Unemployment in the United Kingdom

744: 736: 712: 85: 1188: 1299: 720: 728: 4131: 43:, or percentage of people in work for those aged between 16 and 64, was estimated to be 75.5%. This was largely unchanged compared with the previous three-month period and 1.1 percentage points lower than before the pandemic (December 2019 to February 2020). The economic inactivity rate (is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years who are not in the labour force) is 21.6%, an increase of 0.2 percentage points on the quarter 1417: 801: 4141: 583:

reduce inflation to 2%, which dipped to 2.3% in April 2024. Economists noted uncertainties in the ONS unemployment figures due to changes in the labour force survey. HM Revenue & Customs data also indicated a cooling job market, with payroll employment dropping by 3,000 and a rise in economic inactivity to 22.3%. Additionally, 17,000 working days were lost due to strikes in April 2024.

783:) meaning the scheme now covered all male and female employees aged 15 and over. The data on the unemployed from 1948 to 1982 is referred to as the registrant count as it referred to the number of people registered at government offices as looking for work. The lowest recorded unemployment rate in this period is 1% in the mid-1950s, the highest was in September 1982 when it reached 14%. 703:, "Poverty was a highly visible problem in the eighteenth century, both in cities and in the countryside... In France and Britain by the end of the century, an estimated 10 per cent of the people depended on charity or begging for their food." By 1776 some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in England and Wales, housing almost 100,000 paupers. 916:

benefit, and eventually began counting only those actually receiving benefits in unemployment figures, excluding those who had applied for benefits but had not yet begun receiving them, or who had been recognised as unemployed but denied benefit. as well as certain marginal categories of the unemployed such as men over 60, whether they received benefit or not.

22: 550: 1145:

The Office for National Statistics publishes monthly figures on the number of economically inactive people who want a job but who are not included in the unemployment figures either because they did not actively seek work in the 4 weeks previous to the survey date or because they are not available to

1048:

Underemployed workers are those people in employment who are willing to work more hours, either by working in an additional job, by working more hours in their current job, or by switching to a replacement job. They must also be available to start working longer hours within 2 weeks and their current

755:

Data available from 1881 to 1912 is based on the records of trade unions that paid unemployment benefit to their members. In 1912 there were 1.4 million members of trade unions that paid benefits. This means the unemployment rates for this period are based on a very small section of the UK population

1127:

The Office for National Statistics publishes monthly estimates of the number of discouraged workers and the series runs from March to May 1993 when it was estimated there were 167,000 of them. In March to May 2013 it was estimated there were 63,000 discouraged workers. However, because this estimate

1101:

The number of jobless people who are available to work but not seeking it is not published by the Office for National Statistics on a monthly basis but it is available in some Eurostat publications. It was estimated that in 2012 there were 774,000 people aged 15 to 74 in the UK who were available to

671:

In 1547, a bill was passed that subjected vagrants to some of the more extreme provisions of the criminal law, namely two years' servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offence and death for the second. In the 1576 Act each town was required to provide work for the unemployed.

1083:

These figures are published in the monthly Labour Market Bulletin and the series runs from 1992. In March to May 1992 it was estimated that 11.3% of all part-time workers (excluding unpaid family workers and those on government schemes) were working in a part-time role because they could not find a

1056:

In 2000 it was estimated that there were just over 2 million underemployed workers in the UK. This figure fell to just below 1.8 million in 2004 before rising to just over 3 million in 2012. A rise of 980,000 occurred between the 2008 economic downturn and 2012. The most recent figures available on

1017:

In 2013, the Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney stated that the Bank would only raise interest rates when the official unemployment rate fell to 7% or under. In the three months leading to April 2014 the official unemployment rate fell to 6.9% but economists suggested it was still too soon

1013:

The economic downturn in 2008 caused the official level of unemployment to exceed 2 million by 2009 and 2.5 million a year later, with the rate reaching 8.0%. The rate and level then both began to fall slightly for a while before both rising again to reach 2.6 million and 8.3%, respectively, by the

786:

From 1982 onwards the count changed from the registrant count to the "claimant count" because from then on it aimed to count the number of people claiming benefits principally because they were unemployed. This count is still published today alongside the headline unemployment figure which is based

763:

However, only a limited number of people could be insured, the act of 1911 only included around 2.25 million manual workers aged 16 years and over who were deemed to be working in an industry where employment was insecure. Therefore, unemployment data for 1912 to 1916 is still based on a relatively

1211:

In Q3 2016, there were 28.39 million UK nationals aged 16 and over employed in the UK, up 213,000 on a year ago. 74.9% of all UK nationals aged 16–64 were in employment. The number of non-UK nationals working in the UK has also increased in the past year by 241,000 to 3.49 million. 72.8% of non-UK

1207:

The employment rate in the UK for those aged 16–64 was 73.9% in the three months to October 2015, which is the highest since records began in 1971. There were 31.3 million people in work and this can be broken down by gender into 16.7 million men and 14.6 million women in work or into 22.9 million

868:

Considering the data from 1971 that is consistent with the headline figure of unemployment currently published, around 1 million people were classed as unemployed in the early 1970s with an unemployment rate of around 4%. The level rose to 1.5 million by 1978 and the rate to around 5.5%, with many

767:

The section of the population contributing to the unemployment data expanded in 1916 when the National Insurance Act brought a further 1.25 million workers into the National Insurance scheme. Considering the data based on this expansion, the highest recorded unemployment rate between 1916 and 1920

80:

Those who are without work who do not meet the criteria of unemployment are classed as "out of the labour force", otherwise known as "economically inactive". For example, a person who wants a job but is not available for work due to sickness or disability would be classed as economically inactive,

950:

which began in 1990. Unemployment began to increase and by the end of 1992 the official level had again risen to almost 3 million with the official rate around 10.6%, although inflation was brought under control during this time, falling from over 10% in 1990 to just over 1% by 1993. The economic

931:

Unemployment remained high until an economic boom during the second half of the 1980s. The official level fell below 3 million in mid-1987, dropped below 2 million in early 1989 and was down to 1.6 million by the end of that year, with the official rate of unemployment stood at 7.0% at the end of

582:

UK unemployment surged to a two-year high of 4.4%, with job vacancies dropping by 12,000 to 904,000 in 2024. Despite the weakening job market, wage growth remained strong at 6%, outpacing inflation with a 2.9% real-terms increase. The Bank of England monitored these trends closely as it aimed to

1105:

In 2014, the UK government looked to improve unemployment and increase the labour force through implementing measures that affect the boundaries in which UK jobs are advertised. Proposals call for UK jobs to be advertised more prominently within the UK rather than across Europe as this has been

973:

The official level of unemployment remained below 2 million after 1996, dropping below 1.5 million at several stages between 2000 and 2005, with an official rate around 5% until 2008. There was a slight rise in unemployment during 2005 and 2006, as the workforce expanded partly due to increased

915:

The rise in the unemployment rate during the 1980s was higher than reflected in official statistics, as the government changed the method by which it was calculated in order to lower the headline rate. Margaret Thatcher's government implemented many measures intended to make it harder to claim

1136:

Figures on those people seeking work but not immediately available to start are not published in the monthly labour market bulletin but they are available in some Eurostat publications. In 2012 it was estimated that there were 334,000 people aged 15 to 74 in the UK who were in this situation.

853:

From 1971 onwards, there are two series of data on unemployment: The claimant count and the headline estimate of unemployment based on data collected in the Labour Force Survey. More information on the difference between the claimant count and the headline measure of unemployment is in this

775:

brought an additional 8 million workers into the scope of the scheme. This increased the total number of workers covered to around 11/12 million. Considering the data between 1920 and 1948 the highest recorded unemployment rate was 23.4% in May 1921 and the lowest was 1.6% in September 1947

1123:

The official definition of discouraged workers are those workers aged 16 to 64 who are available to work but not seeking it because they believe there are no jobs available for them. As they are not actively seeking work, they are not included in the headline unemployment figures.

759:

In 1911 a compulsory national scheme of insurance against unemployment was introduced. This meant there was a significant change to the way data on the unemployed was collected. From 1911 onwards it became a count based on the number of insured persons registered as unemployed.

1072:, but estimates of the number of people on these contracts are separate to the estimates of the number of underemployed people. Some people on zero-hour contracts do not want or are not available to work more hours, therefore they cannot be considered to be underemployed. 1026:"Hidden" unemployment is not an official statistical concept; however, it is a phrase sometimes used to describe certain types of people who are not included in the official headline figures for unemployment. The types of people sometimes considered as "hidden" include: 116: 1052:

Statistics on underemployed workers are updated by the Office for National Statistics on a regular basis. Data on underemployed workers is available from 2000 when all the questions needed to calculate underemployment were added to the Labour Force Survey.

1149:

These figures run from March to May 1992 when it was estimated there were just under 2 million people who were economically inactive but who wanted a job. In March to May 2013 it was estimated that there were 2.3 million people in this situation.

912:. The south of England recovered well from the recession, however, enjoying the greatest benefits of thriving financial markets and strong growth in the service sector, while the rapid growth in the computing industry also created many new jobs. 2188:

The number of people out of work reached a peak of officially 3.4 million in 1986. However, considering that in the 1980s numerous changes had been made to the way the unemployment rate was officially calculated, the real picture was bleaker

751:

There is data available on UK unemployment from 1881 but it is not consistent with the current international definition. The data is more closely related to the "Claimant Count" but the coverage of the data between 1881 and 1948 is limited.

951:

situation of the UK improved after 1992, however, and the official unemployment level fell below 2 million by 1997 with the rate standing at around 6.8%, with inflation also remaining low. Re-established economic growth was also strong.

572:

UK unemployment rates consistent with this definition are available from 1971. Considering this consistent time series, the highest unemployment rate recorded since 1971 was 11.9% in 1984 and the lowest was 3.4% in late 1973/early 1974.

1087:

Another proxy measure for unemployment is the number of workers with a second job. This is also published by the Office for National Statistics in the monthly Labour Market Bulletin and the series is available from March to May 1992.

679:, known commonly as the "Elizabethan Poor Law", was one of the world's first government-sponsored welfare programs. It distinguished between those who were unable to work and those able-bodied people who refused employment. Under the 919:

It has been retrospectively estimated that the official measure for calculating the unemployment rate was changed at least 29 times between 1979 and 1989. Later in the decade, the government began instructing doctors with the

619:; however, because Universal Credit is still relatively new, the Claimant Count data only measures the number of people claiming Jobseeker's Allowance with the aim of including those receiving Universal Credit when possible. 53:

Unemployment levels and rates are published each month by the Office for National Statistics in the Labour Market Statistical Bulletin. Estimates are available by sex, age, duration of unemployment and by area of the UK.

2420: 3143: 2399: 896:, the official level exceeding 3 million by 1982 and the official rate reaching 11.9% in 1984. Most of these jobs had been lost in the heavy industry sector, which was in decline, with the government's 545:{\displaystyle {\mathrm {Official\ UK\ Unemployment\ Rate={\dfrac {All\ those\ aged\ 16\ and\ over\ classed\ as\ unemployed}{All\ those\ aged\ 16\ and\ over\ classed\ as\ employed\ or\ unemployed}}} }} 569:

In the three months to February 2017 there were 33.4 million people in the UK labour force and 1.56 million people classed as unemployed. These figures gave an official UK unemployment rate of 4.7%.

4303: 1504: 4233: 1060:

In 2017, 14.6% of part-time workers in the UK would prefer to work full-time jobs if they were available. This compared to 43.1% in France, 11.3% in Germany and 26.4% on average across the EU.

579:

There is some data available on UK unemployment rates from before 1971 but it is not consistent with the current international definitions as it is more closely related to the Claimant Count.

4170: 3642: 1128:

comes from a survey it may be that the number of discouraged workers is undercounted because people are embarrassed to state that they do not believe there are any jobs available for them.

39:

In the three-month figures (July to September 2022) the unemployment rate was estimated at 3.6%, which is 0.2 percentage points lower than the previous three-month period. The ONS said the

4253: 4501: 4516: 4468: 4365: 4360: 928:

and thus no longer be considered unemployed. By some measures, the rate of workers receiving that benefit quintupled during the 1980s, even as unemployment did eventually decline.

935:

In spite of overseeing the highest unemployment figures seen in Britain for half a century, Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government was re-elected at the general elections of

4473: 4325: 4478: 3148: 1260: 1080:

The number of people working in part-time jobs because they could not find a full-time one is sometimes used as a proxy for the number of underemployed people in the economy.

4425: 2609: 4395: 4355: 4335: 4315: 4218: 2812: 2385: 4506: 4330: 4071: 3296: 954:

High unemployment and a recession-hit economy did not prevent the Conservative government from winning a fourth consecutive general election under Thatcher's successor

4526: 4511: 4458: 4410: 2056: 4496: 4435: 4385: 4345: 4298: 4283: 4213: 4203: 4198: 2892: 1592: 1905: 1678: 4521: 4463: 4400: 4370: 4350: 4320: 4248: 1057:

the number of underemployed workers are for the period October to December 2019 when it was estimated that there were 2.5 million underemployed workers in the UK.

4310: 4101: 3912: 2867: 2839: 1892: 1737: 1564: 2806: 2591: 2569: 1765: 2363: 3155: 2669: 668:

to deal with the problem of unemployment, to be funded by a tax on income and capital. A law passed a year later allowed vagabonds to be whipped and hanged.

576:

Data consistent with current international definitions is not available for years before 1971 due to there not being a Labour Force Survey before this time.

1817: 597:

However, some people classed as unemployed cannot claim unemployment benefits and some people claiming unemployment benefits are not classed as unemployed.

4033: 2756: 1452: 1392: 818: 2078: 1550: 1030:

Those workers who would like to work more hours—also known as the "underemployed" and the Potential Additional Labour Force, who Eurostat defines as:

62:

The definition of unemployment used by the Office for National Statistics is based on the internationally agreed and recommended definition from the

4177: 4013: 1795: 96: 924:

to find ways where they could to diagnose unemployed patients with illnesses or injuries resulting from their previous work so they could receive

889:

became Britain's first female prime minister and the party remained in power for 18 years, winning a total of four consecutive general elections.

2028: 776:(excluding the war years). Long periods of relatively high unemployment rates were also recorded in the UK in the Depression of the early 1930s. 69:

Unemployed people are defined as those aged 16 or over who are without work, available to start work in the next two weeks and who have either:

4144: 3984: 1876: 858: 2341: 756:

at the time (mainly manual workers). The lowest unemployment rate recorded in this period was 1.4% in 1890 and the highest was 10.2% in 1892.

3959: 2643: 1782: 1636: 2723:

AW Phillips, 'The Relation between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957 (1958) Economica

900:

policies to tackle inflation also being blamed for the economic downturn and subsequent mass unemployment, which was particularly severe in

664:

Those unable to find work had a stark choice: starve or break the law. In 1535, a bill was drawn up calling for the creation of a system of

3996: 3889: 3686: 1647: 1106:

attributed to a rise in unemployment in nationals whilst the UK has experienced an increase in non-nationals seeking employment in the UK.

1978: 4547: 3979: 2832: 2112: 591:

The headline unemployment figure arising from the official definition differs from the "Claimant Count" which is published alongside it.

103:

explaining the basic labour market concepts of employment, unemployment and economic inactivity is available on the ONS YouTube channel.

3676: 2922: 873:, while industrial decline and technological advances also contributed to job losses. Unemployment was a major political theme at the 3954: 3824: 3446: 2791:, 'Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment' Thirteenth ( 4006: 3949: 3777: 3266: 3186: 3171: 1631: 1579: 1494: 1120:

In the UK some jobless people aged 16 to 64 who are available to work but not seeking it are referred to as "discouraged workers".

3128: 3123: 2974: 4134: 3681: 3671: 3656: 3591: 3088: 3023: 2825: 1626: 1569: 1246: 1226: 1208:

working full-time and 8.4 million working part-time. There were 26.52 million employees and 4.61 million self-employed people.

4043: 4038: 3964: 3239: 970:'s revitalised "New Labour", in spite of the economic upturn and fall in unemployment that Major's government had overseen. 3939: 3856: 963: 959: 940: 936: 874: 743: 4028: 3944: 3797: 1909: 1704: 676: 111:

In the UK the official unemployment rate is defined as the percentage of the labour force that is classed as unemployed.

622:

More information on the differences between the official headline unemployment figure and the Claimant Count is in this

3974: 3613: 3569: 3083: 3802: 2498: 2447: 66:(ILO)—an agency of the United Nations. Use of this definition allows international comparisons of unemployment rates. 4278: 4086: 3989: 3934: 3713: 3696: 3666: 3431: 3281: 2944: 2939: 2788: 2765: 2595: 2252: 2218: 2174: 1014:

end of 2011, largely due to public sector job losses resulting from the Conservative-led government's spending cuts.

840: 735: 63: 3118: 594:

The Claimant Count aims to measure the number of people claiming a benefit principally because they are unemployed.

4552: 3922: 3701: 2981: 2631: 2554: 1839: 1349: 946:

However, increases in the inflation rate towards the end of the 1980s led to increased interest rates and another

4163: 4076: 4023: 3884: 3829: 3661: 3564: 3043: 2991: 2917: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 772: 2726:

E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018)

1665:

E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018)

1352:

2008, replaced Incapacity Benefit and split off and replaced Income Support on grounds of sickness or disability

653:

in the 1530s increased poverty, as the church had helped the poor. In addition, there was a significant rise in

4096: 4001: 3907: 3760: 3608: 3596: 3517: 3003: 822: 33: 4018: 3927: 3866: 3792: 3579: 3559: 3338: 2862: 2848: 2691: 1852: 1559: 1515: 1489: 1376: 1292: 1182: 1084:

full-time job. In March to May 2013 it was estimated that 18.4% of part-time workers were in this situation.

4081: 3902: 3765: 3743: 3723: 3652: 3574: 3451: 3441: 3436: 3108: 3073: 2929: 2433: 2297: 1410: 1333: 1287: 1178:

Eurostat uses the European Union Labour Force Survey, which collects quarterly data for all member states.

780: 1049:

weekly hours must be below 40 hours if they are between 16 and 18 and below 48 hours if they are over 18.

604:

Someone looking for work alongside full-time study ← unemployed but not eligible for unemployment benefits

3917: 3897: 3738: 3601: 3383: 3286: 2996: 2969: 2949: 2792: 1612: 1588: 699:

was a place where people who were unable to support themselves, could go to live and work. According to

93: 4116: 3728: 2934: 1762: 1641: 1240: 1230: 607:

Someone working for low wages ← not classed as unemployed but may be eligible for unemployment benefits

3748: 3586: 3522: 3512: 3507: 2275: 1769: 1621: 1509: 1477: 1446: 2783: 1872: 855: 4405: 4380: 4238: 3013: 1465: 1360: 1282: 747:

Unemployed men gather round the entrance to a trade union building during the July 1930 Depression.

612: 2647: 1045:

The definition of underemployed workers used by the Office for National Statistics is as follows:

1033:

Those available to work but not seeking a job—a subset of which are known as "discouraged workers"

4293: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4243: 4228: 4223: 4208: 3421: 3008: 2959: 921: 878: 870: 811: 3206: 1962: 711: 4430: 4420: 4390: 4375: 4288: 4273: 4106: 1975: 1607: 1575: 983: 2727: 2242: 1666: 4415: 4340: 3861: 3851: 3618: 3466: 3333: 3311: 3244: 3048: 2954: 2208: 2164: 1555: 1322: 1316: 893: 700: 84: 3841: 3834: 3489: 3426: 3398: 3373: 3368: 3343: 3301: 3103: 3058: 3053: 2882: 1382: 1175:

They define long-term unemployment as a period of unemployment that lasts for over 1 year.

768:

was 6.6% in December 1919 and the lowest was 2.6% in June 1920 (excluding the war years).

8: 3461: 3416: 3408: 3353: 3261: 3196: 2887: 2244:

An Extraordinary Time: The End of the Postwar Boom and the Return of the Ordinary Economy

1457: 47: 21: 3537: 3527: 3494: 3393: 3363: 3256: 3231: 3191: 1616: 1461: 1337: 1328: 1115: 1069: 925: 688: 2570:"File:Unemployment and supplementary indicators, 2012 YB14.png - Statistics Explained" 1298: 1187: 36:. As of February 2024, the U.K. unemployment rate is 3.8%, down from 3.9% in January. 3306: 3276: 2248: 2214: 2170: 2134: 1712: 1306:

shows that the higher unemployment is, the less likely there are to be job vacancies.

1003: 886: 882: 684: 623: 727: 4091: 3532: 3481: 3291: 3271: 1400: 905: 719: 616: 3819: 3787: 3708: 3113: 3078: 3068: 3038: 2912: 1996: 1982: 1880: 1853:"UK unemployment rate rises to highest level in two years as jobs market 'cools'" 1583: 1521: 1405: 1355: 1303: 1272: 862: 715:

Unemployment in UK from 1881. Data to 1970 from; to 2015 from Labour Force Survey

692: 100: 40: 2817: 1931: 1036:

Those who are seeking work but who are not immediately available to start a job.

3814: 3358: 3098: 2986: 2877: 2872: 2523: 2472: 2319: 1469: 1421: 1343: 1277: 1192: 979: 975: 4541: 3691: 3471: 3249: 3201: 3181: 3093: 2204: 1761:

See Office for National Statistics, 'How exactly is unemployment measured?' (

1716: 1255: 643: 3718: 2780:

Royal CoInter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services

2386:"EMP16: Underemployment and overemployment - Office for National Statistics" 1667:

Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Working Paper no. 496

50:, which asks a sample of 53,000 households and is conducted every 3 months. 3809: 3456: 3328: 1425: 1372: 665: 658: 88:

Graphic showing how people in the UK are classified in the UK labour market

4155: 3500: 3348: 3323: 3316: 3137: 2964: 2805:

Office for National Statistics, 'How exactly is unemployment measured?' (

2744: 1602: 1505:

Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988

1433: 909: 650: 881:

opposition campaign claiming "Labour isn't working" in an attack on the

3176: 2199: 2197: 995: 967: 955: 897: 825: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3063: 2751: 2400:"People in Work Wanting More Hours Increases by 1 million Since 2008" 2364:"People in Work Wanting More Hours Increases by 1 million Since 2008" 1597: 1429: 1387: 947: 696: 654: 2194: 800: 57: 1215: 1196: 1158: 1007: 991: 901: 680: 639: 2692:"Employment by Country of Birth and Nationality, 21 November 2016" 4111: 1416: 999: 987: 635: 1952:

R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p176

1474:

Jobseekers Act 1995 s 19, disparity in definitions on misconduct

1432:, between 1913 and 1948, but proved incorrect during the 1970s " 1181:

To find out more about the economies of Europe visit this page:

962:, but Major's government suffered a comprehensive defeat at the 3133: 2739: 1236: 892:

Unemployment soared in the early 1980s as a result of another

790: 3846: 1738:"Labour market overview, UK - Office for National Statistics" 76:

b) are waiting to start a new job they have already obtained.

1141:

A measure of the potential additional labour force in the UK

2434:"How common - and how voluntary - is part-time employment?" 2320:"BBC News - UK unemployment falls to five-year low of 2.2m" 1705:"UK unemployment rises and wages growth falls in recession" 1499: 1063: 982:), and as a result of a decline in manufacturing, with the 586: 1212:

nationals aged 16–64 living in the UK were in employment.

1161:

defines the unemployed as those people aged 15 to 74 who:

1153: 1593:

Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832

1146:

start work within the 2 weeks following the survey date.

1091: 739:

Unemployed men discuss the growing jobless rate in 1931.

73:

a) been actively seeking work in the past four weeks, or

1838:

Unhide the rows on tab 2 of reference table A01 in the

1679:"Employment in the UK - Office for National Statistics" 1565:

Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom

2079:"Labour Force Survey - Office for National Statistics" 2029:"Unemployment statistics from 1881 to the present day" 2166:

The Labour Movement in Britain from Thatcher to Blair

1096: 661:, limiting the land available for people to work on. 213: 119: 2757:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1851:

Matheson, Lawrence; Williams, Holly (11 June 2024).

1453:

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1393:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

1075: 629: 2795:) International Conference of Labour Statisticians 1424:was thought to show a causal relationship between 544: 3825:Glasgow International Financial Services District 2847: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2003: 1551:Unemployment Provision Convention, 1934 (shelved) 1131: 885:government. The Conservatives won this election, 706: 58:The definition and measurement of UK unemployment 4539: 2342:"Unemployment and beyond - Statistics Explained" 2027:Denman, James; McDonald, Paul (1 January 1996). 1850: 1346:, means-tested benefit for people on low incomes 1216:Job security, job searching and income insurance 764:small section of the UK population at the time. 611:The current unemployment benefits available are 2158: 2156: 2135:"In Pictures | Thatcher years in graphics" 990:being particularly hard hit by the collapse of 2542: 2499:"Contract types and employer responsibilities" 2448:"Contract types and employer responsibilities" 2276:"Historical UK Inflation And Price Conversion" 2096: 2026: 1018:to see any upward movement in interest rates. 16:Overview of unemployment in the United Kingdom 4171: 2833: 2234: 1840:April 2014 Labour Market Statistical Bulletin 1637:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 2697:. House of Commons Library. 21 November 2016 2153: 1648:Universal basic income in the United Kingdom 1644:– relationship of automation to unemployment 791:The introduction of the Labour Force Survey 642:and the jobless. Both were categorised as " 106: 4185: 4178: 4164: 2840: 2826: 2592:"The UK job market: It's not for everyone" 2572:. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 17 March 2014 2564: 2562: 1985:", The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen. 1908:. Probertencyclopaedia.com. Archived from 2662: 2298:"Monetary Policy | Forward Guidance" 841:Learn how and when to remove this message 731:An unemployment insurance stamp from 1923 723:An unemployment insurance stamp from 1912 2240: 1632:List of recessions in the United Kingdom 1495:Youth unemployment in the United Kingdom 1415: 1297: 1186: 1064:Underemployment and zero-hours contracts 1040: 742: 734: 726: 718: 710: 587:Unemployment data and the claimant count 83: 20: 3134:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 3074:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 2559: 1781:See points 47 and 48 in this document ( 1202: 1154:Labour market comparisons across Europe 4540: 2162: 2059:. Office for National Statistics. 2016 1796:"Labour Market Statistics, April 2014" 1627:List of countries by unemployment rate 1570:Great Depression in the United Kingdom 1227:Unfair dismissal in the United Kingdom 1109: 1068:Some underemployed people may be on a 1021: 779:In 1948 there came a further act (the 4159: 2821: 2610:"A guide to labour market statistics" 2203: 1893:ONS Claimant Count Summary April 2014 1702: 1092:The potential additional labour force 46:The figures are compiled through the 4140: 3857:London Platinum and Palladium Market 1580:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act 823:adding citations to reliable sources 794: 2633:download table A01 and go to tab 13 1873:Unemployment and the claimant count 1168:Looked for work in the last 4 weeks 677:Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601 13: 4548:Unemployment in the United Kingdom 2556:download table A01 and go to tab 3 2113:"Release Edition Reference Tables" 1366: 1097:Available for work but not seeking 966:five years later, being ousted by 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 500: 497: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 464: 461: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 431: 428: 425: 422: 416: 413: 410: 398: 395: 392: 389: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 365: 362: 359: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 321: 318: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 288: 285: 282: 279: 273: 270: 267: 255: 252: 249: 246: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 222: 219: 216: 206: 203: 200: 197: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 152: 149: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 122: 30:Unemployment in the United Kingdom 14: 4564: 4087:Confederation of British Industry 3282:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes 2945:Department for Business and Trade 2940:Competition and Markets Authority 2799: 2789:International Labour Organization 2766:Full Employment in a Free Society 1252:Reasonable notice, ERA 1996, s 86 1076:Proxy measures of underemployment 978:states which had just joined the 64:International Labour Organization 4139: 4130: 4129: 2982:Office for Budget Responsibility 2213:. Psychology Press. p. 30. 1997:Western Civilization: Since 1500 1976:British social policy, 1601-1948 1703:Inman, Phillip (12 March 2024). 1350:Employment and Support Allowance 799: 646:", to be punished and moved on. 638:no distinction was made between 630:Early history of UK unemployment 2918:Governor of the Bank of England 2813:Eurostat's page on unemployment 2684: 2644:"European Commission, Eurostat" 2636: 2624: 2602: 2584: 2516: 2491: 2465: 2440: 2426: 2414: 2392: 2378: 2356: 2334: 2312: 2290: 2268: 2127: 2071: 2049: 1988: 1968: 1955: 1946: 1924: 1898: 1885: 1866: 1844: 1545:Unemployment Insurance Act 1930 1541:Unemployment Insurance Act 1927 1537:Unemployment Insurance Act 1924 1533:Unemployment Insurance Act 1921 1529:Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 908:, the north of England, and in 810:needs additional citations for 773:Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 4097:Federation of Small Businesses 2670:"UK Labour Market, March 2016" 2278:. Safalra.com. 28 October 2013 1963:Poverty in Elizabethan England 1891:See footnote 1 in table CLA01( 1832: 1810: 1788: 1775: 1755: 1730: 1696: 1671: 1659: 1171:Are ready to start in 2 weeks. 1132:Seeking work but not available 926:sickness or invalidity benefit 707:UK unemployment data from 1881 564:Economically Active Population 34:Office for National Statistics 25:Unemployment rate 1881 to 2017 1: 3867:Alternative Investment Market 3847:London Interbank Offered Rate 3803:List of UK building societies 2849:Economy of the United Kingdom 2712: 2057:"UK Labour Market: June 2016" 1560:Unemployment Assistance Board 1516:Unemployment Convention, 1919 1490:Economy of the United Kingdom 1377:Economy of the United Kingdom 1183:Economy of the European Union 974:immigration (mostly from the 4082:British Chambers of Commerce 4077:British Bankers' Association 2247:. Basic Books. p. 110. 1411:Natural rate of unemployment 1334:Severe Disablement Allowance 1288:Employment Agencies Act 1973 1261:Information and consultation 787:on the Labour Force Survey. 781:National Assistance Act 1948 7: 2970:Chancellor of the Exchequer 2950:Financial Conduct Authority 2421:Employment and labor market 2344:. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 2000:(Cengage Learning 2008) 566 1613:National Insurance Act 1911 1589:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 1483: 1102:work but not seeking work. 558:here is also known as the " 10: 4569: 4117:UK Payments Administration 3069:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 2893:Government-owned companies 2322:. Bbc.co.uk. 16 April 2014 2169:. Peter Lang. p. 78. 1642:Technological unemployment 1444: 1370: 1314: 1241:Employment Rights Act 1996 1231:Employment Rights Act 1996 1224: 1113: 4487: 4449: 4191: 4125: 4060: 3877: 3776: 3641: 3634: 3550: 3480: 3407: 3382: 3230: 3219: 3192:National champions policy 3187:Recessions and recoveries 3164: 3104:1979 Winter of Discontent 3039:1659–1849 Navigation Acts 3031: 3022: 3014:UK Trade & Investment 2923:Monetary Policy Committee 2901: 2855: 1770:UK Government Web Archive 1622:United Kingdom labour law 1510:New Deal (United Kingdom) 1478:New Deal (United Kingdom) 1447:United Kingdom labour law 1002:'s decision to close its 871:recession of 1973 to 1975 3129:2009 bank rescue package 3124:2008 bank rescue package 3089:1929–39 Great Depression 2960:HM Revenue & Customs 2868:Employee-owned companies 2210:Thatcher and Thatcherism 1768:22 December 2003 at the 1653: 1283:Public employment agency 107:The UK unemployment rate 99:14 February 2019 at the 4553:Unemployment by country 3297:List of counties by GVA 3079:1873–79 Long Depression 3044:Agricultural Revolution 3009:UK Statistics Authority 2612:. ONS. 14 November 2012 2402:. ONS. 28 November 2012 2366:. ONS. 28 November 2012 2241:Levinson, Marc (2016). 1783:ILO Resolution Document 1325:1966, abolished in 1988 922:National Health Service 869:jobs being lost in the 4234:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4186:Unemployment in Europe 4107:Institute of Directors 4072:Business organisations 3997:Science and technology 3890:International students 3602:Working Time Directive 2975:Debt Management Office 2524:"Zero-hours contracts" 2473:"Zero-hours contracts" 2163:Barlow, Keith (2008). 1608:reserve army of labour 1576:Employment Act of 1946 1440: 1437: 1307: 1199: 1195:in 2010, according to 748: 740: 732: 724: 716: 546: 89: 26: 4102:Industry trade groups 3862:London Stock Exchange 3852:London Metal Exchange 3619:Trades Union Congress 3312:East London Tech City 3156:Cost-of-living crisis 3094:1948–52 Marshall Plan 3049:Industrial Revolution 1556:Unemployment Act 1934 1525:, 244 U.S. 590 (1917) 1466:Jobseeker's Allowance 1419: 1383:Automatic stabilisers 1361:Jobseeker's Allowance 1323:Supplementary Benefit 1317:Unemployment benefits 1301: 1190: 1041:Underemployed workers 964:next general election 875:1979 general election 746: 738: 730: 722: 714: 701:Jackson J. Spielvogel 634:In sixteenth-century 613:Jobseeker's Allowance 547: 87: 24: 3896:Entertainment & 3119:Late-2000s recession 3114:1992 Black Wednesday 3054:Financial Revolution 2883:FTSE Fledgling Index 2672:. ONS. 16 March 2016 2115:. ONS. 16 April 2014 2036:Labour Market Trends 1981:20 July 2007 at the 1934:. Localhistories.org 1879:17 July 2021 at the 1820:. ONS. 12 April 2017 1798:. ONS. 16 April 2014 1203:Employment in the UK 1191:Unemployment in the 1010:the following year. 861:17 July 2021 at the 819:improve this article 117: 4450:States with limited 3592:Equal opportunities 3197:Economic liberalism 3099:1974 Three-Day Week 3084:1926 general strike 2888:FTSE SmallCap Index 2650:on 26 November 2009 1458:Jobseekers Act 1995 1249:, ERA 1996 ss 94-98 1110:Discouraged workers 1022:Hidden unemployment 649:The closing of the 48:Labour Force Survey 32:is measured by the 4007:Telecommunications 3172:Economic geography 2598:on 12 August 2014. 2141:. 18 November 2005 1818:"UK labour market" 1617:National Insurance 1438: 1338:Incapacity Benefit 1329:Statutory sick pay 1308: 1200: 1116:Discouraged worker 1070:zero-hour contract 749: 741: 733: 725: 717: 542: 538: 90: 27: 4535: 4534: 4153: 4152: 4056: 4055: 3835:Lloyd's of London 3546: 3545: 3518:Industrialisation 3432:Industrialisation 3215: 3214: 3144:COVID-19 pandemic 3064:1815–46 Corn Laws 2300:. Bank of England 1965:". BBC - History. 887:Margaret Thatcher 851: 850: 843: 685:England and Wales 537: 505: 496: 469: 460: 436: 421: 409: 403: 388: 370: 326: 317: 293: 278: 266: 260: 245: 227: 196: 157: 148: 4560: 4488:Dependencies and 4192:Sovereign states 4180: 4173: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4092:Co-operatives UK 3682:Hydroelectricity 3657:Renewable energy 3639: 3638: 3523:Renewable energy 3504: 3452:Renewable energy 3240:Atlantic Gateway 3228: 3227: 3059:Panic of 1796–97 3029: 3028: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2646:. Archived from 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2594:. 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3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692:North Sea oil 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3614:Trades unions 3612: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 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2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2863:Co-operatives 2861: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2763:W Beveridge, 2762: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2693: 2687: 2671: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2611: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2401: 2395: 2387: 2381: 2365: 2359: 2343: 2337: 2321: 2315: 2299: 2293: 2277: 2271: 2256: 2254:9780465096565 2250: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2222: 2220:9780415270120 2216: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2190: 2178: 2176:9783631551370 2172: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2157: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2058: 2052: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1933: 1932:"Poor Tudors" 1927: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1854: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1819: 1813: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267:Job searching 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1213: 1209: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1103: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 984:West Midlands 981: 977: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 949: 944: 942: 938: 933: 929: 927: 923: 917: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 866: 864: 860: 857: 845: 842: 834: 824: 820: 814: 813: 808:This section 806: 802: 797: 796: 788: 784: 782: 777: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 745: 737: 729: 721: 713: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 669: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 627: 625: 620: 618: 614: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 595: 592: 584: 580: 577: 574: 570: 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Retrieved 1682: 1673: 1661: 1601: 1582:of 1978 and 1520: 1426:unemployment 1391: 1373:Unemployment 1310: 1309: 1266: 1265: 1221:Job security 1220: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1104: 1100: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1067: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1025: 1016: 1012: 998:in 2005 and 972: 953: 945: 934: 930: 918: 914: 891: 879:Conservative 867: 852: 837: 831:October 2017 828: 817:Please help 812:verification 809: 785: 778: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 674: 670: 666:public works 663: 659:Tudor period 648: 633: 621: 610: 599: 596: 593: 590: 581: 578: 575: 571: 568: 563: 560:Labour Force 559: 555: 553: 113: 110: 91: 79: 68: 61: 52: 45: 38: 29: 28: 18: 4517:Isle of Man 4452:recognition 4426:Switzerland 4361:Netherlands 3990:Real estate 3714:Agriculture 3501:Cardiff Bay 3490:Agriculture 3447:Oil and gas 3422:Agriculture 3349:Silicon Fen 3324:M4 corridor 3317:London Plan 3138:Growth deal 2965:HM Treasury 2935:Company law 2904:governance, 2807:August 2010 2745:Das Kapital 2701:30 November 1875:ons.gov.uk 1763:August 2010 1606:(1867) and 1603:Das Kapital 1434:stagflation 1006:plant near 910:South Wales 877:, with the 683:systems of 657:during the 651:monasteries 556:denominator 94:short video 4542:Categories 4396:San Marino 4356:Montenegro 4336:Luxembourg 4316:Kazakhstan 4219:Azerbaijan 4044:High-speed 4039:Inter-city 3955:Automotive 3935:Healthcare 3923:Television 3913:Newspapers 3757:Materials 3672:Geothermal 3645:production 3587:Labour law 3570:Demography 3553:and labour 3334:Manchester 3245:Birmingham 3177:Free trade 2906:regulation 2713:References 2654:5 November 2423:ons.gov.uk 2260:24 October 2226:24 October 2182:24 October 1747:5 December 1445:See also: 1399:Effective 1371:See also: 1315:See also: 1237:Redundancy 996:Birmingham 968:Tony Blair 956:John Major 898:monetarist 562:" or the " 4507:Gibraltar 4331:Lithuania 4061:Trade and 4024:Transport 3971:Property 3950:Aerospace 3885:Education 3830:Insurance 3778:Financial 3662:Biodiesel 3538:Transport 3467:Transport 3427:Edinburgh 3399:Transport 3374:Wiltshire 3369:Transport 3344:Sheffield 3302:Liverpool 3165:Recurrent 2992:Banknotes 2902:Currency, 2856:Companies 2752:JM Keynes 1717:0261-3077 1598:Karl Marx 1430:inflation 1388:JM Keynes 948:recession 894:recession 697:workhouse 655:enclosure 600:Examples 4527:Svalbard 4512:Guernsey 4459:Abkhazia 4411:Slovenia 4406:Slovakia 4381:Portugal 4239:Bulgaria 4135:Category 4063:business 4029:Aviation 4002:Internet 3908:Gambling 3815:The City 3780:services 3761:Forestry 3744:Scottish 3735:Fishing 3677:Fracking 3609:Pensions 3417:Aberdeen 3409:Scotland 3384:Northern 3354:Somerset 3262:Cornwall 3222:regions, 3220:Nations, 3004:Taxation 2784:Cmd 6404 2718:Articles 2676:16 March 2207:(2004). 2139:BBC News 1979:Archived 1877:Archived 1824:12 April 1766:Archived 1578:and the 1484:See also 1197:Eurostat 1159:Eurostat 1008:Coventry 992:MG Rover 902:Scotland 859:Archived 689:Scotland 681:Poor Law 640:vagrants 624:document 97:Archived 4436:Ukraine 4386:Romania 4346:Moldova 4304:Ireland 4299:Iceland 4294:Hungary 4284:Germany 4279:Georgia 4269:Finland 4264:Estonia 4259:Denmark 4244:Croatia 4229:Belgium 4224:Belarus 4214:Austria 4209:Armenia 4204:Andorra 4199:Albania 4145:Commons 4112:Make UK 4019:Tourism 3985:Housing 3965:Exports 3928:Theatre 3793:Banking 3739:English 3635:Sectors 3580:Poverty 3533:Tourism 3528:Swansea 3513:History 3508:Fishing 3495:Cardiff 3462:Tourism 3442:History 3437:Fishing 3394:Belfast 3386:Ireland 3364:Tourism 3339:Reading 3287:Fishing 3267:Croydon 3257:Bristol 3232:England 3024:History 2997:Coinage 2782:(1942) 2774:Reports 2534:2 April 2508:2 April 2483:2 April 2457:2 April 2088:2 April 1938:22 July 1916:22 July 1858:11 June 1722:2 April 1688:2 April 1340:in 2001 1000:Peugeot 988:England 693:Ireland 636:England 4522:Jersey 4464:Kosovo 4431:Turkey 4421:Sweden 4401:Serbia 4391:Russia 4376:Poland 4371:Norway 4351:Monaco 4321:Latvia 4289:Greece 4274:France 4249:Cyprus 3903:Cinema 3766:Mining 3687:Marine 3653:Energy 3575:Income 3551:People 3497: 3472:Whisky 3307:London 3277:Dorset 3224:cities 3149:Impact 2930:Budget 2769:(1944) 2760:(1936) 2748:(1867) 2740:K Marx 2616:3 June 2576:3 June 2503:GOV.UK 2452:GOV.UK 2406:3 June 2370:3 June 2348:3 June 2326:3 June 2304:3 June 2282:3 June 2251: 2217: 2173: 2145:3 June 2119:3 June 2063:3 July 2041:3 July 1802:3 June 1715: 1464:) and 1396:(1936) 1239:under 932:1989. 883:Labour 504: 495: 468: 459: 435: 420: 408: 402: 387: 369: 325: 316: 292: 277: 265: 259: 244: 226: 195: 156: 147: 4497:Åland 4416:Spain 4341:Malta 4311:Italy 3918:Radio 3898:Media 3878:Other 3749:Welsh 3719:Cider 3697:Solar 3482:Wales 3292:Leeds 3272:Devon 2955:Gilts 2734:Books 2695:(PDF) 2189:still 2032:(PDF) 1654:Notes 1549:ILO, 1514:ILO, 1243:s 135 1004:Ryton 4034:Rail 3729:Beer 3724:Wine 3709:Food 3702:Wind 3667:Coal 2703:2016 2678:2016 2656:2009 2618:2014 2578:2014 2536:2024 2528:Acas 2510:2024 2485:2024 2477:Acas 2459:2024 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