British nationality law

1228:: people with dual nationality who are British nationals can be deprived of their British citizenship if the Secretary of State is satisfied that "deprivation is conducive to the public good", or if nationality was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact. Between 2006 and the end of 2021 at least 464 people have had their citizenship removed by the government since the law was introduced. There is a right of appeal. This provision has been in force since 16 June 2006 when the Immigration, Nationality and Asylum Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 brought it into force. Loss of British nationality in this way applies also to dual nationals who are British by birth. The Secretary of State may not deprive a person of British nationality, unless obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact, if they are satisfied that the order would make a person stateless. 1111:. Children born in an overseas territory to British citizen parents who are not settled in a territory are British citizens at birth, but not BOTCs. Parents do not necessarily need to be connected with the same overseas territory to pass on BOTC status. Alternatively, a child born in an overseas territory may be registered as a BOTC if either parent becomes a BOTC or settles in any overseas territory subsequent to birth. A child who lives in the same territory until age 10 and is not absent for more than 90 days in each year is also entitled to registration as a BOTC. Furthermore, an adopted child automatically become a BOTC on the effective day of adoption if either parent is a BOTC or has belonger status. In all cases that an individual is a British Overseas Territories citizen at birth or adoption within the territories, that person is a BOTC otherwise than by descent. 1167:

Overseas citizens retain their status by association with most former British colonies, British subjects are connected specifically with Ireland or British India before 1949, and British protected persons are associated with territories that were under British control but not formally incorporated as part of the British Empire. British National (Overseas) status was exclusively granted by voluntary registration to Hong Kong residents who had been British Dependent Territories citizens prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997 and cannot be newly acquired in any case. Noncitizen British nationals may become British citizens by registration, rather than naturalisation, after residing in the United Kingdom for more than five years and possessing ILR for more than one year.

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century. After 1949, non-local British subjects under the new definition who were resident in these independent Commonwealth countries continued to retain certain privileges. This included eligibility to vote in elections, for preferred paths to citizenship, and for welfare benefits. British subjects were eligible to vote in New Zealand until 1975 and Australia until 1984 (though subjects on the electoral roll in that year are still eligible). In Canada, voting eligibility was revoked at the federal level in 1975, but not fully phased out in provinces until 2006. All Commonwealth citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK.

1179:, provided that the declarant possesses or intends to acquire another nationality. Former British citizens or BOTCs may subsequently apply for nationality restoration. Applicants who had originally renounced their British nationality in order to retain or acquire another nationality are entitled to register as British citizens or BOTCs once. Any subsequent renunciation and application for restoration, or someone applying for restoration who originally renounced their British nationality for a reason unrelated to acquiring or retaining an alternate nationality, would be subject to the discretionary approval of the Home Secretary. 758:

accept these documents. British consular staff were instructed to confiscate any Irish passports that did not include the term "British subject" and replace them with British passports. This situation continued until 1930, when Irish passports were amended to describe its holders as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State". Despite these disagreements, the two governments agreed not to establish border controls between their jurisdictions and all Irish citizens and British subjects continued to have the ability to move freely within the

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maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have. Imperial legal uniformity was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage.

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1922 in the area that became the Republic of Ireland to fathers also born in that area but were domiciled in Northern Ireland on Irish independence had nevertheless automatically acquired Irish citizenship. The Ireland Act 1949 specifically addresses this by deeming any person in such circumstances who had never registered for Irish citizenship and had not permanently resided in the Republic between 10 April 1935 and 1 January 1949 as a CUKC and having never ceased to be a British subject.

44: 6561: 665:; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality. There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after the dissolution or termination of her marriage. 1004: 742:, Northern Ireland was included in the Irish Free State on independence, but had the right to opt out of the new state within one month of its establishment. This option was exercised on 7 December 1922. The 24-hour period in which Northern Ireland was officially part of the Irish Free State meant that every person ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on 6 December who fulfilled the citizenship provisions in the 419:. This Act defined six types of nationality with varying degrees of civil and political rights, dependent on a person's connections with the United Kingdom, overseas territories, or former colonies. British citizens hold their status because of a close connection with the British Islands, usually through their own (or parents' or grandparents') birth, adoption, naturalisation, or registration as citizens of the UK. 1069:

for permanent residency. Swiss citizens became subject to the same regulations on 1 June 2002. From 30 April 2006 until 30 June 2021, EU/EEA and Swiss citizens living in the UK for at least five years automatically received permanent resident status. Permanent resident status for these citizens expired on 1 July 2021, after which they have been required to hold settled status through the

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borders. A Canadian, New Zealand, or Irish citizen who travelled outside of their own country would have been regarded as a British subject. This was reinforced by Article 3 of the 1922 Free State Constitution, which stated that Irish citizenship could be exercised "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State".

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individuals born in the UK since 1983 are only British citizens if at least one parent is already a British citizen. The Irish regulation created a legal anomaly where persons born in Britain without British citizenship nevertheless held an unrestricted right to settle in Ireland; this inconsistency was removed in 1999.

844:. Although Irish citizens have no longer been defined as British subjects in British law since 1949, they continue to be treated as non-foreign in the United Kingdom and retain the same rights and privileges exercised by Commonwealth citizens; Irish citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for parliament in the UK. 762:. Although Irish citizens have not been considered British subjects under Irish law since 1935, the British government continued to treat virtually all Irish citizens as British subjects, except for those who had acquired Irish citizenship by naturalisation since the Free State had not incorporated part II of the 1239:

The powers to strip citizenship were initially very rarely used. Between 2010 and 2015, 33 dual nationals had been deprived of their British citizenship. In the two years to 2013 six people were deprived of citizenship; then in 2013, 18 people were deprived, increasing to 23 in 2014. In 2017, over 40

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Foreigners and non-BOTC British nationals may naturalise as British Overseas Territories citizens after residing in a territory for more than five years and possessing belonger status or permanent residency for more than one year. The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is

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Foreign nationals may naturalise as British citizens after residing in the UK for more than five years and possessing indefinite leave to remain (ILR) for at least one year. The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is married to a British citizen and they immediately become

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citizens have changed greatly over time, affecting the status of their children born during the different regulatory periods. EU/EEA citizens living in the UK before 2 October 2000 were automatically considered to be settled. Between that date and 29 April 2006, EU/EEA citizens were required to apply

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All persons born in the British Islands before 1 January 1983 were automatically granted citizenship by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in those territories since that date only receive citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is a British citizen

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so as not to require that a third country would actually grant nationality to a person; British nationality can be revoked if "the Secretary of State has reasonable grounds for believing that the person is able, under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom, to become a national

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became British citizens on 21 May 2002, and children born on qualified overseas territories to dual BOTC-British citizens since that date are both BOTCs and British citizens otherwise than by descent. Prior to 2002, only BOTCs from Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands were given unrestricted access to

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was first defined in this Act to have the same meaning. This alternative term was necessary to retain a number of newly independent countries in the Commonwealth that wished to become republics rather than preserve the monarch as head of state. The change in naming also indicated a shift in the base

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The British Nationality Act 1948 unintentionally excluded certain British subjects associated with Ireland from acquiring CUKC status. The wording of that law did not take into account the 24-hour period during which Northern Ireland was part of the Irish Free State in 1922. Individuals born before

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British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country. A person born in Australia would be both an Australian citizen and a British subject. British subjects under the previous meaning who held that status on 1 January 1949 because of a connection

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Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband. Because the government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to

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in 1923, the British government insisted on the inclusion of some type of wording that described the holders of these passports as "British subjects". The two sides could not reach agreement on this issue and when the Irish government began issuing passports in 1924, British authorities refused to

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Children born in the UK to a resident Irish citizen at any time are always British citizens at birth. Since 1983, the status of a child born in the UK is dependent on whether their parents held British citizenship or settled status at the time of their birth. Irish citizens residing in the UK are

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Certain territories that came under British jurisdiction were not formally incorporated as Crown territory proper. These included protectorates, protected states, mandated territories, and Indian princely states. Because domestic law treated these areas as foreign territory, birth in one of these

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fleeing religious persecution in mainland Europe were allowed to naturalise as subjects in 1708, but this was quickly repealed in 1711 in response to the number of migrants exercising that ability. A standard administrative process was not introduced until 1844, when applicants were first able to

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It is generally not possible to acquire other forms of British nationality. British Overseas citizenship, British subjecthood, and British protected person status are only transferred by descent if an individual born to a parent holding one of these statuses would otherwise be stateless. British

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in the UK. Section 2 of the Act establishes that adults born overseas are British citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent, subject to regulations. Section 3 of the Act establishes also that minors may be entitled to be citizens by registration if a parent is a

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At its inception, the Irish Free State gained independence as a Dominion within the British Empire. Imperial legislation at the time dictated that although individual Dominions could define a citizenship for their own citizens, that citizenship would only be effective within the local Dominion's

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In other parts of the Commonwealth, British subjects already did not have an automatic right to settle. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa had immigration restrictions in place for British subjects from outside their jurisdictions targeted at non-white migrants since the late 19th

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All British subjects under the reformed system initially continued to hold free movement rights in both the UK and Ireland. Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of

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areas did not automatically confer British subject status. Instead, most people associated with these territories were designated as British protected persons. British protected persons were treated as aliens in the United Kingdom, but both British subjects and protected persons could be issued

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While the UK was a member state of the EU, Cypriot and Maltese citizens held a particularly favoured status there. While non-EU Commonwealth citizens continued to need a residence visa to live in the UK, Cypriot and Maltese citizens were able to settle there and immediately hold full rights to

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for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens. Ireland mirrored this restriction and limited free movement only to people born on the islands of Great Britain or Ireland. However,

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The Home Office said: 'British citizenship is a privilege, not a right. Deprivation of citizenship on conducive grounds is rightly reserved for those who pose a threat to the UK or whose conduct involves very high harm. The nationality and borders bill will amend the law so citizenship can be

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Individuals born outside of the territories are BOTCs by descent if either parent is a BOTC otherwise than by descent. Unmarried fathers cannot automatically pass on BOTC status, and it would be necessary for them to register children as BOTCs. If a parent is a BOTC by descent, additional

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to remain British subjects under this definition. Additionally, those who did not qualify for CUKC status or citizenship in other Commonwealth countries, or were connected with a country that had not yet defined citizenship laws, would transitionally remain British subjects in this group.

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formalised a clear distinction between subjects who were naturalised in the UK and those who became British subjects in other territories. Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those

7358: 1283:. In November 2021, an amendment to the Bill was introduced which, if passed, would allow people to be deprived of British citizenship without being given notice. At the time the Home Office reiterated its position on citizenship: "British citizenship is a privilege, not a right". 896:

By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to the United Kingdom had been significantly weakened. The UK updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the

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and is the common term used in international treaties when addressing members of a country, while citizenship usually means the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. This distinction is clearly defined in many non-English speaking countries but not in the

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requirements apply to register children as BOTCs. Parents in Crown service who have children abroad are exempted from these circumstances, and their children would be BOTCs otherwise than by descent, as if they had been born on their home territory.

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came into force British nationals could be deprived of their citizenship if and only if the Secretary of State was satisfied they were responsible for acts seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom or an Overseas Territory.

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said in 2018 that until then deprivation of nationality had been restricted to "terrorists who are a threat to the country", but that he intended to extend it to "those who are convicted of the most grave criminal offences". The acting director of

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British Overseas citizens (BOCs) do not lose their BOC status upon acquisition of another citizenship, but any entitlement to registration as a British citizen on the grounds of having no other nationality no longer applies after acquiring another

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theory to this aspect of British nationality; allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to possess British subject status and the common status would be maintained by voluntary agreement among the various members of the Commonwealth.

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retains discretionary authority to grant BOTC status. Since 2004, BOTC applicants aged 18 or older are required to take an oath of allegiance to the Sovereign and loyalty pledge to the relevant territory during their citizenship ceremonies.

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From 1 January 2004, all new applicants for British citizenship by naturalisation or registration aged 18 or over if their application is successful must attend a citizenship ceremony and either make an affirmation or take an

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responded "The home secretary is taking us down a very dangerous road. ... making our criminals someone else's problem is ... the government washing its hands of its responsibilities ... Banishment belongs in the dark ages."

1251:. It appears that the government usually waits until the person has left Britain, then sends a warning notice to their British home and signs a deprivation order a day or two later. Appeals are heard at the highly secretive 1212:

The British government does not publish the number of people it strips of citizenship, but independent research by a lawyer-run website, in 2022, found at least 464 people's citizenships were revoked in the last 15 years.

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status under section 31 of the 1981 Act do not need to attend a citizenship ceremony. If such a person subsequently applies for British citizenship by registration or naturalisation, attendance at a ceremony is required.

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citizen by descent who lived in the UK for a period before the birth. Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents at the time of adoption. Children born abroad to members of the

1036:) received British citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born afterwards only receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a British citizen or considered to have 606:– although they were no longer considered an alien, they could not pass subject status to their children by descent and were barred from Crown service and public office. This mechanism was no longer used after 1873. 986:

on 31 January 2020, British nationals have no longer been EU citizens. Despite this, British citizens continue to have free movement in Ireland as part of the preexisting arrangement for the Common Travel Area.

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British subjects (other than British subjects by virtue of a connection with the Republic of Ireland) and British protected persons lose British nationality upon acquiring any other form of nationality.

913:. The definition of "British subject" became limited to include only the category of people previously called British subjects without citizenship who held that status through a connection with former 4237:

Tobler, Christa (2020). "Free Movement of Persons in the EU v. in the EEA: of Effect-Related Homogeneity and a Reversed Polydor Principle". In Cambien, Nathan; Kochenov, Dimitry; Muir, Elise (eds.).

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with the United Kingdom or a remaining colony became Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC). CUKC status was the principal form of British nationality during this period of time.

672:, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the 634:. Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside of the Empire. 6914: 6634: 1120: 869:) and to moderate nationalist attitudes within the Commonwealth. In response, Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the British Islands with the 3674: 865:

colonial migration. This entitlement was part of a wider initiative to preserve close relationships with certain Dominions and colonies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and

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naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in

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in 1801. Natural-born subjects were considered to owe perpetual allegiance to the Crown and could not voluntarily renounce British subject status until this was first permitted in 1870.

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political participation due to their status as both Commonwealth and EU citizens. This group of EU citizens (along with Irish citizens) domiciled in the UK were able to vote in the

323:) have also been British citizens since 2002. Individuals connected with former British colonies may hold residual forms of British nationality, which do not confer an automatic 2481: 613:. Individual colonies had each developed their own procedures and requirements for naturalisation, granting subject status at the discretion of the local governments. In 1847, 490:

as they existed before 1949. British protected persons come from areas controlled by the British Empire that were never formally incorporated as Crown territory; this includes

978:, and British subjects under the 1981 Act who held UK right of abode were defined as UK nationals for the purposes of EU law. Although the Crown dependencies were part of the 2380: 5911: 5816: 252: 7839: 788:

Diverging developments in Dominion legislation, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the

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Huttenback, R.A. (November 1973). "The British Empire as a "White Man's Country" – Racial Attitudes and Immigration Legislation in the Colonies of White Settlement".

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There was also a category of people called British subjects without citizenship. Irish citizens who fulfilled certain requirements could file formal claims with the

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with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the

355: 228: 8158: 7467: 7278: 6794: 5586: 901:. CUKCs were reclassified in 1983 into different nationality groups based on their ancestry, birthplace, and immigration status: CUKCs who had 800:

in 1947, comprehensive reform to nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system.

626:. When travelling outside of the Empire, British subjects who were locally naturalised in a colony were still entitled to imperial protection. 7243: 6889: 6667: 2825: 654:

that adopted Part II of this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation.

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British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) who acquire another nationality do not lose their BOTC status but they may be liable to lose

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in their home territory under its immigration laws. Such persons are advised to contact the governor of that territory for information.

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Irish citizens are no longer required to demonstrate their knowledge of English and are exempted from taking the Life in the UK test.

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the oath of allegiance was administered privately through signing a witnessed form in front of a solicitor or other accredited person

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is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging to a

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Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether nationality regulations in the United Kingdom were applicable elsewhere in the

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Wiener, Antje (August 1997). "Making Sense of the New Geography of Citizenship: Fragmented Citizenship in the European Union".

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Kelly, James (1987). "The Origins of the Act of Union: An Examination of Unionist Opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800".

543:. This system of loyalty, indirectly owed to the monarch personally, developed into a general establishment of subjecthood to 7549: 7122: 6334: 5147: 5071: 4648: 4560: 4450: 4071: 4046: 3860: 3788: 3447: 470:

The other four categories are residual nationality classes that generally cannot be acquired. BOCs are people connected with

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where the UK holds sovereignty. Since 2002, nearly all BOTCs also hold British citizenship, except for those associated with

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Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the

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Baldwin, M. Page (October 2001). "Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act".

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The Home Office does not issue information on these cases and is resistant to answering questions, for example under the

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Not all British nationals were EU citizens. Only British citizens, British Overseas Territories citizens connected with

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deprived where it is not practicable to give notice, for example if there is no way of communicating with the person.'

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regardless of their employment status. The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the

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redefined British subject as any citizen of the United Kingdom, its colonies, or other Commonwealth countries.

789: 540: 1140:. Becoming a British citizen has no effect on BOTC status; BOTCs may also simultaneously be British citizens. 1077:

eligible for naturalisation after receiving ILR or equivalent. Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in the

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Bloom, Tendayi (2011). "Contradictions in Formal Commonwealth Citizenship Rights in Commonwealth Countries".

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Despite the accommodations for republics, Ireland ended its Commonwealth membership in 1948 when it formally

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into imperial nationality law, where a woman's consent to marry a foreigner was also assumed to be intent to

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Layton-Henry, Zig (2001). "Patterns of Privilege: Citizenship Rights in Britain". In Kondo, Atushi (ed.).

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Individuals born in a territory automatically receive BOTC status if at least one parent is a BOTC or has

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citizenship. BOTCs naturalised after that date may also become British citizens by registration at the

1037: 952: 926: 559:, that all those who were born within Crown dominions were natural-born subjects. After passage of the 527:

Before the concept of nationality was codified in legislation, inhabitants of English communities owed

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people had been deprived as of July (at this time increased numbers of British citizens went to join "

792:, breaking the system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of 8069: 7829: 7634: 7607: 7117: 6997: 6232: 6116: 6091: 6046: 6041: 5991: 5916: 5866: 5841: 5836: 5806: 5761: 5751: 5711: 5681: 5671: 5661: 5576: 5553: 5528: 5465: 5385: 5310: 5275: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5176: 5005: 4940: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4855: 4825: 4800: 4790: 3396: 3258: 1255:(SIAC), where the government can submit evidence that cannot be seen or challenged by the appellant. 1119:

married to a BOTC. All applicants for naturalisation and registration are normally considered by the

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remaining official functions in the Irish state. This was recognised by Britain after passage of the

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McMillan, Kate (2017). "Fairness and the borders around political community". In Hall, David (ed.).

3499: 3154: 7967: 7497: 7137: 6884: 6564: 6317: 6187: 6177: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6106: 6016: 5996: 5981: 5831: 5801: 5756: 5741: 5701: 5691: 5666: 5596: 5591: 5538: 5533: 5523: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5390: 5370: 5365: 5355: 5325: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5270: 5230: 5220: 5025: 5010: 4935: 4920: 4890: 4870: 4860: 4850: 4840: 4830: 4815: 4805: 4795: 4780: 4523: 4513: 4193: 4063: 3302: 2851: 2829: 2807: 2785: 2760: 2738: 2716: 2691: 1379: 1276: 1264: 1161: 1149: 910: 711: 673: 568: 444: 432: 340: 328: 110: 105: 411:. Historically, an individual associated with Britain was neither a national nor a citizen, but a 8112: 8025: 7846: 7781: 7492: 6292: 6272: 6227: 6222: 6212: 6182: 6126: 6121: 6081: 6061: 6056: 6021: 6001: 5986: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5846: 5821: 5796: 5786: 5766: 5676: 5601: 5490: 5480: 5415: 5350: 5340: 5330: 5320: 5265: 5225: 5045: 5030: 4950: 4925: 4905: 4885: 4845: 4820: 4744: 4416: 3924:

Lowry, Donal (2008). "The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922—49".

1333: 681: 7962: 7027: 6530: 6312: 6302: 6267: 6167: 6111: 6096: 6031: 6026: 6011: 5906: 5881: 5851: 5776: 5736: 5568: 5440: 5375: 5360: 5345: 5015: 4970: 4875: 4865: 4835: 2909: 1061: 971:, which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002. 964: 583: 4098: 3002: 8117: 7957: 7913: 7776: 7362: 6373: 6131: 6086: 6051: 6036: 6006: 5861: 5791: 5548: 5096: 3780: 2311: 1132: 701: 650:. c. 17). British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. 623: 479: 464: 320: 2610:"Check if you're a British citizen: Born in the UK between 2 October 2000 and 29 April 2006" 1713: 1711: 1709: 1606: 1604: 7977: 7918: 7883: 7771: 7744: 7255: 6494: 6467: 6358: 5921: 5086: 4752: 4736: 4606: 4528: 4412: 4038: 1670: 1232: 1042: 932: 874: 808: 797: 783: 719: 532: 223: 126: 4271:

Integration Without Membership: Switzerland's Bilateral Agreements with the European Union

4269: 4081:

Price, Polly J. (1997). "Natural Law and Birthright Citizenship in Calvin's Case (1608)".

3066: 2323: 1783: 982:, free movement of persons was never implemented in those territories. Following the UK's 327:

and generally may no longer be acquired. These residual nationalities are the statuses of

8: 8054: 7972: 7950: 7945: 7928: 7923: 7901: 7791: 7749: 6484: 6403: 5946: 4145:

Sawyer, Caroline; Wray, Helena (December 2014). Country Report: United Kingdom (Report).

3405: 1723: 1706: 1682: 1601: 1360: 487: 379: 3046: 8049: 8005: 7786: 7764: 7759: 7727: 7639: 6812: 6383: 4679: 4386: 4378: 4324: 4260: 4256: 4202: 4137: 4129: 3984: 3953: 3945: 3912: 3875: 3844: 3827: 3819: 3724: 3716: 3662: 3575: 3571: 3544: 3486: 3478: 3417: 3372: 3360: 3344: 3071: 3007: 2926: 2375: 2123: 1033: 909:(BDTCs). Remaining CUKCs who were no longer associated with a British territory became 759: 739: 723: 619: 564: 560: 475: 383: 293: 292:, which include the UK itself (England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland) and the 3298:"Missing Links: Data Stories from the Archive of British Settler Colonial Citizenship" 2118: 8064: 8010: 7612: 6525: 6477: 4390: 4343: 4282: 4246: 4112: 4094: 4067: 4042: 4019: 3957: 3856: 3831: 3784: 3728: 3620:(1999). "The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act". 3558: 3490: 3443: 3421: 3382: 3352: 2930: 956: 866: 793: 599: 285: 1305: 8059: 8042: 8037: 8020: 8000: 7806: 6659: 6408: 5157: 5121: 4591: 4370: 4242: 4179: 4150: 4121: 4011: 4003: 3976: 3937: 3904: 3879: 3848: 3811: 3708: 3654: 3631: 3567: 3536: 3470: 3409: 3364: 3336: 3311: 2918: 2250: 2011: 1078: 841: 735: 731: 662: 631: 549: 448: 378:, British citizens continue to hold permanent permission to work and reside in the 312: 209: 131: 3003:"The Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006" 7732: 7622: 7313: 7273: 6489: 5199: 5066: 4762: 4674: 4638: 4508: 4337: 4090: 4057: 3997: 3900: 3774: 3506: 3433: 3429: 3413: 1364: 1196: 1157: 1131:

All British Overseas Territories citizens other than those solely connected with

1108: 1086: 1029: 1008: 767: 684:. Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the 647: 522: 460: 440: 427:

There are six types of British nationality: any person who is a British citizen,

412: 403: 332: 308: 289: 146: 84: 3297: 3099:"Sajid Javid 'taking UK down dangerous road' by expanding citizenship stripping" 1175:

Any type of British nationality can be renounced by making a declaration to the

7345: 7226: 7164: 6725: 6608: 6520: 6420: 4430: 3617: 3510: 3159: 1176: 1124: 1082: 1057: 944: 936: 820: 754: 610: 579: 499: 277: 4374: 4239:

European Citizenship under Stress: Social Justice, Brexit and Other Challenges

4191:

Siskind, Gregory (1992). "Freedom of Movement for Lawyers in the New Europe".

3941: 3815: 3474: 8132: 7401: 6962: 6860: 6850: 6649: 6644: 6550: 6499: 6431: 5973: 3965:

Mansergh, Nicholas (1952). "Ireland: The Republic Outside the Commonwealth".

3386: 3179: 2922: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2590: 2578: 1295: 1291: 1046: 1016: 905:

became British citizens while those connected with a remaining colony became

587: 43: 4125: 3883: 3673: 3525:

Dixon, David (1983). "Thatcher's People: The British Nationality Act 1981".

3196:"New bill quietly gives powers to remove British citizenship without notice" 2329: 2317: 1789: 1729: 1717: 1688: 1676: 1610: 939:(EU). British citizens were able to work in other EC/EU countries under the 482:. British subjects hold their status through a connection either to former 7268: 6639: 6446: 4705: 3635: 3356: 3200: 3131: 3103: 2962: 2878: 1287: 491: 6577: 4435: 4007: 3852: 3316: 2901: 7754: 7684: 6504: 6462: 4221: 3891:

Lloyd, Trevor (1998). "Partition, within, Partition: The Irish Example".

3681: 3594: 3498:

Director, Immigration and Nationality Policy Directorate (19 June 2002).

3254: 3230: 3174: 2855: 2833: 2811: 2789: 2742: 2720: 2695: 2366: 1339: 1280: 1259: 1065: 1012: 968: 914: 773: 669: 592: 483: 408: 399: 395: 273: 4206: 3949: 3916: 3823: 3482: 2874:"Hundreds stripped of British citizenship in last 15 years, study finds" 2006:

Thwaites, Rayner (2017). Report on Citizenship Law: Australia (Report).

563:, English and Scottish subjects became British subjects. Similarly, the 4407: 4183: 4133: 4015: 3988: 3765: 3666: 3579: 3548: 3348: 2953: 2245:

Maas, Willem (July 2015). Access to Electoral Rights: Canada (Report).

603: 528: 4382: 4328: 4155: 3720: 3500:"British Overseas citizens – Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill" 3457:

Daly, Mary E. (2001). "Irish Nationality and Citizenship since 1922".

2804:"Nationality policy: renunciation of all types of British nationality" 2255: 2016: 8032: 7940: 3908: 3776:

Defining British Citizenship: Empire, Commonwealth and Modern Britain

3643:

Heuston, R.F.V. (1950). "British Nationality and Irish Citizenship".

1387: 975: 658: 544: 474:

who have no close ties to the UK or overseas territories. BN(O)s are

3980: 3658: 3540: 3224:

Immigration Bill, Fact Sheet: Deprivation of citizenship (clause 60)

2226: 1951: 1355:

British consular offices outside the United Kingdom and territories.

885: 303:

The six classes of British nationality each have varying degrees of

7893: 6472: 6438: 5168: 3712: 3340: 2202: 1347: 967:

in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for

651: 555: 1003: 478:

who voluntarily registered for this status before the territory's

7719: 3263:"Tougher language requirements announced for British citizenship" 3021: 1759: 1279:

in July 2021, sponsored by the Home Office under Home Secretary

851: 8015: 4431:

British Government self-check tool for citizenship requirements

4213: 3375:(1765). "Of the People, Whether Aliens, Denizens, or Natives". 3267: 3031: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2614: 2596: 2584: 2476: 2451:

Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies

1795: 1391: 1343: 983: 536: 451:. Of these statuses, only British citizenship grants automatic 375: 4107: 2544: 2542: 2119:"British Nationality (Irish Citizens) Act 2024: Section 1" 1694: 598:

The monarch could personally make any individual a subject by

7992: 4059:

Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era

2263: 1540: 1538: 4405: 3999:

Fair Borders?: Migration Policy in the Twenty-First Century

2665: 2539: 2520: 2419: 2347: 2142: 2051: 1987: 1425:

Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens

1371:

For those who applied for British citizenship before 2004:

1096: 935:(EC), a set of organisations that later developed into the 738:

remains part of the United Kingdom. Under the terms of the

415:. British citizenship was not created until passage of the 3127:"Exiled: the disturbing story of a citizen made unBritish" 2782:"Registration as British citizen: other British nationals" 2395: 1831: 1771: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1535: 1472: 920: 753:

When Free State authorities were first preparing to issue

2826:"Registration as British citizen: following renunciation" 2407: 1807: 1735: 1660: 1658: 1643: 959:, free movement rights were extended to all nationals of 859: 4313:

Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law

3153:

Tai, Kaihsu; Bateman, Linda (14 July – 18 August 2010).

2566: 2554: 2496: 2287: 2166: 2099: 1939: 1855: 1182: 993:

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

827: 746:

had automatically become an Irish citizen on that date.

3175:"Parliamentary Bills: Nationality and Borders Act 2022" 2707: 2705: 2335: 2299: 2275: 2154: 2063: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1591: 1589: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1550: 1508: 1496: 1484: 1378:

those who already held British nationality (other than

4311:

Wade, E.C.S. (1948). "British Nationality Act, 1948".

4167:"British Nationals under Community Law: The Kaur Case" 3428: 2232: 2214: 1843: 1819: 1747: 1655: 1616: 998: 790:

creation of a substantive Canadian citizenship in 1946

774:

Changing relationship with the Empire and Commonwealth

3027:"Apply to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission" 1927: 1207: 516: 4108:"The Common Travel Area between Britain and Ireland" 2702: 1879: 1586: 1567: 1443:

This was to give effect to article 8(1) of the 1961

296:(Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man); and the 14 7706: 5077:

British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

4644:

British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

2958:"Obama's secret kill list – the disposition matrix" 2431: 2371:"Europe Gets Set to Vote; It's Not Sure About What" 2190: 2178: 2087: 2075: 1867: 1460: 995:while all other non-British EU citizens could not. 706:

British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

622:was a British subject there, but not in England or 364:

automatic and permanent permission to live and work

4339:Nationality and Statelessness in International Law 4165: 3737: 2039: 1975: 1963: 1415:Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas) 1325:Citizenship ceremonies are normally organised by: 1192:These provisions do not apply to British citizens. 4035:The Government and Politics of the European Union 3588:"Guide B(OTA): Registration as a British citizen" 3253: 1300: 886:Post-imperial redefinition of nationality classes 764:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 644:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 394:The distinction between the meaning of the terms 319:(BOTCs). Almost all BOTCs (except for those from 8130: 3675:Historical background information on nationality 2330:Historical background information on nationality 2318:Historical background information on nationality 1790:Historical background information on nationality 1730:Historical background information on nationality 1718:Historical background information on nationality 1689:Historical background information on nationality 1677:Historical background information on nationality 1611:Historical background information on nationality 1056:Regulations concerning settled status for other 27:History and regulations of British nationalities 5143:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 4612:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 3497: 3295: 3280:British citizenship is a privilege, not a right 3242:British citizenship is a privilege, not a right 2902:"The radicalisation of citizenship deprivation" 1700: 1529: 1420:Visa requirements for British Overseas citizens 1170: 1028:Prior to 1983, all Individuals born within the 873:. This restriction was somewhat relaxed by the 422: 356:previously a member state of the European Union 229:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 8154:United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations 2989:Citizenship removal resulting in statelessness 2848:"Registration as BOTC: following renunciation" 2517:"These non-Brits may decide the EU referendum" 2030: 1634: 657:The 1914 regulations codified the doctrine of 6593: 5184: 4721: 4451: 4267: 3556:Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971". 2425: 1352:the Governors of British Overseas Territories 1329:local councils in England, Scotland and Wales 1322:to the monarch, and make a pledge to the UK. 852:British Nationality (Irish Citizens) Act 2024 253: 6331:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 4735: 4566:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 3869: 3092: 3090: 1544: 1478: 1445:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1226:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 1218:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 1143: 1053:deemed to hold settled status upon arrival. 1049:are treated as if they were born in the UK. 718:. During the war, the island of Ireland was 288:on 1 January 1983. Regulations apply to the 6607: 4465: 4399: 4321:Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2682: 2680: 573:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 6600: 6586: 5191: 5177: 4728: 4714: 4639:Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies 4458: 4444: 4342:(2nd ed.). Sijthoff & Noordhoff. 4144: 3696: 3371: 3187: 3152: 2757:"Oath of allegiance and pledge of loyalty" 2671: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2305: 2208: 1664: 1628: 1561: 1514: 1502: 1490: 315:associated with an overseas territory are 260: 246: 4154: 3745:The British Yearbook of International Law 3435:The Politics of Human Rights in Australia 3315: 3087: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2899: 2514: 2254: 2015: 1382:) were exempt, as were those citizens of 1231:This provision was again modified by the 307:, due to the UK's historical status as a 4083:Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 3995: 3964: 3772: 3586: 3212: 3193: 3096: 2983: 2735:"Naturalisation as a BOTC at discretion" 2677: 2220: 2069: 2057: 2005: 1993: 1957: 1813: 1753: 1741: 1580: 1384:countries with the King as Head of State 1304: 1097:British Overseas Territories citizenship 1002: 578:Prior to 1708, foreigners could only be 370:(EFTA) country and were able to vote in 90:(under the British Nationality Act 1981) 4190: 3642: 3432:; Chesterman, John; Hill, Lisa (2009). 3324: 3247: 3124: 2353: 2105: 1999: 1933: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1801: 1777: 931:In 1973, the United Kingdom joined the 921:Former membership in the European Union 637: 602:. By this method, a foreigner became a 591:acquire naturalisation grants from the 14: 8131: 4690:Home Office hostile environment policy 4356: 4268:Vahl, Marius; Grolimund, Nina (2006). 4236: 4136:– via Kent Academic Repository ( 4032: 3616: 3218: 2952: 2937: 2871: 2413: 2401: 2341: 2160: 2148: 1525: 1523: 1410:Visa requirements for British citizens 1309:A British citizenship ceremony in the 1253:Special Immigration Appeals Commission 1023: 907:British Dependent Territories citizens 860:Restricting Commonwealth free movement 376:UK's withdrawal from the union in 2020 8159:United Kingdom and the European Union 7705: 6581: 5172: 5148:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 5072:British nationality law and Hong Kong 4709: 4649:British nationality law and Hong Kong 4561:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 4439: 4172:European Journal of Migration and Law 4080: 3923: 3890: 3838: 3797: 3735: 3555: 3524: 3393: 3296:Bagnall, Kate; Sherratt, Tim (2021). 3194:Siddique, Haroon (17 November 2021). 2867: 2865: 2515:Makortoff, Kalyeena (19 April 2016). 2502: 2365: 2293: 2269: 2172: 2131:, 24 May 2024, 2024 c. 19 (s. 1) 1885: 1861: 1765: 1649: 1622: 1595: 1466: 1183:Automatic loss of British nationality 949:European Parliament elections in 1979 828:Irish departure from the Commonwealth 695: 553:in 1608 established the principle of 317:British Overseas Territories citizens 234:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 96:British Overseas Territories citizens 5198: 5082:British Overseas Territories citizen 4634:British Nationality Selection Scheme 4493:British Overseas Territories citizen 4335: 4310: 4163: 4105: 4055: 3756:from the original on 23 October 2021 3456: 3125:Shamsie, Kamila (17 November 2018). 2484:from the original on 17 January 2022 2437: 2281: 2244: 2233:Chappell, Chesterman & Hill 2009 2196: 2184: 2093: 2081: 2045: 1981: 1969: 1945: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1873: 1103:British Overseas Territories citizen 903:right of abode in the United Kingdom 744:Constitution of the Irish Free State 453:right of abode in the United Kingdom 429:British Overseas Territories citizen 372:elections to the European Parliament 358:(EU) and British citizens held full 325:right of abode in the United Kingdom 4215:Treaty rights passport applications 3739:"Who are British Protected Persons" 3378:Commentaries on the Laws of England 2660:Treaty rights passport applications 2648:Treaty rights passport applications 2636:Treaty rights passport applications 2597:Treaty rights passport applications 2585:Treaty rights passport applications 2527:from the original on 19 August 2022 1520: 999:Acquisition and loss of nationality 24: 4279:Centre for European Policy Studies 3604:from the original on 28 March 2019 3572:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x 3097:Grierson, Jamie (7 October 2018). 2862: 2713:"Registration as a BOTC: children" 1208:Deprivation of British nationality 1121:governor of the relevant territory 710:Irish resistance to the Union and 517:Development from feudal allegiance 512:History of British nationality law 165:Law relating to former territories 25: 8170: 8144:Immigration to the United Kingdom 4685:History of UK immigration control 4424: 3623:Twentieth Century British History 3023:HM Courts & Tribunals Service 2872:Taylor, Diane (21 January 2022). 2383:from the original on 8 April 2022 1405:Visa policy of the United Kingdom 1236:of such a country or territory." 6560: 6559: 5281:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4966:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4298:from the original on 18 May 2022 3167: 3146: 3118: 3059: 3039: 3015: 2995: 2900:Choudhury, Tufyal (1 May 2017). 1437: 1138:discretion of the Home Secretary 1071:European Union Settlement Scheme 947:and participated in their first 871:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 712:desire for local self-governance 215:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 42: 7708:Countries of the United Kingdom 6808:Countries of the United Kingdom 6426:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 4596:Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 4220:(Report). 5.0. United Kingdom: 2977: 2893: 2840: 2818: 2796: 2774: 2749: 2727: 2602: 2508: 2464: 2443: 2359: 2238: 2111: 2024: 1311:London Borough of Tower Hamlets 1249:Freedom of Information Act 2000 1091:Life in the United Kingdom test 941:freedom of movement for workers 770:. c. 17) into its legislation. 682:British Commonwealth of Nations 368:European Free Trade Association 6803:Counties of the United Kingdom 6263:Federated States of Micronesia 5627:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 5102:Permanent resident (Australia) 4582:Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 3067:"British Nationality Act 1981" 1301:British citizenship ceremonies 389: 13: 1: 5153:Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 4147:European University Institute 3872:Citizenship in a Global World 3841:Citizenship in a Global World 2814:. 30 January 2018. p. 7. 2698:. 14 July 2017. pp. 8–9. 2688:"Automatic acquisition: BOTC" 2472:"Common Travel Area guidance" 2247:European University Institute 2008:European University Institute 1454: 1359:Persons from what is now the 1244:" and then tried to return). 7575:Universal basic income (UBI) 6544:British Overseas Territories 5138:British Nationality Act 1981 4587:British Nationality Act 1948 4556:British Nationality Act 1981 3414:10.1080/00358533.2011.633381 3155:"Deprivation of citizenship" 1960:, pp. 114–115, 122–126. 1768:, pp. 123–124, 127–128. 1363:born before 1949 reclaiming 1273:Nationality and Borders Bill 1224:This was extended under the 1171:Renunciation and restoration 980:European Union Customs Union 899:British Nationality Act 1981 892:British Nationality Act 1981 805:British Nationality Act 1948 780:British Nationality Act 1948 457:British Overseas Territories 423:Types of British nationality 417:British Nationality Act 1981 298:British Overseas Territories 282:British Nationality Act 1981 201:British Nationality Act 1948 154:British Overseas Territories 101:British Nationals (Overseas) 7: 7580:Water supply and sanitation 7279:Weapons of mass destruction 7264:His Majesty's Naval Service 6414:Renunciation of citizenship 5112:UK Ancestry Entry Clearance 5107:Permanent resident (Canada) 4519:British National (Overseas) 3839:Kondo, Atushi, ed. (2001). 1701:Bagnall & Sherratt 2021 1398: 1154:British National (Overseas) 686:Statute of Westminster 1931 437:British National (Overseas) 337:British National (Overseas) 10: 8175: 7675:Stereotypes of the British 5092:Indefinite leave to remain 4665:Indefinite leave to remain 4002:. Bridget Williams Books. 3934:Cambridge University Press 3808:Cambridge University Press 3700:Journal of British Studies 3684:. 21 July 2017. p. 23 3528:Journal of Law and Society 3467:Cambridge University Press 3440:Cambridge University Press 3328:Journal of British Studies 3288: 2858:. 21 July 2023. p. 4. 2836:. 21 July 2023. p. 5. 1285: 1147: 1100: 953:European Union citizenship 927:European Union citizenship 924: 889: 834:declared itself a republic 777: 720:partitioned into two parts 699: 520: 509: 505: 305:civil and political rights 272:The primary law governing 142:Indefinite leave to remain 8149:Law of the United Kingdom 8090: 7991: 7892: 7840:First Minister and deputy 7805: 7718: 7714: 7701: 7697: 7598: 7438: 7429: 7387: 7304: 7295: 7254: 7195: 7064: 7060: 7051: 6913: 6841: 6793: 6789: 6780: 6713: 6625: 6616: 6539: 6513: 6455: 6396: 6349: 6250: 6140: 5967: 5960: 5729: 5654: 5511: 5504: 5213: 5206: 5130: 5060:Rights, issues, and visas 5059: 4761: 4743: 4657: 4624: 4574: 4548: 4541: 4501: 4480: 4473: 3942:10.1017/S0021121400007045 3816:10.1017/S0021121400026614 3736:Jones, J. Mervyn (1945). 3475:10.1017/S0021121400015078 2426:Vahl & Grolimund 2006 2211:, pp. 116, 120, 132. 1380:British protected persons 1144:Other nationality classes 1011:(the United Kingdom, the 911:British Overseas citizens 716:Irish War of Independence 480:transfer to China in 1997 459:are areas outside of the 111:British protected persons 106:British Overseas citizens 7468:Environmental inequality 5261:Central African Republic 4737:Commonwealth citizenship 4524:British protected person 4514:British Overseas citizen 4415: (27 October 2017), 4400:Legislation and case law 4194:The International Lawyer 4064:Cornell University Press 3926:Irish Historical Studies 3800:Irish Historical Studies 3773:Karatani, Rieko (2003). 3459:Irish Historical Studies 3303:Journal of World History 2923:10.1177/0261018316684507 2852:UK Visas and Immigration 2830:UK Visas and Immigration 2808:UK Visas and Immigration 2786:UK Visas and Immigration 2761:UK Visas and Immigration 2739:UK Visas and Immigration 2717:UK Visas and Immigration 2692:UK Visas and Immigration 2272:, pp. 640, 653–654. 1804:, pp. 526, 528–529. 1430: 1277:British House of Commons 1162:British protected person 1150:British Overseas citizen 1032:(the United Kingdom and 943:established by the 1957 917:or Ireland before 1949. 674:1926 Imperial Conference 569:Kingdom of Great Britain 445:British protected person 433:British Overseas citizen 341:British protected person 329:British Overseas citizen 8139:British nationality law 6359:Commonwealth of Nations 4745:Commonwealth of Nations 4467:British nationality law 4375:10.1023/A:1006809913519 4261:10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnvm.25 4126:10.1111/1468-2230.00356 4056:Paul, Kathleen (1997). 3884:10.1057/9780333993880_7 1338:the governments of the 1334:Northern Ireland Office 1089:languages and pass the 1045:or British citizens on 951:. With the creation of 472:former British colonies 354:The United Kingdom was 59:British nationality law 35:British citizenship and 18:United Kingdom national 7354:Science and technology 6173:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4413:[2017] HCA 45 4182:: 271–278 – via 4164:Shah, Prakash (2001). 4106:Ryan, Bernard (2001). 4033:Nugent, Neill (2017). 2910:Critical Social Policy 2672:Sawyer & Wray 2014 2573:Sawyer & Wray 2014 2561:Sawyer & Wray 2014 2549:Sawyer & Wray 2014 2306:Sawyer & Wray 2014 1562:Sawyer & Wray 2014 1515:Sawyer & Wray 2014 1503:Sawyer & Wray 2014 1491:Sawyer & Wray 2014 1314: 1275:was introduced to the 1062:European Economic Area 1020: 984:withdrawal from the EU 965:European Economic Area 676:, jointly issuing the 535:, who were themselves 486:or to what is now the 7331:Free trade agreements 6556:Partially recognized. 5421:São Tomé and Príncipe 5097:Irish nationality law 4956:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4771:Antigua & Barbuda 4008:10.7810/9780947518851 3968:International Affairs 3893:International Journal 3853:10.1057/9780333993880 3781:Frank Cass Publishers 3646:International Affairs 3317:10.1353/jwh.2021.0025 2151:, pp. 90, 94–95. 2129:The National Archives 1308: 1133:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1006: 702:Irish nationality law 465:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 321:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 127:Commonwealth citizens 7680:World Heritage Sites 7473:Environmental issues 7177:Female party leaders 6818:Overseas territories 6495:Second-class citizen 6468:Multiple citizenship 5937:United Arab Emirates 5571:(Kingdom of Denmark) 5087:Commonwealth citizen 4753:Commonwealth citizen 4695:EU Settlement Scheme 4607:Immigration Act 1971 4529:Commonwealth citizen 4245:. pp. 482–507. 4039:Macmillan Publishers 3878:. pp. 116–135. 3636:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67 3406:Taylor & Francis 2480:. 23 December 2022. 2404:, pp. 529, 544. 2356:, pp. 899, 906. 1948:, pp. 382, 387. 1652:, pp. 236, 263. 1233:Immigration Act 2014 1043:British Armed Forces 933:European Communities 875:Immigration Act 1971 809:Commonwealth citizen 784:Commonwealth citizen 726:that ended the war, 638:Imperial common code 567:was merged with the 496:mandated territories 494:, protected states, 224:Immigration Act 1971 193:Relevant legislation 6485:Permanent residency 6404:Loss of citizenship 6379:Caribbean Community 5632:Trinidad and Tobago 5617:St. Kitts and Nevis 5519:Antigua and Barbuda 5021:Trinidad and Tobago 4336:Weis, Paul (1979). 3373:Blackstone, William 2505:, pp. 649–650. 2458:Ministry of Justice 2416:, pp. 482–483. 2296:, pp. 162–163. 2284:, pp. 182–183. 2175:, pp. 508–509. 2060:, pp. 277–278. 1996:, pp. 116–118. 1924:, pp. 859–860. 1912:, pp. 380–381. 1900:, pp. 378–379. 1864:, pp. 515–516. 1840:, pp. 546–549. 1780:, pp. 527–528. 1530:INPD Letter on BOCs 1361:Republic of Ireland 1024:British citizenship 722:. Arising from the 678:Balfour Declaration 488:Republic of Ireland 476:Hong Kong residents 380:Republic of Ireland 72:Nationality classes 7374:Telecommunications 7326:Economic geography 7182:Political scandals 6813:Crown Dependencies 5559:Dominican Republic 5131:Acts of Parliament 4680:Common Travel Area 4359:Theory and Society 4224:. 12 November 2021 4138:University of Kent 3876:Palgrave Macmillan 3845:Palgrave Macmillan 3072:legislation.gov.uk 3025:(27 April 2020) . 3008:legislation.gov.uk 2376:The New York Times 2249:. pp. 13–14. 2124:legislation.gov.uk 1320:oath of allegiance 1315: 1034:Crown Dependencies 1021: 760:Common Travel Area 740:Anglo-Irish Treaty 724:Anglo-Irish Treaty 696:Irish independence 668:By the end of the 584:Acts of Parliament 565:Kingdom of Ireland 561:Acts of Union 1707 384:Common Travel Area 294:Crown dependencies 8126: 8125: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8077: 7693: 7692: 7425: 7424: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7172:Political parties 7096:Foreign relations 7047: 7046: 7043: 7042: 6776: 6775: 6753:Mass surveillance 6731:Foreign relations 6664:Second World War 6575: 6574: 6549:Open border with 6392: 6391: 6246: 6245: 5725: 5724: 5645:US Virgin Islands 5572: 5296:Equatorial Guinea 5166: 5165: 5117:UK right of abode 4703: 4702: 4620: 4619: 4537: 4536: 4113:Modern Law Review 4073:978-0-8014-8440-7 4048:978-1-137-45409-6 3862:978-0-333-80266-3 3790:978-0-7146-8298-3 3559:Modern Law Review 3449:978-0-521-70774-9 3052:The Supreme Court 2987:(21 April 2016). 2674:, pp. 12–13. 2551:, pp. 6, 11. 2344:, pp. 27–28. 2320:, pp. 19–20. 2163:, pp. 76–77. 2108:, pp. 87–89. 1816:, pp. 86–88. 1744:, pp. 55–56. 1625:, pp. 77–78. 1545:Layton-Henry 2001 1479:Layton-Henry 2001 1073:or another path. 957:Maastricht Treaty 867:Southern Rhodesia 838:British monarch's 632:British passports 600:royal prerogative 313:British nationals 270: 269: 184:Thirteen Colonies 158: 132:British passports 92: 16:(Redirected from 8166: 8106: 8099: 7807:Northern Ireland 7716: 7715: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7436: 7435: 7349: 7302: 7301: 7160:House of Commons 7128:Local government 7062: 7061: 7058: 7057: 6968:Renewable energy 6953:hydroelectricity 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6623: 6622: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6563: 6562: 6409:Denaturalization 6298:Papua New Guinea 6283:Marshall Islands 5965: 5964: 5570: 5509: 5508: 5211: 5210: 5200:Nationality laws 5193: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5158:Ireland Act 1949 5122:Windrush scandal 4946:Papua New Guinea 4763:Nationality laws 4730: 4723: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4592:Ireland Act 1949 4546: 4545: 4478: 4477: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4420: 4394: 4353: 4332: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4276: 4264: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4210: 4187: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4102: 4077: 4052: 4037:(8th ed.). 4029: 3992: 3961: 3920: 3909:10.2307/40203326 3887: 3866: 3835: 3794: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3741: 3732: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3670: 3639: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3603: 3592: 3583: 3552: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3494: 3453: 3430:Chappell, Louise 3425: 3390: 3368: 3321: 3319: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3261:(8 April 2013). 3251: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3228: 3222:(January 2014). 3216: 3210: 3209: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2956:(14 July 2013). 2950: 2935: 2934: 2906: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2684: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1599: 1593: 1584: 1578: 1565: 1559: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1448: 1441: 961:EU member states 842:Ireland Act 1949 836:and removed the 768:4 & 5 Geo. 5 736:Northern Ireland 732:Irish Free State 728:Southern Ireland 648:4 & 5 Geo. 5 449:British national 362:. They had held 262: 255: 248: 210:Ireland Act 1949 150: 88: 85:British subjects 80:British citizens 46: 32: 31: 21: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8074: 7987: 7888: 7801: 7710: 7689: 7594: 7550:Public holidays 7530:Life expectancy 7421: 7383: 7363:London Exchange 7359:Stock exchanges 7347: 7346:Pound sterling 7314:Bank of England 7283: 7274:Royal Air Force 7250: 7191: 7123:Law enforcement 7039: 6948:hydraulic frac. 6909: 6890:Lakes and lochs 6837: 6833:Former colonies 6772: 6768:Women's history 6743:Law enforcement 6709: 6655:First World War 6612: 6606: 6576: 6571: 6535: 6509: 6490:Right of return 6451: 6388: 6351: 6345: 6308:Solomon Islands 6242: 6208:Northern Cyprus 6203:North Macedonia 6136: 5971: 5956: 5721: 5650: 5500: 5202: 5197: 5167: 5162: 5126: 5067:Belonger status 5055: 4991:Solomon Islands 4757: 4739: 4734: 4704: 4699: 4675:Belonger status 4653: 4616: 4570: 4533: 4509:British subject 4497: 4488:British citizen 4469: 4464: 4427: 4402: 4397: 4350: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4274: 4253: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4091:Yale University 4074: 4049: 4026: 3981:10.2307/2607413 3901:SAGE Publishing 3863: 3791: 3759: 3757: 3687: 3685: 3680:(Report). 1.0. 3677: 3659:10.2307/3016841 3618:Hansen, Randall 3607: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3541:10.2307/1410230 3515: 3513: 3507:Beverley Hughes 3502: 3450: 3397:The Round Table 3381:. Vol. 1. 3291: 3286: 3273: 3271: 3252: 3248: 3235: 3233: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3192: 3188: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3095: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3020: 3016: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2985:Anderson, David 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2951: 2938: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2870: 2863: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2792:. 21 July 2023. 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2745:. 21 July 2023. 2733: 2732: 2728: 2723:. 21 July 2023. 2711: 2710: 2703: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2369:(20 May 1979). 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2209:Huttenback 1973 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2132: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2036:, at para. 101. 2029: 2025: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679:, pp. 8–9. 1675: 1671: 1665:Blackstone 1765 1663: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1640:, at para. 116. 1633: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1587: 1579: 1568: 1560: 1551: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469:, pp. 2–3. 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1401: 1365:British subject 1303: 1298: 1258:Home Secretary 1210: 1197:belonger status 1185: 1173: 1164: 1158:British subject 1148:Main articles: 1146: 1109:belonger status 1105: 1099: 1087:Scottish Gaelic 1030:British Islands 1026: 1009:British Islands 1001: 929: 923: 894: 888: 862: 854: 830: 786: 776: 755:Irish passports 734:in 1922, while 708: 698: 670:First World War 640: 525: 523:British subject 519: 514: 508: 500:princely states 461:British Islands 441:British subject 425: 413:British subject 404:sovereign state 392: 382:as part of the 333:British subject 309:colonial empire 290:British Islands 286:came into force 266: 188: 149: 147:Belonger status 87: 37:nationality law 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8172: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8108: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8026:First Minister 8023: 8018: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7934:First Minister 7931: 7926: 7916: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7849: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7724: 7722: 7712: 7711: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7417:Rail transport 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7356: 7351: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7239:Prime Minister 7236: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7201: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7187:Shadow Cabinet 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7165:House of Lords 7162: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6925: 6919: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6847: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6795:Administrative 6784: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6723: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: articles 6609:United Kingdom 6605: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6557: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421:Naturalization 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6374:Nordic Council 6371: 6366: 6364:European Union 6361: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6327:American Samoa 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6238:United Kingdom 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6141:Rest of Europe 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007:Czech Republic 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5969:European Union 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5486:Western Sahara 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5276:Congo Republic 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036:United Kingdom 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4670:Right of abode 4667: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4426: 4425:External links 4423: 4422: 4421: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4354: 4348: 4333: 4308: 4287: 4265: 4251: 4234: 4211: 4201:(4): 899–931. 4188: 4161: 4142: 4120:(6): 855–874. 4103: 4078: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4030: 4024: 3993: 3975:(3): 277–291. 3962: 3921: 3888: 3867: 3861: 3836: 3795: 3789: 3770: 3733: 3713:10.1086/385652 3707:(1): 108–137. 3694: 3671: 3640: 3614: 3597:. March 2019. 3584: 3566:(5): 508–524. 3553: 3535:(2): 161–180. 3522: 3511:Home Secretary 3495: 3454: 3448: 3426: 3391: 3369: 3341:10.1086/386266 3335:(4): 522–556. 3322: 3310:(2): 281–300. 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3246: 3211: 3186: 3166: 3160:WhatDoTheyKnow 3145: 3117: 3086: 3058: 3038: 3014: 2994: 2976: 2936: 2917:(2): 225–244. 2892: 2861: 2839: 2817: 2795: 2773: 2748: 2726: 2701: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2538: 2507: 2495: 2463: 2442: 2440:, p. 274. 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2199:, p. 862. 2189: 2187:, p. 181. 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2110: 2098: 2096:, p. 861. 2086: 2084:, p. 388. 2074: 2072:, p. 282. 2062: 2050: 2038: 2023: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1888:, p. 205. 1878: 1876:, p. 391. 1866: 1854: 1852:, p. 552. 1842: 1830: 1828:, p. 522. 1818: 1806: 1794: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1705: 1703:, p. 286. 1693: 1681: 1669: 1654: 1642: 1627: 1615: 1600: 1598:, p. 124. 1585: 1566: 1549: 1547:, p. 124. 1534: 1532:, at para. 19. 1519: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1481:, p. 117. 1471: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1376: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1336: 1330: 1302: 1299: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1184: 1181: 1177:Home Secretary 1172: 1169: 1145: 1142: 1125:Home Secretary 1101:Main article: 1098: 1095: 1058:European Union 1038:settled status 1025: 1022: 1000: 997: 945:Treaty of Rome 937:European Union 922: 919: 887: 884: 861: 858: 853: 850: 829: 826: 821:Home Secretary 775: 772: 697: 694: 639: 636: 611:British Empire 518: 515: 510:Main article: 507: 504: 424: 421: 391: 388: 374:. Despite the 360:EU citizenship 349:settled status 278:United Kingdom 268: 267: 265: 264: 257: 250: 242: 239: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 212: 207: 195: 194: 190: 189: 187: 186: 181: 176: 170: 167: 166: 162: 161: 160: 159: 144: 139: 137:Right of abode 134: 129: 121: 120: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 82: 74: 73: 69: 68: 67: 66: 53: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8171: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7590:Welfare state 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535:Mental health 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7478:Ethnic groups 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402:Bus transport 7400: 7398: 7397:Air transport 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7341:Manufacturing 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Civil service 7215: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7143:republicanism 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6963:North Sea oil 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6861:Great Britain 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6851:British Isles 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6650:Edwardian era 6648: 6646: 6645:Victorian era 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6591: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6568: 6567: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6551:Schengen Area 6548: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6500:Statelessness 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6432:Ius sanguinis 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6384:African Union 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352:organizations 6350:International 6348: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6323:United States 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6067:Liechtenstein 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5974:Schengen Area 5970: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5637:United States 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Guinea-Bissau 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 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3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2896: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2668: 2662:, p. 16. 2661: 2656: 2650:, p. 32. 2649: 2644: 2638:, p. 13. 2637: 2632: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2599:, p. 30. 2598: 2593: 2587:, p. 12. 2586: 2581: 2575:, p. 11. 2574: 2569: 2563:, p. 14. 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2428:, p. 12. 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2332:, p. 20. 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2235:, p. 98. 2234: 2229: 2223:, p. 31. 2222: 2221:McMillan 2017 2217: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2070:Mansergh 1952 2066: 2059: 2058:Mansergh 1952 2054: 2048:, p. 18. 2047: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2027: 2018: 2013: 2010:. p. 2. 2009: 2002: 1995: 1994:Karatani 2003 1990: 1984:, p. 17. 1983: 1978: 1972:, p. 70. 1971: 1966: 1959: 1958:Karatani 2003 1954: 1947: 1942: 1936:, p. 85. 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1814:Karatani 2003 1810: 1803: 1798: 1792:, p. 10. 1791: 1786: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1756:, p. 56. 1755: 1754:Karatani 2003 1750: 1743: 1742:Karatani 2003 1738: 1731: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1564:, p. 12. 1563: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1517:, p. 10. 1516: 1511: 1505:, p. 28. 1504: 1499: 1493:, p. 18. 1492: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1312: 1307: 1297: 1296:Statelessness 1293: 1292:Shamima Begum 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1242:Islamic State 1237: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1180: 1178: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1047:Crown service 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1018: 1017:Channel Isles 1014: 1010: 1005: 996: 994: 988: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 928: 918: 916: 915:British India 912: 908: 904: 900: 893: 883: 879: 876: 872: 868: 857: 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 825: 822: 817: 813: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 785: 781: 771: 769: 765: 761: 756: 751: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 707: 703: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 635: 633: 627: 625: 621: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 596: 594: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557: 552: 551: 550:Calvin's Case 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 524: 513: 503: 501: 498:, and Indian 497: 493: 492:protectorates 489: 485: 484:British India 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 420: 418: 414: 410: 405: 401: 397: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 366:in any EU or 365: 361: 357: 352: 350: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 263: 258: 256: 251: 249: 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 202: 199: 198: 197: 196: 192: 191: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 169: 168: 164: 163: 157: 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Retrieved 4270: 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4198: 4192: 4175: 4171: 4117: 4111: 4086: 4082: 4058: 4034: 3998: 3972: 3966: 3929: 3925: 3896: 3892: 3871: 3840: 3803: 3799: 3775: 3764:– via 3758:. Retrieved 3749: 3743: 3704: 3698: 3686:. Retrieved 3653:(1): 77–90. 3650: 3644: 3630:(1): 67–95. 3627: 3621: 3606:. Retrieved 3563: 3557: 3532: 3526: 3514:. Retrieved 3505:. Letter to 3462: 3458: 3434: 3401: 3395: 3377: 3332: 3326: 3307: 3301: 3279: 3272:. Retrieved 3266: 3259:Harper, Mark 3249: 3241: 3234:. Retrieved 3220:Harper, Mark 3214: 3205: 3201:The Guardian 3199: 3189: 3178: 3169: 3158: 3148: 3136:. Retrieved 3132:The Guardian 3130: 3120: 3108:. Retrieved 3104:The Observer 3102: 3077:. Retrieved 3070: 3061: 3050: 3041: 3030: 3017: 3006: 2997: 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2963:The Guardian 2961: 2914: 2908: 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2879:The Guardian 2877: 2842: 2820: 2798: 2776: 2764:. Retrieved 2751: 2729: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619:. Retrieved 2613: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2529:. Retrieved 2510: 2498: 2486:. Retrieved 2475: 2466: 2460:. p. 3. 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385:. Retrieved 2374: 2367:Lewis, Flora 2361: 2354:Siskind 1992 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2308:, p. 9. 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2133:, retrieved 2122: 2113: 2106:Heuston 1950 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2031: 2026: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1934:Heuston 1950 1929: 1917: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1850:Baldwin 2001 1845: 1838:Baldwin 2001 1833: 1826:Baldwin 2001 1821: 1809: 1802:Baldwin 2001 1797: 1785: 1778:Baldwin 2001 1773: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1732:, p. 9. 1725: 1720:, p. 8. 1696: 1691:, p. 7. 1684: 1672: 1645: 1635: 1630: 1618: 1613:, p. 5. 1583:, p. 4. 1581:Guide B(OTA) 1510: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1462: 1439: 1370: 1358: 1324: 1316: 1288:Anna Chapman 1270: 1257: 1246: 1238: 1230: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1203:citizenship. 1186: 1174: 1165: 1130: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1075: 1055: 1051: 1027: 989: 973: 955:by the 1992 930: 895: 880: 863: 855: 846: 831: 818: 814: 802: 787: 752: 748: 709: 690: 667: 663:denaturalise 656: 641: 628: 608: 597: 577: 571:to form the 554: 548: 533:feudal lords 526: 469: 426: 393: 353: 345: 302: 271: 152:(in certain 151: 89: 79: 58: 51:Introduction 29: 8055:Health care 7963:Health care 7869:Health care 7777:Health care 7685:Anglosphere 7560:Social care 7515:Immigration 7458:Drug policy 7222:Departments 7150:Nationality 6923:Agriculture 6856:terminology 6823:City status 6694:Since 1979 6505:Travel visa 6463:Citizenship 6288:New Zealand 6132:Switzerland 6087:Netherlands 5897:South Korea 5877:Philippines 5857:North Korea 5737:Afghanistan 5641:Puerto Rico 5564:El Salvador 5456:South Sudan 5341:Ivory Coast 4961:Saint Lucia 4931:New Zealand 4781:The Bahamas 4658:Immigration 4542:Legislation 4474:Nationality 4419:(Australia) 4369:: 529–560. 4302:25 February 4222:Home Office 4016:10289/11427 3936:: 202–226. 3903:: 505–521. 3810:: 236–263. 3752:: 122–145. 3682:Home Office 3595:Home Office 3516:21 February 3469:: 377–407. 3408:: 639–654. 3274:27 November 3255:Home Office 3236:27 November 3231:Home Office 3138:16 November 3079:16 November 3075:. 40(4A)(c) 2969:16 November 2954:Cobain, Ian 2856:Home Office 2834:Home Office 2812:Home Office 2790:Home Office 2766:16 November 2743:Home Office 2721:Home Office 2696:Home Office 2488:16 November 2414:Tobler 2020 2402:Wiener 1997 2342:Nugent 2017 2161:Hansen 1999 2149:Hansen 1999 1340:Isle of Man 1281:Priti Patel 1260:Sajid Javid 1013:Isle of Man 969:Switzerland 730:became the 714:led to the 624:New Zealand 593:Home Office 588:Protestants 580:naturalised 409:Anglosphere 400:nationality 396:citizenship 390:Terminology 274:nationality 8133:Categories 8021:Government 7929:Government 7924:Parliament 7640:Literature 7520:Innovation 7453:Demography 7348:(currency) 7197:Government 7155:Parliament 7079:Devolution 7074:Corruption 7009:Materials 6943:geothermal 6627:Chronology 6218:San Marino 6198:Montenegro 6163:Azerbaijan 6077:Luxembourg 5942:Uzbekistan 5912:Tajikistan 5817:Kyrgyzstan 5812:Kazakhstan 5772:East Timor 5747:Bangladesh 5569:Greenland 5544:Costa Rica 5446:Somaliland 5431:Seychelles 5396:Mozambique 5381:Mauritania 5366:Madagascar 5321:The Gambia 5256:Cape Verde 4976:Seychelles 4916:Mozambique 4846:The Gambia 4786:Bangladesh 4417:High Court 4408:Re Canavan 4228:25 January 4184:HeinOnline 4156:1814/33839 4093:: 73–145. 3766:HeinOnline 3760:20 October 3608:25 January 3229:(Report). 2885:21 January 2621:25 January 2503:Bloom 2011 2456:(Report). 2294:Dixon 1983 2270:Bloom 2011 2256:1814/36495 2173:Evans 1972 2032:Re Canavan 2017:1814/46449 1886:Lowry 2008 1862:Lloyd 1998 1766:Jones 1945 1650:Kelly 1987 1636:Re Canavan 1623:Price 1997 1596:Jones 1945 1467:Kondo 2001 1455:References 1286:See also: 1216:After the 1123:, but the 1064:(EEA) and 925:See also: 890:See also: 778:See also: 700:See also: 615:Parliament 529:allegiance 521:See also: 8050:Education 8006:Geography 7958:Education 7914:Geography 7864:Education 7835:Executive 7820:Geography 7772:Education 7745:Geography 7525:Languages 7463:Education 7389:Transport 7227:Ministers 7113:Judiciary 7084:Elections 7024:Wildlife 6933:biodiesel 6915:Resources 6905:Volcanoes 6895:Mountains 6880:Coastline 6782:Geography 6736:1814–1919 6698:political 6683:political 6635:Formation 6456:By result 6258:Australia 6072:Lithuania 5902:Sri Lanka 5892:Singapore 5872:Palestine 5782:Indonesia 5717:Venezuela 5662:Argentina 5622:St. Lucia 5607:Nicaragua 5582:Guatemala 5386:Mauritius 5001:Sri Lanka 4986:Singapore 4911:Mauritius 4776:Australia 4481:Principal 4391:189868416 4323:: 67–75. 3958:159910307 3832:159653339 3729:143685923 3491:159806730 3422:154726067 3387:747740286 3110:7 October 2991:(Report). 2931:152031005 2531:18 August 2438:Shah 2001 2282:Paul 1997 2197:Ryan 2001 2185:Paul 1997 2094:Ryan 2001 2082:Daly 2001 2046:Weis 1979 1982:Weis 1979 1970:Wade 1948 1946:Daly 2001 1922:Ryan 2001 1910:Daly 2001 1898:Daly 2001 1874:Daly 2001 1388:Australia 1386:(such as 976:Gibraltar 659:coverture 652:Dominions 545:the Crown 531:to their 439:(BN(O)), 347:or holds 174:Hong Kong 8113:Category 8065:Religion 8011:Politics 7978:Religion 7919:Politics 7907:timeline 7894:Scotland 7879:Religion 7830:Assembly 7825:Politics 7792:Religion 7750:Politics 7738:timeline 7655:Religion 7635:Identity 7498:Scotland 7443:Cannabis 7369:Taxation 7256:Military 7138:monarchs 7133:Monarchy 7053:Politics 7013:forestry 6993:Scottish 6984:Fishing 6843:Physical 6763:Taxation 6758:Military 6748:Maritime 6721:Economic 6714:By topic 6679:Postwar 6673:military 6668:civilian 6660:Interwar 6566:Category 6478:Internal 6473:Passport 6439:Ius soli 6369:Mercosur 6278:Kiribati 6117:Slovenia 6112:Slovakia 6102:Portugal 5992:Bulgaria 5922:Thailand 5867:Pakistan 5842:Mongolia 5837:Malaysia 5762:Cambodia 5707:Suriname 5697:Paraguay 5682:Colombia 5592:Honduras 5554:Dominica 5529:Barbados 5505:Americas 5496:Zimbabwe 5466:Tanzania 5311:Ethiopia 5306:Eswatini 5286:Djibouti 5251:Cameroon 5236:Botswana 5051:Zimbabwe 5006:Tanzania 4941:Pakistan 4901:Maldives 4896:Malaysia 4881:Kiribati 4831:Eswatini 4826:Dominica 4811:Cameroon 4801:Botswana 4791:Barbados 4575:Previous 4367:Springer 4293:Archived 4207:40707010 3950:20720274 3917:40203326 3824:30008541 3754:Archived 3599:Archived 3509:and the 3483:30007221 3357:18161209 2525:Archived 2482:Archived 2381:Archived 1399:See also 1348:Guernsey 1015:and the 798:Pakistan 582:through 556:jus soli 431:(BOTC), 284:, which 119:See also 8097:Outline 8070:Symbols 8060:Culture 8043:tourism 8038:Economy 8001:History 7983:Symbols 7973:Culture 7951:tourism 7946:Economy 7902:History 7884:Symbols 7874:Culture 7857:tourism 7852:Economy 7815:History 7797:Symbols 7787:Culture 7765:tourism 7760:Economy 7728:History 7720:England 7670:Theatre 7665:Symbols 7623:Cuisine 7600:Culture 7570:Suicide 7540:Poverty 7505:Housing 7493:England 7431:Society 7407:Driving 7379:Tourism 7297:Economy 7205:Cabinet 7005:Hunting 6988:English 6885:Geology 6868:Climate 6618:History 6514:Defunct 6341:Vanuatu 6251:Oceania 6233:Ukraine 6188:Moldova 6178:Georgia 6168:Belarus 6158:Andorra 6153:Armenia 6148:Albania 6107:Romania 6052:Ireland 6047:Iceland 6042:Hungary 6032:Germany 6022:Finland 6017:Estonia 6012:Denmark 5997:Croatia 5987:Belgium 5982:Austria 5947:Vietnam 5847:Myanmar 5832:Lebanon 5742:Bahrain 5712:Uruguay 5687:Ecuador 5667:Bolivia 5597:Jamaica 5577:Grenada 5524:Bahamas 5476:Tunisia 5441:Somalia 5426:Senegal 5411:Nigeria 5401:Namibia 5391:Morocco 5356:Liberia 5351:Lesotho 5301:Eritrea 5271:Comoros 5246:Burundi 5221:Algeria 5041:Vanuatu 4936:Nigeria 4921:Namibia 4886:Lesotho 4871:Jamaica 4856:Grenada 4626:History 4549:Current 4319:(3/4). 4134:1097196 4099:3157386 3989:2607413 3932:(142). 3688:3 April 3667:3016841 3580:1094478 3549:1410230 3465:(127). 3404:(417). 3365:5762190 3349:3070746 3289:Sources 2850:. 2.0. 2828:. 2.0. 2806:. 3.0. 2784:. 6.0. 2737:. 3.0. 2715:. 3.0. 2690:. 1.0. 2387:8 April 2135:15 July 1265:Liberty 1079:English 604:denizen 541:monarch 539:of the 537:vassals 506:History 435:(BOC), 280:is the 276:in the 179:Ireland 63:History 8118:Portal 8016:Senedd 7733:social 7618:Cinema 7613:Anthem 7555:Racism 7510:Hunger 7483:Health 7336:Income 7321:Budget 7018:mining 6958:marine 6928:Energy 6900:Rivers 6873:change 6726:Empire 6703:social 6688:social 6318:Tuvalu 6228:Turkey 6223:Serbia 6213:Russia 6193:Monaco 6183:Kosovo 6127:Sweden 6097:Poland 6092:Norway 6062:Latvia 6037:Greece 6027:France 6002:Cyprus 5961:Europe 5927:Turkey 5917:Taiwan 5822:Kuwait 5807:Jordan 5797:Israel 5757:Brunei 5752:Bhutan 5692:Guyana 5672:Brazil 5612:Panama 5602:Mexico 5539:Canada 5534:Belize 5491:Zambia 5481:Uganda 5416:Rwanda 5371:Malawi 5331:Guinea 5226:Angola 5214:Africa 5046:Zambia 5031:Uganda 5026:Tuvalu 4951:Rwanda 4891:Malawi 4861:Guyana 4821:Cyprus 4816:Canada 4806:Brunei 4796:Belize 4389: 4383:657860 4381: 4346: 4329:754289 4327: 4285: 4259: 4249: 4205: 4132: 4097: 4070: 4045: 4022: 3987: 3956: 3948: 3915: 3859: 3830: 3822: 3806:(99). 3787: 3727: 3721:175372 3719: 3665: 3578: 3547: 3489: 3481: 3446: 3420: 3385: 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