539:. The term arises when describing the difficulty of achieving the so-called perfect translation. It is based on the notion that there are certain concepts and words that are so interrelated that an accurate translation becomes an impossible task. Some writers have suggested that language carries sacred notions or is intrinsic to national identity. Brian James Baer posits that untranslatability is sometimes seen by nations as proof of the national genius. He quotes Alexandra Jaffe: "When translators talk about untranslatable, they often reinforce the notion that each language has its own 'genius', an 'essence' that naturally sets it apart from all other languages and reflects something of the 'soul' of its culture or people".
117:
2667:
2681:
590:'s remark about poetry ("Poetry is what gets lost in translation"), Baer suggests that "one could define national identity as that which is lost in translation". He further quotes Alexandra Jaffe: "When translators talk about untranslatable, they often reinforce the notion that each language has its own 'genius', an 'essence' that naturally sets it apart from all other languages and reflects something of the 'soul' of its culture or people".
635:
25:
601:. That is, there is no one-to-one equivalence between the word, expression or turn of phrase in the source language and another word, expression or turn of phrase in the target language. A translator can, however, resort to a number of translation procedures to compensate for this. From this perspective, untranslatability or difficulty of translation does not always carry deep
1557:. Whereas English kinship terms make clear distinction between genders, many languages do not. For example, Thai does not distinguish between siblings by gender, but only by age. Thai also disregards gender when aunts or uncles are younger than their parents, and has one word for all nieces, nephews, and grandchildren. On the flip side, the English word
1275:
the leader." And in most other cases, such structure ("to be") is simply not used, but some more natural structure in
Chinese is used instead. Any sentence that requires a play on those different meanings will not work the same way in Chinese. In fact, very simple concepts in English can sometimes be
740:
has words that can be used as equivalent to
English "I", "you", or "he/she/it", they are relatively formal terms (or markedly informal). In most cases, Thai people use words which express the relation between speaker and listener according to their respective roles. For instance, for a mother to say
558:
that identifies the concept of "sacred" in relation to translation and this pertains to the text that is untranslatable because its meaning and letter cannot be disassociated. It stems from the view that translation should realize the imagined perfect relationship with the original text. This theory
768:
A similar feature can also be observed in
Indonesian. One may use the formal form of pronouns, which are generally distinct from the informal/familiar forms; however, the use of these pronouns does not evoke sufficient friendliness or intimacy, especially in spoken language. Instead of saying
581:
Brian James Baer posits that untranslatability is sometimes seen by nations as proof of their national genius. Literature that can be easily translated may be considered as lacking originality, while translated works themselves may be regarded merely as imitations. Baer quotes
2106:
In contrast to all of the above fine distinctions, in
American English the term "my brother-in-law" covers "my spouse's brother", "my sibling's husband", and "my spouse's sibling's husband". In British English, the last of these is not considered strictly correct.
957:, that is the use of multiple words to explain an idea. Finnish grammar, on the contrary, allows the regular production of a series of verbal derivatives, each of which involves a greater degree of indirection. For example, on the basis of the verb
910:) all mean 'I was'. The first indicates a concluded action in the (remote) past, the second a progressive or habitual action in the past, and the latter an action that holds some connection to the present, especially if a recent time is specified ("
2393:
That being said, many of the translation procedures discussed here can be used in these cases. For example, the translator can compensate for an "untranslatable" pun in one part of a text by adding a new pun in another part of the translated text.
765:), would translate directly as "Younger sibling is older sibling’s friend". To be translated into English correctly, it is proper to use "I" and "you" for these example statements, but normal Thai perceptions of relation are lost in the process.
567:, a word which he described as a name that means confusion and also a proper name of God. Furthermore, Derrida noted that when God condemned the world to a multiplicity of tongues, he created a paradoxical need and impossibility of translation.
1550:
distinguish paternal and maternal relatives such as paternal grandmother and maternal grandmother. Conversely, son's son and daughter's son are also distinguished. Similarly, aunts and uncles are further divided in many languages.
1173:(Turkish), which can be expressed in English as "it is reported that he/she/it has gone", or, most concisely, as "apparently, he/she/it has gone". This grammatical form is especially used when telling jokes, or narrating stories.
2476:'s dictatorship (1939–1975), to a point that even this possible title can be taken directly as ironic/sarcastic: literally, "The importance of being Franco", so this alternative was never used. However, the German translation "
1443:
is used with states or conditions, however. Sometimes this information is not very relevant for the meaning of the whole sentence and the translator will ignore it, whereas at other times it can be retrieved from the context.
1317:), which roughly means "Don't you realize that . . . ?" or "In fact it is so, though someone is denying it." What makes translating such words difficult is their different meanings depending on intonation or the context.
2650:
discusses barbarous names, warning magicians not to translate them even if their original meaning is discovered, due to the belief that the power of the names resided in their sound, not their meaning. In the modern era,
2514:
are equally difficult, and often force hard choices on the translator. For example, take the classic palindrome: "A man, a plan, a canal: Panama". A translator might choose to translate it literally into, say, French –
1276:
difficult to translate, for example, there is no single direct translation for the word "yes" in
Chinese, as in Chinese the affirmative is said by repeating the verb in the question. ("Do you have it?" "(I) have".)
781:" (lit. 'Sir/Madam wants to order what?'). The two expressions are equally polite; however, the latter is more sympathetic and friendly. When conversing with family and relatives, most Indonesians also prefer using
467:
2179:. Traditionally, this plant only grows in Japan. It would be unlikely that someone from a country such as Angola would have a clear understanding of it. However, the easiest way to translate this word is to
1167:
in other dialects), which indicates that the speaker did not witness the act personally but surmises or has discovered that the act has occurred or was told of it by another, as in the example of
578:
that there is an excess of untranslatable meaning in literature, and it cannot be reduced to a closed system or a restricted economy "in which there is nothing that cannot be made to make sense."
2606:, the method of interpreting the Hebrew Scriptures by interchanging words whose letters have the same numerical value when added. A simple example of gematric power might be the famous proverb
753:), or "Mother will tell child a story". Similarly, older and younger friends will often use sibling terminology, so that an older friend telling a younger friend "You're my friend" would be "
2124:
Japanese, Chinese, and Korean have words for classmates and colleagues of different seniority and/or gender. The most well-known example to
English speakers is probably the Japanese word
2896:
2549:– which is devoted to the issues and problems of translation, with particular emphasis on the translation of poetry. Another example given by Hofstadter is the translation of the poem
1532:
often varies across languages. Terms are often too specific or too general to translate into another language. Some rules used for defining kinship terminology include the following:
1212:, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, most likely"). Colloquially, the latter is also used when the speaker has dreamed the event told in the sentence or experienced it while intoxicated.
531:
is the property of text or speech for which no equivalent can be found when translated into another (given) language. A text that is considered to be untranslatable is considered a
2709:
2143:
in
Spanish and its practice in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Latin American countries. Translators must discern whether the existing terms convey the same concepts.
141:
2353:
wordplay, because of how tightly they are tied to the original language. The oldest well-known examples are probably those appearing in Bible translations, for example,
950:
2956:
2416:", replicating and transposing the pun; however, the character Ernest had to be renamed, and the allusion to trickery was lost. (Other French translations include "
2384:": a literal translation is "translator, traitor". The pun is lost, though the meaning persists. (A similar solution can be given, however, in Hungarian, by saying
559:
highlights the paradoxical nature of translation wherein it—as a process—assumes the forms of necessity and impossibility at the same time. This is demonstrated in
542:
A translator, however, can resort to various translation procedures to compensate for a lexical gap. From this perspective, untranslatability does not carry deep
2269:
from Turkic languages. While both fruits are now known to the
Western world, there are still no terms for them in English. English speakers have to use "dried
1299:
that are particularly difficult to translate as they convey sense or tone rather than strictly grammatical information. The most infamous example perhaps is
2450:", while one translation used the name Severo, which means "severe" or "serious", close to the original English meaning. Catalan translations always use "
934:
is blurred in the spoken language, the latter being used in both situations. What difference there exists is partly geographic. In the north of Italy the
2444:" is a male name as well as an adjective meaning "solid, firm", or "steady". Other languages, like Spanish, usually leave the pun untranslated, as in "
785:(father, mother, brother, sister) when addressing older family members. When addressing younger family members, informal pronouns are more prevalent.
71:
477:
2091:, fifteen different words cover relations by marriage, enough to confuse many native speakers . There are for example, as in Yiddish, words like "
2602:
themselves – as if by losing the sound, one might lose the meaning. Compare this to the
Kabbalistic power of letters, for example in the case of
2121:, about the closeness of parent-child relationship, that is supposedly unique to that language and culture as it applies to bosses and workers.
3077:
865:(meaning 'Don't smoke' when said to more than one person), which uses the second person plural in the imperative meaning "Do not smoke", with
2103:" for "co-in-laws". To further complicate the translator's job, Russian in-laws may choose to address each other familiarly by these titles.
380:
859:. The effect is used to prohibit something while expressing society's disapproval for that action at the same time. For example, contrast
2919:
2482:" (literally "Being Ernst is everything") only changes the name very slightly: in fact (unlike the equivalents in English) the adjective
489:
946:. The distinction is only alive in Tuscany, which makes it dialectal even if hardline purists insist it should be applied consistently.
2406:
incorporates in its title a pun (resonating in the last line of the play) that conflates the name Ernest with the adjective of quality
515:
2500:
2276:
One particular type of foreign object that poses difficulties is the proper noun. As an illustration, consider another example from
2261:
Another method is using description instead of a single word. For example, languages like
Russian and Ukrainian have borrowed words
2298:. But a different attribute that first ladies have is that they are married to heads of government, so perhaps a better answer was
1353:
Several other grammatical constructs in English may be employed to translate these words for each of their occurrences. The same
462:
699:
2428:" (loved), with the same idea of a pun on first name / quality adjective.) A recent Hungarian translation of the same play by
671:
3164:
2978:
2541:
discusses the problem of translating a palindrome into Chinese, where such wordplay is theoretically impossible, in his book
349:
324:
570:
Derrida himself has put forward his own notion of the untranslatability of the text, arguing in his early works such as the
1944:" (sibling's husband or spouse's brother) as simply "brother-in-law". This distinction is reflected also in Italian, with
1745:": a gender-neutral collective plural like "co-in-laws". If Harry marries Sally, then in Yiddish, Harry's father is the "
678:
871:(best translated as 'Smoking just isn't done here'), which uses the autonomous imperative meaning 'One does not smoke'.
3072:' and the Power of "Lexical Engineering" in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective",
2361:
this name: "God created Adam out of soil from the ground"; the original Hebrew text reveals the secret, since the word
652:
375:
2294:
Well, first ladies reside at the prime minister's address, and at the time, the woman living at 10 Downing Street was
1629:). However, whilst this word may describe a brother who shares either one or both parents, there is a separate word -
3050:
3022:
2826:
2753:
718:
457:
365:
1920:" (varying by dialect), as the relationship between two men that marry siblings (or two women, using the feminine "
685:
2402:
1956:
for a brother in law; etc. In Latin, the distinction between children and children-in-law is also present, with
1188:, indicating the source of the speaker's knowledge (and how certain they are about the statement). The enclitic
2879:
2854:
2801:
656:
508:
431:
237:
2529:
of a palindrome, they might elect to sacrifice the literal sense and substitute a French palindrome, such as "
667:
2655:
also argued that the supposed effectiveness of barbarous names rested in their utterance, not their meaning.
278:
263:
2897:"Daily Kos Elections Morning Digest: Ollie Koppell launches campaign against turncoat Dem Jeff Klein: PA-13"
3200:
3134:
2724:
2313:
Concepts unknown or less known to a culture are difficult to translate because there are no corresponding
2636:, or secret, (ס=60; ו=6; ד=4). Thus, this sentence, according to many Jews at the time, had to be true."
401:
370:
196:
1373:
A use which relies heavily on intonation and context could produce yet another meaning: "So the war was
339:
2714:
2525:(the chief instigator of the Canal), and sacrifice the palindrome. But if the text is meant to give an
3210:
2117:
1451:
or simply adds words that can convey the right meaning. The following example comes from Portuguese:
501:
452:
50:
1605:
refers to one's mother's brother, but cannot refer to one's mother's sister's husband, named thus
586:
defining true genius as "the kind that creates and makes everything out of nothing". Paraphrasing
1231:" does not have a direct equivalent in Chinese. In an English sentence where "to be" leads to an
645:
546:
implications. Meaning can virtually always be translated, if not always with technical accuracy.
334:
242:
181:
156:
2590:
According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "Iconicity might be the reason for refraining from translating
2375:
in Hebrew), whereas translating the verse into other languages makes it lose the original pun.
1239:
blue"), there is no "to be" in Chinese. (There are no adjectives in Chinese, instead there are
824:, 'to occasionally write short passages at a time', or 'to jot down now and then'). Similarly,
692:
417:
303:
201:
171:
67:
3014:
2931:
136:
3110:
2598:
in so many languages, as if the sounds of such basic religious notions have to do with their
1579:
can refer to a parent's brother, or a husband of a parent's sibling. Many languages, such as
1296:
940:
is very rarely used in everyday speech, whereas in the south it often takes the place of the
602:
583:
543:
472:
329:
232:
176:
161:
922:
is often used for narrative history (for example, novels). Nowadays, the difference between
2694:
2544:
2492:
and, given the position at the beginning of the title, both meanings would be capitalised.
1543:
1228:
593:
Quite often, a text or utterance that is considered to be "untranslatable" is considered a
484:
344:
186:
100:
2429:
2151:
Objects unknown to a culture can actually be easy to translate. For example, in Japanese,
8:
3114:
2286:
2247:
2139:
There are also times when the same concept exists but the practice is different, such as
1529:
1524:
1259:
in the house". In some other cases (usually when stating a judgement), the judgment verb
782:
411:
268:
227:
217:
191:
166:
1715:
996:(cause something/someone to cause something/someone to cause something/someone to pull).
3205:
3094:
3038:
3002:
2984:
2686:
2538:
2522:
2345:; poetry is difficult to translate because of its reliance on the sounds (for example,
2281:
2277:
2184:
1990:
have specific terms for relations by marriage. For example, a "sister-in-law" can be a
1588:
1224:
273:
151:
146:
76:
3160:
3081:
3046:
3018:
3007:
2988:
2974:
2875:
2850:
2822:
2797:
2749:
2295:
1562:
1220:
1181:
793:
English lacks some grammatical categories which are present in some other languages.
247:
131:
3130:
2966:
2652:
2473:
2168:
2088:
1987:
1983:
1648:
1592:
1584:
1566:
1547:
1539:
1363:
with slightly changed pronunciation can also mean excuse in defense to a question:
1216:
1156:
852:
422:
2646:
often taken from foreign languages, but corrupted or meaningless to the magician.
2462:" (honest, free-spoken). Although this same solution would work in Spanish also ("
1404:
Similar difficulties occur with the Dutch words "even", "toch", and, especially, "
3154:
3066:
2773:
2672:
2643:
2620:
2354:
2066:(husband's brother's wife), etc. This is also true for Latin, with words such as
1292:
1284:
560:
555:
427:
406:
3180:
3126:
1707:
into Chinese or Japanese, which have separate words for older and younger ones.
2639:
2579:
2299:
1932:" instead). In the English language this relationship would be lumped in with "
1596:
1580:
1503:, a gathering organized at someone's arrival (the closest translation would be
1428:
1288:
610:
564:
2438:" (lit. "One must be Szilárd") beside the traditional title "Bunbury", where "
3194:
2618:), or lit. "entered wine went out secret", i.e. "wine brings out the truth",
2575:
2556:
2499:
comic strip is renowned for its French puns; its translators have found many
2140:
2084:(husband's brother's wife), yet none for the wife's part of the family tree.
1240:
856:
821:
737:
319:
222:
40:
3150:
3127:
Chapter IX: Of Silence and Secrecy: And of the Barbarous Names of Evocation
2630:, or wine, is 70 (י=10; י=10; ן=50) and this is also the gematric value of
2329:
but find ways to adapt the translation such as using a descriptive phrase.
618:
587:
116:
60:
16:
Properties of linguistic forms which are impossible to translate accurately
2970:
2719:
2704:
2564:
2551:
2397:
2322:
2318:
2196:
1215:
Languages that are extremely different from each other, like English and
954:
614:
598:
536:
298:
293:
108:
2647:
2571:
2511:
2507:
1481:
Literal translation: "I am not (apparently/just right now) handsome; I
1448:
659: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
606:
447:
3156:
Is That a Fish in Your Ear?: Translation and the Meaning of Everything
2582:
as the Irish "don't have a word that conveys that degree of urgency".
1411:
Another well-known example comes from the Portuguese or Spanish verbs
1219:, need their translations to be more like adaptations. Chinese has no
2962:
2560:
2350:
2337:
The two areas which most nearly approach total untranslatability are
2176:
1232:
288:
634:
3069:
2699:
2680:
2666:
2603:
2599:
2034:) is also used. Bengali has a number of in-law words. For example,
1405:
1243:
that do not need an extra verb.) If it states a location, the verb
1830:
Spanish and Portuguese contrast "brother" with "brother-in-law" ("
1377:
not over yet (as you have been trying to convince me all along)."
2496:
2270:
283:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2215:
2189:
2153:
1994:(brother's wife, though also family-member's wife in general),
1185:
949:
Likewise, English lacks a productive grammatical means to show
442:
437:
2917:
2456:". This example uses the homophones "Frank" (given name) and "
2349:) and rhythms of the source language; puns, and other similar
1878:"), and similarly for female relatives like "sister-in-law" ("
1499:
Some South Slavic words that have no English counterparts are
1488:
Adding words: "I am not handsome today; I am always handsome."
3185:
2469:
2346:
2205:
2173:
2163:
1641:) - to describe a brother with whom one shares both parents.
1561:
does not distinguish gender, but many languages do, included
1159:(Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh) contain the grammatical verb suffix
988:(cause something/someone to cause something/someone to pull),
2390:, which roughly translates as "translation is distortion".)
1380:
Another change of intonation makes the sentence a question.
3045:(Vintage Books ed.). Vintage Books. pp. 366–368.
2794:
Through a Glass Darkly: Essays in the Religious Imagination
2358:
2010:(sister's husband, or family-member's husband in general),
1128:
causes someone to cause someone to cause something to pull
1196:, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver - I know it for a fact");
2342:
848:(to continuously jump; to be jumping from point A to B).
2847:
Borges and Translation: The Irreverence of the Periphery
2006:(husband's brother's wife). A "brother-in-law" can be a
1447:
When none of these apply, the translator usually uses a
2775:
Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature
2748:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 27.
1511:, although a 'doček' is not necessarily positive); and
808:(continuing, corresponding to English 'to write') with
3074:
Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion
2305:, but he probably would not have relished the title."
2187:
to describe it. In English this word is translated as
2131:
1152:
means 'to get someone to make yet another person do'.
874:
Italian has three distinct declined past tenses: thus
796:
There is no simple way in English to contrast Finnish
2273:
without core" and "dried apricot with core" instead.
2241:
2229:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1752:
1746:
1720:
1713:. There is no standard English word for the Italian "
1699:), respectively. Another common issue is translating
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1260:
1244:
1204:, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, or so I've heard");
741:
to her child "I'll tell you a story", she would say "
2874:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 20.
2849:. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. p. 64.
2662:
2613:
2370:
1636:
1624:
2796:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 284.
1147:
1141:
1135:
980:(cause something/someone to pull/to wind-up (lie)),
3006:
760:
748:
2432:applied a similar solution, giving the subtitle "
2136:), referring to a senior classmate or colleague.
1369:the war was not lost yet (. . . so we fought on).
609:can virtually always be translated, given enough
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
3192:
3133:'s Magick in Theory and Practice, hosted at the
2816:
2317:. When translating US-specific concepts such as
1939:
1927:
1915:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1740:
1617:. In Arabic, "brother" is often translated into
1456:
776:
770:
2521:", if it were used as a caption for a photo of
2468:"), it carries heavy political connotations in
2439:
2433:
2385:
2821:. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 22.
2535:" ('A boulder swept away the horned animal').
2410:. The French title of the translated play is "
2204:by its Japanese sound, or pronounce it by its
2157:
2125:
2022:(wife's sister's husband). Likewise, the term
1758:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2379:
2235:
2223:
2222:). However, wasabi is more frequently called
2209:
2098:
2092:
1951:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1734:
1727:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1469:
1438:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1266:
1250:
1168:
991:
983:
975:
967:
958:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
837:
825:
809:
797:
554:There is a school of thought identified with
509:
3186:Untranslatable Words from Treasure Languages
3149:
3043:Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
2631:
2625:
2607:
2542:
2530:
2516:
2483:
2477:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2332:
2110:
1630:
1618:
1381:
1354:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1300:
1134:Hindi has a similar concept of indirection.
843:
831:
815:
803:
3065:See p. 246 of Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2006), "'
3031:
2924:the Key to Understanding Japanese Culture?"
2817:Levine, Suzanne; Lateef-Jan, Katie (2018).
2767:
2765:
2079:
2073:
2067:
1975:
1969:
1968:for one's spouse's child that is not ours,
1963:
1957:
1606:
1600:
1306:
866:
860:
775:", a waiter/waitress will most likely say "
3181:BBC News: Congo word "most untranslatable"
3109:The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy, by
3037:
3001:
2995:
2958:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation
1088:causes someone to cause something to pull
754:
742:
516:
502:
3105:
3103:
3084:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 237-258.
2567:words, into a number of foreign tongues.
2050:(wife's elder brother/Shaali's husband),
1751:" of Sally's father; each mother is the "
1595:distinguish these. This is also true for
719:Learn how and when to remove this message
3013:(First ed.). Basic Books. pp.
2762:
2710:Terms with no direct English translation
2574:is that it is not possible to translate
1009:Translation/paraphrase of boldface verb
963:('to pull'), it is possible to produce:
3093:The New Encyclopedia of the Occult, by
2918:Herman W Smith and Takako Nomi (2000).
2869:
2844:
2746:Handbook of Spanish-English Translation
2378:Similarly, consider the Italian adage "
2200:. In Chinese, people can still call it
1980:in feminine) for one's child's spouse.
1757:" of the other. In Romanian, they are “
1645:Age relative to oneself or one's parent
3193:
3100:
2955:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (2019-07-09).
2954:
2791:
2743:
1491:Paraphrase: "I don't look handsome; I
1437:is used with essence or nature, while
468:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
3087:
2518:Un homme, un projet, un canal: Panama
2030:in Yiddish, which also translates as
1663:), while younger brothers are called
1651:, father's elder brothers are called
325:Internationalization and localization
2950:
2948:
2840:
2838:
2787:
2785:
2771:
2280:, which he published in one of his "
1611:(the husband of the maternal aunt).
1326:can be found in the German sentence
1184:sentence is marked by an evidential
657:adding citations to reliable sources
628:
18:
2894:
2632:
2626:
2608:
1631:
1619:
13:
3143:
2488:is even spelt exactly as the name
2447:La importancia de llamarse Ernesto
2146:
458:Books and magazines on translation
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
3222:
3174:
2945:
2835:
2782:
2506:Other forms of wordplay, such as
2357:2:7, which explains why God gave
2292:Who is the first lady of Britain?
1763:”. In Bengali, both fathers are
916:" for 'this morning I saw'). The
2845:Waisman, Sergio Gabriel (2005).
2679:
2665:
1575:. For example, the English word
633:
115:
23:
3120:
3059:
2928:Electronic Journal of Sociology
2403:The Importance of Being Earnest
2246:) in China and Taiwan, meaning
1485:(essentially/always) handsome."
750:mae ja lao nitaan hai luuk fang
644:needs additional citations for
2911:
2888:
2863:
2810:
2737:
1854:"); "son" with "son-in-law" ("
1192:expresses personal knowledge (
490:Kural translations by language
463:Bible translations by language
238:Dynamic and formal equivalence
72:multilingual support templates
1:
2819:Untranslatability Goes Global
2792:Hawley, John Charles (1996).
2730:
2501:ingenious English substitutes
2419:De l'importance d'être Fidèle
2290:. He pondered the question: "
2183:it. Or one can use a similar
1423:, both being translatable as
1279:
1200:expresses hearsay knowledge (
836:(to jump once) contrast with
788:
478:List of most translated works
279:Translation management system
3135:Internet Sacred Text Archive
2725:Indeterminacy of translation
2585:
2532:Un roc lamina l'animal cornu
2465:La importancia de ser Franco
2425:Il est important d'être Aimé
2413:L'importance d'être Constant
2325:, translators cannot simply
2058:(husband's younger brother)
1210:Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirchá
1208:expresses high probability (
1146:means 'to make someone do';
1127:
1102:
1092:
1087:
1068:
1058:
1053:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1013:
7:
3097:, Llewellyn, 2005, p. 58-59
2658:
2614:
2453:La importància de ser Frank
2371:
2308:
2242:
2230:
2132:
2054:(husband's elder brother),
1890:") and "daughter-in-law" ("
1819:
1809:
1799:
1793:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1721:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1637:
1625:
1261:
1245:
1202:Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirsi
1194:Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirmi
1148:
1142:
1136:
761:
749:
731:
624:
563:'s analysis of the myth of
549:
10:
3227:
2895:Nir, David (May 6, 2014).
2772:Baer, Brian James (2015).
2715:Texas sharpshooter fallacy
2046:(wife's younger brother),
1675:). Their wives are called
1522:
621:or inefficient to convey.
3159:. Penguin Books Limited.
2870:Derrida, Jacques (1982).
2333:Poetry, puns and wordplay
2236:
2224:
2210:
2158:
2126:
2111:Work and school relations
2099:
2093:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1518:
1338:The war wasn't lost yet,
1320:A common use of the word
1267:
1251:
1054:causes something to pull
953:but must instead rely on
755:
743:
2624:. The gematric value of
2115:Japanese has a concept,
2038:(elder brother's wife),
1902:"). Both languages use "
1515:, a sheet metal worker.
1396:"(You mean) the war was
778:Bapak/Ibu mau pesan apa?
453:Journalistic translation
1573:By blood or by marriage
1569:and Chinese languages.
744:แม่จะเล่านิทานให้ลูกฟัง
335:Video game localization
243:Contrastive linguistics
2744:Aranda, Lucia (2007).
2615:nikhnas yayin yåSå sōd
2543:
2531:
2517:
2484:
2478:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
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2068:
1976:
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1964:
1958:
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1928:
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1735:
1728:
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1607:
1601:
1470:
1457:
1439:
1433:
1419:
1413:
1400:yet lost (back then)?"
1382:
1355:
1336:, which translates to
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1176:Similar to the Turkic
1169:
992:
984:
976:
968:
959:
942:
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844:
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832:
826:
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810:
804:
798:
777:
771:
572:Writing and Difference
418:Telephone interpreting
304:Multimedia translation
3111:Rosemary Ellen Guiley
2971:10.4324/9780429294914
2872:Margins of Philosophy
2559:, with its wealth of
2435:Szilárdnak kell lenni
2381:traduttore, traditore
2072:(husband's brother),
2014:(husband's brother),
1711:Relations by marriage
1394:would translate into
1255:) is used, as in "We
603:linguistic relativity
584:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
576:Margins of Philosophy
544:linguistic relativity
350:Software localization
330:Language localization
233:Translation criticism
162:Linguistic validation
3009:Le Ton beau de Marot
2695:Adam Jacot de Boinod
2545:Le Ton beau de Marot
2479:Ernst sein ist alles
2387:a fordítás: ferdítés
2258:to avoid confusion.
2078:(husband's sister),
2062:(husband's sister),
2018:(wife's brother) or
1998:(husband's sister),
1615:Full or half sibling
1544:Indo-Aryan languages
1536:Paternal or maternal
1468:Spanish equivalent:"
1271:) is used, as in "I
1227:. The English verb "
653:improve this article
345:Website localization
34:specify the language
32:This article should
3201:Translation studies
3115:Infobase Publishing
3039:Hofstadter, Douglas
3003:Hofstadter, Douglas
2287:Scientific American
2002:(wife's sister) or
1530:Kinship terminology
1525:kinship terminology
1360:noch nicht verloren
1333:noch nicht verloren
1223:per se, only three
913:stamattina ho visto
783:kinship terminology
772:Anda mau pesan apa?
762:nawng pen peuan pii
668:"Untranslatability"
412:Video relay service
269:Machine translation
228:Translation project
218:Translation studies
3095:John Michael Greer
2965:. pp. 41–43.
2687:Linguistics portal
2539:Douglas Hofstadter
2523:Theodore Roosevelt
2422:" (faithful) and "
2365:connotes the word
2282:Metamagical Themas
2278:Douglas Hofstadter
2250:. One may specify
2172:) used as a spicy
2020:"badžanak/pašenog"
1608:materterae maritus
1458:Não estou bonito,
1109:the subcontractor
855:to be used in the
274:Mobile translation
3166:978-1-84614-464-6
3113:, Facts on File (
3082:Joshua A. Fishman
2980:978-0-429-29491-4
2296:Margaret Thatcher
2042:(wife's sister),
1962:for one's child,
1739:" or Portuguese "
1647:. For example in
1563:Romance languages
1548:Chinese languages
1295:have a wealth of
1132:
1131:
862:Ná caithigí tobac
851:Irish allows the
756:น้องเป็นเพื่อนพี่
729:
728:
721:
703:
529:Untranslatability
526:
525:
397:Untranslatability
248:Polysystem theory
94:
93:
74:may also be used.
3218:
3211:Linguistic error
3170:
3137:
3131:Aleister Crowley
3124:
3118:
3107:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3063:
3057:
3056:
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3029:
3028:
3012:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2930:. Archived from
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2741:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2653:Aleister Crowley
2644:magical formulas
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2609:נכנס יין יצא סוד
2548:
2534:
2520:
2487:
2481:
2474:Francisco Franco
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
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2437:
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2415:
2389:
2383:
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2245:
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2227:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2185:vegetable's name
2169:Wasabia japonica
2161:
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2135:
2129:
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2096:
2095:
2083:
2077:
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1925:
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1662:
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1633:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1567:Slavic languages
1540:Nordic languages
1477:
1471:No estoy guapo;
1464:
1442:
1436:
1422:
1416:
1393:
1362:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1172:
1157:Turkic languages
1151:
1145:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1103:The corporation
1098:
1079:
1073:
1069:A subcontractor
1064:
1045:
1036:
1000:
999:
995:
987:
979:
971:
962:
945:
943:passato prossimo
939:
933:
931:passato prossimo
927:
921:
915:
909:
907:passato prossimo
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
870:
868:Ná caitear tobac
864:
853:prohibitive mood
847:
841:
835:
829:
819:
813:
807:
801:
780:
774:
764:
758:
757:
752:
746:
745:
724:
717:
713:
710:
704:
702:
661:
637:
629:
518:
511:
504:
473:Translated books
423:Language barrier
340:Dub localization
119:
96:
95:
89:
86:
80:
65:
59:
55:
49:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3167:
3146:
3144:Further reading
3141:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3067:Etymythological
3064:
3060:
3053:
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2685:
2678:
2673:Language portal
2671:
2664:
2661:
2640:Barbarous names
2621:in vino veritas
2588:
2335:
2323:foster children
2311:
2149:
2147:Foreign objects
2113:
1950:for a brother,
1538:. For example,
1527:
1521:
1297:modal particles
1282:
1180:, nearly every
1140:means 'to do';
1117:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1043:
1034:
791:
734:
725:
714:
708:
705:
662:
660:
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638:
627:
561:Jacques Derrida
556:Walter Benjamin
552:
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428:Fan translation
407:Transliteration
197:Sense-for-sense
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63:
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51:transliteration
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3175:External links
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2252:yellow mustard
2148:
2145:
2112:
2109:
2016:"šurak/šurjak"
2012:"djever/dever"
1805:brother-in-law
1775:. Bengali has
1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1466:
1429:Romance copula
1383:Der Krieg war
1356:Der Krieg war
1329:Der Krieg war
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3117:), 2006, p.31
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2934:on 2014-02-20
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3078:Tope Omoniyi
3076:, edited by
3073:
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2936:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2927:
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2430:Ádám Nádasdy
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2028:"makhatunim"
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1908:" (Sp.) or "
1829:
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1059:Urakoitsija
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993:vedätätyttää
948:
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767:
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709:October 2021
706:
696:
689:
682:
675:
663:
651:Please help
646:verification
643:
594:
592:
588:Robert Frost
580:
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541:
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396:
366:Associations
312:Localization
256:Technologies
82:
68:ISO 639 code
64:}}
58:{{
54:}}
48:{{
44:}}
38:{{
33:
2899:. Daily Kos
2720:Translation
2705:Terminology
2565:portmanteau
2552:Jabberwocky
2512:palindromes
2508:spoonerisms
2398:Oscar Wilde
2319:mobile home
2197:horseradish
2024:"prijatelj"
1800:bhagni-pati
1733:, Spanish "
1599:where e.g.
1115:the driver
1075:the driver
955:periphrasis
951:indirection
820:(a regular
811:kirjoitella
615:connotation
613:, although
599:lexical gap
537:lexical gap
485:Translators
299:Postediting
294:Pre-editing
109:Translation
3195:Categories
2961:. London:
2938:2022-10-16
2881:0226143260
2856:0838755925
2803:0823216365
2731:References
2648:Iamblichus
2592:Hallelujah
2572:Irish joke
2570:A notable
2561:neologisms
2000:"svastika"
1929:concunhada
1917:concunhado
1825:son-in-law
1794:jamai-babu
1736:consuegros
1722:makhatunim
1716:consuoceri
1495:handsome."
1449:paraphrase
1311:, Danish:
1280:Vocabulary
1121:the horse
1081:the horse
1078:to command
1047:the horse
985:vedätyttää
901:sono stato
895:imperfetto
802:or Polish
799:kirjoittaa
789:Verb forms
679:newspapers
607:denotation
448:Scanlation
289:Subtitling
202:Homophonic
172:Regulatory
3206:Semantics
2989:198632812
2963:Routledge
2600:referents
2586:Iconicity
2195:Japanese
2177:condiment
2048:Sambandhi
2026:(same as
1965:privignus
1923:concuñada
1911:concuñado
1742:consogros
1725:", Latin
1602:avunculus
1589:Hungarian
1391:verloren?
1349:not lost.
1340:after all
1233:adjective
1041:A driver
736:Although
619:ineffable
177:Technical
85:June 2020
3153:(2011).
3070:Othering
3041:(1989).
3005:(1997).
2700:Metaphor
2659:See also
2604:gematria
2400:'s play
2351:semantic
2309:Concepts
2303:Thatcher
2220:shān kuí
2174:Japanese
2081:ianitrix
2032:"friend"
2004:"jetrva"
1947:fratello
1729:consocer
1678:Jethi-ma
1505:greeting
1406:gezellig
1305:(Dutch:
1044:commands
1031:Ajomies
1020:A horse
1014:Hevonen
1006:English
1003:Finnish
977:vedättää
732:Register
625:Examples
550:Theories
187:Cultural
137:Literary
101:a series
99:Part of
3015:143–144
2527:example
2497:Asterix
2472:due to
2441:Szilárd
2408:earnest
2369:(being
2355:Genesis
2315:lexemes
2271:apricot
2248:mustard
2097:" and "
2089:Russian
2052:Bhaasur
1996:"zaova"
1988:Bosnian
1984:Serbian
1953:cognato
1941:cunhado
1905:concuño
1887:cunhada
1851:cunhado
1833:hermano
1789:brother
1748:mekhutn
1701:brother
1696:কাকি-মা
1690:Kaki-ma
1684:জেঠি-মা
1649:Bengali
1593:Chinese
1585:Bengali
1559:cousins
1509:welcome
1462:bonito.
1225:aspects
1217:Chinese
1182:Quechua
1170:Gitmiş!
1149:karwāna
1123:to pull
1118:command
1112:to have
1106:assigns
1097:dätätyt
1083:to pull
1072:directs
1049:to pull
972:(pull),
898:), and
833:skoczyć
817:pisywać
693:scholar
617:may be
381:Schools
284:Dubbing
167:Medical
77:See why
3163:
3049:
3021:
2987:
2977:
2903:May 6,
2878:
2853:
2825:
2800:
2752:
2576:mañana
2367:ground
2347:rhymes
2339:poetry
2327:calque
2263:Kuraga
2243:lǜ jiè
2231:jiè mò
2216:pinyin
2202:wasabi
2190:wasabi
2181:borrow
2154:wasabi
2133:senpai
2100:сватья
2044:Shaala
2040:Shaali
1959:filius
1935:cuñado
1881:cuñada
1845:cuñado
1810:chhele
1760:cuscri
1705:sister
1687:) and
1660:জ্যাঠা
1638:Shaqīq
1555:Gender
1519:Family
1475:guapo.
1375:really
1365:. . .
1293:Danish
1285:German
1221:tenses
1186:clitic
1143:karāna
1093:Yhtiö
1026:pulls
1022:pulls.
1016:vetää.
845:skakać
839:hyppiä
827:hypätä
695:
688:
681:
674:
666:
595:lacuna
533:lacuna
443:Fandub
438:Fansub
371:Awards
210:Theory
3129:from
2985:S2CID
2580:Irish
2578:into
2490:Ernst
2485:ernst
2470:Spain
2459:franc
2372:Adama
2301:Denis
2234:) or
2206:Hanzi
2164:plant
2162:is a
2069:levir
2060:Nanad
2036:Boudi
2008:"zet"
1977:nurus
1974:(and
1971:gener
1893:nuera
1875:genro
1869:yerno
1863:filho
1839:irmão
1820:jamai
1772:beyan
1766:beayi
1654:Jethu
1597:Latin
1581:Hindi
1577:uncle
1513:limar
1501:doček
1440:estar
1427:(see
1425:to be
1420:estar
1389:nicht
1387:noch
1347:still
1289:Dutch
1235:("It
1229:to be
1155:Most
1137:Karna
1063:dätyt
969:vetää
960:vetää
805:pisać
700:JSTOR
686:books
597:, or
565:Babel
535:, or
414:(VRS)
157:Kural
152:Quran
147:Bible
132:Legal
124:Types
3161:ISBN
3080:and
3047:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2922:Amae
2920:"Is
2905:2014
2876:ISBN
2851:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2642:are
2596:Amen
2594:and
2563:and
2510:and
2495:The
2363:Adam
2359:Adam
2343:puns
2341:and
2321:and
2267:Uruk
2265:and
2254:and
2118:amae
2094:сват
2075:glos
2056:Deor
1986:and
1899:nora
1866:", "
1857:hijo
1842:", "
1823:for
1817:and
1813:for
1803:for
1791:and
1787:for
1784:bhai
1778:dada
1672:কাকু
1666:Kaku
1632:شقيق
1591:and
1546:and
1417:and
1385:doch
1358:doch
1331:doch
1323:doch
1308:toch
1302:doch
1291:and
1206:=chá
1163:(or
1099:tää.
1065:tää.
1037:tää.
928:and
842:and
830:and
738:Thai
672:news
574:and
41:lang
2967:doi
2633:סוד
2627:יין
2555:by
2193:or
2159:わさび
2087:In
2064:Jaa
1815:son
1703:or
1626:Akh
1507:or
1473:soy
1460:sou
1434:Ser
1431:).
1414:ser
1408:".
1398:not
1367:but
1343:or
1314:dog
1262:shì
1257:are
1246:zài
1198:=si
1190:=mi
1178:miş
1165:mis
1161:miş
1035:dät
889:ero
886:),
877:fui
814:or
759:" (
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655:by
264:CAT
61:IPA
3197::
3102:^
3017:.
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2837:^
2784:^
2764:^
2503:.
2237:绿芥
2225:芥末
2218::
2211:山葵
2127:先輩
1827:.
1807:;
1620:أخ
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430:(
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