
2961:(1984)
2955:(1984)
2949:(1983)
2943:(1982)
2937:(1982)
2931:(1981)
2925:(1981)
2756:
2674:
2369:
1983:AX-VGA
1913:pixels
1822:Hualon
1767:ET4000
1745:Matrox
1662:Mode X
1499:ox.sys
1355:, and
1300:analog
1131:TV-out
1127:NTSC-M
1064:Planar
1034:pixels
1020:RAMDAC
1017:18-bit
981:8βΓβ16
929:9βΓβ16
916:9βΓβ16
870:mode.
647:, and
622:RAMDAC
423:Vision
392:ET3000
386:PEGA 1
372:Matrox
317:82c441
213:
206:
199:
192:
184:
5218:9 pin
5177:4 pin
5148:DVI-A
5143:DB-15
4916:SCART
4716:Video
4692:D-sub
4548:Mwave
3920:555BJ
3915:550BJ
3765:N51SX
3760:N45SL
3755:N33SX
3626:Ambra
3601:PS/55
3574:65 SX
3564:55 LS
3559:55 SX
3534:25 SX
3476:PC AT
3444:PC XT
3238:1080p
2953:Tandy
2853:(PDF)
2727:6 May
2643:(PDF)
2000:DOS/V
1990:]
1470:, or
1303:RGBHV
1057:clone
985:8βΓβ8
946:8βΓβ8
649:PC AT
645:PC/XT
498:(PGC)
492:(EGA)
364:928p)
301:Cards
218:JSTOR
204:books
5306:8P8C
5278:HDMI
5272:HDMI
5212:VIVO
5085:AES3
4911:PDMI
4874:HDMI
4789:Π±ΠΡ
ΠΊ
4279:X61t
4274:X60t
4202:A31p
4199:A30p
4190:A22p
4187:A21p
4184:A20p
4181:A22e
4178:A22m
4175:A21m
4172:A20m
3683:5110
3678:5100
3611:PS/1
3606:PS/V
3554:50 Z
3514:PS/2
3504:5550
3471:PCjr
3422:5120
3018:EVGA
3006:TIGA
2995:SVGA
2989:8514
2977:MCGA
2971:JEGA
2829:help
2808:2006
2765:2016
2754:ISSN
2729:2018
2672:ISBN
2503:2012
2322:2012
2009:HDMI
2007:and
1903:and
1649:Xlib
1555:any
1553:cite
1522:BIOS
1514:PCIe
1315:VESA
1280:VGA
1232:The
1193:EDID
1140:All
811:VESA
805:and
784:The
758:The
739:and
630:CRTC
609:The
361:805p
355:805i
343:911A
340:(911
190:news
5237:DVI
5191:Γ 3
5137:VGA
5108:BNC
5097:XLR
5078:BNC
5042:XLR
5036:TRS
5022:TRS
4953:USB
4891:MHL
4884:mDP
4859:EVC
4844:ADC
4821:VGA
4816:UDI
4806:RCA
4782:DVI
4775:LFH
4758:DIN
4753:DFP
4723:BNC
4707:XLR
4687:BNC
4671:XLR
4656:RCA
4639:DIN
4396:Z50
4337:R61
4332:R60
4327:R52
4322:R51
4317:R50
4312:R40
4307:R32
4302:R31
4297:R30
4269:X60
4264:X41
4259:X40
4254:X32
4249:X31
4244:X30
4239:X24
4234:X23
4229:X22
4224:X21
4219:X20
4196:A31
4193:A30
4155:T61
4150:T60
4145:T43
4140:T42
4135:T41
4130:T40
4125:T30
4120:T23
4115:T22
4110:T21
4105:T20
4087:G50
4082:G41
4077:G40
4053:860
4048:851
4043:850
4038:823
4033:822
4028:821
4023:820
4018:800
4000:770
3995:765
3990:760
3985:755
3980:750
3970:700
3950:600
3930:570
3925:560
3910:500
3890:390
3885:380
3880:365
3875:360
3870:350
3865:310
3860:300
3840:240
3835:235
3830:230
3825:220
3703:P75
3698:P70
3376:IBM
3258:QHD
3012:XGA
2983:VGA
2965:EGA
2959:PGC
2935:HGC
2929:CGA
2923:MDA
2244:doi
2188:HWM
1897:NEC
1834:AMD
1818:LSI
1800:SiS
1790:NEC
1785:IIT
1733:ATI
1566:by
1524:or
1510:PCI
1488:D86
1472:CGA
1468:EGA
1424:Use
1406:DAC
1318:DDC
1249:Esc
1179:x86
1093:No
1068:(4
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