127:
only are reported separately for investigation as to whether one is an alias of the other. Any NDNAD hits obtained are reported directly to the police force which submitted the sample for analysis. The NDNAD is widely acknowledged as an intelligence tool, for its ability to aid in the solving of crimes, both past and present. One-off speculative intelligence searches can be initiated by scientists in instances where a crime-stain DNA profile does not meet the required standard for loading to the NDNAD. These searches can produce many matches which may be restricted by demographic data.
134:, is in the use of familial searching. This is a process that may be carried out in relation to unsolved crime-stains whereby a suspect's DNA may not be held on the NDNAD, but that of a close relative is. This method identifies potential relatives by identifying DNA profiles held on the NDNAD that are similar. 16 familial searches were carried out in 2019–20. Again many matches may be produced which may be restricted by demographic data. However, this technique raises new privacy concerns because it could lead to the police identifying cases of non-paternity.
172:, whether or not they are subsequently charged or convicted. In 2005-06 45,000 crimes were matched against records on the DNA Database; including 422 homicides (murders and manslaughters) and 645 rapes. However, not all these matches would have led to criminal convictions and some would be matches with innocent people who were at the crime scene. Critics argued that the decision to keep large numbers of innocent people on the database did not appear to have increased the likelihood of solving a crime using DNA. Since the
385:, former Tory home affairs spokesman, issued a press release in January 2006 stating: "We do have concerns about the Government including on the database the DNA and fingerprints of completely innocent people.... If the Government wants a database which has the details of everyone, not just criminals, they should be honest about it and not construct it by stealth." Mr Green had his own DNA profile on the database for a time having been arrested and subsequently released without charge on 27 November 2008.
407:(a 1 in a trillion chance, under ideal conditions) should have arisen by chance. However, depending on factors such as the number of incomplete profiles and the presence of related individuals, the chance matches might actually be higher. However the official position was that no chance matches have occurred, a position backed up by the fact that the majority of the searches would have been repeated, and that there are not 1 trillion unique DNA profiles on file.
272:, at 11 years old, when he was arrested and charged with attempted robbery on 19 January 2001; he was acquitted a few months later, on 14 June 2001. Michael Marper was arrested on 13 March 2001, and charged with harassment of his partner; the charge was not pressed because Marper and his partner became reconciled before a pretrial review had taken place.
310:, but to remove other profiles from the database after a period of time - generally 6 or 12 years, depending on the seriousness of the offence. The practice of taking DNA profiles upon arrest was not affected by the decision. In April 2010 the Crime and Security Act 2010 established that DNA profiles and fingerprints of anyone convicted of a
457:
In addition, the NPIA says that the ¨National¨ DNA Database continues to provide police with the most effective tool for the prevention and detection of crime since the development of fingerprint analysis over 100 years ago. Since 1998, more than 300,000 crimes have been detected with the aid of the
373:
believed that innocent people's DNA should not be held on the database indefinitely. They launched a national online petition arguing that whilst they believe "DNA is a vital tool in the fight against crime, there was no legitimate reason for the police to retain for life the DNA records of innocent
142:
In April 2007, responsibility for the delivery of
National DNA Database (NDNAD) services was transferred from the Home Office to the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA). The agency's role was to run the database operations and maintain and ensure the integrity of the data, and to oversee the
406:
In 2009 the Home Office consulted on plans to extend the period of DNA retention to twelve years for serious crimes and six years for other crimes. According to the official figures, enough searches (around 2.5 trillion by 2009) had been run on the NDNAD such that statistically at least two matches
126:
Whenever a new profile is submitted, the NDNAD's records are automatically searched for matches (hits) between individuals and unsolved crime-stain records and unsolved crime-stain to unsolved crime-stain records - linking both individuals to crimes and crimes to crimes. Matches between individuals
345:
Given the privacy issues, but set against the usefulness of the database in identifying offenders, some have argued for a system whereby the encrypted data associated with a sample is held by a third, trusted, party and is only revealed if a crime scene sample is found to contain that DNA. Such an
317:
On 18 May 2011 the UK supreme court also ruled, by a majority, that the ACPO DNA retention guidelines at the time were unlawful because they were incompatible with article 8 of the ECHR. However, not wishing to step on the toes of
Parliament discussing the same issue, they granted no other relief.
449:
One explanation for the racial disparities is racial bias towards certain demographics, as evidenced by the reaction of the then chair of the home affairs select committee, Keith Vaz MP, in August 2009 who said that "Such disparity in the treatment of different ethnic groups is bound to lead to a
37:
that was set up in 1995. In 2005 it had 3.1 million profiles and in 2020 it had 6.6 million profiles (5.6 million individuals excluding duplicates). 270,000 samples were added to the database in 2019–20, populated by samples recovered from crime scenes and taken from police suspects. 124,000 were
453:
These allegations have been refuted by the
National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA), which used to run the National DNA database. According to the NPIA, the database is a successful tool in fighting crime and points out that "between April 09 and 28th January 2010 the National DNA Database
410:
In July 2009, a lawyer, Lorraine Elliot, was arrested on accusations of forgery which were quickly proven to be false. A DNA sample was taken from her and logged. She was cleared of the accusations a day later and exonerated. However, Mrs Elliot subsequently lost her job (even though she was
234:
had decided to not pursue any charges against her. She should have been released expeditiously once this was the case and so her continued detention to obtain samples was unlawful, and thus the samples were taken "without appropriate authority". Had they been taken before the decision not to
115:
All forensic service providers in the UK which meet the accredited standards can interact with the NDNAD. The UK's NDNAD is the foremost and largest forensic DNA database of its kind in the world – containing nearly 10% of the population, compared to 0.5% in the USA.
325:
received Royal Assent. This act allowed the police to retain fingerprint and DNA data on NDNAD indefinitely for most people convicted of a recordable crime. Those not charged or not found guilty must have their DNA data deleted within a specified period of time.
411:
completely innocent of any crime) when the fact that her DNA profile was stored on the national database was discovered during a subsequent work-related security check. In 2010 she was finally able to have her details removed from the database.
461:
Profiles retained on the DNA Database by ethnic appearance as of 2015 were; 76% White North
European, 2.1% White South European, 7.5% black, 5.2% Asian, 0.8% Middle Eastern, 0.6% Chinese, Japanese or South East Asian, and 8.0% unknown.
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is inherited, the database can also be used to indirectly identify many others in the population related to a database subject. Stored samples can also degrade and become useless, particularly those taken with dry brushes and swabs.
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Only samples from convicted criminals, or people awaiting trial, are recorded, although a new law will allow the DNA from people charged with a serious sexual or violent offence to be kept for up to five years after acquittal.
1080:
673:
210:'s Scientific Support Department from crime scenes are sent to the UK for testing against the database. Samples from suspects are also added to the database, but are removed if the suspect is not convicted of the crime.
341:
The use of the database for genetic research without consent has also been controversial, as has the storage of DNA samples and sensitive information by the commercial companies which analyse them for the police.
235:
prosecute, the samples would have been lawful and retained as normal under the rules at the time. After the 2012 Protection of
Freedoms Act, they would have had to be destroyed within a specified period of time.
253:. Before that, a test case was filed by two claimants from Sheffield, Mr. S. and Michael Marper, both of whom had fingerprint records and DNA profiles held in the database. S and Marper were supported by the
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published on 4 December 2006, indicated that 48% of those interviewed disapproved of keeping DNA records of those who have not been charged with any crime, or who have been acquitted, with 37% in favour.
361:
has launched a campaign calling on people to reclaim their DNA if they have not been charged or convicted of a serious offence, and has called for more safeguards to prevent misuse of the database. The
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112:. The data held on the NDNAD is owned by the police authority which submitted the sample for analysis. The samples are stored permanently by the companies that analyse them, for an annual fee.
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later allowed DNA to be taken on arrest, rather than on charge. Between 2004 when this law came into force and 2012, anyone arrested in
England and Wales on suspicion of involvement in any
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436:
an estimated 135,000 black males aged 15 to 34 would have been added to the DNA database by April 2007, equivalent to 77 per cent of the young black male population in
England and Wales.
119:
The data held on the
National DNA Database consists of both demographic sample data and the numerical DNA profile. Records on the NDNAD are held for both individuals sampled under the
1356:
Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the
National DNA Database, Human Genetics Commission. November 2009
558:
230:
in March 2006. A teacher who was accused of assault won the right to have her DNA sample and fingerprints destroyed. They had been taken whilst she was in custody, but after the
357:
Others have argued that there should be time limits on how long DNA profiles can be retained on the
Database, except for people convicted of serious violent or sexual offences.
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Census data and Home Office statistics indicated that by 2007 almost 40% of black men had their DNA profile on the database compared to 13% of Asian men and 9% of white men.
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said in 2006 that he could see no reason why the DNA of everyone should not ultimately be kept on record. Opponents of the expansion include Reclaim Your DNA, backed by
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287:, which refers to a person's right to a private life, and awarded €42,000 each to the appellants. The judges said keeping the information "could not be regarded as
498:, director of Liberty, said in 2007 that a database for every man, woman and child in the country was "a chilling proposal, ripe for indignity, error and abuse".
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80:(NPIA) on 1 October 2012. A major expansion to include all known active offenders was funded between April 2000 and March 2005 at a cost of over £300 million.
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In July 2006, the Black Police Association called for an inquiry into why the database held details of 37% of black men but fewer than 10% of white men.
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would be stored permanently, while those obtained on arrest, even when no conviction follows, would be stored for 6 years, renewable on new arrests.
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However, individuals' skin or blood samples are also kept permanently linked to the database and can contain complete genetic information. Because
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The idea of expanding the database to cover the entire UK population has drawn some support as well as strong criticism from experts such as the
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held that the keeping of samples from persons charged, yet not convicted - i.e. S and Marper - was lawful. However, an appeal was made to the
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Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database,
374:
people." They revealed figures in November 2007 showing that nearly 150,000 children under the age of 16 have their details on the database.
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has argued that individuals' DNA samples should be destroyed after the DNA profiles used for identification purposes have been obtained.
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In early 2007, five civil servants were suspended and sued in the High Court by the Forensic Science Service after being accused of
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DNA profiling system since 1998). All data held on the National DNA Database is governed by a tri-partite board consisting of the
61:
is used for a rapid test of a donor's sex. Scotland has used 21 STR loci, two Y-DNA markers and the gender identifier since 2014.
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474:, but been rejected for the moment by the UK government as impractical and problematic for civil liberties. Supporters included
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and the case was heard on 27 February 2008. On 4 December 2008, 17 judges unanimously ruled that there had been a violation of
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changed this to allow DNA to be retained from people charged with an offence, even if they were subsequently acquitted. The
123:(PACE) and for unsolved crime-stains (such as from blood, semen, saliva, hair and cellular materials left at a crime scene)
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The UK DNA database is one of the world's largest, and has prompted concerns from some quarters as to its scope and usage.
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By contrast, only 22 per cent of young white males, and six per cent of the general population, would be on the database.
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deleted for those not charged or not found guilty. There were 731,000 matches of unsolved crimes between 2001 and 2020.
105:
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which said that "the profiles of over three quarters of young black men between the ages of 18 and 35 are recorded."
442:
This figure was confirmed by the British Government's own Human Genetics Commission 2009 report on the topic, titled
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and the Association of Police and Crime Commissioners, there are also independent representatives present from the
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objected to the database on the grounds that Parliament had not been given the opportunity to vote on it.
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1064:"Supreme Court press summary of 18 May 2011 provided to assist in understanding the Court's decision"
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Though initially only samples from convicted criminals, or people awaiting trial, were recorded, the
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houses the DNA database for Scotland, and exports copies to the National DNA Database in England.
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1050:"Crime and Security Act 2010, Retention, destruction and use of fingerprints and samples etc"
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34:
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Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Safeguarding and Violence Against Women and Girls
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and for allegedly copying confidential information and using it to establish a rival firm.
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Database, reassuring the public that offenders are more likely to be brought to justice."
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include begging, being drunk and disorderly and taking part in an illegal demonstration.
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proposed to continue retaining indefinitely the DNA profiles of anyone convicted of any
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The issue of taking fingerprints and a DNA sample was involved in a case decided at the
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311:
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The Police National DNA Database: Balancing Crime Detection, Human Rights and Privacy
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Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law
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706:
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Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law
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National DNA Database service so that it is operated in line with agreed standards.
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Data supplied by the police of Jersey and Guernsey is also stored on the database.
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168:(all except the most minor offences) had their DNA sample taken and stored in the
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of the DNA-17 system are analysed, resulting in a string of 32 numbers, being two
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produced 174 matches to murder, 468 to rapes and 27,168 to other crime scenes."
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disintegration of community relations and a lack of trust in the police force."
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The United Kingdom's National DNA Database (NDNAD) was set up in 1995 using the
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which claimed that three in four young black men were on the DNA database.
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The DNA Database's indefinite retention policy was abolished by the 2012
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Liberal Democrats : Almost 150,000 children on DNA database - Clegg
978:
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Control transferred to the National Policing Improvement Agency in 2007
58:
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Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Migration and Citizenship
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The latest innovative intelligence approach brought forward by the
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Summary of National DNA Database from the Prosecution Perspective
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1081:"Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: DNA and fingerprint provisions"
674:"Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: DNA and fingerprint provisions"
527:
1192:
Damian Green /// MP for Ashford, shadow minister for immigration
560:
National DNA Database Strategy Board Biennial Report 2018 - 2020
566:. His Majesty's Stationery Office. September 2020. p. 10.
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54:
46:
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National Police Improvement Agency, NDNAD by Ethnic Appearance
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National Police Improvement Agency, The National DNA Database
864:
National Police Improvement Agency, NPIA and the DNA Database
483:
191:
97:
1158:
1524:
1376:"'Racist bias' blamed for disparity in police DNA database"
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DNA database plans based on 'flawed science', warn experts
888:"The DNA Expansion Programme: reporting real achievement?"
738:"DNA Expansion Programme 2000–2005: Reporting achievement"
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Minister of State for Policing, Fire and Crime Prevention
1550:
Guardian Podcast on the pros and cons of the DNA database
65:
261:, non-profit pressure groups who were permitted to make
414:
1674:
Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office
1222:"Five civil servants suspended over "DNA espionage'"
1108:"Police DNA database 'is spiralling out of control'"
285:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1331:"Three in four young black men on the DNA database"
618:"National DNA Database statistics, Q1 2015 to 2016"
76:, after transferring from the custodianship of the
1487:A 'chilling' proposal for a universal DNA database
1445:The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues
465:
425:In November 2006, similar concerns were raised by
732:
730:
238:
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1636:Minister of State for Border Security and Asylum
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702:Forensic DNA analysis : a primer for courts
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1775:Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner
985:BBC NEWS | UK | DNA database 'breach of rights'
346:approach has been advocated by the inventor of
16:UK database of DNA records, established in 1995
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1322:
1320:
1269:Are DNA ‘cold hits’ resulting in miscarriages?
802:Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
727:
698:
302:on how they would comply with the ruling. The
45:are stored in the NDNAD – not a person's full
31:UK National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database
1579:
845:"National DNA Database Annual Report 2017-18"
636:
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997:CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM
1811:Government databases in the United Kingdom
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666:
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1826:Population genetics in the United Kingdom
1471:
1087:. UK Government Home Office. 4 April 2014
859:
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680:. UK Government Home Office. 4 April 2014
186:Police Forensic Science Laboratory Dundee
533:National Ballistics Intelligence Service
1735:Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
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612:
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513:Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom
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1755:Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority
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1816:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
1765:Independent Office for Police Conduct
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121:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
1745:Biometrics and Forensic Ethics Group
1535:"Has our DNA database gone too far?"
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553:
551:
549:
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158:Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001
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78:National Policing Improvement Agency
23:United Kingdom National DNA Database
1299:"Call for inquiry into DNA samples"
415:Racial demographics and controversy
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1641:Minister of State for Home Affairs
1430:Experts call for DNA restrictions
1010:"Time limits on innocent DNA data"
213:
14:
1837:
1506:
1281:"Lawyer wins DNA database battle"
1134:"Privacy fears over DNA database"
987:, BBC, Thursday, 4 December 2008.
647:"All UK 'must be on DNA database"
544:
289:necessary in a democratic society
1329:Leapman, Ben (5 November 2006).
1106:Barnett, Antony (16 July 2006).
934:"Teacher wins police DNA battle"
622:National DNA Database statistics
1593:
1491:
1467:Mandatory DNA database rejected
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1374:Doward, Jamie (9 August 2009).
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960:"Police can keep suspects' DNA"
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466:Potential expansion of database
323:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
174:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
106:National Police Chiefs’ Council
57:from each of the sixteen loci.
1750:Disclosure and Barring Service
1631:Minister of State for Security
837:
747:. October 2005. Archived from
692:
478:and some police officers, and
281:European Court of Human Rights
239:European Court of Human Rights
201:
1:
1770:Investigatory Powers Tribunal
1441:Nuffield Council on Bioethics
1170:Protect innocent people's DNA
1036:"Crime and Security Act 2010"
893:. GeneWatch UK. February 2006
804:. February 2006. postnote 258
538:
472:Nuffield Council on Bioethics
245:S and Marper v United Kingdom
1801:Home Office (United Kingdom)
1760:Migration Advisory Committee
1740:Animals in Science Committee
7:
1780:Security Industry Authority
795:"The national DNA database"
624:. UK Government Home Office
501:
179:
90:Second Generation Multiplex
72:The UK NDNAD is run by the
10:
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1530:NDNAD Annual Report 2002/3
518:National Identity Register
321:Finally on 1 May 2012 the
265:submissions to the court.
251:Protection of Freedoms Act
242:
183:
1723:
1682:
1664:
1621:
1601:
1559:Crown Prosecution Service
1513:The National DNA database
875:The national DNA database
705:. London: Royal Society.
364:Human Genetics Commission
232:Crown Prosecution Service
206:Samples collected by the
162:Criminal Justice Act 2003
110:Human Genetics Commission
1715:UK Visas and Immigration
1208:27 February 2008 at the
523:Police National Computer
298:announced in May 2009 a
294:In response to this the
208:Isle of Man Constabulary
132:Forensic Science Service
1705:Immigration Enforcement
1700:Homeland Security Group
699:Royal Society. (2017).
649:. BBC. 5 September 2007
1821:National DNA databases
1450:1 October 2009 at the
914:Cite journal requires
825:Cite journal requires
775:Cite journal requires
348:genetic fingerprinting
1710:National DNA Database
1443:, 18 September 2007,
1428:, 18 September 2007,
1361:15 April 2010 at the
508:National DNA database
434:the Sunday Telegraph,
275:In November 2004 the
259:Privacy International
49:. Since 2014 sixteen
35:national DNA Database
1485:, 6 September 2007,
1465:, 23 February 2008,
427:the Sunday Telegraph
401:industrial espionage
43:short tandem repeats
1159:GeneWatch UK – Home
1140:. 12 September 2002
966:. 12 September 2002
476:Lord Justice Sedley
336:Recordable offences
84:Origin and function
1695:HM Passport Office
1497:Reclaim Your DNA,
754:on 23 October 2008
379:Conservative Party
312:recordable offence
308:recordable offence
166:recordable offence
1788:
1787:
1517:Staley, K. 2005,
712:978-1-78252-301-7
573:978-1-5286-1916-5
496:Shami Chakrabarti
371:Liberal Democrats
152:England and Wales
147:Database subjects
41:Only patterns of
29:; officially the
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1725:Non-departmental
1605:2 Marsham Street
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1544:Give Us Your DNA
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1305:. 5 January 2006
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