24:
401:
461:
as the presidential designee responsible for administering the act and authorizes the
Secretary of Defense to delegate the responsibilities under the act and executive order to any person or persons within the Department of Defense. Department of Defense directives issued by Secretaries of Defense
391:
on behalf of the
Secretary of Defense. The FVAP states its goals as to "inform and educate U.S. citizens worldwide of their right to vote; facilitate voting participation; and protect the integrity of, and simultaneously enhance, the electoral process at the Federal, State and local levels."
430:
The four states allowing online voting and the remaining 27 states have a mix of rules allowing email or fax to return ballots: AK, CA, DE, DC, FL, HI, IN, IA, KS, LA, ME, MA, MS, MT, NE, NV, NJ, NM, NC, MD, OK, OR, RI, SC, TX (for danger, combat zones or space), UT, and WA.
367:(FWAB), which can be cast by voters who "have made a timely application for but have not received their regular ballot from the state or territory, subject to certain conditions." Postage is free for UOCAVA registrations and ballots, including FWAB.
370:
The act does not apply to non-federal elections, although most states also let citizens covered by the UOCAVA register and vote in state and local elections. Before 1986 there had been some access to voting from abroad, but it varied.
1312:
419:
ballots electronically to other groups. This online delivery has been considered a vulnerability, since anyone can pretend voters are abroad, get electronic delivery for them, buy signature files, and mail back the ballots.
701:
426:
Four states allow ballot submission through secure web sites: AZ, CO (if needed), MO, and WV. In 2019-2020 researchers found insecurities in online voting systems used for UOCAVA from Voatz and
Democracy Live.
481:
The
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act allows U.S. citizens to vote from overseas, even if they have permanently left the United States. Since these citizens are no longer residents of a
1789:
34:
An Act to consolidate and improve provisions of law relating to absentee registration and voting in elections for
Federal office by members of uniformed services and persons who reside overseas.
441:
tabulate all votes cast in elections based on rules set out by UOCAVA in a single total at the bottom of the states official election result reports (such reports are officially posted in a
2442:
1171:
1176:
1346:
1985:
1578:
2177:
1947:
1568:
2794:
2410:
1141:
993:"Executive Order 12642–Designation of the Secretary of Defense as the Presidential Designee Under Title I of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act"
1285:
1225:
2542:
1319:
1230:
1220:
1210:
2871:
2627:
1215:
1188:
2856:
1816:
1205:
890:
191:
1604:
534:
nor imposes a limitation on the federal government's authority to extend federal voting rights to territorial residents under other constitutional powers.
1940:
915:
2861:
2352:
2306:
1926:
1533:
939:
416:
408:
UOCAVA lets uniformed service members request absentee ballots as early as they wish in an election year. Any time after that request they may send the
2706:
2419:
2050:
1629:
798:
725:
1882:
1183:
1624:
2743:
2685:
2678:
1896:
1658:
1391:
1134:
850:
2801:
2519:
962:
824:"The Ballot is Busted Before the Blockchain: A Security Analysis of Voatz, the First Internet Voting Application Used in U.S. Federal Elections"
2089:
1594:
1523:
1457:
2279:
2272:
2193:
1599:
1166:
412:
from outside the US, so they can vote even if they are on extended missions without communication, if they can send it from outside the US.
1912:
1905:
2549:
1696:
1334:
1307:
1127:
2484:
2228:
1933:
1558:
445:
file structure document) instead of separately tabulating such votes in the same category as all other votes cast in their home towns.
865:
2780:
2715:
2699:
2611:
1809:
1736:
1528:
2722:
2491:
2117:
1868:
1843:
1834:
1518:
1280:
2620:
2570:
2563:
2373:
1411:
1341:
388:
350:
335:
1093:
2345:
2336:
1889:
1462:
823:
531:
2787:
2526:
2463:
2403:
2288:
1960:
1726:
1679:
506:
The
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act has also been challenged in federal court by U.S. citizens living in
1013:
2876:
2648:
2359:
1861:
1802:
1784:
1573:
1432:
553:
519:
515:
462:
have delegated responsibilities for the FVAP to a FVAP director. The current director as of
November 2020 is David Bierne.
2394:
2163:
1850:
1653:
1543:
1483:
1248:
1097:
384:
1875:
579:"Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (as modified by the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2005)"
1396:
1150:
548:
543:
491:
470:
458:
253:
245:
233:
138:
127:
114:
108:
522:, but not if they relocate to Puerto Rico. The challenge was dismissed by the courts. However, in his dissent, Judge
2736:
2149:
1329:
578:
380:
2641:
2590:
2435:
2200:
2185:
1919:
1684:
773:
409:
364:
177:
2833:
2597:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1721:
1447:
1198:
454:
89:
81:
2669:
1716:
1488:
1356:
321:
313:
947:
2866:
2764:
2750:
2634:
2604:
2456:
2366:
1741:
1548:
415:
UOCAVA lets covered groups get ballots electronically (email, fax, or web site) from all states. Some states
341:
277:
2808:
2662:
2265:
2170:
301:
2477:
2329:
2322:
1825:
1648:
1553:
51:
749:
Burke, Paul (2024-05-01). "20 Threats and
Defenses for Absentee Ballots and Other Election Procedures".
2824:
2470:
1513:
1478:
527:
131:
1039:"Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution: Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood"
970:
581:. U.S. Department of Justice; Civil Rights Division; Voting Section. December 31, 1987. Archived from
74:
2655:
2380:
2295:
2207:
1614:
1302:
2498:
2426:
2110:
2080:
2073:
1297:
1292:
1275:
677:
265:
2505:
2258:
2142:
2133:
1258:
1193:
2757:
2315:
2156:
1689:
1416:
1263:
487:
442:
754:
169:
2692:
2387:
2221:
1538:
1351:
466:
154:
23:
2126:
2096:
1977:
1794:
1059:
1038:
8:
1854:
1104:
2103:
992:
1969:
1761:
1637:
1437:
1401:
305:
181:
121:
2214:
1493:
1119:
844:
750:
523:
891:"Democracy Live internet voting: unsurprisingly insecure, and surprisingly insecure"
655:
2449:
1731:
1701:
1619:
1268:
1253:
1088:
621:
495:
285:
241:
237:
146:
142:
249:
2729:
2556:
2059:
1406:
1381:
916:"States Expand Internet Voting Experiments Amid Pandemic, Raising Security Fears"
309:
261:
257:
799:"'Sloppy' Mobile Voting App Used in Four States Has 'Elementary' Security Flaws"
1643:
1609:
1563:
297:
608:
2850:
1779:
1751:
1746:
1674:
1442:
609:"Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act: Background and Issues."
324:
212:
1105:
The
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act: Overview and Issues
530:
neither denies citizens of Puerto Rico the right to vote for members of the
486:
but maintain their right to vote, legal scholars have therefore argued that
1711:
1452:
1386:
582:
438:
866:"The vote-by-phone tech trend is scaring the life out of security experts"
2581:
507:
289:
93:
483:
357:
281:
1094:
Summary of the act and its provisions, administration, and enforcement
2512:
2249:
2242:
1060:
GREGORIO IGARTĂA ET AL v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ET AL (IGARTUA IV)
2443:
Federal
Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988
1079:
2235:
2066:
1756:
1706:
1347:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
622:"Section 703: Nonprofit Standard Mail and Other Unique Eligibility"
273:
269:
173:
476:
1084:
1014:"25 Legal Scholars Support Constitutionality of DC Voting Rights"
822:
Specter, Michael A., James Koppel, Daniel Weitzner (2020-02-12).
1766:
643:
2771:
434:
400:
2795:
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
2411:
Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program
387:, is the program that administers the UOCAVA as well as the
1824:
518:
because it allows U.S. citizens who move abroad to vote in
457:
issued by President Reagan on June 9, 1988, designated the
293:
42:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1986
963:"Astronauts Cast Vote From Space Thanks to 1997 Texas Law"
1075:
Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP) official website
501:
2543:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
1320:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
1074:
358:
private U.S. citizens residing outside the United States
2628:
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
1149:
1085:
Website for overseas registration & ballot request
423:
Twenty states require ballots to be returned by mail.
363:
The act provides for an emergency back-up ballot, the
404:
UOCAVA as percent of all votes, 2020 general election
2513:
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
2536:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1325:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1107:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 9
226:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
17:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
2707:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers
2420:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
1777:
768:
766:
764:
2848:
2744:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
2686:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983
1286:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
2802:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988
2520:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
761:
477:Relevance to District of Columbia voting rights
995:. The American Presidency Project. 8 June 1988
2872:History of voting rights in the United States
2194:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
1810:
1600:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
1135:
280:residing overseas. The act requires that all
2857:Expatriate voting in United States elections
2679:GarnâSt. Germain Depository Institutions Act
849:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
573:
571:
569:
330:Groups of people covered under the act are:
1697:Democratic backsliding in the United States
1335:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
907:
205:on August 16, 1986 (Passed Voice Vote)
199:on August 12, 1986 (Passed Voice Vote)
109:42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
2862:United States federal election legislation
2506:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986
2485:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
2229:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
1817:
1803:
1142:
1128:
678:"U.S. Election Night â 1970 â Berlin 1969"
2781:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
2716:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
2700:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
2612:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation
2280:IsraelâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
2273:CanadaâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
1080:Overseas Vote Foundation official website
882:
603:
601:
599:
566:
2723:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983
2492:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984
1788:) is being considered for deletion. See
790:
675:
448:
399:
2621:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
2571:Water Resources Development Act of 1988
2564:Water Resources Development Act of 1986
2374:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
1959:
1342:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
1298:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
1102:
1053:
821:
718:
694:
389:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
2849:
2346:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
2337:Office of National Drug Control Policy
1579:United States Virgin Islands residents
863:
815:
796:
648:
639:
637:
635:
596:
532:United States House of Representatives
502:Relevance to Puerto Rico voting rights
334:Members of the then-seven (now eight)
2788:Surface Transportation Assistance Act
2527:The Emergency Food Assistance Program
2404:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
2289:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
1798:
1123:
1036:
960:
913:
888:
831:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
748:
742:
611:Congressional Research Service, 2014.
2649:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
2360:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
1172:House Electors Qualifications Clause
1103:Garrett, R. Sam (October 26, 2016).
857:
774:"Electronic Transmission of Ballots"
682:KLC Radio, Lewis & Clark College
554:Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico
346:Eligible family members of the above
2395:United States Sentencing Commission
632:
512:Igartua de la Rosa v. United States
471:National Defense Authorization Acts
13:
1569:Northern Mariana Islands residents
1151:Voting rights in the United States
669:
614:
549:District of Columbia voting rights
544:Voting rights in the United States
14:
2888:
2737:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
1792:to help reach a consensus. âș
1330:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1068:
946:. 2 November 2010. Archived from
676:Rynerson, R. W. (November 1970).
656:"2024-25 Voting Assistance Guide"
644:Federal Voting Assistance Program
395:
381:Federal Voting Assistance Program
2642:Expedited Funds Availability Act
2591:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
2436:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
2201:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
2186:We begin bombing in five minutes
1737:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
1654:Women's poll tax repeal movement
490:also has the authority to grant
410:Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot
365:Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot
22:
2598:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
1281:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
1199:Privileges or Immunities Clause
1030:
1006:
985:
961:James, Kate (2 November 2010).
954:
932:
628:. United States Postal Service.
304:allow certain U.S. citizens to
115:52 U.S.C.: Voting and Elections
2670:Dairy Export Incentive Program
1559:District of Columbia residents
1489:Multiple non-transferable vote
1412:Voter registration in the U.S.
1357:Election Assistance Commission
1177:Congressional Elections Clause
349:U.S. citizens employed by the
1:
2765:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
2751:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver
2693:Internal Revenue Code of 1986
2635:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
2605:Agriculture Mediation Program
2457:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
2367:Coastal Barrier Resources Act
1742:National Voting Rights Museum
1352:Help America Vote Act of 2002
1037:Romån, José D. (April 2002).
559:
2809:Video Privacy Protection Act
2663:Conservation Reserve Program
2266:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
2171:Strategic Defense Initiative
1605:Timeline of women's suffrage
940:"Astronauts beam votes home"
889:Appel, Andrew (2020-06-08).
510:. Plaintiffs in the case of
7:
2877:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
2478:Minerals Management Service
2330:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
2323:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
1826:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1785:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1659:History of direct democracy
1649:Selma to Montgomery marches
1392:Initiatives and referendums
914:Parks, Miles (2020-02-28).
864:Halper, Evan (2019-05-16).
537:
465:The act was amended by the
320:and was signed into law by
52:99th United States Congress
10:
2893:
2471:Medical Waste Tracking Act
2464:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
1948:Presidential proclamations
1479:First-past-the-post voting
1249:U.S. Department of Justice
797:Zetter, Kim (2020-02-13).
528:United States Constitution
2818:
2656:Food Security Act of 1985
2580:
2557:Water Quality Act of 1987
2381:Armed Career Criminal Act
2305:
2049:
1986:Joint session of Congress
1833:
1667:
1615:Woman Suffrage Procession
1587:
1506:
1471:
1425:
1374:
1367:
1303:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1239:
1157:
1043:Fordham Urban Law Journal
353:residing outside the U.S.
266:United States federal law
161:
152:
120:
104:
99:
80:
70:
65:
57:
46:
38:
30:
21:
2499:Nuclear Waste Policy Act
2427:Toxics Release Inventory
1790:templates for discussion
1554:American Samoa residents
1293:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1276:Civil Rights Act of 1957
514:claimed that the Act is
2825:â Carter administration
2259:American Homecoming Act
2143:Constructive engagement
1906:Administration scandals
1259:Enforcement Act of 1870
1194:Equal Protection Clause
870:San Diego Union Tribune
374:
188:Committee consideration
2758:Tax Reform Act of 1986
1978:"Tear down this wall!"
1264:Second Enforcement Act
488:United States Congress
405:
278:United States citizens
132:ch. 20, subch. I-G
2834:Bush administration â
2388:Sentencing Reform Act
2296:ExonâFlorio Amendment
2222:Executive Order 12333
2208:GoldwaterâNichols Act
1883:Judicial appointments
1869:Assassination attempt
1717:Elections in the U.S.
1574:Puerto Rico residents
1313:covered jurisdictions
1098:Department of Justice
920:National Public Radio
467:Help America Vote Act
449:Executive Order 12642
403:
385:Department of Defense
2867:1986 in American law
2316:AIDS crisis response
2090:Soviet Union summits
895:Princeton University
726:"52 USC 20303(b)(2)"
626:Domestic Mail Manual
496:District of Columbia
494:to residents of the
459:Secretary of Defense
383:(FVAP), part of the
342:U.S. Merchant Marine
327:on August 28, 1986.
286:District of Columbia
192:House Administration
2550:1982 VRA Amendments
2178:International trips
2150:Invasion of Grenada
1920:Impeachment efforts
1862:Second inauguration
1855:Release of hostages
302:U.S. Virgin Islands
184:) on March 12, 1986
155:Legislative history
18:
2157:IranâContra affair
1851:First inauguration
1762:Voter registration
1638:Give Us the Ballot
1534:Transgender people
1438:Grandfather clause
1402:Provisional ballot
607:Coleman, Kevin J.
473:in 2002 and 2005.
406:
351:federal government
336:Uniformed Services
215:on August 28, 1986
16:
2844:
2843:
2215:Montreal Protocol
2045:
2044:
2036:1988 SOTU Address
2029:1987 SOTU Address
2022:1986 SOTU Address
2015:1985 SOTU Address
2008:1984 SOTU Address
2001:1983 SOTU Address
1994:1982 SOTU Address
1934:Executive actions
1775:
1774:
1722:Electoral College
1544:African Americans
1502:
1501:
1494:One man, one vote
1463:Voter suppression
524:Juan R. Torruella
520:federal elections
318:Public Law 99-410
314:federal elections
222:
221:
203:Passed the Senate
134:§ 1973ff et seq.
83:Statutes at Large
2884:
2837:
2828:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2450:Grace Commission
2445:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2134:Governors Island
2129:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1941:Executive orders
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1846:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1732:Electoral system
1727:Electoral reform
1702:Disfranchisement
1690:Native Americans
1680:Campaign finance
1625:U.S. suffragists
1620:Silent Sentinels
1549:Native Americans
1372:
1371:
1269:Ku Klux Klan Act
1254:Enforcement Acts
1144:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1089:Democrats Abroad
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
969:. Archived from
958:
952:
951:
950:on 3 March 2016.
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
886:
880:
879:
877:
876:
861:
855:
854:
848:
840:
838:
837:
828:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
770:
759:
758:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
730:uscode.house.gov
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
706:uscode.house.gov
698:
692:
691:
689:
688:
673:
667:
666:
660:
652:
646:
641:
630:
629:
618:
612:
605:
594:
593:
591:
590:
575:
526:argued that the
516:unconstitutional
306:register to vote
232:), P.L. 99-410,
197:Passed the House
168:in the House as
157:
124:sections created
84:
26:
19:
15:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2730:Reagan tax cuts
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:Economic policy
2576:
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238:§§ 20301
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1630:Publications
1539:Young adults
1453:Voter caging
1387:Early voting
1375:Voter access
1324:
1242:and agencies
1240:Federal laws
1111:December 16,
1109:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
1019:. 2007-03-12
1008:
997:. Retrieved
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
966:
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948:the original
943:
934:
923:. Retrieved
919:
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898:. Retrieved
894:
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873:. Retrieved
869:
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834:. Retrieved
830:
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806:. Retrieved
802:
792:
781:. Retrieved
778:www.ncsl.org
777:
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733:. Retrieved
729:
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709:. Retrieved
705:
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685:. Retrieved
681:
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583:the original
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100:Codification
1828:(1981â1989)
1778:âč The
1685:Citizenship
1426:Vote denial
508:Puerto Rico
290:Puerto Rico
282:U.S. states
258:§§ 608
250:§ 3406
2851:Categories
2118:INF Treaty
2111:Washington
1844:Transition
1529:Foreigners
1368:State laws
1308:amendments
1160:provisions
1023:2014-11-04
999:2007-12-03
977:2 November
967:Gather.com
925:2020-06-23
900:2020-06-23
875:2020-06-23
836:2020-06-23
808:2020-06-23
783:2020-07-08
735:2024-07-21
711:2024-07-21
687:2020-08-05
589:2010-12-18
560:References
484:U.S. State
300:, and the
166:Introduced
71:Public law
31:Long title
2250:H-2B visa
2243:H-2A visa
2104:ReykjavĂk
1167:Article I
1096:from the
322:President
270:elections
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