733:
476:. Active recreation such as team sports, due to the need to provide substantial space to congregate, typically involves intensive management, maintenance, and high costs. Passive recreation, also called "low-intensity recreation" is that which emphasizes the open-space aspect of a park and allows for the preservation of natural habitat. It usually involves a low level of development, such as rustic picnic areas, benches, and trails. Passive recreation typically requires little management and can be provided at very low costs. Some open space managers provide nothing other than trails for physical activity in the form of walking, running, horse riding, mountain biking, snowshoeing, or cross-country skiing; or sedentary activity such as observing nature, bird watching, painting, photography, or picnicking. Limiting park or open space use to passive recreation over all or a portion of the park's area eliminates or reduces the burden of managing active recreation facilities and developed infrastructure. Many ski resorts combine active recreation facilities (ski lifts, gondolas, terrain parks, downhill runs, and lodges) with passive recreation facilities (cross-country ski trails).
326:
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42:
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276:. With the establishment of Princes Park in 1842, Joseph Paxton did something similar for the benefit of a provincial town, albeit one of international stature by virtue of its flourishing mercantile sector. Liverpool had a burgeoning presence in global maritime trade before 1800, and during the Victorian era its wealth rivalled that of London itself.
405:, new parks continued to focus on both outdoor and indoor recreation with services, such as sports leagues using their ball fields and gymnasia. These smaller parks were built in residential neighborhoods, and tried to serve all residents with programs for seniors, adults, teens and children. Green space was of secondary importance.
347:
identifies four phases of park design in the U.S. In the late 19th century, city governments purchased large tracts of land on the outskirts of cities to form "pleasure grounds": semi-open, charmingly landscaped areas whose primary purpose was to allow city residents, especially the workers, to relax
255:
from 1842 and opened in 1843. The land on which the park was built was purchased by
Richard Vaughan Yates, an iron merchant and philanthropist, in 1841 for £50,000. The creation of Princes Park showed great foresight and introduced a number of highly influential ideas. First and foremost was the
423:
All four types of park continue to exist in urban areas. Because of the large amount of open space and natural habitat in the former pleasure grounds, they now serve as important wildlife refuges, and often provide the only opportunity for urban residents to hike or picnic in a semi-wild area.
322:. The cemeteries were intended as civic institutions designed for public use. Before the widespread development of public parks, the rural cemetery provided a place for the general public to enjoy outdoor recreation amidst art and sculpture previously available only for the wealthy.
732:
314:
was purchased for public use grazing cows and as a military parade ground and dump in 1634. It first started to get recreational elements in 1728, arguably making it the first municipal park in the United States and the world, though cow grazing did not end until the 1830s.
989:
424:
However, city managers or politicians can target these parks as sources of free land for other uses. Partly for this reason, some of these large parks have "friends of X park" advisory boards that help protect and maintain their semi-wild nature.
483:
are receiving increased attention and valuation as significant community assets and places of refuge in heavily populated urban areas. Neighborhood groups around the world are joining together to support local parks that have suffered from
256:
provision of open space for the benefit of townspeople and local residents within an area that was being rapidly built up. Secondly it took the concept of the designed landscape as a setting for the suburban domicile (an idea pioneered by
348:
in nature. As time passed and the urban area grew around the parks, land in these parks was used for other purposes, such as zoos, golf courses and museums. These parks continue to draw visitors from around the region and are considered
565:
436:
as of national importance. Most public parks have been provided and run by local authorities over the past hundred and seventy years, but these authorities have no statutory duty to fund or maintain these public parks. In 2016 the
515:, which won an award from the American Society of Landscape Architects. Parks are sometimes made out of oddly shaped areas of land, much like the vacant lots that often become city neighborhood parks. Linked parks may form a
608:
526:
for kids to play within a park, but may also have a duck pond, large grassy zones not meant exclusively for sports, many trees, and several bushy places. When it occurs as a separate facility on its own,
279:
The form and layout of Paxton's ornamental grounds, structured about an informal lake within the confines of a serpentine carriageway, put in place the essential elements of his much-imitated design for
635:
292:
visited
Birkenhead Park in 1850 and praised its qualities. Indeed, Paxton is widely credited as having been one of the principal influences on Olmsted and Calvert's design for New York's
432:
There are around estimated 27,000 public parks in the UK, with around 2.6 billion visits to parks each year. Many parks are of cultural and historical interest, with 300 registered by
663:
159:, sports fields and courts, public restrooms, boat ramps, performance venues, or picnic facilities. Park advocates claim that having parks near urban residents, including within a
549:
445:
reported that "92 per cent of park managers report their maintenance budgets have reduced in the past three years and 95 per cent expect their funding will continue to reduce".
222:
family to carry out such a project but the city had eventually taken back control and in 1813 announced a design competition to finally finish the park; works started in 1816.
495:
is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park called a
522:
There is a form of an urban park in the UK (officially called a "recreation ground", but commonly called a "rec" by the public.) and some EU states that have mostly
933:
1101:
Consider the scene this week at the
Alameda Central, the downtown Mexico City park historians describe as the oldest planned urban green space in the Americas.
720:
468:
areas. Active recreation is that which has an urban character and requires intensive development. It often involves cooperative or team activity, including
288:. The latter commenced in 1843 with the help of public finance and deployed the ideas which Paxton had pioneered at Princes Park on a more expansive scale.
397:
In the early 1900s, according to Cranz, U.S. cities built neighborhood parks with swimming pools, playgrounds and civic buildings, with the intention of
588:
218:
started in the middle of the 18th century, from the 1790s with the clear aim to create a public park. Between 1799 and 1805 it was rented out to the
1118:
1092:
1063:
1080:
Just west of Bellas Artes, the
Alameda Central is the largest green space in the center of the city and the oldest public park in the Americas.
883:
683:
325:
1184:
413:
898:
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gave this park a
General Design Award of Honor in 2006. These small parks provide greenery, a place to sit outdoors, and often a
697:
503:(i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back). Some examples of linear parks in North America include New York's
1136:
802:"The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions – No. 4 (tie) Central Park, New York City - Annual Visitors: 40,000,000"
202:, a promenaded public mall, urban garden and park built in 1574, within the historic center of Seville. The Városliget (
143:
Depending on size, budget, and land features, which varies considerably among individual parks, common features include
801:
129:
1157:
225:
1073:
940:
884:
Papillon
Graphics' Virtual Encyclopaedia of Greater Manchester: The Campaign for City Parks in Manchester and Salford
171:
A park is an area of open space provided for recreational use, usually owned and maintained by a local government.
847:
823:
508:
35:
438:
398:
1152:
1177:
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41:
1346:
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31:
17:
990:"History of Public Park Funding and Management (1820 – 2010) Historic England Research Report 20/2016"
353:
264:
in London) and re-fashioned it for the provincial town in a most original way. Nash's remodelling of
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240:
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384:
125:
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257:
113:
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760:
500:
352:, because they require a higher level of management than smaller local parks. According to
203:
8:
1320:
195:
318:
Around the country, the predecessors to urban parks in the United States were generally
1249:
1234:
895:
300:
273:
265:
117:
30:"City park" and "municipal park" redirect here. For sites with those proper names, see
408:
As urban land prices climbed, new urban parks in the 1960s and after have been mainly
1295:
1132:
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599:
211:
188:
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is an urban park in
Chicago that is partitioned into areas with various special uses
1124:
433:
365:
319:
269:
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137:
133:
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by design, instead of lands left in their natural state. The design, operation and
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93:
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any parkland, at a street corner or by a shop, the play facility is called a
349:
311:
252:
215:
207:
152:
57:
48:, one of the world's most visited tourist attractions, is surrounded by the
1300:
1285:
1038:
618:
402:
361:
357:
293:
45:
646:
412:. One example of a pocket park is Chess Park in Glendale, California. The
219:
183:
and sporting activities. Trees are chosen for their beauty and to provide
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775:
674:
492:
485:
409:
401:
the immigrant residents. In the 1950s, when money became available after
344:
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780:
532:
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285:
144:
121:
49:
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The
Dinosaurs Valley (reconstructions of prehistoric reptiles) within
707:
622:
504:
268:
from 1827 and the sequence of processional routes he created to link
244:
239:
An early purpose-built public park, although financed privately, was
53:
1014:"State of UK Public Parks 2016 | The National Lottery Heritage Fund"
726:
Bretch Hill and Dover Avenue children's play park, Banbury, in 2010.
1244:
1224:
1214:
711:
109:
356:, the three most visited municipal parks in the United States are
1315:
1162:
1153:
Essay on diversification in public open space planning and design
770:
512:
380:
376:
341:
The
Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America,
248:
199:
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1259:
1204:
650:
580:
180:
176:
148:
105:
1290:
1239:
1209:
172:
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with Regent's Park completely transformed the appearance of
1254:
1039:"ASLA 2012 Professional Awards | Village of Yorkville Park"
97:
1219:
132:
is usually done by government agencies, typically on the
872:
Salford City
Council: Parks in Broughton and Blackfriars
343:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1982), Professor
124:
to residents and visitors. Urban parks are generally
848:"Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands"
136:level, but may occasionally be contracted out to a
1117:Schuyler, David (2015). "Parks in Urban America".
140:, "friends of" group, or private sector company.
1338:
1120:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
921:, 1977, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 208–213.
472:, ball fields, swimming pools, gymnasiums, and
329:Macon, Georgia Central City Park, Main Avenue,
1093:"Three Kings Day in Mexico, a holiday in flux"
1178:
464:Parks can be divided into active and passive
187:, with an increasing emphasis on reducing an
987:
677:, is the oldest public park in the Americas.
799:
1185:
1171:
793:
27:Park in a city or other incorporated place
1116:
452:
414:American Society of Landscape Architects
370:
324:
229:Green Park and St James Park in London,
224:
179:pests and to allow for the enjoyment of
40:
14:
1339:
251:. This was laid out to the designs of
175:is typically kept short to discourage
1166:
1129:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.58
1061:
653:, was the most visited urban park in
559:, showing greenery, paths, and a pond
303:, England, opened on 22 August 1846.
1158:"The Park Keeper" - English Heritage
919:The Feminization of American Culture
934:"America's Most Visited City Parks"
24:
1192:
1110:
625:, has a lake, a rose garden and a
25:
1358:
1146:
800:Ann Shields (November 10, 2014).
427:
896:University of Salford: Peel Park
731:
719:
696:
682:
662:
634:
607:
587:
564:
548:
306:
1085:
1055:
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994:research.historicengland.org.uk
981:
965:"ASLA 2006 Professional Awards"
299:Another early public park, the
36:Municipal Park (disambiguation)
957:
926:
908:
889:
877:
865:
840:
816:
738:Park „Bulwary” in Polish town
163:, provides multiple benefits.
13:
1:
824:"Public Spaces/Private Money"
786:
388:
330:
230:
194:Some early parks include the
7:
766:List of urban parks by size
749:
214:, was a city property when
10:
1363:
538:
166:
32:City Park (disambiguation)
29:
1278:
1200:
1097:LA Times Blogs - La Plaza
828:The Trust for Public Land
629:, among other attractions
509:Village of Yorkville Park
354:the Trust for Public Land
988:Layton-Jones, K (2016).
905:Retrieved on 2008-09-07.
555:Aerial view of Dublin's
488:and government neglect.
443:State of UK Public Parks
1018:www.heritagefund.org.uk
886:Retrieved on 2008-09-06
874:Retrieved on 2008-09-03
448:
615:Parque Tres de Febrero
598:in the city center of
461:
394:
336:
236:
196:La Alameda de Hércules
61:
1068:. Avalon Publishing.
1062:Meade, Julie (2016).
690:Jay Pritzker Pavilion
456:
439:Heritage Lottery Fund
374:
328:
290:Frederick Law Olmsted
228:
44:
761:Greenway (landscape)
108:, densely populated
740:Tomaszów Mazowiecki
151:, hiking, running,
114:incorporated places
1347:Urban public parks
1099:. 6 January 2011.
1020:. 29 November 2016
901:2008-12-19 at the
557:St Stephen's Green
524:recreation grounds
481:neighborhood parks
462:
395:
337:
301:Peel Park, Salford
237:
72:, also known as a
62:
1334:
1333:
1296:Civil engineering
1138:978-0-19-932917-5
600:Helsinki, Finland
274:London's West End
212:Budapest, Hungary
189:urban heat island
90:municipal gardens
86:public open space
80:(North America),
70:metropolitan park
16:(Redirected from
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939:. Archived from
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366:Mission Bay Park
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320:rural cemeteries
235:
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210:, what is today
138:park conservancy
102:botanical garden
21:
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671:Alameda Central
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643:Ibirapuera Park
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560:
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541:
458:Millennium Park
451:
430:
391:
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282:Birkenhead Park
266:St James's Park
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120:and places for
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28:
23:
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12:
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5:
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1147:External links
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854:. 17 June 2014
839:
815:
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756:10-Minute Walk
751:
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743:
737:
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725:
718:
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704:Patterson Park
702:
695:
693:
688:
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668:
661:
659:
640:
633:
631:
613:
606:
604:
596:Esplanadi Park
593:
586:
584:
577:Metropolis GZM
570:
563:
561:
554:
547:
544:
543:
542:
540:
537:
450:
447:
429:
428:United Kingdom
426:
420:for children.
368:in San Diego.
350:regional parks
308:
305:
168:
165:
161:10-minute walk
153:fitness trails
78:municipal park
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1075:9781631214097
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1044:
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995:
991:
984:
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966:
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946:on 2009-10-15
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655:South America
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573:Silesian Park
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479:Many smaller
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399:Americanizing
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360:in New York,
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312:Boston Common
307:United States
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262:Regent's Park
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253:Joseph Paxton
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216:afforestation
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58:New York City
55:
51:
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43:
37:
33:
19:
1325:
1301:Construction
1286:Architecture
1282:
1119:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1079:
1064:
1057:
1046:. Retrieved
1043:www.asla.org
1042:
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
993:
983:
972:. Retrieved
968:
959:
948:. Retrieved
941:the original
928:
918:
915:Douglas, Ann
910:
891:
879:
867:
856:. Retrieved
851:
842:
831:. Retrieved
827:
818:
806:. Retrieved
795:
619:Buenos Aires
528:
521:
490:
480:
478:
463:
442:
431:
422:
410:pocket parks
407:
403:World War II
396:
385:Lincoln Park
364:in Chicago,
362:Lincoln Park
358:Central Park
340:
338:
317:
310:
298:
294:Central Park
278:
241:Princes Park
238:
208:City of Pest
193:
170:
157:bridle paths
142:
116:that offers
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
46:Central Park
1265:Storm drain
1235:Interchange
776:Pocket park
675:Mexico City
627:planetarium
493:linear park
486:urban decay
470:playgrounds
392: 1907
345:Galen Cranz
334: 1877
234: 1833
145:playgrounds
130:maintenance
118:green space
82:public park
50:skyscrapers
1326:Urban park
1306:Playground
1230:Footbridge
1048:2016-11-29
1024:2020-06-28
999:2020-06-28
974:2016-11-29
950:2009-12-13
858:2017-11-01
833:2018-02-12
804:. +Lesiure
787:References
781:Urban wild
533:playground
497:rail trail
474:skateparks
466:recreation
418:playground
286:Birkenhead
247:suburb of
155:or paths,
126:landscaped
122:recreation
112:and other
66:urban park
18:Urban Park
1283:See also:
808:March 27,
708:Baltimore
647:São Paulo
623:Argentina
602:, in 2020
517:greenbelt
505:High Line
296:of 1857.
258:John Nash
245:Liverpool
220:Batthyány
206:) in the
204:City Park
74:city park
54:Manhattan
1341:Category
1250:Pipeline
1245:Overpass
1225:Drainage
1215:Causeway
969:asla.org
899:Archived
750:See also
712:Maryland
507:and the
501:greenway
270:The Mall
191:effect.
110:suburbia
96:), is a
1321:Theatre
1316:Stadium
771:Parklet
657:in 2017
539:Gallery
529:without
513:Toronto
381:Chicago
377:concert
249:Toxteth
243:in the
200:Seville
181:picnics
167:History
149:gardens
1311:Public
1270:Tunnel
1260:Skyway
1205:Bridge
1135:
1072:
852:US EPA
651:Brazil
581:Poland
177:insect
106:cities
1291:Arena
1240:Levee
1210:Canal
944:(PDF)
937:(PDF)
673:, in
645:, in
617:, in
198:, in
185:shade
173:Grass
134:local
88:, or
1255:Road
1133:ISBN
1070:ISBN
810:2016
669:The
641:The
594:The
449:Uses
98:park
34:and
1220:Dam
1125:doi
706:in
575:in
511:in
499:or
441:'s
383:'s
379:in
339:In
284:in
260:at
104:in
100:or
68:or
64:An
56:in
52:of
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579:,
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519:.
491:A
389:c.
387:,
375:A
331:c.
231:c.
147:,
94:UK
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1186:e
1179:t
1172:v
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