37:
260:, specifically inflammatory vulvovaginitis, male infertility and non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), female urethritis and urethral pain syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervicitis, ectopic pregnancy, and female infertility. It is important for future studies to accurately differentiate between
843:
Horner P, Donders G, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Jensen JS, Unemo M (November 2018). "Should we be testing for urogenital
Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum in men and women? - a position statement from the European STI Guidelines Editorial Board".
350:. have also been found in many healthy men, allowing for considerable skepticism that the two are correlated. Similarly, links to prostatitis and infertility are difficult to establish due to its presence in control groups. In andrology studies, the presence of
312:
has been investigated as an opportunistic pathogen, however current studies question its contribution to urogenital infections. For example, a study conducted by
Rumyantseva et al. showed that in female patients with varying vaginal microflora,
196:. are one of the smallest known clonal bacteria. They are closely related to mycoplasmas as they lack a peptidoglycan cell wall, metabolize cholesterol, and require urea for ATP synthesis. The Ureaplasma genus has 14
208:
is known to be a commensal microorganism within healthy humans, its ability to become pathogenic may be due to its ability to easily acquire new genes via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Sequencing of
293:. is not always recommended. Ureaplasma parvum is usually part of the normal genital flora. Rarely can it cause invasive infections such as genitourinary infections, septic arthritis, or meningitis.
289:
are particularly difficult to diagnose and eradicate, and unnecessary treatment can further encourage antimicrobial resistance. As a result, extensive testing and treatment of the
938:
Rumyantseva T, Khayrullina G, Guschin A, Donders G (March 2019). "Prevalence of
Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations".
304:
is commensal in both males and females, where it attaches itself to the mucosal lining of the urogenital tract. Damage to mucosal linings results in the relocation of
325:
positive, respectively. This study supports the symbiotic considerations between vaginal microflora (primarily normal and bacterial vaginosis) and mycoplasma such as
1105:
635:"The role of Ureaplasma parvum serovar-3 or serovar-14 infection in female patients with chronic micturition urethral pain and recurrent microscopic hematuria"
485:"Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications"
1079:
212:
samples isolated from clinical patients reveals a much more diverse set of strains (at least 19), suggesting that further methods of classifying
1118:
204:
has four serotypes (-1, -3, -6, -14) that were differentiated by variations in the MBA gene, a
Ureaplasma surface antigen protein. Although
358:
isolates have been detected in semen via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescent antibody assay. In 36.6% of washed samples,
1066:
1092:
899:"Alternate phase variation in expression of two major surface membrane proteins (MBA and UU376) of Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3"
777:"Mollicutes in vaginal microbiology: Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum and Mycoplasma genitalium"
1097:
285:. lack a cell wall and are therefore resistant to antimicrobials that specifically attack the cell wall. For this reason,
1123:
816:
436:"Species identification and subtyping of Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum using PCR-based assays"
200:
that are classified based on the 16S rRNA gene, the urease gene, and the multiple-banded antigen (MBA) gene.
1031:
686:"Molecular genotyping of human Ureaplasma species based on multiple-banded antigen (MBA) gene sequences"
383:
Oshima K, Nishida H (May 2008). "Detection of the genes evolving under
Ureaplasma-specific selection".
36:
236:. not being noted in clinical studies prior to their distinction from each other, it is possible that
1084:
993:
121:
1136:
1053:
392:
8:
1159:
228:
have yet to be determined because of its recent establishment as a separate species from
181:
has been identified as being a commensal in the female reproductive tract as part of the
726:"Comparative genome analysis of 19 Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum strains"
724:
Paralanov V, Lu J, Duffy LB, Crabb DM, Shrivastava S, Methé BA, et al. (May 2012).
396:
973:
951:
879:
752:
725:
661:
634:
610:
581:
552:
525:
416:
317:
was the most prevalent mycoplasma. In normal vaginal microflora, 43.5% of samples were
182:
31:
248:
can be difficult since there are currently few studies that differentiate between the
1131:
1040:
965:
960:
920:
915:
898:
871:
866:
798:
757:
703:
666:
615:
557:
506:
465:
460:
435:
408:
308:. to other physiological areas of the body, which can lead to infection and disease.
977:
883:
451:
420:
1045:
955:
947:
910:
861:
853:
788:
747:
737:
693:
656:
646:
605:
597:
547:
537:
496:
455:
447:
400:
164:
88:
78:
1110:
793:
776:
366:
demonstrated that the bacteria can remain on the spermatozoa even after washing.
321:
positive. Bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis samples were 59.9% and 23.9%
1016:
698:
685:
542:
58:
586:
spp. in the
Development of Nongonococcal Urethritis and Infertility among Men"
404:
1153:
742:
501:
484:
969:
924:
875:
802:
761:
707:
670:
619:
561:
510:
469:
412:
268:, as this will aid in the etiological analysis of NGU and other diseases.
1025:
601:
526:"Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation"
651:
1071:
633:
Kim MS, Lee DH, Kim TJ, Oh JJ, Rhee SR, Park DS, Yu YD (January 2021).
276:
155:
98:
68:
857:
197:
987:
937:
1010:
160:
48:
896:
690:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
897:
Zimmerman CU, Stiedl T, Rosengarten R, Spergser J (March 2009).
1058:
482:
846:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
684:
Kong F, Ma Z, James G, Gordon S, Gilbert GL (September 2000).
346:) have been linked to nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), but the
842:
838:
836:
434:
Kong F, Ma Z, James G, Gordon S, Gilbert GL (March 2000).
256:
causes any of the diseases that have been associated with
224:
The clinical implications concerning the pathogenicity of
833:
252:. Therefore, there is little substantial evidence that
817:"Urethritis and Cervicitis - STI Treatment Guidelines"
723:
483:
Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM (2014).
354:in semen has been found to be significant. Various
476:
240:is disproportionately overrepresented compared to
683:
433:
1151:
579:
774:
580:Beeton ML, Payne MS, Jones L (September 2019).
940:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
575:
573:
571:
530:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
382:
331:
632:
376:
362:was present. Andrology studies surrounding
568:
517:
959:
914:
865:
792:
751:
741:
697:
660:
650:
609:
551:
541:
500:
459:
244:. As a consequence, interpreting data on
523:
1152:
232:. Due to the species heterogeneity in
185:in healthy women of reproductive age.
992:
991:
219:
719:
717:
271:There is no evidence of any role of
775:Taylor-Robinson D (November 2017).
639:Translational Andrology and Urology
13:
952:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001
14:
1171:
714:
188:
916:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01505.x
440:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
35:
931:
890:
809:
524:Mor G, Kwon JY (October 2015).
452:10.1128/JCM.38.3.1175-1179.2000
296:
768:
677:
626:
427:
385:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1:
590:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
369:
175:Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar
794:10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.009
7:
10:
1176:
699:10.1099/00207713-50-5-1921
692:. 50 Pt 5 (5): 1921–1929.
543:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039
1000:
961:10067/1585870151162165141
903:FEMS Microbiology Letters
867:10067/1554670151162165141
489:Human Reproduction Update
405:10.1007/s00239-008-9106-4
127:
120:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
781:Research in Microbiology
216:should be investigated.
163:belonging to the family
743:10.1186/1471-2180-12-88
173:was formerly known as
502:10.1093/humupd/dmu065
602:10.1128/CMR.00137-18
16:Species of bacterium
652:10.21037/tau-20-920
536:(4 Suppl): S131-7.
397:2008JMolE..66..529O
220:Clinical relevance
1147:
1146:
1132:Open Tree of Life
1111:ureaplasma-parvum
1032:Ureaplasma parvum
1002:Ureaplasma parvum
994:Taxon identifiers
858:10.1111/jdv.15146
852:(11): 1845–1851.
787:(9–10): 875–881.
340:Ureaplasma parvum
333:Ureaplasma parvum
302:Ureaplasma parvum
246:Ureaplasma parvum
179:Ureaplasma parvum
171:Ureaplasma parvum
150:Ureaplasma parvum
146:
145:
131:Ureaplasma parvum
25:Ureaplasma parvum
1167:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1101:
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1088:
1087:
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1074:
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1061:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
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1021:
1020:
1019:
989:
988:
982:
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963:
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929:
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918:
894:
888:
887:
869:
840:
831:
830:
828:
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813:
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772:
766:
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755:
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730:BMC Microbiology
721:
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577:
566:
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555:
545:
521:
515:
514:
504:
480:
474:
473:
463:
431:
425:
424:
380:
165:Mycoplasmataceae
153:is a species of
133:
89:Mycoplasmataceae
40:
39:
21:
20:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1164:
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1052:
1044:
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1030:
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1024:
1015:
1014:
1009:
996:
986:
985:
936:
932:
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891:
841:
834:
825:
823:
815:
814:
810:
773:
769:
722:
715:
682:
678:
631:
627:
578:
569:
522:
518:
481:
477:
432:
428:
381:
377:
372:
356:Ureaplasma spp.
337:
299:
287:Ureaplasma spp.
222:
191:
142:
135:
129:
116:
79:Mycoplasmatales
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1128:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1050:
1037:
1022:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
984:
983:
946:(3): 227–231.
930:
889:
832:
808:
767:
713:
676:
625:
567:
516:
475:
426:
374:
373:
371:
368:
348:Ureaplasma spp
344:U. urealyticum
336:
330:
306:Ureaplasma spp
298:
295:
291:Ureaplasma spp
283:Ureaplasma spp
262:U. urealyticum
258:U. urealyticum
250:Ureaplasma spp
238:U. urealyticum
234:Ureaplasma spp
230:U. urealyticum
221:
218:
194:Ureaplasma spp
190:
189:Classification
187:
144:
143:
136:
125:
124:
118:
117:
113:U. parvum
110:
108:
104:
103:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
59:Mycoplasmatota
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1172:
1161:
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1138:
1133:
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1125:
1120:
1116:
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1107:
1103:
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1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
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990:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
926:
922:
917:
912:
909:(2): 187–93.
908:
904:
900:
893:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
837:
822:
818:
812:
804:
800:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
763:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
718:
709:
705:
700:
695:
691:
687:
680:
672:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
645:(1): 96–108.
644:
640:
636:
629:
621:
617:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
582:"The Role of
576:
574:
572:
563:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
512:
508:
503:
498:
495:(3): 353–77.
494:
490:
486:
479:
471:
467:
462:
457:
453:
449:
446:(3): 1175–9.
445:
441:
437:
430:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:(5): 529–32.
390:
386:
379:
375:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
334:
329:
328:
324:
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186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
159:, a genus of
158:
157:
152:
151:
140:
134:
132:
126:
123:
122:Binomial name
119:
115:
114:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
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67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
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29:
26:
22:
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943:
939:
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906:
902:
892:
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824:. Retrieved
820:
811:
784:
780:
770:
733:
729:
689:
679:
642:
638:
628:
593:
589:
583:
533:
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519:
492:
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388:
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355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
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332:
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318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
300:
297:Commensalism
290:
286:
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261:
257:
253:
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245:
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154:
149:
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147:
138:
130:
128:
112:
111:
99:
24:
18:
1026:Wikispecies
821:www.cdc.gov
1160:Ureaplasma
826:2024-07-13
584:Ureaplasma
370:References
327:U. parvum.
277:cervicitis
183:microbiome
156:Ureaplasma
137:Robertson
100:Ureaplasma
69:Mollicutes
736:(1): 88.
364:U. parvum
360:U. parvum
352:U. parvum
323:U. parvum
319:U. parvum
315:U. parvum
310:U. parvum
273:U. parvum
266:U. parvum
254:U. parvum
242:U. parvum
226:U. parvum
214:U. parvum
210:U. parvum
206:U. parvum
202:U. parvum
198:serotypes
107:Species:
1154:Category
1085:11256001
1017:Q4006425
1011:Wikidata
978:53041181
970:30344067
925:19220471
884:49313037
876:29924422
803:28263902
762:22646228
708:11034506
671:33532300
620:31270127
562:26428492
511:25547201
470:10699016
421:25734066
413:18414924
335:in males
161:bacteria
85:Family:
55:Phylum:
49:Bacteria
45:Domain:
1072:3226078
753:3511179
662:7844479
611:6750135
553:6800181
393:Bibcode
95:Genus:
75:Order:
65:Class:
1137:439796
1124:134821
1098:967520
1059:975270
976:
968:
923:
882:
874:
801:
760:
750:
706:
669:
659:
618:
608:
560:
550:
509:
468:
458:
419:
411:
139:et al.
1080:IRMNG
1046:7DPXB
974:S2CID
880:S2CID
596:(4).
461:86368
417:S2CID
342:(and
1119:NCBI
1106:LPSN
1093:ITIS
1067:GBIF
966:PMID
921:PMID
872:PMID
799:PMID
758:PMID
704:PMID
667:PMID
616:PMID
558:PMID
507:PMID
466:PMID
409:PMID
264:and
141:2002
1054:EoL
1041:CoL
956:hdl
948:doi
911:doi
907:292
862:hdl
854:doi
789:doi
785:168
748:PMC
738:doi
694:doi
657:PMC
647:doi
606:PMC
598:doi
548:PMC
538:doi
534:213
497:doi
456:PMC
448:doi
401:doi
275:in
177:1.
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878:.
870:.
860:.
850:32
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532:.
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415:.
407:.
399:.
389:66
387:.
279:.
167:.
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958::
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864::
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805:.
791::
764:.
740::
710:.
696::
673:.
649::
622:.
600::
564:.
540::
513:.
499::
472:.
450::
423:.
403::
395::
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