Urban renewal - Knowledge

1018: 998:. This law defines the urban regeneration as "the coordinated set of urban-building interventions and social initiatives that can include replacement, re-use, redevelopment of the built environment and reorganization of the urban landscape by mean of recovery of degraded, underused or abandoned areas, as well as through the creation and management of infrastructure, green spaces and services with a horizon towards sustainability and environmental and social resilience, technological innovation and increasing biodiversity" (Art 2. L.R.18/2019). The same law introduces some rewards reserved to whom builds for social purposes. Moreover, these rewards are also reserved for those who carry on some particular implementation models. For instance, you can increase the volume of your building whenever "integrated safety systems and construction site risk management processes are applied; methods that are based on traceability and control activities, with particular reference to soil movement and waste traceability, based on advanced technologies", the increase in the building index is recognized in the art. 3 and these rewards are also given when technologies as geolocation, video surveillance and perimeter protection are implemented in order to prevent the "risk of crime during all phases of construction sites" 968:), in the first decades of independence to house masses of Jewish refugees coming from Europe and the Muslim world. Since then, Israeli architectural styles have changed. In addition, these buildings do not meet modern safety regulations: Israeli law has required all new buildings to be built in an earthquake-resistant manner since 1980 and to be built with bomb shelters since 1991. There are two main urban renewal programs: the evacuate and build program and TAMA 38. The evacuate and build program, launched in 1998, allows developers to tear down older building complexes and replace them with larger and more modern buildings, while TAMA 38, launched in 2005, enables developers to extensively remodel buildings, strengthening them against earthquakes, adding safety rooms, remodeling the building's appearance, and adding new apartments. In both projects, the tenants are temporarily evacuated for the duration of the work and the developer pays for their alternative accommodation. In both programs, the developers add more apartments so as to sell them to additional tenants and make a profit. 1798:

incidental losses like, for example, moving expenses, loss of favorable financing and notably, business losses, such as loss of business goodwill. In the 1970s the federal government and state governments enacted the Uniform Relocation Assistance Act which provides for limited compensation of some of these losses. However the Act denies the displaced land owners the right to sue to enforce its provisions, so it is deemed an act of legislative grace rather than a constitutional right. Historically, urban redevelopment has been controversial because of such practices as taking private property by eminent domain for "public use" and then turning it over to redevelopers free of charge or for less than the acquisition cost (known as "land write-down"). Thus, in the controversial Connecticut case of

1452: 885: 864:“Planning is inherently political”, however, the urban development in China for the past decade is strikingly similar to the situation in many Western countries. In terms of the similarity sharing with U.S. urban renewal programs, both countries viewed older neighborhoods as outdated and blighted, encouraged local governments to cooperate with local development interests for downtown redevelopment, failed to provide enough support and concern for residents of cleared areas, who often were the low-income residents, and building plenty of highways to reach large scale urban sprawl. 857:. The city development was not about urban sprawl and real estate development on a large scale. China improved its urban development strategy by using inventory planning other than incremental planning. Chinese promoted urbanization aggressively as national policy. But due to the change from the concept of urban renewal in terms of its presentation from the physical dimension, China now promotes small-scale “repairs” to improve the urban environment in a more sustainable and reasonable way. At the 15th China Central City Work Conference, the policy, "urban repair and 1557:, also known as the Taft-Ellender-Wagner Act, provided federal loans to cities to acquire and clear slum areas to be sold to private developers to redevelop in accordance with a plan prepared by the city (normally with new housing), and grants to cover two-thirds of the portion of the city's costs in excess of the sale prices received from the developers, as well as provide millions of dollars to create public housing throughout the country. The phrase used at the time was "urban redevelopment". "Urban renewal" was a phrase popularized with the passage of the 719: 1129: 650:

society and culture more broadly. Professor Kenneth Paul Tan writes that Singapore's self-image of having succeeded against all odds has led to strong pressure to pursue progress and development regardless of the destructive cost, postulating that Singapore's "culture of comfort and affluence" has developed in order to cope with people's repeated loss of their sense of place, redirecting their desires from "community" towards "economic progress, upward mobility, affluent and convenient lifestyles and a ‘world-class’ city."

1284: 1070:. Before the war, Singapore's housing environment had already been a problem. The tension of both infrastructure and housing conditions were worsened by the rapidly increasing number of the Singapore population in the 1930s. As a consequence of the war and the lack of economic development, between the 1940s to the 1950s, the previous evil of housing conditions continued to happen. As much as 240,000 squatters were placed in Singapore during the 1950s. It was caused by the movement of migrants, especially from 271: 664: 1097:. The obstacles came from the resistance of people who used to live in the slums and squatters. It was reported by Singapore newspapers that those people were reluctant to be replaced. This became the major problems of 1960s redevelopment schemes. Affordable land value also became one of its reasons. Another problem was that the government had to purchase the private land owned by the middle and upper society to make the land vacant and be used for redevelopment. 4774: 889: 893: 891: 888: 886: 892: 853:

reconstruction” and “urban regeneration” to describe the changes made to the urban decay area. After having more research about urban renewal in terms of international trends and domestic development, the practitioners in the industry built consensus to use “urban renewal” to describe all the changes made to the old town area. With the rapid development pace of urbanization in China, the urbanization rate reached the inflection point of the

1179: 600:) displaced thousands of largely African-American families, but provided them with no replacement housing because at the time the law did not provide for any. A model established to improve the growth and urbanization of American cities instead harmed the welfare of many communities. Increasingly, urban redevelopment led to residents being replaced, not by new residents, but by shopping malls, automobile factories and dealerships, and 145: 890: 43: 1878:. The Rainbow Centre interrupted the street grid, taking up three blocks, and parking ramps isolated the city from the core, leading to the degradation of nearby neighborhoods. Tourists were forced to walk around the Rainbow Center, the Wintergarden, and the Quality Inn (all of which were adjacent), in total five blocks, discouraging small business in the city. These issues have spawned ongoing efforts to address them. 4762: 2062: 4796: 948: 84: 2580: 2566: 1874:, who claimed that mixed-use districts were needed (which the new downtown was not) and arteries needed to be kept open. Smaller buildings also should be built or kept. In Niagara Falls, however, the convention center blocked traffic into the city, located in the center of Falls Street (the main artery), and the Wintergarden also blocked traffic from the convention center to the 1170:

residential development by building a completely new community. The Xinyi Project Area is the only commercial development area in Taipei with a wholly planned street and urban design. In addition to attracting corporations, it also features large retail spaces, department stores, and shopping malls. Xinyi Special District is now the prime central business district of Taipei.

1518:, which were responsible both for clearing slums and for building new affordable housing. In Detroit, the (local) City Planning and Housing Council (CHPC) founded in 1937 had a large hand in the reconstruction of urban slums, with their primary mission being the elimination of poor housing conditions, creating less crowded and cleaner public housing. 1443:, civic leaders, and residents – it has played an important but controversial role. But at other times urban redevelopment projects have failed in several American cities, having wasted large amounts of public funds to no purpose. It has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism, and by critics as a mechanism for control. 260: 1406:(also known as the Pathfinder Scheme) was in place between 2002 and 2011 and aimed to demolish, refurbish or construct new housing. Areas of housing that were demolished were replaced with new houses aimed towards attracting richer tenants to move to the area, rather than use by the areas' former residents. Other programs, such as The 2594: 763:. The CBDs and inner suburban areas of Australia's cities have been in constant renewal since the 19th century, however apart from large commercial re-developments this has mostly been done in ad-hoc fashion rather than as major planning initiative. Among the largest projects since the 1980s have been the clearing of most of 1261:

creating a semi-private space within the estate functioning as recreation area. The courtyards were meant to create a community atmosphere and the blocks of flats were designed to allow sunlight into the courtyards. The blocks of flats were built using high-quality brickwork and included architectural features such as

604:. Replacement housing – particularly in the form of high-rise housing for low-income tenants – has not been successful. Hostile architectural designs, together with low-quality construction and maintenance have often led to rapid deterioration and abandonment of these projects. Public housing projects like 1648:. Segregation continued to increase as communities were displaced. Black families that had their homes and neighborhoods destroyed had to find housing options deeper in the inner city as whites could then use those highways to spread further and further into the suburbs but continue to work in the city. 1374:

who were relocated due to the large scale slum clearance programs. Cities with a large proportion of Victorian terraced housing – housing that was no longer deemed of sufficient standard for modern living requirements – underwent the greatest changes. Over 5,000 homes (25,000 residents) in the city of

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were transformed from farmland into cities occupied by tens of thousands of families in a few years. However, the GI Bill was primarily beneficial for white veterans over black ones, so in inner cities where black veterans tried using the benefits from the GI bill to occur housing and/or jobs, it was

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Urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an integral part of many local governments. A primary purpose of urban renewal is to restore economic viability to a given area by attracting external private and public investment and by

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experts caused by the deficiency of professional staff, criticism came from many urban practitioners. The professional team recommended by the United Nations then was asked by the government to cope with the urban renewal matters and its redevelopment plan in 1961. Based on the UN assistance report,

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is a known example of an urban renewal project. In the 1990s, the Argentine government decided to build a new residential and commercial district to replace city's old port and docks. More than 50 skyscrapers have been built in the last 20 years. Puerto Madero is now Buenos Aires' most expensive and

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Iranian Urban Renewal corporation is in charge of the program. Tehran and Isfahan and Khorasan and Khuzestan have some of the highest statistics of housing developments. Seventh program offers support to Ministry of Road and Urban and Development for gentrification and development in lesser devoped

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In the politics of urban renewal, the state ultimately decides what is important to a city based on its own narrative and existing market conditions, and introduces elements which reflect these values, replacing the infrastructure and character of older city cores. This can have knock-on effects on

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the building of a new art museum was the focus for a new business district around the city's derelict dock area. The approach has become very popular in the UK due to the availability of lottery funding for capital projects and the vibrancy of the cultural and creative sectors. However, the arrival

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neighborhood in Kingston, New York (on the Hudson River) was essentially destroyed by a federally funded urban renewal program in the 1960s, with more than 400 old buildings demolished, most of them historic brick structures built in the 19th century. Similarly ill-conceived urban renewal programs

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in 1929, increased house building and government expenditure was used to pull the country out of recession. The Housing Act of 1930 gave local councils wide-ranging powers to demolish properties unfit for human habitation or that posed a danger to health, and obligated them to rehouse those people

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two of 23 blocks containing between 10 and 85 tenements each. A total of 1,069 tenements, mostly two or three-roomed, were planned to accommodate 5,524 persons. The project was hailed as setting "new aesthetic standards for housing the working classes" and included a new laundry, 188 shops, and 77

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was declared a slum and the Council authorized its clearance and the rebuilding of an area of some 15-acre (6.1 ha), including the Nichol and Snow estates, and a small piece on the Shoreditch side of Boundary Street, formally Cock Lane. The slum clearance began in 1891 and included 730 houses

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is a known example of an urban renewal project. Its historical development began in 1976, when the Taipei Municipal Government accepted the proposal to redevelop the area east of the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall. The goal of this redevelopment was to set up a secondary commercial center away from the

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Region, "Norms for urban regeneration", which states: «By this law, the Puglia Region promotes the regeneration of parts of cities and urban systems in coherence with municipal and inter-municipal strategies in order to improve urban, socio-economics, environmental and cultural conditions of human

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In Italy, the concept of urban renewal had been having the classical meaning of "recovery", "re-use", and also "redevelopment" for many years. It has not been long time that this meaning has changed, or has begun to change, towards the Anglo-Saxon model taking in account the idea of an action that

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gave state and federal government complete control over new highways, and often they were routed directly through vibrant urban neighborhoods—isolating or destroying many—since the focus of the program was to bring traffic in and out of the central cores of cities as expeditiously as possible and

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were designated as redevelopment areas in 1933 and slated for demolition. Although efforts were made to house the victims of the demolitions in the same area as before, in practice this was too difficult to fully implement and many people were rehoused in other areas, even different cities. In an

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Until 1970, the displaced owners and tenants received only the constitutionally-mandated "just compensation" specified in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This measure of compensation covered only the fair market value of the taken property, and omitted compensation for a variety of

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Replenished housing stock might be an improvement in quality, cultural and social amenity, and opportunities for safety and surveillance. Developments such as London Docklands increased tax revenues for government. In late 1964, the British commentator Neil Wates expressed the opinion that urban

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In the United States the term 'urban renewal' technically refers only to a federal program in the middle-to-late 20th Century, but colloquially is sometimes used to refer to any large-scale change in urban development. Urban renewal is a widely discussed and controversial program. Urban renewal

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Report into the provision of housing and post-war reconstruction in the United Kingdom, was commissioned by Parliament as a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during the War; this was attributed to poor living conditions, a belief summed up in a housing poster of the

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is the statutory body responsible for urban renewal in Hong Kong. The Operation Building Bright scheme was launched in 2009 and is subsidised by the government. People remain living inside the buildings during the renovation period, which usually lasts for over a year, leading to concerns about

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lawsuit ruled that eminent domain may instead transfer acquired private property into private ownership in the case of renewal schemes. The case was brought by a homeowner whose house was acquired and demolished by a private company after the verdict. The company did not complete its contracted

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Region by mean of its Regional Law of 26 November 2019 - n. 18 "Simplification and incentive measures for urban and territorial regeneration, as well as for the recovery of existing building heritage. Changes and addendums to the regional law 11 March 2005, n. 12 (Law for the Government of the

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of people living in urban renewal areas comes in various forms. Displacement may be a stated or covert intention of the project, but it may also happen when other renewal objectives are prioritized over the ability of residents to stay in their area, or as an unforeseen consequence of planning

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and social reform reasons. Slum clearances and other programmes focused mainly on the demolition of housing in disadvantaged areas have often been criticized as a means of urban renewal for not adequately addressing the social problems that caused the initial problems in the area. By contrast,

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as a reaction to the increasingly cramped and unsanitary conditions of the urban poor in the rapidly industrializing cities of the 19th century. The agenda that emerged was a progressive doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically. Modern

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in May 1950. Pittsburgh was infamous around the world as one of the dirtiest and most economically depressed cities, and seemed ripe for urban renewal. A large section of downtown at the heart of the city was demolished, converted to parks, office buildings, and a sports arena and renamed the

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In 1882, the Peabody Trust built the Abbey Orchard Estate on former marshland at the corner of Old Pye Street and Abbey Orchard Street. Like many of the social housing estates, the Abbey Orchard Estate was built following the square plan concept. Blocks of flats were built around a courtyard,

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area). The redevelopment hoped to increase the prosperity of the eastern district and the convenience of urban life for existing residents. The center's purpose was to expand business investment in the area and attract international financial services and technology firms. It also planned for

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in Sydney in the 2000s. Urban renewal involving established residential areas is now seldom tolerated and more recent projects have instead concentrated on disused industrial and transport infrastructure or adaptive reuse of older building stock particularly for new hi-rise housing projects.

567:. Urban renewal triggers urban sprawl to transpire, as a network of highways and interstates becomes the connection between many different cities. Areas are also often cleared in solely order to construct highways, which bring pollution and heavy vehicle traffic to surrounding neighborhoods. 852:

scale in the world from 1990. Massive real estate development and reconstruction brought economic revitalization. However, when cleaning the urban decay area, traditional and historic buildings were destroyed to different levels. In the industry, researchers and practitioners used “old town

1269:, fixtures and fittings. The estates built in the area at the time were considered model dwellings and included shared laundry and sanitary facilities, innovative at the time, and fireplaces in some bedrooms. The design was subsequently repeated in numerous other housing estates in London. 1623:

was a prime area for urban "redevelopers", as much of the city had only decrepit housing available. The efforts of the CHPC and the FHA to renew Detroit caused huge amounts of black displacement due to the construction of highways and airports directly through black neighborhoods like

1280:. The Act focused on combating filthy urban living conditions that were the cause of disease outbreaks. It required all new residential construction to include running water and an internal drainage system and also prohibited the construction of shoddy housing by building contractors. 1721:

is a landmark law to prohibit discrimination based on race, gender, religion, sex, national origin, and later sexual orientation and gender identity through legal means. At this time, racial deed restrictions on housing were legally removed and banned, which was an important step for

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The government of Hong Kong has always been concerned with land shortage and has introduced various policies to increase land supply. One of the current initiatives, noted in the Chief Executive's 2022 Policy Address, is to consolidate property interests and expedite urban renewal.

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and/or housing prices rise such that they no longer affordable to low-income residents. Indirect displacement can also result from the interplay of renewal projects and social inequalities, for example when people face discrimination in the housing market based on racial identity.

840:. The urban renovation involves 700 km of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 5 km of tunnels; 70 km of roads; 650 km of sidewalks; 17 km of bike path; 15.000 trees; and 3 plants for sanitation treatment. 1606:, declined following ambitious projects that shifted traffic patterns, blocked streets to vehicular traffic, isolated or divided neighborhoods with highways, and removed large numbers of ethnic and minority residents. An entire neighborhood was destroyed (to be replaced by the 887: 835:

is a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project, which covers a centrally located five million square meter area. The project aims to redevelop the port area, increasing the city center attractiveness as a whole and enhancing the city's competitiveness in the

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buildings in its cities which do not meet modern Israeli safety standards and have what is widely considered to be an impoverished and unattractive appearance. Israel built large numbers of these tenement buildings, known in Israel as "train buildings" (בנייני רכבת,

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was passed in 1976. This began 20 years of large-scale clearance projects, which did not address socioeconomic problems and led to the breakdown of communities. In the 2000s, the government's focus changed from redevelopment to maintenance of existing developments.

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Project (2002-2005) sought to enable local citizens to have greater control and ownership of the direction of their community and the way in which it overcomes market failure. This approach supports important themes in urban renewal today, such as participation,

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renewal in the United States had 'demonstrated the tremendous advantages which flow from an urban renewal programme,' such as remedying the 'personal problems' of the poor, creation or renovation of housing stock, educational and cultural 'opportunities'.

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Poorly-conceived designs can lead to the destruction of functional neighborhoods and the creation of new ones which are less desirable or replaced with experimental new development patterns which prove undesirable or not economically sustainable.

1863:, a large parking ramp, an enclosed pedestrian walkway, the Falls Street Faire & Falls Street Station entertainment complexes, and the Mayor E. Dent Lackey Plaza closed within twenty to thirty years of their construction. In addition, the 1090:

two pilot developments were initiated in the end of 1964 by the government. These redevelopments then led to the success of Singapore's urban renewal because the government could provide sufficient amount of public housing and business areas.

560:. While urban sprawl is an unrestricted way of expanding the limits of a city, urban renewal clears out undeveloped areas within city limits. While urban sprawl increases urbanization, it can lead to vacant areas and sparse industrial sites. 1085:, urban renewal has been included in the part of the national improvement policy that was urgently put in action. Before that, the 1958 master plan had already been designed to solve the city problems. However, due to the lack of 1241:. They are one of the earliest large-scale philanthropic housing developments in London. The Rochester Buildings were sold to the Peabody Trust in 1877 and later become known as Blocks A to D of the Old Perkin's Rents Estate. 1401:

The Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) was a project run by the government from 1994 to 2002 to enable regeneration in areas with social and economic problems, with funds allocated through a competitive bidding system. The

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conducted large slum recalamation projects in the 1960s replacing large areas of Victorian era housing with international style housing commission towers. These projects were halted in the early 1970s as enthusiasm for

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In the United States, urban redevelopment projects have often resulted in the displacement of low-income inhabitants and Black communities when their dwellings were taken and demolished. In the 1950s, a Southwest

861:," was put forward. Immediately thereafter, new urban renewal models such as Guangzhou's micro-renovation and Shanghai's micro-renewal appeared to lead the trend of a new era of urban renewal programs in China. 1659:—to make way for a new highway, low- and moderate-income high-rises (which eventually became luxury housing), and new government and commercial buildings. This came to be seen as a tragedy by many residents and 3137: 1014:- the city inside the defensive walls - was razed and redeveloped, except for the preservation of mosques, madrassas, and funerary memorials. The preserved madrassas include buildings erected as caravanserai. 1789:

and The New Communities Act of 1968 guaranteed private financing for private entrepreneurs to plan and develop new communities. Subsequently, the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 established the

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is still controversial, and often results in familiar patterns of poorer residents being priced out of urban areas into suburbs or more depressed areas of cities. Some programs, such as that administered by

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exposure to construction dust and the possible presence of asbestos. Such rehabilitation works are common in districts with older buildings, like Kowloon City, Mong Kok, Sham Shui Po, Yao Ma Tei and Tai Po.

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which introduced the new concept of the state being involved in the building of new houses. This marked the start of a long 20th century tradition of state-owned housing, which would much later evolve into

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that span traditional professions and artistic media, such as city beaches. Culturepreneur agencies mediate between the users of urban spaces, local government authorities, and owners of vacant urban land.

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Currently, a mix of renovation, selective demolition, commercial development, and tax incentives is most often used to revitalize urban neighborhoods. An example of an entire eradication of a community is

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still existed to present the unequal real estate transaction for many ethnic minorities. Even though segregation was explicitly illegal, discrimination under urban planning context has been deep-rooted.

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In the late 20th century and now in the 21st century pursues one or more of three goals: economic renewal, social/cultural renewal, or environmental renewal. Many cities link the "revitalization" of the

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city leaders promised residents whose communities had already been decimated through urban renewal programs that their latest scheme would benefit the poor, the elderly and ethnic minorities. In 2016,

1052:. The program provided for the demolition of 5,171 apartment buildings and the resettlement of 1.6 million city residents by 2032. The program was later extended to a number of other Russian cities. 420:

Slum clearances are strategy to demolish low-income poor-quality settlements and use the land for another type of housing. As well as being a tool for urban renewal, they have also been carried for

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was the first mayor to publicly repudiate the policy of urban renewal, and with the backing of community groups, forced the state to end construction of highways through the heart of the city.

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decisions. Displacement may be direct, for example in cases where low-income residents are forced to leave their homes and communities, or indirect, for example when renewal is a catalyst for

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apologised again after the funds instead went into multimillion-dollar apartment projects, the increasing prices force the African-American and other low-income residents out of the market.

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attempts at renewal began in the late 19th century in developed nations. However, urban reform imposed by the state for reasons of aesthetics and efficiency had already begun in 1853, with

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program (CDBG) which began in earnest the focus on redevelopment of existing neighborhoods and properties, rather than demolition of substandard housing and economically depressed areas.

1685:, one of the first—and strongest—critiques of contemporary large-scale urban renewal. However, it would still be a few years before organized movements began to oppose urban renewal. The 1632:. Black families were thrown out from their homes and not provided relocation services. The "slums" being cleared or being looked at for redevelopment were primarily black neighborhoods. 1598:

in what was generally recognized as a major success. Other neighborhoods were also subjected to urban renewal, but with mixed results. Some areas did improve, while other areas, such as

977:"determines an increase of economic, cultural, social values in an existing urban or territorial context." For instance, we can mention the regional law of 29 July 2008, nr. 21, of the 633: 3493: 2976: 1379:

effort to rehouse the poorest people affected by redevelopment, the rent for housing was set at an artificially low level, although this policy also only achieved mixed success.

473:, among many others, cleared entire neighborhoods under urban renewal plans, only for the cleared areas to become surface parking lots, sparse industrial areas, or vacant land. 1835:

attempt to develop communities, while at the same time combining highly favorable loan programs with financial literacy education so that poorer residents are not displaced.

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lost over 60,000 people between 1960 and 1970 because of urban renewal and expressway construction, but a downtown building boom turned the city into the showcase of the

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in advocating for improved living conditions in degraded areas of New York in the late 19th century were also formative. The redevelopment of large sections of

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Ultimately, the former tourist district of the city along Falls Street was destroyed. It went against the principles of several urban philosophers, such as

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funded an experimental social housing estate, among the first of its kind, on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street (now demolished). In 1869, the

340:. The process has had a major impact on many urban landscapes and has played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world. 526:

The process of urban regeneration is often carried out in rural areas, referred to as village renewal, though it may not be exactly the same in practice.

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Prior to the Urban Renewal policies of the 1950s, cities in the United States revitalized with large scale projects like the design and construction of

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Australia's built environment is quite young and the earliest large scale urban renewal projects didn't occur until the 1960s in the large cities of

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were to be involuntarily removed by city planners. Black townships were targeted, motivated by residents' participation in civil unrest against the

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in cities. Urban renewal involves the clearing out of blighted areas in inner cities in favour of new housing, businesses, and other developments.

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is an approach that aims to improve the existing area by directly addressing existing land tenure, infrastructure, and socioeconomic problems.

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Other cities across the US began to create redevelopment programs in the late 1930s and 1940s. These early projects were generally focused on

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The term "urban renewal" was not introduced in the USA until the Housing Act was again amended in 1954. That was also the year in which the

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were inhabited by a big number of squatter populations, whereas these areas lacked the existence of service facilities such as sanitation.

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Pernice, Nicolas M., M.S. "Urban redevelopment of Lawrence, MA a retrospective case study of the Plains Neighborhood", 2011, 136 pages

1253:. What remained of the Devil's Acre on the other side of Victoria Street was cleared and further Peabody estates were built after the 266:

urban renewal project, a transformation of a large disused docks area into a new residential and commercial precinct for 25,000 people

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between the 1930s and the 1970s was a notable and prominent example of urban redevelopment. Moses directed the construction of new

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However, cases have emerged in the United States in cases where the land acquired was not put to any public use. For example, the

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began with the Rochester Buildings, on the corner of Old Pye Street and Perkin's Rent, which were built in 1862 by the merchant

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cut through the town, dividing it from the riverfront. As in many American cities, some demolished blocks were never replaced.

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The story of urban renewal: In East Liberty and elsewhere, Pittsburgh's dominant public policy tool didn't work out as planned

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and philanthropists, who began a movement for social housing. The first area to be targeted was the notorious slum called the

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of many cities, isolated entire neighborhoods, and meant that existing commercial districts were bypassed by the majority of

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the 1992 Olympics provided a catalyst for infrastructure improvements and the redevelopment of the water front area, and in

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Video: Construction dust spreading from an inhabited building during government-funded renewal in Tai Po, Hong Kong, 2003

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Bishop, R., J. Phillips, and W.-W. Yeo, eds. Beyond Description: Singapore Space Historicity. 2004, Routledge: New York.

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Zheng, Helen Wei; Shen, Geoffrey Qiping; Wang, Hao (2014). "A review of recent studies on sustainable urban renewal".

775:) and the transformation of large industrial parts of South Melbourne to become the modern hi-rise dominated precinct 3592: 3564: 3463: 3286: 2701: 2184: 1928: 1791: 1451: 1403: 1106: 246: 228: 188: 126: 70: 1640:

nine out of every ten dollars spent came from the federal government. This resulted in a serious degradation of the

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Also known as land acquisition, compulsory purchase/acquisition, resumption or expropriation in various countries,

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Lim, W.S.W., Cities for People: Reflections of a Southeast Asian Architect. 1990, Singapore: Select Books Pte Ltd.

2404: 1561:, which made these projects more enticing to developers by, among other things, providing mortgages backed by the 4799: 4663: 4431: 4302: 3857: 3382:"Harsh urban renewal in New Orleans: Poor, black residents cannot afford to return, worry city will exclude them" 2380:"UofL Libraries: Uncovering Racial Logics: Louisville's History of Racial Oppression and Activism: Urban Renewal" 1636: 1035: 625: 1317:

workshops. Churches and schools were preserved. Building for the project began in 1893 and it was opened by the

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Dale, O.J., Urban Planning in Singapore: The Transformation of a City. 1999, New York: Oxford University Press.

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and trust – and government acting as advocate and 'enabler', rather than an instrument of command and control.

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Urban renewal might have economic benefits and improve the global economic competitiveness of a city's centre.

195: 166: 162: 108: 56: 31: 4391: 2622: 1848: 1811: 1690:

gutted the historic centers of other towns and cities across America in the 1950s and 1960s (for example the

641:, and highlights how former residents use collective memory to maintain community ties despite displacement. 563:

In some cases, urban renewal may result in increased urban sprawl when city infrastructure begins to include

337: 17: 2497:"Is History Repeating Itself?: From Urban Renewal in the United States to Inner-City Redevelopment in China" 1802:(2005) the plan called for a redeveloper to lease the subject 90-acre waterfront property for $ 1 per year. 1613:

Because of the ways in which it targeted the most disadvantaged sector of the American population, novelist

4541: 4007: 3900: 3862: 3619: 3242: 1655:, one of the country's oldest cities, almost a third of the old city was demolished—including the historic 3219:

The United States Outer Executive Departments and Independent Establishments & Government Corporations

631:

The impact of urban renewal on marginalized communities has been well-documented in ethnographic studies.

177: 4622: 4601: 4576: 3402: 1890:

constructed 13,000 flats as part of slum clearance projects. In the mid-1950s, some residential areas of

1847:. Most of the original downtown was demolished in the 1960s, and many replacement projects including the 1747: 1321:

in 1900. Other such schemes in the 1880s, where newly cleared sites were sold on to developers, included

1287:"A Cellar dwelling in Nichol Street", illustration for "More Revelations of Bethnal Green", published in 1238: 792: 854: 4627: 4596: 4027: 3910: 3885: 3651: 3054: 1864: 1832: 1799: 1707: 1061: 764: 756: 723: 453: 3028: 2379: 2271:"Lewyn, Michael. How City Hall Causes Sprawl," p. 3, ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY, VOL. 30, NO. 189, 2003. 2154: 4789: 3758: 3661: 3646: 2719:"Making Urban Futures at Your Kitchen Table: Temporalities of an Urban Renewal Controversy in Moscow" 1599: 1326: 1045: 564: 350: 99: 3368: 3311: 3192: 3050:"The local economic impacts of regeneration projects: Evidence from UK's single regeneration budget" 4648: 4632: 4591: 4536: 4466: 4411: 4237: 3815: 3805: 3800: 1718: 1629: 1607: 1586: 1094: 2994: 1439:

sometimes lives up to the hopes of its original proponents – it has been assessed by politicians,

4778: 4740: 4725: 4581: 4471: 4080: 3967: 3895: 3877: 3867: 3612: 3049: 2225: 1844: 1546: 1342: 999: 902: 713: 470: 279: 155: 3421: 2611:[Full support of the 7th National Development Plan for urban regeneration] (in Persian). 1910:

emerged to contest 'urban renewal' programs that forcibly relocated the poor out of the cities.

1529:(VA) mortgages to veterans under favorable terms, which fueled suburbanization after the end of 959:

Israel has been undergoing extensive urban renewal projects due to the large number of concrete

4822: 4784: 4720: 4476: 4198: 4035: 3844: 3752: 2405:"Urban renewal hurt African Americans, officials say. Now Portland leaders want to make amends" 1971: 1940: 1887: 1860: 1699: 1614: 1273: 1157: 1133: 858: 579: 3322:

Urban Louisville Courier-Journal, "With Urban Renewal a Community Vanishes" December 31, 1999.

1418:

Currently there are two main Urban Regeneration projects going on in London, Elephant Park at

4695: 4506: 4312: 4252: 4147: 3345: 3339: 2694:

Urban Restructuring, Power and Capitalism in the Tourist City Contested Terrains of Marrakesh

2011: 1907: 1828: 1711: 1296: 1082: 3536:

Saving American Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban America in the Suburban Age

3008: 2954: 1093:

In the establishment of urban renewal programmes, some difficulties were experienced by the

4257: 4247: 4193: 3977: 3920: 3852: 2481: 2358: 1999: 1856: 1419: 809: 772: 638: 202: 2824: 8: 4277: 4214: 4188: 3997: 3982: 2453:

Tan, Kenneth Paul (1 January 2011). "Violence and the supernatural in Singapore cinema".

2174: 1558: 1554: 1542: 1534: 1354: 1250: 1071: 876:, in Prague was leveled and rebuilt in an effort at urban renewal between 1890 and 1913. 801: 784: 776: 263: 2869: 336:

Modern urban renewal experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s under the rubric of

4496: 4178: 3717: 3478:

Samantha Christmann, "Redevelopment Efforts Bring New Life to Downtown Niagara Falls,"

3236: 2524: 2334: 2307: 1771: 1620: 1308: 932: 830: 752: 680: 462: 365: 62: 2287:"Village renewal as an instrument of rural development: evidence from Weyarn, Germany" 2252:"Urban Renewal, the 15th Ward, the Empire Stateway and the City of Syracuse, New York" 1353:

led to a government-led program of house building with the slogan 'Homes for Heroes'.

1249:

built one of its first housing estates at Brewer's Green, between Victoria Street and

1066:

The history of Singapore's urban renewal goes back to the time period surrounding the

4690: 4516: 4321: 4141: 3972: 3962: 3890: 3826: 3779: 3747: 3722: 3712: 3687: 3588: 3560: 3557:

The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal, Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin

3513: 3459: 3349: 3334: 3282: 3222: 3092: 2933: 2844: 2767: 2740: 2697: 2528: 2516: 2433: 2432:. Anthropology of contemporary North America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2311: 2205: 2180: 2127: 2043: 1831:, and the Hill Community Development Corporation (Hill CDC) in Pittsburgh's historic 1703: 1686: 1456: 1423: 1283: 718: 94: 2567:"اینفوگرافیک| آمار واحدهای در دست نوسازی کشور در محدوده‌های هدف بازآفرینی شهری" 259: 4715: 4401: 4112: 4065: 4012: 3763: 3505: 3274: 3063: 2836: 2730: 2508: 2462: 2299: 2131: 2123: 1956: 1824: 1739: 1691: 1656: 1574: 1538: 1370: 1300: 1266: 1067: 873: 621: 597: 502:

may be heralded as a catalyst to economic revival in its surrounding neighborhood.

442: 1734:

From 1965 to 1967, riots swept many cities across the States—most drastically in

1572:

upheld the general validity of urban redevelopment statutes in the landmark case,

1128: 1111:

Urban regeneration in South Korea began in the 1950s with the reconstruction from

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The report's recommendations, coupled with a chronic housing shortage after the

931:-led regeneration gained ground. Examples most often cited as successes include 270: 4456: 4436: 4416: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4326: 4223: 4219: 4208: 4040: 4017: 3957: 3635: 3161: 2823:

An, Hyunjin; Song, Aeijung; Park, Hyeon-yong; Kim, Meeyoung (29 October 2018).

2049: 2005: 1982: 1976: 1819: 1782: 1778: 1511: 1484: 1472: 1412: 1363: 1357:, the Minister for Housing at the time was responsible for the drafting of the 1313: 1224: 1162: 1086: 837: 821: 663: 601: 584: 511: 438: 426: 415: 354: 282: 3509: 3067: 2899:"Proposed Designation of Peabody Estates: South Westminster Conservation Area" 2735: 2718: 2251: 2177:

Enterprising Initiatives in the Experience Economy: Transforming Social Worlds

1770:, Jacobs was heavily involved in a group which halted the construction of the 4816: 4766: 4735: 4730: 4700: 4511: 4461: 4366: 4297: 4287: 4272: 4203: 4157: 4136: 4097: 3810: 3769: 3517: 3096: 2848: 2840: 2771: 2744: 2520: 2512: 2066: 1988: 1934: 1875: 1755: 1751: 1660: 1603: 1480: 1440: 1246: 1228: 1212: 797: 768: 727: 700: 668: 605: 593: 421: 391:

Increasing the level of attractiveness for both local residents and investors

305: 301: 2901:. City of Westminster, Planning & City Development. 2006. Archived from 2175:

Britta Timm Knudsen; Dorthe Refslund Christensen; Per Blenker, eds. (2014).

4685: 4446: 4441: 4331: 4317: 4282: 4233: 4129: 4088: 4002: 3992: 3774: 3401:"Race, Place, and Opportunity," The American Prospect, September 22, 2008. 3087: 2581:"توسعه همکاری شرکت بازآفرینی شهری ایران و مرکز تحقیقات راه، مسکن و شهرسازی" 2496: 2466: 2022: 1899: 1891: 1843:

An example of urban renewal gone wrong in the United States is in downtown

1530: 1488: 1468: 1194:

in 1889 – a pioneering social study of poverty that shocked the population.

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Neil Wates, 'Urban renewal: US and UK' New Society 31 December 1964, p. 15

1777:

Some of the policies around urban renewal began to change under President

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LEGGE REGIONALE 29 luglio 2008, n. 21: "Norme per la rigenerazione urbana"

637:(2016) examines the destruction of Syrian Town, a diverse neighborhood in 4501: 4426: 4307: 4292: 4267: 4117: 4107: 3599:

Manhattan Projects: Rise & Fall of Urban Renewal in Cold War New York

3381: 2955:"A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green" 1950: 1937: – Major development plan for the city centre of Birmingham, England 1871: 1815: 1676: 1625: 1582: 1430:, a multinational company focusing on redeveloping neglected city areas. 1393:

Post-war reconstruction was a catalyst for much urban renewal in the UK.

1330: 1322: 1220: 1203:

From the 1850s onwards, the terrible conditions of the urban poor in the

1191: 1187: 919:

zones. Funding will also support money going to mass housing developers.

788: 613: 491: 309: 3575: 2659: 4421: 4102: 3677: 3271:

The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit

2760:"Moscow's big move: is this the biggest urban demolition project ever?" 2002: – Environmental injustice that occurs within a racialized context 1807: 1476: 1407: 1304: 1112: 848:

China experienced the fastest urbanization and has one of the greatest

800:

in Melbourne in 1992 are two key early examples along with Beacon Cove

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http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=race_place_and_opportunity

3310:"The Story of Urban Renewal," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 21, 2000. 2925: 2136: 1855:, the Native American Cultural Center, the Hooker Chemical (later the 1750:

but only after a three-mile long stretch of land had been cleared. In

320:

The concept of urban renewal as a method for social reform emerged in

4710: 4340: 4183: 3166: 3116: 2014: – Communities taking collective action to solve common problems 1895: 1763: 1727: 1427: 1262: 1166: 1011: 760: 739: 696: 617: 499: 482: 458: 1346:

period "you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes".

144: 4162: 4152: 4124: 4092: 4045: 3784: 3702: 3697: 3371:

Sunday, May 21, 2000, By Dan Fitzpatrick, Post-Gazette Staff Writer

3193:"City & Urban Regeneration, Development & Renewal Projects" 2430:

Rebuilding shattered worlds: creating community by voicing the past

2272: 1962: 1925: – Contamination assessment for US real estate, known as 'ESA' 1645: 1641: 1141: 1140:, transformed large disused industrial sites into a new commercial 990: 960: 684: 634:

Rebuilding Shattered Worlds: Creating Community by Voicing the Past

360:

The redevelopment of urban land has been orchestrated by so called

2926:

Palliser, David Michael; Clark, Peter; Daunton, Martin J. (2000).

1667:—is still considered an example of the excesses of urban renewal. 4242: 3604: 3312:

http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20000521eastliberty1.asp

3048:

Gibbons, Stephen; Overman, Henry; Sarvimäki, Matti (March 2021).

2608: 1953: – Extremely large-scale construction and investment project 1767: 1759: 1735: 1610:), displacing 8000 residents (most of whom were poor and black). 1522: 1496: 1375: 928: 609: 321: 275: 3009:"Housing the Heroes and Fighting the Slums: The Inter-war Years" 1589:

became the first major city to undertake a modern urban-renewal

1231:

and had a lasting impact on the urban character of Westminster.

357:

of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs.

4345: 4228: 3692: 1743: 1652: 1492: 1460: 1208: 1153: 1149: 1137: 1041: 1022: 978: 936: 755:

planning waned. In 1971, a plan to raze Sydney's historic area

735: 495: 486: 1312:

inhabited by 5,719 people. The LCC architects designed 21 and

1272:

State intervention was first achieved with the passage of the

947: 939:

where tourism was attracted to a bohemian 'cultural quarter',

457:

construction, leaving the plot empty. Similar occurred in the

3987: 3422:

http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_SDRSQVR

3341:

City at the Point: Essays on the Social History of Pittsburgh

2640: 1075: 952: 2025: – Urban design movement promoting sustainable land use 1617:

famously dubbed Urban Renewal "Negro Removal" in the 1960s.

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Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival

1898:

government authorities in 1949 and 1950. In post-apartheid

1504: 1204: 3138:""Castleford Project", an innovative regeneration project" 2359:"Bowery Bummer: Downtown Plan Will Make and Break History" 1746:, community activists halted construction of the proposed 1525:(officially the Serviceman's Readjustment Act) guaranteed 2862: 2977:"From slum clearance to the Great Depression: 1875–1939" 476: 3047: 2033:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1985: – Reuse of an existing building for a new purpose 1967:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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launched a large-scale program to renovate dilapidated

1000:

La legalità per la rigenerazione urbana: a law analysis

620:

became so bad that they had to be demolished. In 2000,

3083:"Pathfinder was slum clearances without the socialism" 2825:"A Study on Urban Regeneration Policy Change in Korea" 2403:

Oregonian/OregonLive, Casey Parks | The (2016-11-05).

1299:

was created in 1889 as the municipal authority in the

3420:"Interstate Highways," The Economist, June 22, 2006. 2609:"حمایت کامل برنامه هفتم توسعه کشور از بازآفرینی شهری" 2595:"حمایت از انبوه‌سازان در محدوده بافت‌های فرسوده شهری" 1979: – Strategy to improve low-quality housing areas 2402: 394:

Increasing residents satisfaction in where they live

3545:, 2000. (Business Week review of "Comeback Cities") 3335:"Double Burden: The Black Experience in Pittsburgh" 1663:, and one of the centerpieces of the redevelopment— 653: 534: 169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3333: 2829:International Planning History Society Proceedings 2791: 2789: 2787: 2677:Mantini (2013). "Manuale di diritto urbanistico". 2285: 2046: – Repopularisation of city living in England 1959: – Housing for relocated inner-city residents 1706:and the historic waterfront areas of the towns of 1243:Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts 1010:In the French colonial period, the entire city of 3221:. Xlibris; Illustrated edition (April 29, 2010). 2929:The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 1840–1950 2919: 1991: – Time-limited use of empty urban buildings 1886:From 1938 to 1942, the Central Housing Board and 1670: 1581:Under the powerful influence of multimillionaire 4814: 3572:Urban Renewal and the Story of Berman v. Parker. 3344:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 2658:Agency, CapitIL Real Estate (October 10, 2009). 2149: 2147: 1459:in the early 1960s, showing the area cleared in 3576:Urban Renewal and the Story of Berman v. Parker 2784: 2427: 1859:) Headquarters building, the Wintergarden, the 767:'s commercial heart to become "South Bank" for 397:Creating opportunities for deprived communities 2685: 1902:major grassroots social movements such as the 1766:in the 1970s and 1980s. In the early 1970s in 806:Urban renewal in Woolstore Precinct, Teneriffe 644: 556:Urban renewal may increase density and reduce 510:Urban renewal schemes are often combined with 378:encouraging business start-ups and survival. 3620: 3117:"Kevin McCloud and the Big Town Plan – All 4" 2822: 2144: 2113: 1471:in New York and the 1909 Plan for Chicago by 574: 1965: – Settlement built according to a plan 1931: – British housing redevelopment scheme 1074:and the baby boom. In mid 1959, overcrowded 2932:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 2428:Smith, Andrea L.; Eisenstein, Anna (2016). 2155:"What Is Urban Regeneration? Knowledge Hub" 1774:and altered transport policy in that city. 1682:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 874:Josefov neighborhood, or Old Jewish Quarter 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3627: 3613: 3601:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. 3456:Inventing Niagara: Beauty, Power, and Lies 2623:"עוני ואסונות: למה בנייני הרכבת עדיין כאן" 2501:Journal of Planning Education and Research 1838: 1223:. This new movement was largely funded by 3482:October 18, 2022. Accessed July 20, 2023. 3449: 3447: 3273:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3245:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3080: 2734: 2494: 2455:New Cinemas: Journal of Contemporary Film 2135: 2052: – Intensity of use of an urban area 1853:Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center 955:as part of the evacuate and build program 247:Learn how and when to remove this message 229:Learn how and when to remove this message 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 3835:Regional Planning Association of America 2716: 2479: 1450: 1359:Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 1282: 1177: 1127: 1016: 946: 883: 717: 662: 269: 258: 2676: 779:. More recent ongoing projects include 14: 4815: 3453: 3444: 3331: 3325: 3268: 3253: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2657: 2480:Burgmann, Verity and Meredith (2011). 2283: 2249: 1291:, vol. XXI, no. 1082 (31 October 1863) 505: 343: 3608: 3574:vol. 42 The Urban Lawyer 423 (2010), 3498:The Journal of Modern African Studies 3491: 3187: 3185: 3183: 2952: 2691: 2199: 2040: – Economic study of urban areas 1923:Phase I environmental site assessment 989:A similar concept was carried out by 748:Housing Commission of New South Wales 477:Construction around an event or venue 400:Unlocking potential in deprived areas 315: 274:1999 photograph looking northeast on 4795: 2757: 2660:"TAMA 38 Construction in a Nutshell" 2267: 2265: 2179:. Taylor & Francis. p. 62. 1389:Slum clearance in the United Kingdom 994:Territory) and other regional laws " 951:New buildings under construction in 543: 441:is, in principle, the power to take 388:Decreasing the level of unemployment 385:Tackling barriers to economic growth 167:adding citations to reliable sources 138: 77: 36: 3906:Professional transportation planner 3559:. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 3216: 2886: 2495:Zhang, Yan; Fang, Ke (2004-03-01). 2452: 2368:, The Village Voice, March 17, 1999 2008: – Urban socioeconomic process 1904:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign 285:, one of many urban renewal efforts 24: 3634: 3538:(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019). 3528: 3458:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3180: 3154: 2377: 2029:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism 1724:Desegregation in the United States 1396: 1336: 1211:began to attract the attention of 521: 25: 4839: 2262: 1929:Housing Market Renewal Initiative 1792:Community Development Block Grant 1787:Housing and Urban Development Act 1621:Early to mid-20th century Detroit 1404:Housing Market Renewal Initiative 1173: 1107:Urban regeneration in South Korea 759:for public housing was halted by 432: 409: 52:This article has multiple issues. 4794: 4773: 4772: 4760: 3269:Sugrue, Thomas J. (2014-01-31). 2273:https://ssrn.com/abstract=816864 2128:10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.08.006 2060: 2031: – Theory of urban planning 1446: 1433: 1021:Demolition of a Khrushchevka in 927:During the 1990s the concept of 654:Policies and projects by country 535:Improvement of living conditions 381:The goals of urban renewal are: 143: 82: 41: 4303:Transferable development rights 3858:Environmental impact assessment 3494:"The Destruction of Sophiatown" 3485: 3472: 3435: 3426: 3414: 3395: 3374: 3362: 3316: 3304: 3295: 3210: 3130: 3109: 3074: 3041: 3021: 3001: 2987: 2969: 2946: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2751: 2710: 2670: 2651: 2633: 2615: 2601: 2587: 2573: 2559: 2535: 2488: 2473: 2446: 2421: 2396: 2371: 2351: 2327: 2318: 2284:Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2012). 1881: 1463:'s first urban renewal project. 1426:. These are both being done by 1198: 1081:Since the establishment of the 1036:Moscow Urban Renewal Initiative 996:Legge Regione Lombardia 18/2019 626:Portland Development Commission 551: 327:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 154:needs additional citations for 60:or discuss these issues on the 3929:Community economic development 3708:Planning and zoning commission 3081:Hatherley, Owen (2010-11-19). 2995:"Outcomes of the War: Britain" 2277: 2256:Honors Capstone Projects - All 2243: 2218: 2193: 2168: 2107: 2081: 1671:Reaction against urban renewal 1563:Federal Housing Administration 1514:and were implemented by local 1161:more crowded old city center ( 1100: 744:Housing Commission of Victoria 675:, transformed a large disused 32:Urban renewal (disambiguation) 13: 1: 3541:Grogan, Paul, Proscio, Tony, 2074: 1849:Rainbow Centre Factory Outlet 796:Pyrmont-Ultimo in Sydney and 787:in the late 1980s as well as 404: 4542:Planning Accreditation Board 3901:Transit-oriented development 3863:Recreation resource planning 3584:. New York: Doubleday, 1970. 3555:Klemek, Christopher (2011). 2304:10.1080/15575330.2011.575231 2250:Knight, Aaron (2007-04-01). 1694:neighborhood in Boston, the 1475:. Similarly, the efforts of 1055: 879: 707: 658: 27:Land redevelopment in cities 7: 3338:. In Samuel P. Hays (ed.). 1913: 683:residential and commercial 645:Loss or change of character 102:. The specific problem is: 10: 4844: 4554:Professional organizations 3911:Urban freight distribution 3886:Transportation forecasting 3055:Journal of Urban Economics 3029:"Inter-war Slum Clearance" 2226:"Slums and Slum Upgrading" 2204:. Routledge. p. 710. 2089:"HUD Revitalization Areas" 1865:Robert Moses State Parkway 1827:and Operation New Hope in 1800:Kelo v. City of New London 1516:public housing authorities 1386: 1104: 1062:Urban renewal in Singapore 1059: 1033: 1005: 922: 867: 711: 575:Displacement of population 529: 454:Kelo v. City of New London 413: 296:in the United Kingdom and 29: 4790:List of planning journals 4754: 4676: 4641: 4615: 4569: 4562: 4529: 4489: 4365: 4358: 4171: 4079: 4026: 3950: 3941: 3919: 3876: 3843: 3825: 3793: 3759:History of urban planning 3740: 3731: 3670: 3642: 3550:The Pavers and the Paved. 3510:10.1017/S0022278X00054148 3492:Lodge, Tom (March 1981). 3332:Glasco, Laurence (1989). 3068:10.1016/j.jue.2020.103315 2758:Luhn, Alec (2017-03-31). 2736:10.1177/15356841221135171 2641:"FAQ - YTD Urban Renewal" 1274:Public Health Act of 1875 1123: 1029: 942: 815: 364:, who develop and manage 351:central business district 4726:Marine spatial planning 4238:Healthy community design 3816:Village design statement 3806:Preservation development 3801:Conservation development 3241:: CS1 maint: location ( 2957:. British History Online 2841:10.7480/iphs.2018.1.2743 2513:10.1177/0739456X03261287 2202:Encyclopedia of the City 1719:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1455:Aerial view of downtown 971: 843: 808:and later Northshore at 726:in 1987 to make way for 722:Clearing large areas of 704:exclusive neighborhood. 565:freeways and expressways 372: 4828:Government aid programs 4741:Real estate development 4472:List of urban theorists 3968:City Beautiful movement 3896:Rational planning model 3878:Transportation planning 3868:Sustainable development 3454:Strand, Ginger (2008). 2717:Zhelnina, Anna (2023). 1845:Niagara Falls, New York 1839:Niagara Falls, New York 1702:, the downtown area of 1637:Federal-Aid Highway Act 1527:Veterans Administration 1343:Tudor Walters Committee 1117:Urban Redevelopment Act 913: 903:Urban Renewal Authority 714:Urban renewal in Sydney 304:) is a program of land 4785:List of planned cities 4721:Landscape architecture 4477:List of urban planners 4199:Conservation community 4036:Collaborative planning 3845:Environmental planning 3753:Comprehensive planning 3582:Superhighway-Superhoax 3552:Donald W. Brown, 1971. 3384:. NBC News. 2005-10-12 2870:"About Xinyi District" 2692:Madhi, Khalid (2019). 2467:10.1386/ncin.8.3.213_1 2384:library.louisville.edu 1972:List of planned cities 1941:List of urban planners 1888:Cape Town City Council 1861:Fallsville Splash Park 1464: 1369:With the onset of the 1292: 1195: 1158:Xinyi Special District 1145: 1134:Xinyi Special District 1026: 956: 898: 859:ecological restoration 731: 688: 580:Community displacement 308:often used to address 286: 267: 4696:Development economics 4547:Real estate education 4507:James Howard Kunstler 4432:Konstantinos Doxiadis 4313:Urban growth boundary 4253:Mixed-use development 4148:Intentional community 3279:10.1515/9781400851218 2629:. September 17, 2021. 2482:"Green Bans movement" 2292:Community Development 2200:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2116:Habitat International 2012:Community development 1908:Abahlali baseMjondolo 1829:Jacksonville, Florida 1550:much more difficult. 1454: 1420:Elephant & Castle 1383:Post-Second World War 1297:London County Council 1286: 1181: 1131: 1083:Republic of Singapore 1020: 950: 896: 721: 666: 596:renewal project (see 273: 262: 4248:Leapfrog development 4194:Complete Communities 4051:Intelligent urbanism 3978:Garden city movement 3921:Economic development 3853:Environmental design 2723:City & Community 2000:Environmental racism 1857:Occidental Petroleum 1748:Southwest Expressway 1046:Soviet-built housing 773:South Bank Parklands 639:Easton, Pennsylvania 163:improve this article 98:to meet Knowledge's 30:For other uses, see 4654:Communist countries 4278:Planning Permission 4215:Filtering (housing) 4189:Cluster development 3998:Settlement movement 3983:Indigenous planning 2953:Baker, TFT (1998). 2569:. 27 November 2023. 2339:Everything Connects 1785:, and in 1968, the 1559:Housing Act of 1954 1555:Housing Act of 1949 1543:San Fernando Valley 1535:Levittown, New York 1355:Christopher Addison 1072:peninsular Malaysia 785:Melbourne Docklands 506:Business incentives 344:In the 21st century 298:urban redevelopment 264:Melbourne Docklands 4537:Planning education 4497:Elizabeth Farrelly 4341:High-rise urbanism 4179:Affordable housing 3718:World Urbanism Day 3408:2010-12-23 at the 3301:348 U.S. 26 (1954) 3217:Pan, Jock (2010). 2874:english.gov.taipei 2597:. 7 December 2023. 2583:. 3 December 2023. 2547:www.mayerbrown.com 2364:2008-03-23 at the 2095:on 15 October 2016 1995:Social processes: 1946:Types of project: 1772:Spadina Expressway 1714:in Rhode Island). 1570:U.S. Supreme Court 1465: 1309:East End of London 1293: 1196: 1146: 1027: 957: 899: 753:Towers in the Park 732: 689: 316:Historical origins 294:urban regeneration 287: 268: 4810: 4809: 4767:Cities portal 4691:Civil engineering 4672: 4671: 4525: 4524: 4354: 4353: 4322:Peri-urbanisation 4142:Planned community 3973:Dark-sky movement 3963:Car-free movement 3937: 3936: 3891:Trip distribution 3827:Regional planning 3780:Urban green space 3748:Land-use planning 3723:Labor market area 3713:Growth management 3688:Metropolitan area 3534:Cohen, Lizabeth, 3355:978-0-8229-3618-3 2939:978-0-521-41707-5 2439:978-0-8032-9058-7 2069: 2067:Cities portal 2044:Urban renaissance 2018:Academic theory: 1704:Norfolk, Virginia 1665:Government Center 1533:, as places like 1457:Fairbanks, Alaska 1327:Whitecross Street 1255:Cross Act of 1875 894: 804:in Melbourne and 791:in Melbourne and 544:Economic benefits 257: 256: 249: 239: 238: 231: 213: 137: 136: 129: 100:quality standards 91:This article may 75: 16:(Redirected from 4835: 4798: 4797: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4716:Land development 4567: 4566: 4402:Donald Appleyard 4363: 4362: 4113:Mining community 4066:Radical planning 4013:Transition towns 3948: 3947: 3764:Spatial planning 3738: 3737: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3580:Leavitt, Helen. 3522: 3521: 3489: 3483: 3480:The Buffalo News 3476: 3470: 3469: 3451: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3337: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3266: 3251: 3250: 3240: 3232: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199:. 10 August 2017 3189: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2979:. 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Archived from 2085: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2034: 1968: 1957:Overspill estate 1825:Fresh Ministries 1740:12th Street Riot 1696:Gateway District 1575:Berman v. Parker 1539:Warren, Michigan 1501:housing projects 1371:Great Depression 1303:and in 1890 the 1301:County of London 1251:St. James's Park 1213:social reformers 1186:'s colour-coded 1132:A project named 1115:, but the first 1068:Second World War 966:binyanei rakevet 895: 834: 802:Fisherman's Bend 667:A project named 622:Portland, Oregon 598:Berman v. Parker 443:private property 252: 245: 234: 227: 223: 220: 214: 212: 171: 147: 139: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 86: 85: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4746:Social sciences 4706:Urban economics 4678: 4668: 4637: 4611: 4558: 4521: 4485: 4452:Peter Calthorpe 4407:Ebenezer Howard 4368: 4350: 4337:Verticalization 4167: 4075: 4061:Market urbanism 4056:Livable streets 4022: 3943: 3933: 3915: 3872: 3839: 3821: 3789: 3733: 3727: 3666: 3638: 3633: 3531: 3529:Further reading 3526: 3525: 3490: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3410:Wayback Machine 3400: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3267: 3254: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3079: 3075: 3046: 3042: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2756: 2752: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2690: 2686: 2679:Giuffrè Editore 2675: 2671: 2656: 2652: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2493: 2489: 2478: 2474: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2376: 2372: 2366:Wayback Machine 2356: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2263: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2230:Cities Alliance 2224: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2173: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2061: 2059: 2038:Urban economics 2032: 1966: 1916: 1884: 1841: 1673: 1630:Paradise Valley 1596:Golden Triangle 1449: 1436: 1399: 1397:Since the 1990s 1391: 1364:council estates 1351:First World War 1339: 1337:Interwar period 1325:, Wild Street, 1319:Prince of Wales 1201: 1176: 1126: 1109: 1103: 1064: 1058: 1038: 1032: 1008: 974: 945: 925: 916: 884: 882: 870: 846: 828: 826:Porto Maravilha 818: 781:Darling Harbour 716: 710: 661: 656: 647: 577: 554: 546: 537: 532: 524: 522:Village renewal 508: 479: 435: 418: 412: 407: 375: 362:culturepreneurs 346: 318: 283:housing project 253: 242: 241: 240: 235: 224: 218: 215: 178:"Urban renewal" 172: 170: 160: 148: 133: 122: 116: 113: 106: 87: 83: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4841: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4770: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4607:United Kingdom 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4587:Czech Republic 4584: 4579: 4573: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4517:Randal O'Toole 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4457:Patrick Geddes 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4437:Kevin A. Lynch 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:Guy Benveniste 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4397:Daniel Burnham 4394: 4392:Colin Buchanan 4389: 4387:Clarence Stein 4384: 4382:Clarence Perry 4379: 4373: 4371: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4334: 4329: 4327:Urban vitality 4324: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234:Healthy cities 4231: 4226: 4224:Brusselization 4220:Gentrification 4217: 4212: 4209:Eminent domain 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4081:Cities by type 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4041:Context theory 4038: 4032: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958:Athens Charter 3954: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636:Urban planning 3632: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3597:Zipp, Samuel. 3595: 3585: 3578: 3568: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3504:(1): 107–132. 3484: 3471: 3464: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3413: 3394: 3373: 3361: 3354: 3324: 3315: 3303: 3294: 3287: 3252: 3228:978-1450086745 3227: 3209: 3179: 3153: 3129: 3108: 3073: 3040: 3020: 3000: 2986: 2983:on 2012-11-05. 2968: 2945: 2938: 2918: 2885: 2861: 2835:(1): 961–970. 2815: 2806: 2797: 2783: 2750: 2729:(2): 145–162. 2709: 2702: 2684: 2669: 2650: 2632: 2614: 2600: 2586: 2572: 2558: 2534: 2507:(3): 286–298. 2487: 2472: 2461:(3): 213–223. 2445: 2438: 2420: 2395: 2370: 2357:Lobbia, J.A., 2350: 2335:"Urban Sprawl" 2326: 2317: 2298:(2): 209–224. 2276: 2261: 2242: 2217: 2211:978-0415862875 2210: 2192: 2185: 2167: 2143: 2106: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2054: 2053: 2050:Urban vitality 2047: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2006:Gentrification 2003: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1983:Adaptive reuse 1980: 1977:Slum upgrading 1974: 1969: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1915: 1912: 1883: 1880: 1840: 1837: 1820:Gentrification 1783:War on Poverty 1779:Lyndon Johnson 1672: 1669: 1661:urban planners 1512:slum clearance 1485:New York State 1473:Daniel Burnham 1448: 1445: 1441:urban planners 1435: 1432: 1413:sustainability 1398: 1395: 1387:Main article: 1338: 1335: 1314:Rowland Plumbe 1235:Slum clearance 1225:George Peabody 1200: 1197: 1175: 1174:United Kingdom 1172: 1163:Taipei Station 1125: 1122: 1105:Main article: 1102: 1099: 1095:PAP government 1087:urban planning 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 1007: 1004: 973: 970: 944: 941: 924: 921: 915: 912: 881: 878: 869: 866: 845: 842: 838:global economy 822:Rio de Janeiro 817: 814: 765:South Brisbane 724:South Brisbane 709: 706: 660: 657: 655: 652: 646: 643: 602:big-box stores 585:gentrification 576: 573: 553: 550: 545: 542: 536: 533: 531: 528: 523: 520: 512:small business 507: 504: 478: 475: 439:eminent domain 434: 433:Eminent domain 431: 427:slum upgrading 416:Slum clearance 414:Main article: 411: 410:Slum clearance 408: 406: 403: 402: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 386: 374: 371: 355:gentrification 345: 342: 338:reconstruction 317: 314: 255: 254: 237: 236: 151: 149: 142: 135: 134: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4840: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823:Urban renewal 4821: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736:Public policy 4734: 4732: 4731:Public health 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701:Urban ecology 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4665: 4664:Ancient Egypt 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512:Lewis Mumford 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4462:Raymond Unwin 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4369:practitioners 4364: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Tract housing 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Temporary use 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4273:Planning gain 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:Creative city 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4158:Urban village 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4137:Model village 4135: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098:Commuter town 4096: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4071:Urban renewal 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4008:Structuralism 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 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Routledge. 2695: 2688: 2680: 2673: 2665: 2664:93.114.86.101 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2562: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2188: 2186:9781317910947 2182: 2178: 2171: 2156: 2150: 2148: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1989:Temporary use 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935:Big City Plan 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1876:Niagara Falls 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1833:Hill District 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:Joseph Alioto 1753: 1752:San Francisco 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635:In 1956, the 1633: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1615:James Baldwin 1611: 1609: 1605: 1604:Hill District 1601: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521:In 1944, the 1519: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:New York City 1478: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1447:1900 to 1950s 1444: 1442: 1434:United States 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:Peabody Trust 1244: 1240: 1239:William Gibbs 1236: 1232: 1230: 1229:Peabody Trust 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Charles Booth 1180: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1003: 1001: 997: 992: 987: 985: 982:settlements " 980: 969: 967: 962: 954: 949: 940: 938: 934: 930: 920: 911: 907: 904: 877: 875: 865: 862: 860: 856: 855:Northam curve 851: 841: 839: 832: 827: 823: 813: 812:in Brisbane. 811: 807: 803: 799: 798:Postcode 3000 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:World Expo 88 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 729: 728:World Expo 88 725: 720: 715: 705: 702: 701:Puerto Madero 698: 694: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:Puerto Madero 665: 651: 642: 640: 636: 635: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:Cabrini-Green 603: 599: 595: 589: 586: 581: 572: 568: 566: 561: 559: 549: 541: 527: 519: 518:incentives. 517: 513: 503: 501: 497: 493: 488: 484: 474: 472: 471:Niagara Falls 468: 464: 460: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 430: 428: 423: 422:public health 417: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 383: 382: 379: 370: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 341: 339: 334: 332: 328: 323: 313: 311: 307: 306:redevelopment 303: 302:United States 299: 295: 292:(also called 291: 290:Urban renewal 284: 281: 280:Cabrini–Green 277: 272: 265: 261: 251: 248: 233: 230: 222: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 194: 190: 187: 183: 180: – 179: 175: 174:Find sources: 168: 164: 158: 157: 152:This article 150: 146: 141: 140: 131: 128: 120: 110: 109:improve this 105: 101: 97: 96: 89: 80: 79: 74: 72: 65: 64: 59: 58: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 18:Urban Renewal 4800: 4777: 4758: 4686:Architecture 4659:Nazi Germany 4467:Thomas Adams 4447:Loretta Lees 4442:Le Corbusier 4412:Edmund Bacon 4377:Andrés Duany 4332:Urbanization 4318:Urban sprawl 4283:Rural flight 4263:Permeability 4258:Model cities 4130:Logging camp 4089:Company town 4070: 4003:Smart growth 3993:New Urbanism 3775:Urban design 3598: 3581: 3571: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3479: 3474: 3455: 3441:Kelley, 1971 3437: 3428: 3416: 3397: 3386:. 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NatraTex 2137:10397/6710 2075:References 1918:Planning: 1808:Africville 1679:published 1587:Pittsburgh 1477:Jacob Riis 1408:Castleford 1305:Old Nichol 1278:Parliament 1190:, showing 1113:Korean War 933:Temple Bar 793:Barangaroo 761:green bans 712:See also: 594:Washington 467:Cincinnati 447:public use 405:Strategies 219:March 2018 189:newspapers 57:improve it 4711:Geography 4623:Barcelona 4602:Singapore 4577:Australia 4570:Countries 4184:Cityscape 3951:Movements 3518:1469-7777 3237:cite book 3197:Lendlease 3167:Lendlease 3142:Monumenta 3122:2 October 3097:0261-3077 2849:2468-6956 2772:0261-3077 2745:1535-6841 2529:154683552 2521:0739-456X 2312:154040610 2099:2 October 1896:Apartheid 1764:New South 1728:redlining 1675:In 1961, 1646:commuters 1642:tax bases 1428:Lendlease 1424:Stratford 1341:The 1917 1263:lettering 1167:Ximending 1056:Singapore 1040:In 2017, 1012:Marrakesh 880:Hong Kong 777:Southbank 757:The Rocks 740:Melbourne 708:Australia 697:Argentina 659:Argentina 618:St. Louis 500:Southwark 483:Barcelona 459:Rust Belt 104:cohesion. 63:talk page 4779:Category 4628:Shanghai 4530:Training 4172:Concepts 4163:Boomtown 4153:Arcology 4125:Man camp 4093:Monotown 4046:Ekistics 4028:Theories 3944:theories 3785:Urbanism 3734:branches 3703:Planning 3698:Land use 3652:Theories 3406:Archived 2362:Archived 1963:New town 1914:See also 1781:and the 1692:West End 1657:West End 1602:and the 1541:and the 1497:highways 1276:through 1227:and the 1182:Part of 1142:district 991:Lombardy 961:tenement 810:Hamilton 685:district 463:Syracuse 117:May 2024 93:require 4801:Commons 4677:Related 4490:Critics 4243:LEED-ND 3741:General 3671:General 3662:Outline 3647:History 1812:Halifax 1768:Toronto 1760:Atlanta 1736:Detroit 1712:Newport 1687:Rondout 1591:program 1565:(FHA). 1523:GI Bill 1493:bridges 1422:and at 1376:Bristol 1307:in the 1267:glazing 1025:in 2017 1006:Morocco 929:culture 923:Ireland 868:Czechia 610:Chicago 530:Effects 494:in the 322:England 300:in the 276:Chicago 203:scholar 95:cleanup 4649:Africa 4633:Sydney 4616:Cities 4597:Serbia 4592:Russia 4563:Places 4359:People 4346:Zoning 4229:Infill 3693:Suburb 3591: 3563: 3516: 3462: 3352: 3285: 3225: 3095: 2961:23 May 2936: 2847: 2770: 2743: 2700: 2527: 2519: 2436: 2310: 2208: 2183: 1744:Boston 1653:Boston 1626:8-mile 1503:, and 1461:Alaska 1209:London 1154:Taiwan 1150:Taipei 1138:Taipei 1124:Taiwan 1042:Moscow 1030:Russia 1023:Moscow 979:Puglia 943:Israel 937:Dublin 824:, the 816:Brazil 742:. 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