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260:. All logical form arguments are either inductive or deductive. Inductive logical forms include inductive generalization, statistical arguments, causal argument, and arguments from analogy. Common deductive argument forms are hypothetical syllogism, categorical syllogism, argument by definition, argument based on mathematics, argument from definition. The most reliable forms of logic are
2290:
527:, where Aristotelian logic is unable to satisfactorily render such sentences as "Some guys have all the luck", because both quantities "all" and "some" may be relevant in an inference, but the fixed scheme that Aristotle used allows only one to govern the inference. Just as linguists recognize recursive structure in natural languages, it appears that logic needs recursive structure.
49:. For example Dogs are Animals, Fido is a Dog, so Fido is an Animal. It is possible to have an implied premise, such as the following statement: I see smoke, therefore, there is probably a fire. The first set of reasoning is more definitive because the conclusion (C is B) follows strictly from the premises. The second line of reasoning is
76:, is the form obtained by abstracting from the subject matter of its content terms or by regarding the content terms as mere placeholders or blanks on a form. Logical form is used to determine the validity or strength of an argument. In an ideal logical language, the logical form can be determined from
161:. Russell wrote: "Some kind of knowledge of logical forms, though with most people it is not explicit, is involved in all understanding of discourse. It is the business of philosophical logic to extract this knowledge from its concrete integuments, and to render it explicit and pure."
44:
As a part of reasoning and making judgment, logical form is used to determine the percentage of validity assigned to an argument. The inference process consists of comparing two statements, or premises, with their relation to another, which is the case in the
373:
The modern view is more complex, since a single judgement of
Aristotle's system involves two or more logical connectives. For example, the sentence "All men are mortal" involves, in term logic, two non-logical terms "is a man" (here
358:, which is of the form "is" or "is not"; (3) a predicate (e.g., "mortal"). Thus: 'all men are mortal'. The logical constants such as "all", "no" and so on, plus sentential connectives such as "and" and "or" were called
342:. Thus, for example, the expression 'all A's are B's' shows the logical form which is common to the sentences 'all men are mortals', 'all cats are carnivores', 'all Greeks are philosophers' and so on.
56:
Some logical form is more definite than others, as can be demonstrated by statistically based statements like: Jane is a student. 99% of students are stressed, therefore Jane is probably stressed.
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from the form of its constituent sentences; the logical form of an argument is sometimes called argument form. Some authors only define logical form with respect to whole arguments, as the
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The more complex modern view comes with more power. On the modern view, the fundamental form of a simple sentence is given by a recursive schema, like natural language and involving
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The fundamental difference between modern formal logic and traditional, or
Aristotelian logic, lies in their differing analysis of the logical form of the sentences they treat:
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It consists of stripping out all spurious grammatical features from the sentence (such as gender, and passive forms), and replacing all the expressions specific to
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On the traditional view, the form of the sentence consists of (1) a subject (e.g., "man") plus a sign of quantity ("all" or "some" or "no"); (2) the
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are examples of such languages. Logical form, however, should not be confused with the mere syntax used to represent it; there may be more than one
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268:, and chain arguments because if the premises of the argument are true, then the conclusion necessarily follows. Two invalid argument forms are
370:– together with). This is a fixed scheme, where each judgment has a specific quantity and copula, determining the logical form of the sentence.
707:
Russell, Bertrand. 1914(1993). Our
Knowledge of the External World: as a field for scientific method in philosophy. New York: Routledge. p. 53
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523:, which are joined by juxtaposition to other sentences, which in turn may have logical structure. Medieval logicians recognized the
142:, etc., are analogous to the substitution values of the schematic placeholders 'A', 'B', 'C', which were called the 'matter' (Greek
134:, only the logical principles stated in schematic terms belong to logic, and not those given in concrete terms. The concrete terms
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of an argument, substitute letters for similar items throughout the sentences in the original argument.
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in 1914, in the context of his program to formalize natural language and reasoning, which he called
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Ernie Lepore, Kirk Ludwig (2002). "What is logical form?". In
Gerhard Preyer, Georg Peter (ed.).
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claims that the introduction of variables was 'one of
Aristotle's greatest inventions'.
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The importance of the concept of form to logic was already recognized in ancient times.
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This article is about the term as used in logic. For the linguistics term, see
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Argument, inference and dialectic: collected papers on informal logic
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of the original argument. Moreover, each individual sentence of the
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An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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The
Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, CUP 1999, pp. 511–512
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that represents the same logical form in a given language.
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Attention is given to argument and sentence form, because
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Logical forms: an introduction to philosophical logic
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of its respective sentence in the original argument.
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The Art of
Logical Thinking or the Laws of Reasoning
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775:Critical thinking : a student's introduction
645:Critical thinking : a student's introduction
153:The term "logical form" itself was introduced by
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500:{\displaystyle \forall x.(m(x)\rightarrow d(x))}
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323:or inferential structure of the argument. In
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752:. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co.
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315:of sentences, has a logical form that
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834:. Taylor & Francis. p. 18.
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1947:Formal semantics (natural language)
1009:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
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33:Logical Form Example - Modus Ponens
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303:Therefore, Missy is not an animal.
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777:(5th ed ed.), McGraw-Hill,
773:Bassham, Gregory, 1959- (2012),
647:(5th ed ed.), McGraw-Hill,
643:Bassham, Gregory, 1959- (2012),
913:Richard Mark Sainsbury (2001).
750:A concise introduction to logic
724:. Clarendon Press. p. 54.
448:, and the sentence is given by
251:form is what makes an argument
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580:List of valid argument forms
346:Logical form in modern logic
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1574:Modality (natural language)
1019:IEP, Validity and Soundness
748:Hurley, Patrick J. (1988).
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245:Importance of argument form
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1713:Language, Truth, and Logic
1453:Theological noncognitivism
1338:Contrast theory of meaning
1333:Causal theory of reference
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861:. Routledge. p. 386.
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599:Atkinson,William (2013),
289:Therefore, Coco is a dog.
1723:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
888:. Springer. p. 84.
882:Robert C. Pinto (2001).
509:universal quantification
378:) and "is mortal" (here
280:Affirming the consequent
270:affirming the consequent
225:All we have done in the
165:Example of argument form
95:The logical form of an
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1368:Direct reference theory
1458:Theory of descriptions
1393:Linguistic determinism
1055:Philosophy of language
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362:terms (from the Greek
294:Denying the antecedent
274:denying the antecedent
180:All humans are mortal.
34:
2295:Philosophy portal
1569:Mental representation
1504:Linguistic relativity
1388:Inquisitive semantics
855:Paul Tomassi (1999).
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297:All cats are animals.
283:All dogs are animals.
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1753:Naming and Necessity
1663:De Arte Combinatoria
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1423:Semantic externalism
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441:{\displaystyle d(x)}
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412:{\displaystyle m(x)}
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366:– to predicate, and
325:argumentation theory
1957:Philosophy of logic
1803:Philosophical logic
1793:Analytic philosophy
1599:Sense and reference
1478:Verification theory
1433:Situation semantics
936:. Clarendon Press.
917:. Wiley-Blackwell.
570:Sense and reference
521:logical connectives
340:schematic variables
338:of the argument by
300:Missy is not a cat.
159:philosophical logic
150:) of the argument.
2256:Rules of inference
2225:Mathematical logic
1967:Semantics of logic
1653:Port-Royal Grammar
1549:Family resemblance
1468:Theory of language
1443:Supposition theory
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951:Gila Sher (1991).
565:Categorial grammar
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183:Socrates is human.
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1998:Critical thinking
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895:978-0-7923-7005-5
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841:978-0-415-77498-7
831:Logic: the Basics
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1693:On Denoting
1519:Proposition
1170:de Saussure
1135:Ibn Khaldun
513:implication
313:ordered set
213:Therefore,
125:Łukasiewicz
74:truthbearer
66:proposition
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2133:Linguistic
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2118:Definition
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2081:Antecedent
1868:Discussion
1863:Task Force
1813:Pragmatics
1604:Speech act
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1403:Nominalism
1315:Watzlawick
1195:Bloomfield
1115:Chrysippus
981:PhilPapers
586:References
307:A logical
2266:Fallacies
2261:Paradoxes
2251:Logicians
2185:Statement
2180:Reference
2145:Induction
2108:Deduction
2071:Abduction
2041:Metalogic
1988:Classical
1952:Inference
1845:Semiotics
1833:Semantics
1683:Alciphron
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1494:Ambiguity
1373:Dramatism
1353:Cratylism
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1100:Aristotle
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1993:Informal
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1120:Zhuangzi
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2165:Premise
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148:materia
111:History
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2003:Reason
1981:Logics
1972:Syntax
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1962:Proof
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1305:Lewis
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1280:Grice
1230:Whorf
1190:Sapir
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