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27:
673:. These new board members, most of whom were also directors of Pennzoil, constituted a majority of both boards. From that point on, Pennzoil exercised ultimate control over the actions of United Gas Corporation and United Gas Pipeline Company. In April 1968, Pennzoil compelled a merger of United and Pennzoil, forming Pennzoil United, Inc. In December 1968 Pennzoil forced United Gas Pipeline Company to pay a dividend of $ 51,000,000 to its new owner.
313:, carrying 8% of the nation's supply, and was eight times the size of its buyer. The dramatic takeover, accomplished by a cash tender offer using vast amounts of borrowed money and United's own assets as collateral, was the first of its kind in the United States, and, together with the subsequent asset spin-off, the event is a classic example of the
348:. By 1916, McGowen, still operating on behalf of the Palmer Corporation, secured control of a number properties in the newly discovered Monroe Gas Field. McGowen continued to add smaller companies, culminating in the merger of the Palmer Corporation and Electric Power & Light to form the Louisiana Gas and Fuel Company, now having operations in
519:, general counsel, George Naff, and assistant chief engineer, Baxter Goodrich. Texas Eastern became a dominant pipeline player in its own right, and, in exchange for releasing the employees, United was guaranteed another market for its gas production and supply. The close relationship between the two companies would interest the
550:. Annual reports indicated that, in 1953, United owned and operated more than 9,000 field and transmission lines that distributed more than 800,000,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas annually to 309 cities, towns, and communities. Of the approximately 18 pipeline systems built in the region, United owned five.
435:. The plant is still operational in Shreveport today. The company also developed extensive mines and technology through its subsidiaries, Duval Corporation, a miner and miller of copper, potash, sulphur and other materials, and UGC Instruments, a manufacturer of electronic devices primarily used in the
523:
over the ensuing years. Hargrove would ultimately perish in a tragic airplane accident, occurring when a seaplane owned by United Gas crashed into the treetops outside of
Shreveport during the return from a three-day duck hunting trip hosted by United Gas. The crash killed 12 people, including six
647:
United's management was indeed caught off guard, and, although leadership advised against the tender, the response to the
Pennzoil offer was much greater than anticipated. By December 7, 1965, 4,982,096 out of the 12,868,982 shares outstanding had been tendered to Pennzoil, with additional shares
668:
Pennzoil then deposed the old board of directors of both United Gas
Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, United Gas Pipeline Company, appointing Hugh Liedtke as chairman of the board and William Liedtke as chairman of the executive committee. The executive committee consisted of Messrs.
459:
controlled 60% of natural gas produced and 58% of total pipeline mileage. One of these big four companies was the United Gas
Corporation. On January 19, 1940, United Gas Pipe Line Company became the first pipeline company to handle 1,000,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas in one day.
532:. Shreveport leaders killed in the crash were Hargrove, financier Justin R. Querbes, Sr., Interstate Electric President Randolph Querbes, Sr., Atlas Processing Chairman John B. Atkins, Sr., Goldringβs Vice President E. Bernard Weiss, and independent oil producer J.P. Evans.
291:, which became its fully owned subsidiaries, United Gas was engaged in missile business and various other defense activities related to the U.S. aerospace industry. In particular, it operated data processing centers for military and civil government agencies, including
371:
would join the company in 1928. Then, between 1928 and 1930, McGowen and Parkes combined the assets of five major groups, representing more than 40 power, fuel and utility companies, to form a holding company christened the United Gas
Corporation on June 30, 1930.
676:
Pennzoil proceeded to sell off most of United's assets, first spinning off its retail business and then, in 1974, the huge United Gas Pipe Line
Company. The Liedtkes' handling of the affair resulted in a barrage of lawsuits and an investigation by the
615:
Undaunted, Pennzoil began slowly accumulating shares of United Gas on the open market. By
October 1965, Pennzoil owned 275,000 shares of United common stock which it had acquired under an investment program initiated in May 1965. Word of a possible
399:
rights, including gas wells and over 14,000 acres of leases for $ 500,000 and the smaller Pearl Valley Oil & Gas
Company's Jackson assets. Now positioned atop the heap and with ready access to cheap natural gas, United offered to buy the
263:
in size and scope, United Gas was one of the first natural gas transmission companies. In 1968, United was merged into
Pennzoil, and the firm was renamed Pennzoil United, Inc. The retail gas distribution assets of United were spun off into
545:
On July 6, 1949, United Gas
Corporation was listed on the New York Stock Exchange, with an initial listing of 10,700,000 shares. By the early 1950s, United Gas owned and operated an extensive pipeline system stretching across the
427:
to form Union Producing Company for exploration and production, Atlas Processing for refining, United Gas Pipeline Company for long-distance transmission, and parent, United Gas Corporation, as the distributor for cities.
620:
leaked, however, and shares of United Gas soared. Then, Pennzoil hit upon a method for acquiring United in one fell swoop, the cash tender offer, a practice unheard of in the United States but widely used in the
463:
United proved to be a pioneer in the gas delivery industry. To provide raw supplies to its markets, United and its pipeline contractors pioneered the construction of natural-gas gathering lines across
268:
in 1970. United Gas Pipeline stock was distributed to Pennzoil shareholders in 1974, and that company was eventually restructured as United Energy Resources, Inc., which was, in turn, acquired by
259:, Atlas Processing, UGC Instruments, and Duval Mining, performed integrated exploration, production, processing, and distribution of oil and natural gas and other raw materials. Second only to
708:
1266:
Plummer, Marguerite R. and Joiner, Gary D., Historic Shreveport-Bossier: An Illustrated History of Shreveport and Bossier, p. 53 Historical Publishing Network (San Antonio, TX 2000)
684:
The absorption of the United companies turned Pennzoil into a large and diversified natural-resources company. Its 1970 sales hit $ 700 million, up tenfold from 1963, and its
652:. When the dust cleared, and although United fought Pennzoil every step of the way, Pennzoil owned 42% of United Gas Corporation with well over $ 1,000,000,000 in revenues. The
539:
333:
The earliest company making up what would be United Gas Corporation entered Shreveport prior to 1915 as The Palmer Corporation of Shreveport, owned by Honore and Potter
202:
222:
1629:
391:. Through subsidiaries, United began entering and dominating more markets south of Jackson, building out its pipeline along the way. In 1931, in the midst of the
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781:
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era saw United's rise accelerate, as regional markets for cheap natural gas appeared and expanded. By 1947, United Gas was the largest gas company in the
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207:
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10 MJ) across the country every day, making up 8% of the nation's supply. In researching the company, Liedtke also discovered United's vast
284:
341:
150:
75:
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625:. The move would cement the Liedtkes' legacy in the oil and gas industry, and result in Bush's Pennzoil stock increasing in value 10,000%.
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continuing to be tendered. Because of the volume of shares tendered, Pennzoil was forced to arrange over $ 200,000,000 in debt financing,
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1105:
936:"Love Her and Leave Her: ΒThat, say the critics, is just what the Liedtke brothers did with United Gas" Forbes, Sept. 15, 1974 p. 54-57
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of United common stock at $ 41 per share. As of that date, United was selling at $ 35.75 on the open market. Liedtke, according to
628:
Accordingly, on November 22, 1965, Pennzoil made a public offer to the United common stockholders to purchase a minimum of 1,000,000
600:
became aware of United Gas, by 1965 the nation's busiest pipeline operator, conveying 3 billion cubic feet of natural gas (3.2
1630:
http://leagle.com/decision/19851718478So2d1240_11415.xml/LA.%20POWER%20&%20LIGHT%20CO.%20v.%20UNITED%20GAS%20PIPE%20LINE%20CO
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at considerably below market value. With no way to compete, Southern was forced to sell. United's purchase included miles of
1608:
1578:
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837:
1420:
1006:"Midcon to Buy United Energy for $ 1 Billion : Merger to Create Second National Pipeline System - Los Angeles Times"
520:
782:
https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19670201&id=gkhQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=N1cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2847,203057
499:
The Louisiana State Office Building in Shreveport was originally the headquarters of the former United Gas Corporation.
480:. The techniques employed by United and Brown & Root became industry standard. United then turned its attention
538:, another United Gas alumnus employed by subsidiary Union Producing as an exploration geologist, would go on to form
660:
and was described as "an aggressive Lilliputian capturing a sleeping giant," and "the minnow swallowing the whale.
1146:
431:
Through mergers with eight other companies, Atlas Processing Company became one of the largest refineries in the
357:
867:
http://www.leagle.com/decision/1965697248FSupp449_1615.xml/UNITED%20GAS%20CORPORATION%20v.%20PENNZOIL%20COMPANY
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mining subsidiary went on to make a series of quick strikes in sulphur, potash, copper, gold, and silver.
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The company continued to add assets and expand until 1937 when the many entities owned by United Gas were
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439:. The company's crown jewel, however, was the extensive pipeline network built out and maintained by
401:
303:
292:
276:
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923:
829:
Oil in the Deep South: A History of the Oil Business in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida: 1859β1945
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to make the unwelcome offer, "knowing that many United executives would be off for the long weekend
1628:
La. Power & Light Co. v. United Gas Pipeline Company, 478 So.2d 1240, 1246 (La. Ct. App. 1985)
678:
452:
633:
562:
356:, among other states. Louisiana Gas and Fuel was still, however, a subsidiary of the much larger
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to Shreveport to manage its gas wells and short pipeline to Shreveport. McGowen set to work in
175:
1598:
1568:
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827:
612:, and other materials. United was, however, eight times the size of the fledgling Pennzoil.
309:
At the time of its takeover by Pennzoil, United operated the busiest pipeline network in the
296:
252:
122:
56:
1570:
Oil & Honor: The Texaco-Pennzoil Wars, Inside the $ 11 Billion Battle for Getty Oil
877:
La. Power & Light Co. v. United Gas Pipeline Company, 478 So.2d 1240 (La. Ct. App. 1985)
525:
436:
409:
299:
280:
269:
1147:"Pennzoil founder Liedtke leaves behind legacy in oil industry - Houston Business Journal"
8:
440:
256:
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395:, United's efforts ended with a monopoly of the Jackson Gas Field, having bought all of
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United next entered the Jackson Gas Field, soon controlling most of the gas in that
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761:"Alumni and Friends | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | University of Arkansas"
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Regulated Enterprise: Natural Gas Pipelines and Northeastern Markets, 1938β1954
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622:
376:
318:
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512:
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310:
1450:"Goodrich Petroleum chairman Henry Goodrich dies - Houston Business Journal"
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built the first large-diameter submarine pipeline, spanning 25 miles across
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265:
780:
The Evening Independent, February 1, 1967, "United Gas Has Record Income"
26:
832:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 61β62.
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380:
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511:. In that same year, several United employees left the company to form
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Boviard, Everett, Haslanger, Kerr, Hugh Liedtke, William Liedtke, and
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865:
United Gas Corp. v. Pennzoil Co., 248 F.Supp. 449 (S.D.N.Y. 1965)
732:
803:
United Gas Corp. v. Pennzoil Co., 248 F.Supp. 449 (S.D.N.Y. 1965)
609:
388:
384:
187:
1291:. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. pp. 25β26.
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183:
1386:
Brock, Erick J., Erick Brock's Shreveport, p. 197 (Brock 2001)
295:
missile test data analyzing, provided processing services for
255:, United and its major subsidiaries, Union Producing Company,
1644:"J. Hugh Liedtke, 81; Pennzoil Chief Won Suit Against Texaco"
349:
1530:"W.C. Liedtke; Co-Founder of Pennzoil - Los Angeles Times"
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1168:"Shell bids to absorb Pennzoil - Houston Business Journal"
243:
was a major oil company from its inception in 1930 to its
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
709:"Joanne Sigler: United Gas was 'the place of employment'"
1106:"J. Hugh Liedtke, 81, Oilman Who Bested Texaco in Court"
287:(TSI) product line of the Whittaker's Data Instruments,
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1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
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1484:
1471:"NYSEData.com Factbook: Domestic common stock listings"
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and open water. In 1941, United Gas and Houston firm,
379:
and recognizing in the Field a cheap source of gas for
360:, a company McGowen rapidly rose through the ranks of.
1275:
Plummer and Joiner, Historic Shreveport-Bossier, p. 53
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1394:
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1248:
1209:
553:
1400:"Crash 60 years ago killed Shreveport leadership"
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1099:
1097:
1095:
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977:
733:Securities and Exchange Commission (1 May 1964).
703:
701:
363:
1659:
1077:"Retirement Ends Era At Pennzoil | News OK"
964:"Pennzoil Company - Lehman Brothers Collection"
328:
1141:
1139:
1090:
698:
593:. The merged company took the Pennzoil name.
589:, Thomas J. Devine, and future U.S. President
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524:prominent Shreveporters and Dallas resident
1600:George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee
1592:
1590:
1136:
1031:"Occidental Merger OKd - Los Angeles Times"
1673:Defunct oil companies of the United States
1617:
1064:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
455:investigation revealed that four dominant
337:. The Palmer Corporation sent 22-year-old
25:
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1311:
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728:
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1668:Companies based in Shreveport, Louisiana
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1587:
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1023:
494:
1641:
1463:
1196:"Boardwalk Pipeline Partners - History"
1061:, March 22, 1965, v. 16, no. 12, p. 39.
998:
806:
650:using United's own assets as collateral
565:, in 1913. In 1955, it was acquired by
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723:
577:. In 1963, South Penn Oil merged with
1573:. New York: Beard Books. p. 62.
1285:Castaneda, Christopher James (1993).
906:. Texas State Historical Association.
656:was cited as a textbook example of a
1683:1968 disestablishments in Louisiana
939:
750:
715:. September 8, 2010. Archived from
13:
1104:Martin, Douglas (August 1, 2003).
247:and subsequent forced merger with
235:United Gas Improvement Corporation
14:
1694:
581:, a company founded by brothers,
1678:1930 establishments in Louisiana
1380:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1133:Forbes, Sept. 15, 1974 p. 54-57
1048:
930:
554:Entrance of Pennzoil and demise
358:Electric Bond and Share Company
325:and regulatory investigations.
1642:Thurber, Jon (April 5, 2003).
900:Odintz, Mark (June 15, 2010).
871:
774:
636:, waited until the day before
608:and large deposits of copper,
540:Goodrich Petroleum Corporation
513:Texas Eastern Transmission Co.
364:United Gas Corporation is born
1:
691:
596:Through business associates,
446:
342:Norris Cochran "N.C." McGowen
663:
484:, extending its pipeline to
329:Early history and beginnings
16:American defunct oil company
7:
1603:. Transaction. p. 85.
1597:Parmet, Herbert S. (1997).
441:United Gas Pipeline Company
289:North Hollywood, California
257:United Gas Pipeline Company
251:in 1968. Headquartered in
218:United Gas Pipeline Company
10:
1699:
1567:Petzinger, Thomas (1987).
826:Hughes, Dudley J. (1993).
232:
1421:"Henry Goodrich - Forbes"
985:"Timeline (1866-Present)"
402:Southern Natural Pipeline
321:and resulted in numerous
304:Vandenberg Air Force Base
293:White Sands Missile Range
277:Benson-Lehner Corporation
193:
170:
141:
129:
117:
107:
96:
81:
71:
59:(March 29, 1930
52:
44:
36:
24:
1055:Mergers and Acquisitions
679:Federal Power Commission
233:Not to be confused with
203:Atlas Processing Company
182:, gold, silver, copper,
31:"Serving the Gulf South"
987:. centerpointenergy.com
634:The Wall Street Journal
563:Los Angeles, California
416:, with an extension to
397:Gulf Refining Company's
223:Union Producing Company
85:April 1, 1968
567:Oil City, Pennsylvania
500:
433:Southern United States
285:Telecomputing Services
241:United Gas Corporation
20:United Gas Corporation
1509:"A Legacy of Service"
573:, a former branch of
515:, including manager,
498:
297:Strategic Air Command
253:Shreveport, Louisiana
123:Shreveport, Louisiana
57:Shreveport, Louisiana
1059:Missiles and Rockets
583:William Liedtke, Jr.
437:oil and gas industry
420:under construction.
410:Jackson, Mississippi
300:1st Missile Division
281:Van Nuys, California
275:Through purchase of
1402:. theadvertiser.com
103:(December 17, 1965)
21:
1511:. bushmonument.com
1111:The New York Times
1037:. 16 February 1986
719:on August 9, 2015.
521:Justice Department
501:
474:Lake Pontchartrain
418:Pensacola, Florida
270:Midcon Corporation
180:petroleum products
19:
1648:Los Angeles Times
1610:978-1-4128-2452-1
1580:978-1-8931-2207-9
1534:Los Angeles Times
1452:. bizjournals.com
1298:978-0-8142-0590-7
1245:, pp. 92β93.
1230:, pp. 91β93.
1170:. bizjournals.com
1149:. bizjournals.com
1035:Los Angeles Times
1010:Los Angeles Times
966:. library.hbs.edu
912:cite encyclopedia
839:978-0-8780-5615-6
735:"SEC News Digest"
686:Duval Corporation
591:George H. W. Bush
526:Thomas E. Braniff
517:Reginald Hargrove
505:Post-World War II
457:holding companies
451:In the 1930s, an
346:Vivian, Louisiana
335:Palmer of Chicago
231:
230:
208:Duval Corporation
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1496:Castaneda (1993)
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1478:
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1427:. Archived from
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1387:
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1375:Castaneda (1993)
1372:
1363:
1360:Castaneda (1993)
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1348:
1345:Castaneda (1993)
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1333:Castaneda (1993)
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1312:Castaneda (1993)
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1012:. 13 August 1985
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745:
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739:
730:
721:
720:
713:Shreveport Times
705:
671:Edmundson Parkes
603:
579:Zapata Petroleum
470:Brown & Root
408:stretching from
393:Great Depression
369:Edmundson Parkes
315:leveraged buyout
245:hostile takeover
157:Edmundson Parkes
92:
90:
66:
64:
29:
22:
18:
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1431:on May 28, 2014
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763:. engr.uark.edu
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737:
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694:
666:
601:
587:J. Hugh Liedtke
561:was founded in
556:
530:Braniff Airways
528:, president of
490:St. Mary Parish
449:
414:Mobile, Alabama
366:
331:
238:
227:
213:UGC Instruments
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144:
132:
125:
88:
86:
62:
60:
32:
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12:
11:
5:
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1538:. Retrieved
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1429:the original
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1079:. newsok.com
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741:. Retrieved
717:the original
712:
683:
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642:duck hunting
638:Thanksgiving
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598:Hugh Liedtke
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575:Standard Oil
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195:Subsidiaries
178:, gasoline,
151:N.C. McGowen
118:Headquarters
76:N.C. McGowen
37:Company type
920:|work=
478:New Orleans
425:reorganized
381:Mississippi
354:Mississippi
131:Area served
1662:Categories
1540:2014-05-26
1515:2014-05-26
1477:2014-05-26
1456:2014-07-05
1435:2014-07-05
1425:forbes.com
1406:2014-07-05
1202:2014-05-26
1174:2014-07-05
1153:2014-05-26
1083:2014-07-05
1041:2014-05-26
1016:2014-05-26
991:2014-05-26
970:2014-05-26
767:2014-05-26
743:2014-07-05
692:References
569:, company
548:Gulf South
466:marshlands
447:Rapid rise
283:, and the
176:condensate
153:(Chairman)
143:Key people
136:Gulf South
89:1968-04-01
63:1930-03-29
922:ignored (
664:Aftermath
509:Southwest
488:south of
161:President
108:Successor
48:Petroleum
903:Pennzoil
654:takeover
618:takeover
559:Pennzoil
482:offshore
406:pipeline
339:Canadian
323:lawsuits
261:Gulf Oil
249:Pennzoil
171:Products
112:Pennzoil
101:Acquired
45:Industry
610:sulphur
476:, near
389:Florida
385:Alabama
306:, etc.
188:sulphur
87: (
82:Defunct
72:Founder
61: (
53:Founded
1607:
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1295:
836:
630:shares
387:, and
186:, and
184:potash
163:, CEO)
1057:. //
738:(PDF)
350:Texas
1605:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1293:ISBN
924:help
834:ISBN
585:and
503:The
377:play
352:and
317:and
97:Fate
644:".
453:FTC
412:to
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279:of
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