1466:
1095:
1456:
1105:
59:. As Gamow recounts in his autobiography, the name was chosen in part to commemorate the gambling establishment where the two physicists had first met, and "partially because the Urca Process results in a rapid disappearance of thermal energy from the interior of a star, similar to the rapid disappearance of money from the pockets of the gamblers on the Casino de Urca." In Gamow's South Russian dialect,
435:
The Urca process is especially important in the cooling of white dwarfs, where a lepton (usually an electron) is absorbed by the nucleus of an ion and then convectively carried away from the core of a star. Then, a beta decay occurs. Convection then carries the element back into the interior of the
439:
The process can also be essential in the cooling of neutron stars. If a neutron star contains a central core in which the direct Urca-process is operative, the cooling timescale shortens by many orders of magnitude.
436:
star, and the cycle repeats many times. Because the neutrinos emitted during this process are unlikely to be reabsorbed, this is effectively a cooling mechanism for white dwarfs.
1441:
1016:
74:
The direct Urca processes are the simplest neutrino-emitting processes and are thought to be central in the cooling of neutron stars. They have the general form
1431:
546:
856:
641:
1141:
1080:
1492:
1436:
1179:
1039:
1108:
1065:
1044:
1338:
1210:
1403:
1398:
1034:
877:
985:
831:
634:
1424:
1328:
1134:
1049:
554:
846:
816:
705:
664:
1355:
763:
473:
1098:
695:
1469:
1388:
1232:
741:
627:
578:
500:
20:
1459:
1244:
1127:
963:
951:
758:
587:
550:
509:
8:
1268:
1164:
936:
914:
796:
690:
592:
514:
1343:
1239:
980:
958:
806:
748:
605:
527:
44:
1372:
1205:
1174:
1070:
909:
836:
609:
531:
1419:
882:
784:
597:
519:
417:
64:
1273:
801:
791:
753:
48:
1323:
821:
811:
56:
851:
576:
P. Haensel (1995). "Urca processes in dense matter and neutron star cooling".
1486:
1362:
1306:
1278:
1184:
1011:
1006:
975:
736:
721:
1367:
1350:
1301:
1251:
1217:
1169:
887:
731:
726:
650:
399:
141:
40:
32:
1333:
1261:
1200:
1150:
946:
931:
897:
826:
36:
498:
D. K. Nadyozhin (1995). "Gamow and the physics and evolution of stars".
1313:
1256:
1075:
990:
970:
941:
892:
841:
601:
523:
1318:
921:
904:
1227:
926:
685:
425:
332:
220:
28:
779:
340:
336:
1222:
669:
619:
421:
288:
266:
182:
117:
82:
1119:
1296:
429:
52:
31:
and which is assumed to take part in cooling processes in
1442:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
1017:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
544:
1484:
497:
1135:
635:
547:"The convective URCA process in white dwarfs"
1455:
1142:
1128:
642:
628:
575:
545:M. Brueggen; A. Kercek (10 January 2000).
461:. New York: The Viking Press. p. 137.
591:
513:
459:My World Line: An Informal Autobiography
47:while they were visiting a casino named
1485:
471:
71:) can also mean a robber or gangster.
39:. The process was first discussed by
1123:
623:
456:
1104:
478:The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
16:Phenomenon in astroparticle physics
13:
14:
1504:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1103:
1094:
1093:
857:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
649:
1437:White dwarf luminosity function
1149:
1040:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
569:
538:
491:
465:
450:
1:
1066:X-ray pulsar-based navigation
1045:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
443:
27:is a reaction which emits a
7:
1404:Quasi-periodic oscillations
1180:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
1035:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
878:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
10:
1509:
1399:Electron-degenerate matter
832:Quasi-periodic oscillation
1450:
1412:
1381:
1329:Cataclysmic variable star
1287:
1193:
1157:
1089:
1058:
1050:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1025:
999:
870:
772:
714:
678:
657:
68:
1493:Concepts in astrophysics
817:Neutron-star oscillation
706:Rotating radio transient
1356:Super soft X-ray source
1071:Tempo software program
457:Gamow, George (1970).
1081:The Magnificent Seven
579:Space Science Reviews
501:Space Science Reviews
335:. The baryons can be
21:astroparticle physics
986:Thorne–Żytkow object
551:Max Planck Institute
397:, or members of the
1269:Extreme helium star
1165:Chandrasekhar limit
937:Neutron star merger
797:Chandrasekhar limit
764:Hulse–Taylor pulsar
691:Soft gamma repeater
593:1995SSRv...74..427H
515:1995SSRv...74..455N
1344:Intermediate polar
1240:Stellar black hole
981:Pulsar wind nebula
959:Stellar black hole
602:10.1007/BF00751429
557:on 12 January 2010
524:10.1007/BF00751432
1478:
1477:
1373:Carbon detonation
1206:Type Ia supernova
1175:Stellar evolution
1117:
1116:
910:Supernova remnant
700:Ultra-long period
339:(free or bound),
243:
242:
1500:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1420:Planetary nebula
1144:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1096:
883:Asteroseismology
785:Fast radio burst
644:
637:
630:
621:
620:
614:
613:
595:
586:(3–4): 427–436.
573:
567:
566:
564:
562:
553:. Archived from
542:
536:
535:
517:
508:(3–4): 455–461.
495:
489:
488:
486:
484:
469:
463:
462:
454:
416:
414:
413:
406:
405:
396:
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378:
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351:
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318:
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309:
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299:
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286:
285:
284:
277:
276:
264:
263:
255:
254:
238:
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227:
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213:
212:
199:
197:
196:
189:
188:
175:
174:
161:
159:
158:
151:
148:
147:
134:
132:
131:
124:
123:
110:
109:
91:
90:
79:
78:
70:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1446:
1408:
1377:
1289:
1283:
1274:Subdwarf B star
1189:
1153:
1148:
1118:
1113:
1085:
1054:
1027:
1021:
995:
866:
802:Gamma-ray burst
792:Bondi accretion
768:
710:
696:Anomalous X-ray
674:
653:
648:
618:
617:
574:
570:
560:
558:
543:
539:
496:
492:
482:
480:
470:
466:
455:
451:
446:
412:
410:
409:
408:
404:
402:
401:
400:
398:
393:
391:
390:
389:
385:
383:
382:
381:
380:
375:
373:
372:
371:
367:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
355:
354:
353:
349:
347:
346:
345:
344:
327:
324:
323:
322:
319:
316:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
303:
302:
301:
297:
295:
294:
293:
292:
283:
281:
280:
279:
275:
273:
272:
271:
270:
262:
259:
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257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
234:
231:
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225:
223:
222:
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219:
211:
208:
207:
206:
195:
193:
192:
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187:
185:
184:
183:
181:
173:
170:
169:
168:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
146:
144:
143:
142:
140:
130:
128:
127:
126:
122:
120:
119:
118:
116:
108:
105:
104:
103:
89:
86:
85:
84:
49:Cassino da Urca
45:Mário Schenberg
17:
12:
11:
5:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1324:Symbiotic nova
1321:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
967:
966:
956:
955:
954:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
918:
917:
912:
902:
901:
900:
895:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:Neutron matter
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
788:
787:
776:
774:
770:
769:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
745:
744:
739:
734:
724:
718:
716:
715:Binary pulsars
712:
711:
709:
708:
703:
702:
701:
698:
693:
682:
680:
679:Single pulsars
676:
675:
673:
672:
667:
661:
659:
655:
654:
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
616:
615:
568:
537:
490:
474:"Urca process"
464:
448:
447:
445:
442:
411:
403:
392:
384:
374:
366:
356:
348:
325:
315:
304:
296:
282:
274:
260:
251:
245:
244:
241:
240:
232:
224:
217:
214:
209:
203:
200:
194:
186:
179:
176:
171:
164:
163:
155:
145:
138:
135:
129:
121:
114:
111:
106:
100:
97:
95:
93:
87:
57:Rio de Janeiro
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1481:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Binary pulsar
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:Helium planet
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:Related links
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:Related links
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1185:Mira variable
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:investigation
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:Centaurus X-3
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Pulsar planet
974:
972:
969:
965:
964:Related links
962:
961:
960:
957:
953:
952:Related links
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
916:
915:Related links
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
777:
775:
771:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
738:
737:X-ray burster
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
713:
707:
704:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
683:
681:
677:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
656:
652:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
625:
622:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
589:
585:
581:
580:
572:
556:
552:
548:
541:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
511:
507:
503:
502:
494:
479:
475:
468:
460:
453:
449:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
424:is either an
423:
419:
415:
342:
338:
334:
331:) are (anti-)
290:
268:
237:
218:
215:
204:
201:
198:
180:
177:
166:
165:
160:
139:
136:
133:
115:
112:
101:
98:
96:
94:
92:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:neutron stars
30:
26:
22:
1480:
1394:Urca process
1393:
1368:Helium flash
1351:X-ray binary
1252:Compact star
1218:Neutron star
1170:PG 1159 star
888:Compact star
862:Urca process
861:
852:Timing noise
837:Relativistic
732:X-ray binary
727:X-ray pulsar
651:Neutron star
583:
577:
571:
559:. Retrieved
555:the original
540:
505:
499:
493:
481:. Retrieved
477:
472:D. Darling.
467:
458:
452:
438:
434:
246:
73:
60:
41:George Gamow
37:white dwarfs
25:Urca process
24:
18:
1334:AM CVn star
1262:Exotic star
1201:Black dwarf
1151:White dwarf
947:White dwarf
932:Microquasar
898:Exotic star
827:Pulsar kick
749:Millisecond
665:Radio-quiet
1382:Properties
1314:Dwarf nova
1257:Quark star
1211:Candidates
1076:Astropulse
991:QCD matter
971:Radio star
942:Quark-nova
893:Quark star
842:Rp-process
773:Properties
561:5 February
444:References
1389:Pulsating
1319:Micronova
1288:In binary
1158:Formation
1026:Satellite
1000:Discovery
922:Hypernova
905:Supernova
847:Starquake
610:115313950
532:122987210
333:neutrinos
1487:Category
1470:Category
1228:Magnetar
1099:Category
927:Kilonova
754:Be/X-ray
686:Magnetar
426:electron
341:hyperons
337:nucleons
29:neutrino
1413:Related
1302:Remnant
1290:systems
1109:Commons
871:Related
822:Optical
780:Blitzar
759:Spin-up
588:Bibcode
510:Bibcode
483:2 March
267:baryons
247:where B
65:Russian
1432:RAMBOs
1223:Pulsar
807:Glitch
722:Binary
670:Pulsar
608:
530:
422:lepton
420:. The
418:isobar
407:Δ
388:Ξ
370:Σ
352:Λ
320:ν
300:ν
291:, and
289:lepton
228:ν
150:ν
1339:Polar
1059:Other
1007:LGM-1
658:Types
606:S2CID
528:S2CID
428:or a
343:like
310:(and
287:is a
256:and B
23:, an
1460:List
1425:List
1307:List
1297:Nova
1194:Fate
742:List
563:2010
485:2010
430:muon
379:and
265:are
69:урка
61:urca
53:Urca
43:and
35:and
598:doi
520:doi
51:in
19:In
1489::
604:.
596:.
584:74
582:.
549:.
526:.
518:.
506:74
504:.
476:.
432:.
361:,
269:,
239:,
162:,
67::
55:,
1143:e
1136:t
1129:v
643:e
636:t
629:v
612:.
600::
590::
565:.
534:.
522::
512::
487:.
326:l
305:l
278:ℓ
261:2
252:1
233:l
216:+
210:1
205:B
202:→
190:ℓ
178:+
172:2
167:B
156:l
137:+
125:ℓ
113:+
107:2
102:B
99:→
88:1
83:B
63:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.