1014:
1160:
681:
1038:
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1002:
939:
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1172:
1148:
1330:. This tree overhangs the house of the title and is said to have a "...girth that a dozen men could not have spanned..." Forster describes the tree as "...a comrade, bending over the house, strength and adventure in its roots." The wych elm of the novel had pigs' teeth embedded in the trunk by country people long ago and it was said that chewing some of the bark could cure toothache. In keeping with the novel's epigraph, "Only connect...", the wych elm may be seen by some as a symbol of the connection of humans to the earth. Margaret Schlegel, the novel's protagonist, fears that any "....westerly gale might blow the wych elm down and bring the end of all things..." The tree is changed to a chestnut in the 1991 film adaptation of
1425:
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768:
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1409:
819:
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831:
33:
744:
82:
1112:
57:
986:
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795:
1220:
256:
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807:
783:
2484:
711:(DBH). Normally, root suckers are not seen; natural reproduction is by seed alone. The tree is notable for its very tough, supple young shoots, which are always without the corky ridges or 'wings' characteristic of many elms. The alternate leaves are deciduous, 6–17 cm long by 3–12 cm broad, usually
958:
The wych elm is moderately shade-tolerant, but requires deep, rich soils as typically found along river valleys. The species is intolerant of acid soils and flooding, as it is of prolonged drought. Although rarely used as a street tree owing to its shape, it can be surprisingly tolerant of urban air
1104:
Wych elm wood is prized by craftsmen for its colouring, its striking grain, its 'partridge-breast' or 'catspaw' markings, and when worked, its occasional iridescent greenish sheen or 'bloom'. The bosses on old trees produce the characteristic fissures and markings of 'burr elm' wood. Bosses fringed
962:
As wych elm does not sucker from the roots, and any seedlings are often consumed by uncontrolled deer populations, regeneration is very restricted, limited to sprouts from the stumps of young trees. The resultant decline has been extreme, and the wych elm is now uncommon over much of its former
881:, which radically reduces the amount of bark available for the beetle to breed on. In European trials, clones of apparently resistant trees were inoculated with the pathogen, causing 85 – 100% wilting, resulting in 68% mortality by the following year. DNA analysis by
1285:, Italy (bole-girth 6.2 m, 2.0 m DBH, height 26 m., 2008). Other ancient specimens grow at Styria, in Austria, and at Grenzhammer, Germany (see Gallery). In 1998, over 700 healthy, mature trees were discovered on the upper slopes of Mount Šimonka in
3534:
1928:, the Siberian elm, have not been observed in the field and only achieved in the laboratory, though the ranges of the two species, the latter introduced by man, overlap in parts of Southern Europe, notably Spain. A crossing in Russia of
966:
Wych elm was widely planted in
Edinburgh in the 19th century as a park and avenue tree, and despite losses, it remains abundant there, regenerating through seedlings. It was introduced to New England in the 18th century, to Canada (as
1961:, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease, which were released after 1989.
1207:; "it was taken as a powder, as an extract, as an elixir, even in baths. It was good for the nerves, the chest, the stomach — what can I say? — it was a true panacea." It was this so-called "pyramidal elm bark" about which
3527:
2839:
3520:
938:
1159:
630:
in the north of the species' range (northern
Britain, Scandinavia): leaves narrower, with a long tapering base and without acute lobes; trees commonly with a long single trunk and a tall, narrow crown.
1013:
1957:, and a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease pandemic that afflicted Europe after the
4289:
3308:
4684:
4809:
634:
Much overlap is seen between populations with these characters, and the distinction may owe to environmental influence, rather than genetic variation; the subspecies are not accepted by
4744:
3487:'Propagating healthy mature elms that have survived in areas severely impacted by Dutch elm disease: a scoping study for a wych elm project in Scotland.' Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
2503:
4749:
509:
and is now acknowledged as the only indisputably
British native elm species. Owing to its former abundance in Scotland, the tree is occasionally known as the Scotch or Scots elm;
2121:
1171:
1289:, but they are believed to have survived courtesy of their isolation from disease-carrying beetles rather than any innate resistance; 50 clones of these trees were presented to
1135:
680:
4549:
2843:
1001:
5371:
1037:
3258:
1049:
2272:
1942:; a similar crossing was cloned ('FL025') by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Florence, as part of the Italian elm breeding programme circa 2000.
2103:
729:
appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 10–20; they are 4 mm across on 10 mm long stems, and being wind-pollinated, are
5248:
963:
range. It is best propagated from seed or by layering stooled stock plants, although softwood cuttings taken in early June will root fairly reliably under mist.
1147:
4144:
2704:
1258:(died 2021); it had a girth of 703 cm (2.23 m DBH) and a height of 24 m. Possibly the oldest specimen in England was found in 2018 in a field north of
1061:
3087:
2950:
1448:
About 40 cultivars have been raised, although at least 30 are now probably lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease and/or other factors:
767:
474:
species, growing at elevations up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity. The tree can form pure forests in
5243:
3245:
1342:
617:
in the south of the species' range: broad leaves with short tapering base and acute lobes; trees often with a short, forked trunk and a low, broad crown;
2893:
2314:
1424:
644:
3316:
1408:
6057:
1901:
889:) in France has determined the genetic diversity within the species is very limited, making the chances of a resistant tree evolving rather remote.
5273:
5253:
6101:
5917:
1756:
1243:, Scotland; the tree succumbed to DED in 2022 and collapsed the following year. The priory was founded circa 1230, the tree already in existence.
6625:
5228:
1362:
1025:
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1816:
1396:
1381:
5522:
3199:
1558:
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904:
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5268:
5258:
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893:
5263:
3459:
664:
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1706:
6954:
5457:
5238:
4329:
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2061:
1493:
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4118:
1751:
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5997:
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1503:
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1826:
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6251:
5577:
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5050:
4634:
4419:
4394:
4249:
1613:
1563:
703:
The type sometimes reaches heights of 40 m (130 ft), typically with a broad crown where open-grown, supported by a short
6017:
5957:
5932:
5927:
1861:
1841:
1796:
1771:
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5462:
5376:
5185:
5045:
4995:
4965:
4734:
4574:
4479:
4384:
1498:
854:, it is less favoured as a host by the elm bark beetles, which act as vectors. Research in Spain has indicated the presence of a
6091:
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5992:
5952:
5892:
5872:
5862:
1891:
1831:
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1731:
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5582:
5175:
4975:
4920:
4910:
4729:
4714:
2149:– graffiti that appeared in 1944 following the discovery of the remains of a woman inside a wych elm in Worcestershire, England
1618:
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6012:
5887:
5882:
1876:
1856:
1726:
1721:
6692:
6256:
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5055:
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4940:
4764:
4674:
3438:
3403:
3176:
2725:
2650:
719:; the upper surface is rough. Leaves on juvenile or shade-grown shoots sometimes have three or more lobes near the apex. The
6106:
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6027:
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6007:
5967:
5922:
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2008:
1896:
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1806:
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1568:
1553:
6116:
6067:
6062:
6042:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5852:
4189:
3512:
2857:
Went, Johanna C. (1954). "The Dutch elm disease - Summary of fifteen years hybridisation and selection work (1937–1952)".
1911:
1906:
1886:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1691:
830:
5417:
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5361:
5165:
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1453:
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1821:
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4389:
4369:
4259:
4254:
3753:
2323:
2301:
2260:
1538:
1463:
1083:
585:
attests that the Wych Elm was sometimes referred to as the "Wych Hazel", a name now applied to the unrelated species
6037:
1881:
6939:
6731:
6271:
6156:
5592:
5542:
5452:
5432:
5399:
5090:
5060:
4900:
4877:
4824:
4724:
4694:
4629:
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4609:
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4314:
4309:
4284:
4055:
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1628:
1578:
1488:
1468:
737:
20 mm long and 15 mm broad, with a single, round, 6 mm seed in the centre, maturing in late spring.
3490:
6612:
6211:
5351:
5321:
5130:
5040:
4930:
4784:
4649:
4639:
4624:
4579:
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4409:
4379:
4364:
4294:
4279:
4071:
3788:
3644:
2146:
2001:
1211:
famously quipped "Take it, Madame... and hurry up while it cures." It still appeared in a pharmacopeia of 1893.
6754:
6296:
5719:
5602:
5587:
5572:
5537:
5512:
5507:
5487:
5422:
5301:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5080:
5035:
5020:
5015:
5000:
4905:
4829:
4804:
4754:
4654:
4619:
4604:
4429:
4424:
4374:
4349:
4324:
3830:
3687:
3575:
3222:
CEC information; tree may be seen on Google
Streetview, beside Cavalry Park Drive, E. of Holy Rood High School.
2609:
2583:
2557:
2526:
1638:
1623:
1608:
1573:
1548:
1543:
1523:
1458:
1111:
6852:
3337:
Coleman, Max, 'Last Ent set to repopulate Glen Affric'; Botanics
Stories, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2024
1949:
in their ancestry have featured strongly in recent artificial hybridization experiments in Europe, notably at
985:
81:
6713:
6376:
5729:
5547:
5482:
5346:
5311:
5306:
5291:
5220:
5160:
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5030:
4980:
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4955:
4872:
4852:
4794:
4709:
4404:
4344:
4264:
3941:
3698:
2908:
1583:
1518:
1270:, now Duddingston Golf Course. Other notable specimens in Edinburgh are to be found in Learmonth Gardens and
6565:
6401:
6196:
5799:
5724:
5597:
5497:
5442:
5356:
5210:
5145:
5135:
5095:
5085:
5005:
4950:
4867:
4504:
4489:
4086:
3865:
3819:
3464:
2339:
2028:
1633:
1533:
1478:
755:
6513:
3441:). A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.
1123:
6860:
6638:
6503:
6498:
6281:
6276:
5714:
5684:
5567:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5205:
5140:
5105:
5065:
4985:
4862:
4857:
3052:
2409:
1598:
6847:
6591:
6396:
6356:
6191:
6166:
5562:
5552:
5477:
5472:
5341:
5296:
5110:
5100:
5075:
4990:
4935:
4915:
4895:
3808:
3633:
3054:
Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm
1603:
1588:
1513:
1508:
3188:
Coleman, Max, 'Wake-up call to climate change'; Botanics
Stories, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2022
2191:
806:
6944:
6741:
6687:
6386:
6331:
6221:
6216:
6136:
5739:
5629:
5557:
3035:
2066:
1593:
1262:
in
Shropshire. Coppiced long ago, its bole girth measured 6.3 m in 2018. The oldest specimen in
708:
246:
3165:
2724:
Martín-Benito, Dario; García-Vallejo, Maria
Concepción; Pajares, Juan Alberto; López, David (2005).
6949:
6336:
6326:
6311:
6291:
6286:
6206:
6141:
5789:
5669:
3922:
3911:
2020:
1989:
1646:
1298:
794:
555:
from the
Caucasus, considered a species by some authorities, is often listed as a regional form of
6705:
2823:
6321:
6306:
6301:
6171:
5694:
5689:
5654:
5644:
5634:
3206:
1993:
1973:
1208:
517:
interpreted by some as 'Lake of the Elms', 'leaman' being the plural form of leam or lem, 'elm'.
6839:
4166:
922:
In trials conducted in Italy, the tree was found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to
6630:
6560:
6479:
6441:
6391:
6351:
6341:
6261:
6176:
5679:
5674:
5659:
5617:
4232:
4110:
3352:
2924:
1981:
1977:
992:
928:
743:
6669:
4155:
3498:
3154:
3111:
782:
6381:
6266:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6151:
5824:
5804:
5769:
5759:
5749:
5744:
5734:
5664:
5649:
3961:
3391:
3067:
2106:
1985:
1969:
230:
6780:
6077:
5834:
4204:
4177:
3135:
1672:
466:, where the species reaches its southern limit in Europe; it is also found in Iran. A large
6534:
6406:
6371:
6236:
6186:
6161:
5819:
5809:
5784:
5779:
5764:
5754:
5709:
5704:
3542:
2789:
2012:
1415:
915:
forms of the tree, but these proved no more resistant to Dutch elm disease than the normal
6803:
4215:
4133:
3505:
1938:
8:
6798:
6422:
6361:
6201:
6146:
5814:
5774:
5699:
3617:
2024:
2016:
1997:
1290:
578:
499:
479:
46:
6826:
3460:
Jobling & Mitchell, 'Field
Recognition of British Elms', Forestry Commission Booklet
2793:
2395:
2168:
872:(200 μg/g). Moreover, once the tree is dying, its bark is quickly colonized by the
6896:
6366:
5639:
3587:
3368:
2977:
2874:
2805:
2748:
2467:
1965:
1431:
1332:
1271:
1255:
972:
268:
76:
3309:"Ilmenaus bekannteste und vermutlich Europas älteste Ulme fiel dem Unwetter zum Opfer"
715:
with an asymmetric base, the lobe often completely covering the short (<5 mm)
6775:
6521:
4519:
4025:
3993:
3849:
3765:
3734:
3671:
3434:
3399:
2646:
2629:
2543:
2443:
2319:
2297:
2256:
2234:
1267:
1247:
851:
543:
521:
364:
203:
187:
2981:
2878:
2752:
2471:
6901:
6526:
4537:
3953:
3933:
3895:
3857:
3364:
3348:
2969:
2866:
2809:
2797:
2740:
2459:
2230:
2226:
2186:
2074:
2049:
1294:
716:
2756:
487:
450:, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the
32:
6865:
6762:
6679:
4241:
4098:
4079:
4009:
3841:
3780:
3718:
3679:
3567:
2596:
2214:
2058:
1958:
1240:
866:, though at 87 μg/g dried bark, its concentration is not as effective as in
723:
551:
302:
119:
6888:
6718:
3472:
3097:
Coleman, Max, ed., Wych Elm (Royal Botanic Garden publications, Edinburgh, 2009)
1316:
cites a particular wych elm, one that grew at his childhood home of Rooks Nest,
6929:
6821:
4001:
3985:
3887:
3773:
3710:
3656:
1277:
In Europe, a large tree planted in 1620 grows at Bergemolo, 5 km south of
900:
has allegedly been scientifically proven to be resistant to Dutch elm disease.
773:
734:
720:
651:
528:
451:
106:
61:
2463:
6918:
6664:
6464:
4017:
3664:
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3287:
3234:
3232:
3187:
2238:
2177:
1321:
1313:
1259:
1251:
1236:
704:
506:
455:
66:
2973:
6878:
6643:
5283:
4839:
3969:
3800:
2128:
1924:
868:
6790:
2780:
Webber, Joan (1981). "A natural biological control of Dutch elm disease".
2318:. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2014 Cambridge University Press,
1074:
6700:
6599:
6473:
5391:
4887:
3977:
3903:
3559:
2601:
2575:
2549:
2518:
2215:"First finding of " Ulmus glabra " Huds. on the Madonie, Northern Sicily"
1954:
1435:
1326:
1187:
923:
863:
510:
491:
475:
459:
6767:
6490:
6578:
3544:
Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars
2870:
2723:
1950:
1266:
is believed to be the tree (girth 5.2 m) in the former grounds of
1219:
912:
855:
712:
603:
495:
494:
in northern Norway (70°N). It has also been successfully introduced to
6604:
2255:(:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij.
6547:
2801:
2614:
1317:
1302:
1263:
837:
730:
586:
505:
The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the
467:
255:
6435:
2744:
6873:
6458:
2055:
Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. nos. 1505, 5103, origin undisclosed
1666:
1286:
1282:
945:
908:
882:
655:
165:
132:
6617:
6552:
1177:
Crown galls (burls on outer branches) on wych elm, North Ayrshire
1165:
Burls on trunk and branches of wych elm, Dalry Cemetery, Edinburgh
959:
pollution, constricted growing conditions, and severe pollarding.
567:
The word "wych" (also spelled "witch") comes from the Old English
3477:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2824:"Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi".
2448:
in the northern suture zone: Effects of distinct glacial refugia"
1372:
1353:
1278:
1204:
916:
897:
862:, rendering the tree bark less attractive to the beetle than the
859:
671:
471:
155:
568:
486:
in Norway. It has been successfully introduced as far north as
6539:
2925:'Borders Wych (Elm) Hunt', Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2024
2077:, US. Acc. nos. 591–54, 255–81, and by its synonym
1228:
976:
886:
873:
726:
574:
483:
463:
145:
877:
93:
2829:, 134–141. 51 (2) 2005. Society of American Foresters.
1105:
with shoots are burrs, whereas unfringed bosses are burls.
602:
Some botanists, notably Lindquist (1931), have proposed two
3166:'Europe's oldest' wych elm tree falls down in Beauly Priory
2160:
1055:
Fastigiate form of wych, Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
573:, meaning pliant or supple, which also gives definition to
535:
2949:
Thomas, Peter A.; Stone, Duncan; La Porta, Nicola (2018).
2840:"In Ilmenau steht die einzige resistente Bergulme Europas"
3543:
948:
Abbey, a survivor (2024) in area of high DED infectivity.
175:
3132:
Formulaire pratique de thérapeutique et de pharmacologie
3108:
Cours élémentaire d'histoire naturelle pharmaceutique...
2069:
2052:, US. Acc. no. 391–2001, wild collected in Georgia
2166:
2437:
2435:
2901:
Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales
2444:"Variation in leaf morphology and chloroplast DNA in
1676:
group, from which have arisen a number of cultivars:
16:
Species of flowering plant in the elm family Ulmaceae
3394:. In Sticklen, Mariam B.; Sherald, James L. (eds.).
2891:
2364:
Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs
1141:
Burr on wych bole, Royal Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh
398:
Mill., C. K. Schneid., Ley, Ascherson & Graebner
3238:
3051:Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899).
2948:
2432:
2410:"Two varieties of North West European Ulmus glabra"
2388:
2251:Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009).
1191:
Medical properties of Ulmus campestris, Dijon, 1783
926:, and a high susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle
3398:. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 16–25.
2334:Elwes, Henry John, & Henry, Augustine, (1913)
1653:, but its identity is now a matter of contention.
2192:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61966807A61966819.en
1649:, has traditionally been classified as a form of
1007:Burr-wych, Royal Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
6916:
2401:
2071:, US. Acc. nos. 1969–6164, 1986–0160
903:The Swedish Forest Tree Breeding Association at
3040:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 481.
1656:
1235:Possibly the oldest wych elm in Europe grew at
3080:Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia
3050:
2711:, 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK.
2441:
3528:
2885:
1402:The Duddingston elm (girth 5.2 m), Edinburgh
3479:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
3244:Association of Nature Patriarchs in Italy:
2918:
2253:Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen
850:While the species is highly susceptible to
4072:Disputed species, varieties and subspecies
3535:
3521:
3383:
3044:
2109:, New Zealand. 8 trees, details not known.
1195:In 18th century France, the inner bark of
1043:Wych, Middle Meadows Walk, Edinburgh, 2016
254:
55:
31:
3468:, Flora of North America, www.efloras.org
3353:"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus"
3301:
3181:
2719:
2717:
2705:New horizons in Dutch elm disease control
2288:
2286:
2245:
2190:
1153:Burl on wych bole, Regent Road, Edinburgh
513:is said to be a corruption of the Gaelic
3389:
3145:
3143:
2951:"Biological Flora of the British Isles:
2682:
2493:(Stokes) Lindq., Thirsk, Yorkshire, 1937
2336:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland
2315:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland
2213:Raimondo, Francesco Maria (1977-01-01).
2212:
2063:, US. 6 trees, no acc. details available
1218:
1186:
1031:Wych, Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
3997:(Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm)
3001:
2697:
2664:Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain
2635:
2452:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
2351:Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain
1019:Burl-wych, Stockbridge, Edinburgh, 2016
6917:
3126:
3124:
3033:
2942:
2779:
2773:
2714:
2407:
2283:
2081:, acc. nos. 949–73, 181–76
1248:the Tree Register of the British Isles
979:) and Australia in the 19th century.
776:, showing seed on stalk side of centre
498:, near the southern tip of Greenland (
6440:
6439:
3516:
3485:Clarkson, R. & Coleman, M. (2022)
3347:
3341:
3140:
3057:(2 ed.). Ottawa. pp. 74–75.
2929:
2892:Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004).
2816:
2669:
2497:
2312:Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913).
845:
6925:IUCN Red List data deficient species
6742:a7d1a61e-faa7-4e44-8db7-d1af755ae95a
3621:(Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm)
2998:. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
2856:
2850:
2677:Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
2656:
2442:Myking, Tor; Yakovlev, Igor (2006).
2306:
2273:"Utbredelse - Naturhistorisk museum"
2133:Edinburgh Castle from Princes Street
1390:, Hopton Castle, Shropshire, England
3121:
2988:
2859:European Journal of Plant Pathology
2733:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2178:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
6955:Trees of humid continental climate
3784:(Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm)
3454:distribution map: linnaeus.nrm.se
3423:
3118:...it had an ephemeral reputation"
3011:. Jarrold & Sons, Norwich, UK.
2645:. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
2167:Barstow, M.; Rivers, M.C. (2017).
892:A 300-year-old example growing in
538:, were once sometimes included in
14:
6971:
3552:Species, varieties and subspecies
3445:
3151:Souvenirs et portraits, 1780-1789
2675:White, J. & More, D. (2003).
2485:bioportal.naturalis.nl L.1587168
1129:Waxed wood grain of burr wych elm
592:
589:, commonly called "wych hazels".
520:Closely related species, such as
6853:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302887-2
6130:Unconfirmed derivation cultivars
4094:(Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm)
3660:(Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm)
3392:"The Dutch Elm Breeding Program"
3248:, access-date: November 23, 2016
3009:Planting Native Trees and Shrubs
2602:"Herbarium specimen - E00824764"
2576:"Herbarium specimen - E00824730"
2550:"Herbarium specimen - E00824732"
2519:"Herbarium specimen - E00824735"
2120:
1423:
1407:
1395:
1380:
1371:, planted 1620, Bergemolo, near
1361:
1341:
1308:
1214:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1117:Untreated wood grain of wych elm
1110:
1082:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
984:
937:
829:
817:
805:
793:
781:
766:
754:
742:
679:
663:
643:
542:; another close relative is the
363:Stokes, Smith, Loudon, Mathieu,
80:
3761:(hairy-fruited glaucescent elm)
3330:
3276:
3251:
3231:Edinburgh Wych-elm photographs
3225:
3216:
3192:
3177:The Brahan Elm, forestry.gov.uk
3170:
3159:
3100:
3091:
3072:
3061:
3027:
3014:
2842:. 15 March 2014. Archived from
2832:
2511:
2478:
2382:
2369:
6960:Trees of mild maritime climate
4830:Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata
2726:"Triterpenes in elms in Spain"
2666:, 7th edition. Murray, London.
2610:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2584:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2558:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2527:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2356:
2343:
2328:
2296:. Cambridge University Press.
2265:
2231:10.1080/00837792.1977.10670074
2206:
2147:Who put Bella in the Wych Elm?
1352:(after lopping), Grenzhammer,
1203:, had a brief reputation as a
953:
698:
458:south to the mountains of the
1:
3007:Beckett, K. & G. (1979).
2894:"The history of elm breeding"
2353:, 8th edition, Murray, London
2153:
2038:
812:Bark, estimated age 100 years
707:up to 2 m (6.6 ft)
597:
3246:Piemonte - Olmo di Bergemolo
2907:(1): 161–177. Archived from
2691:Dutch elm disease in Britain
2389:Jacob George Strutt (1822).
1657:Hybrids and hybrid cultivars
1443:
562:
7:
3683:(David or Father David elm)
3130:Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz,
3034:Browne, Daniel Jay (1851).
2140:
1182:
478:and occurs as far north as
10:
6976:
6252:Hertfordensis Angustifolia
4029:(Himalayan or kashmir elm)
3675:(Cedar or Texas cedar elm)
3396:Dutch Elm Disease Research
3114:"the elm, pompously named
2641:Coleman, M (ed.). (2009).
2408:Bertil, Lindguist (1931).
1936:produced the hybrid named
1664:hybridises naturally with
1246:The UK Champion listed in
470:tree, it is essentially a
6935:Elm species and varieties
6448:
6415:
6129:
6076:
5833:
5625:
5615:
5523:Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
5408:
5390:
5282:
5219:
5026:Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta
4886:
4838:
4536:
4518:
4240:
4230:
4109:
4070:
4021:(Cherry-bark or marn elm)
3937:(Chinese or lacebark elm)
3550:
3082:, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995),
2994:CAB International (2005)
2709:Report on Forest Research
2464:10.1080/02827580500539265
2398:of expanded 1830 edition.
2113:
2067:Missouri Botanical Garden
1559:Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
1099:
1089:Tromsø, Norway, June 2022
709:diameter at breast height
544:Himalayan or Kashmir elm
274:
267:
262:
253:
236:
229:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
2707:. Pages 20–28 in:
2414:Botanical Society Report
2185:: e.T61966807A61966819.
1670:, producing elms of the
1647:'Exoniensis', Exeter Elm
1324:, 16 times in his novel
733:. The fruit is a winged
6940:Garden plants of Europe
6257:Hertfordensis Latifolia
6227:Folia Variegata Pendula
6182:Betulaefolia Nigrescens
3507:Grow wych elm from seed
3390:Heybroek, H.M. (1993).
2974:10.1111/1365-2745.12994
2703:Brasier, C. M. (1996).
2379:(Cambridge 1983), p.279
2292:Richens, R. H. (1983).
2102:Eastwoodhill Arboretum
1414:Old wych regenerating,
1209:Michel-Philippe Bouvart
1094:
800:Leaves with extra lobes
569:
5458:Fastigiata Macrophylla
5196:Viminalis Pulverulenta
5171:Viminalis Betulaefolia
5151:Umbraculifera Gracilis
3492:The Forest Plantations
3315:. 2015. Archived from
2937:British woodland trees
2338:, Vol.7, pp.1863-1864
1494:Fastigiata Macrophylla
1232:
1192:
1077:, Czech Republic, 2017
929:Xanthogaleruca luteola
788:Typical unlobed leaves
534:, native to northeast
4335:Folia Aurea Variegata
3284:"CST Slovakia - News"
3078:Spencer, Roger, ed.,
3068:canadiantreetours.org
2935:Edlin, H. L. (1949).
2822:Solla et al. (2005).
2689:Forestry Commission.
2617:and seedling leaves,
2573:RBGE specimen, 1900;
1222:
1190:
670:Wych, Scandale Beck,
5468:Fastigiata Variegata
5448:Corylifolia Purpurea
5051:Microphylla Purpurea
4555:A. Ross Central Park
3804:(European white elm)
3722:(Anhui or hairy elm)
3200:"The Woodland Trust"
3037:The Trees of America
2914:on 11 February 2017.
2662:Bean, W. J. (1981).
1918:However, hybrids of
1504:Fastigiata Variegata
1484:Corylifolia Purpurea
1416:Boston Public Garden
1293:for planting at his
824:Bole of old specimen
693:, Edinburgh, October
6347:Pyramidalis Bertini
6317:Myrtifolia Purpurea
6058:Wentworthii Pendula
5795:Sapporo Autumn Gold
5578:Pendula Macrophylla
5528:Latifolia Nigricans
5186:Viminalis Marginata
5046:Microphylla Pendula
4996:Folia Alba-Punctata
4966:Cucullata Variegata
3965:(Harbin spring elm)
3957:(Cherry-leafed elm)
3861:(Large-fruited elm)
3730:(Wych or scots elm)
3429:Coleman, Max, ed.:
3212:on 9 November 2005.
3020:Coleman, Max, ed.,
2996:Forestry Compendium
2939:. Batsford, London.
2794:1981Natur.292..449W
2679:. Cassell's, London
2606:Herbarium Catalogue
2588:Sheet described as
2580:Herbarium Catalogue
2554:Herbarium Catalogue
2523:Herbarium Catalogue
2349:Bean, W. J. (1988)
1902:Wentworthii Pendula
1614:Pendula Macrophylla
1564:Latifolia Nigricans
1291:the Prince of Wales
944:200-year-old wych,
579:Jacob George Strutt
47:Conservation status
6272:Jacqueline Hillier
6157:Argenteo-Marginata
6102:Improved Coolshade
5918:Eleganto-Variegata
5463:Fastigiata Stricta
5377:Pyramidalis Fiorei
5176:Viminalis Gracilis
4976:Dehesa de la Villa
4921:Atinia Pyramidalis
4911:Argenteo-Variegata
4840:European white elm
4005:(Rock or cork elm)
3963:U. pseudopropinqua
3433:(Edinburgh, 2009;
3369:Harvard University
3086:, p. 103-118
2962:Journal of Ecology
2871:10.1007/BF02151105
2599:, Scotland, 1899;
1757:Eleganto-Variegata
1673:Ulmus × hollandica
1499:Fastigiata Stricta
1432:Last Ent of Affric
1256:Scottish Highlands
1233:
1193:
973:Dominion Arboretum
846:Pests and diseases
836:Seedling, showing
628:(Stokes) Lindqvist
6912:
6911:
6776:Open Tree of Life
6442:Taxon identifiers
6433:
6432:
6212:Fastigiata Glabra
6125:
6124:
5978:Macrophylla Aurea
5611:
5610:
5583:Pendula Variegata
5249:Mitsui Centennial
5201:Viminalis Stricta
5191:Viminalis Pendula
5056:Microphylla Rubra
4971:Dehesa de Amaniel
4941:Christine Buisman
4645:Garden City Clone
4395:Lewis & Clark
3714:(Long raceme elm)
3439:978-1-906129-21-7
3405:978-1-4615-6874-2
3349:Green, Peter Shaw
3319:on 29 August 2017
3149:Gaston de Lévis,
3024:(Edinburgh, 2009)
2788:(5822): 449–451.
2651:978-1-906129-21-7
2632:
2623:
2594:
2572:
2546:
2537:
1939:Ulmus × arbuscula
1817:Macrophylla Aurea
1619:Pendula Variegata
1268:Duddingston House
1072:
995:, Edinburgh, 1989
852:Dutch elm disease
629:
441:
432:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
356:
348:
344:Ulmus macrophylla
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
298:
290:
289:L. Mill., Wilkomm
263:Distribution map
70:
6967:
6945:Ornamental trees
6905:
6904:
6892:
6891:
6882:
6881:
6869:
6868:
6856:
6855:
6843:
6842:
6830:
6829:
6817:
6816:
6807:
6806:
6794:
6793:
6784:
6783:
6771:
6770:
6758:
6757:
6745:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6722:
6721:
6719:NHMSYS0000464701
6709:
6708:
6696:
6695:
6683:
6682:
6673:
6672:
6660:
6659:
6647:
6646:
6634:
6633:
6621:
6620:
6608:
6607:
6595:
6594:
6582:
6581:
6569:
6568:
6556:
6555:
6543:
6542:
6530:
6529:
6517:
6516:
6507:
6506:
6494:
6493:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6437:
6436:
6424:U. okanaganensis
6297:Louis van Houtte
5938:Folia Rhomboidea
5720:Morton Plainsman
5623:
5622:
5181:Viminalis Incisa
4926:Atinia Variegata
4420:Minneapolis Park
4330:Flick's Spreader
4250:American Liberty
4238:
4237:
3619:U. castaneifolia
3591:(Bergmann's elm)
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3365:Arnold Arboretum
3345:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3286:. Archived from
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3255:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3205:. Archived from
3204:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3147:
3138:
3128:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2968:(4): 1724–1766.
2959:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2802:10.1038/292449a0
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2755:. Archived from
2730:
2721:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2592:
2587:
2570:
2561:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2504:Flora Europaea:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2391:Sylva Britannica
2386:
2380:
2375:Richens, R. H.,
2373:
2367:
2362:Krüssman, Gerd,
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2310:
2304:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2275:. Archived from
2269:
2263:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2164:
2124:
2075:Morton Arboretum
2050:Arnold Arboretum
2032:
2005:
1777:Folia Rhomboidea
1427:
1411:
1399:
1384:
1365:
1345:
1295:Highgrove Estate
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1086:
1070:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
988:
941:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
770:
758:
746:
683:
667:
647:
627:
583:Sylva Britannica
572:
439:
421:
419:Ulmus sukaczevii
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
362:
354:
346:
338:
336:Ulmus leucocarpa
330:
322:
314:
306:
296:
288:
286:Ulmus campestris
258:
242:
208:
192:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
35:
21:
20:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6950:Trees of Europe
6915:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6900:
6895:
6887:
6885:
6877:
6872:
6864:
6859:
6851:
6846:
6838:
6833:
6825:
6820:
6812:
6810:
6802:
6797:
6789:
6787:
6779:
6774:
6766:
6763:Observation.org
6761:
6753:
6748:
6740:
6738:
6730:
6725:
6717:
6712:
6704:
6699:
6691:
6686:
6678:
6677:MichiganFlora:
6676:
6668:
6663:
6655:
6650:
6642:
6637:
6629:
6624:
6616:
6611:
6603:
6598:
6590:
6585:
6577:
6572:
6564:
6559:
6551:
6546:
6538:
6533:
6525:
6520:
6512:
6510:
6502:
6497:
6489:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6444:
6434:
6429:
6411:
6377:Scampstoniensis
6121:
6072:
5829:
5730:Morton Stalwart
5607:
5533:Luteo Variegata
5518:Latifolia Aurea
5404:
5386:
5278:
5215:
5166:Viminalis Aurea
5011:Hoersholmiensis
4882:
4834:
4635:Emerald Prairie
4532:
4514:
4480:Skinner Upright
4275:Beebe's Weeping
4226:
4105:
4066:
3989:(September elm)
3608:U. bergmanniana
3597:U. bergmanniana
3589:U. bergmanniana
3546:
3541:
3448:
3426:
3424:Further reading
3421:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3141:
3129:
3122:
3106:Simon Morelot,
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2957:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2855:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2745:10.1139/x04-158
2728:
2722:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2640:
2636:
2600:
2597:Bridge of Allan
2574:
2562:Sheet labelled
2548:
2531:Sheet labelled
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2440:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2311:
2307:
2291:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2250:
2246:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2143:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2059:Dawes Arboretum
2041:
2030:
2003:
1959:First World War
1916:
1659:
1643:
1569:Luteo Variegata
1554:Latifolia Aurea
1446:
1439:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1357:
1346:
1311:
1241:Inverness-shire
1217:
1201:orme pyramidale
1185:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
996:
989:
956:
949:
942:
848:
841:
834:
825:
822:
813:
810:
801:
798:
789:
786:
777:
771:
762:
759:
750:
747:
701:
694:
684:
675:
668:
659:
648:
600:
595:
565:
552:Ulmus elliptica
529:Manchurian elm
524:U. bergmanniana
522:Bergmann's elm
454:, and from the
428:
303:Ulmus elliptica
294:Ulmus corylacea
280:
279:
249:
244:
238:
225:
206:
190:
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6973:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6902:wfo-0000416717
6893:
6883:
6870:
6857:
6844:
6831:
6818:
6808:
6795:
6785:
6772:
6759:
6746:
6736:
6723:
6710:
6697:
6684:
6674:
6661:
6648:
6635:
6622:
6609:
6596:
6583:
6570:
6557:
6544:
6531:
6518:
6508:
6495:
6485:
6470:
6454:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6402:Variegata Nova
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6197:Crispa Pendula
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5868:Canadian Giant
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5800:Sapporo Gold 2
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5725:Morton Red Tip
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5418:Albo-Variegata
5414:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5382:Zhonghua Jinye
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:Pinnato-ramosa
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4848:Aureovariegata
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:Prince Richard
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4575:Burnley Select
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4235:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4213:
4202:
4187:
4175:
4164:
4153:
4142:
4131:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4084:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:U. wallichiana
4053:
4046:U. wallichiana
4042:
4035:U. wallichiana
4031:
4027:U. wallichiana
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3995:U. szechuanica
3991:
3983:
3981:(Slippery elm)
3975:
3973:(Siberian elm)
3967:
3959:
3951:
3939:
3931:
3920:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3874:
3863:
3855:
3851:U. lanceifolia
3847:
3839:
3828:
3817:
3806:
3798:
3786:
3778:
3771:
3767:U. harbinensis
3763:
3755:U. glaucescens
3751:
3744:U. glaucescens
3740:
3736:U. glaucescens
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3706:(Japanese elm)
3696:
3685:
3677:
3673:U. crassifolia
3669:
3662:
3654:
3642:
3631:
3629:(Hangzhou elm)
3623:
3615:
3604:
3593:
3585:
3573:
3571:(American elm)
3565:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3446:External links
3444:
3443:
3442:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3404:
3382:
3340:
3329:
3300:
3275:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3215:
3191:
3180:
3169:
3158:
3139:
3120:
3099:
3090:
3071:
3060:
3043:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2941:
2928:
2917:
2884:
2865:(2): 109–127.
2849:
2846:on 2022-07-01.
2831:
2827:Forest Science
2815:
2772:
2713:
2696:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2634:
2510:
2496:
2477:
2431:
2400:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2327:
2305:
2282:
2279:on 2020-09-26.
2264:
2244:
2225:(2): 261–277.
2205:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:Canadian Giant
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1658:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:Albo-Variegata
1450:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1340:
1310:
1307:
1216:
1213:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1006:
999:
997:
990:
983:
955:
952:
951:
950:
943:
936:
847:
844:
843:
842:
835:
828:
826:
823:
816:
814:
811:
804:
802:
799:
792:
790:
787:
780:
778:
772:
765:
763:
760:
753:
751:
748:
741:
700:
697:
696:
695:
685:
678:
676:
669:
662:
660:
652:Castle Douglas
649:
642:
636:Flora Europaea
632:
631:
618:
599:
596:
594:
593:Classification
591:
581:'s 1822 book,
564:
561:
549:. Conversely,
546:U. wallichiana
452:Ural Mountains
430:
429:
427:
426:
425:
424:
416:
411:Ulmus suberosa
408:
400:
392:
384:
382:(Wilcz.) Klok.
379:Ulmus podolica
376:
368:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
299:
291:
277:
276:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:
260:
259:
251:
250:
245:
234:
233:
227:
226:
222:U. glabra
219:
217:
213:
212:
201:
197:
196:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
62:Data Deficient
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6972:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Klemmer Blanc
6280:
6278:
6277:Kansas Hybrid
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5913:Elegantissima
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Morton Glossy
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Fuente Umbria
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Grandidentata
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Concavaefolia
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:JFS-Bieberich
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Umbraculifera
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Concavaefolia
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Stone's Dwarf
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Prairie Shade
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Orange Ribbon
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:King's Choice
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:JFS Prince II
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:(Alishan elm)
4012:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3955:U. prunifolia
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:U. parvifolia
3940:
3938:
3936:
3935:U. parvifolia
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:(Tibetan elm)
3898:
3897:U. microcarpa
3894:
3892:
3891:(Mexican elm)
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:U. macrocarpa
3875:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3867:U. macrocarpa
3864:
3862:
3860:
3859:U. macrocarpa
3856:
3854:
3853:(Vietnam elm)
3852:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:(Kunming elm)
3651:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:(Florida elm)
3582:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:Synonymy list
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3290:on 2005-09-16
3289:
3285:
3279:
3264:
3260:
3259:"Google Maps"
3254:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2762:on 2007-06-28
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2626:Ulmus montana
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2564:Ulmus montana
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2540:Ulmus montana
2534:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2489:Huds. subsp.
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:(2): 99–107.
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2393:. p. 66.
2392:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2366:(1984 vol. 3)
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2324:9781108069380
2321:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:9780521294621
2299:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:9789050112819
2258:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:U. sukaczevii
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:North America
2043:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:Hybrids with
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Elegantissima
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Grandidentata
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Concavaefolia
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:300-year-old
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:Hertfordshire
1319:
1315:
1314:E. M. Forster
1309:In literature
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Hopton Castle
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:Beauly Priory
1230:
1226:
1221:
1215:Notable trees
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
994:
987:
982:
981:
980:
978:
974:
970:
964:
960:
947:
940:
935:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
808:
803:
796:
791:
784:
779:
775:
769:
764:
761:Nascent seeds
757:
752:
745:
740:
739:
738:
736:
732:
728:
725:
724:hermaphrodite
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
692:
688:
682:
677:
673:
666:
661:
657:
653:
646:
641:
640:
639:
637:
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
609:
608:
607:
605:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
560:
558:
554:
553:
548:
547:
541:
537:
533:
532:
526:
525:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:British Isles
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:latitude 67°N
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Arctic Circle
453:
449:
445:
438:
437:
420:
417:
412:
409:
404:
403:Ulmus scotica
401:
396:
393:
388:
387:Ulmus popovii
385:
380:
377:
372:
369:
366:
361:
360:Ulmus montana
358:
353:
350:
345:
342:
337:
334:
329:
328:Ulmus expansa
326:
321:
320:Ulmus excelsa
318:
313:
310:
305:
304:
300:
295:
292:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
273:
270:
266:
261:
257:
252:
248:
243:
241:
235:
232:
231:Binomial name
228:
224:
223:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:Tracheophytes
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
68:
63:
52:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
6804:Ulmus glabra
6791:Ulmus_glabra
6480:Ulmus glabra
6450:Ulmus glabra
6449:
6423:
6397:Turkestanica
6357:Rotundifolia
6192:Crispa Aurea
6167:Atropurpurea
6082:
6078:
5998:Muscaviensis
5963:Haarlemensis
5848:Angustifolia
5503:Horizontalis
5428:Camperdownii
5409:
5400:Lace Parasol
5367:Poort Bulten
5317:Dwarf Weeper
5284:Siberian elm
5221:Japanese elm
5091:Purpurascens
5061:Monumentalis
4901:Albo-Dentata
4765:Sempervirens
4675:Jade Empress
4495:Valley Forge
4385:L'Assomption
4355:Independence
4340:Great Plains
4305:Creole Queen
4242:American elm
4220:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4172:diversifolia
4171:
4167:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4123:
4120:U. davidiana
4119:
4100:U. elliptica
4099:
4091:
4087:
4081:U. boissieri
4080:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4011:U. uyematsui
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3949:(Korean elm)
3946:
3942:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3843:U. lamellosa
3842:
3836:simplicidens
3835:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3790:U. laciniata
3789:
3782:U. laciniata
3781:
3774:
3769:(Harbin elm)
3766:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3720:U. gaussenii
3719:
3711:
3703:
3700:U. davidiana
3699:
3692:
3689:U. davidiana
3688:
3681:U. davidiana
3680:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3650:kunmingensis
3649:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3601:bergmanniana
3600:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3577:U. americana
3576:
3569:U. americana
3568:
3563:(Winged elm)
3560:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3474:Ulmus glabra
3473:
3465:
3452:Ulmus glabra
3451:
3430:
3409:. Retrieved
3395:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3360:
3356:
3343:
3332:
3321:. Retrieved
3317:the original
3312:
3303:
3292:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3263:Google.co.uk
3262:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3218:
3207:the original
3194:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3150:
3131:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3063:
3053:
3046:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2965:
2961:
2953:Ulmus glabra
2952:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2920:
2909:the original
2904:
2900:
2887:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2844:the original
2834:
2826:
2818:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2764:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2736:
2732:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2642:
2637:
2625:
2619:Ulmus scabra
2618:
2605:
2590:Ulmus glabra
2589:
2579:
2568:Ulmus glabra
2567:
2563:
2553:
2539:
2533:Ulmus scabra
2532:
2522:
2513:
2506:Ulmus glabra
2505:
2499:
2490:
2487:Ulmus glabra
2486:
2480:
2455:
2451:
2446:Ulmus glabra
2445:
2422:. Retrieved
2417:
2413:
2403:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2313:
2308:
2293:
2277:the original
2267:
2252:
2247:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2182:
2176:
2171:Ulmus glabra
2170:
2162:
2132:
2129:Samuel Bough
2078:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1837:Muscaviensis
1802:Haarlemensis
1687:Angustifolia
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1539:Horizontalis
1464:Camperdownii
1447:
1387:
1368:
1349:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1276:
1245:
1234:
1224:
1200:
1197:Ulmus glabra
1196:
1194:
1103:
1068:Ulmus glabra
1067:
968:
965:
961:
957:
927:
921:
902:
891:
876:
869:Ulmus laevis
867:
849:
702:
690:
686:
658:, late April
635:
633:
624:
620:
614:
610:
601:
582:
566:
557:Ulmus glabra
556:
550:
545:
539:
531:U. laciniata
530:
523:
519:
514:
504:
447:
443:
436:Ulmus glabra
435:
434:
433:
418:
410:
402:
395:Ulmus scabra
394:
386:
378:
370:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
312:Ulmus effusa
311:
301:
293:
285:
240:Ulmus glabra
239:
237:
221:
220:
204:
188:
176:
139:
126:
113:
100:
25:Ulmus glabra
24:
18:
6827:kew-2448690
6701:NatureServe
6600:iNaturalist
6474:Wikispecies
6416:Fossil elms
6387:Tiliaefolia
6332:Planeroides
6222:Folia Rubra
6217:Folia Aurea
6137:aff. Plotii
5988:Microphylla
5740:New Horizon
5630:Androssowii
5593:Spectabilis
5543:Macrophylla
5453:Corylifolia
5433:Cebennensis
5131:Silvery Gem
5041:Majadahonda
4931:Bea Schwarz
4878:Urticifolia
4790:The Thinker
4705:Nire-keyaki
4538:Chinese elm
4455:Penn Treaty
4435:New Harmony
4415:Miller Park
4270:Beaverlodge
4185:(Dutch elm)
4161:brandisiana
4050:xanthoderma
4039:wallichiana
4003:U. thomasii
3987:U. serotina
3907:(Field elm)
3889:U. mexicana
3845:(Hebei elm)
3796:(Nikko elm)
3775:U. ismaelis
3748:glaucescens
3738:(Gansu elm)
3712:U. elongata
3658:U. chenmoui
3612:lasiophylla
3494:(Greenland)
3375:16 February
2739:: 199–205.
2198:19 November
2127:Wych elms,
2097:Australasia
1955:Netherlands
1827:Microphylla
1629:Spectabilis
1579:Macrophylla
1489:Corylifolia
1469:Cebennensis
1436:Glen Affric
1333:Howards End
1327:Howards End
1272:The Meadows
993:The Meadows
954:Cultivation
924:elm yellows
894:Grenzhammer
699:Description
511:Loch Lomond
476:Scandinavia
460:Peloponnese
352:Ulmus major
120:Angiosperms
6919:Categories
6822:Plant List
6511:Calflora:
6337:Planifolia
6327:Nigrescens
6312:Myrtifolia
6292:Lombartsii
6287:Koopmannii
6207:Exoniensis
6142:Acutifolia
6083:intermedia
6018:Serpentina
5958:Groeneveld
5933:Fjerrestad
5928:Fastigiata
5790:San Zanobi
5670:Escaillard
5392:Winged elm
5352:Park Royal
5322:Green King
5274:Validation
5254:Prospector
5126:Schuurhoek
5121:Sarniensis
5116:Rueppellii
5081:Propendens
5036:Lanuginosa
5021:Hunnybunii
5016:Holmstruph
5001:Glandulosa
4906:Amplifolia
4815:Yarralumla
4800:True Green
4775:State Fair
4770:Small Frye
4760:Select 380
4720:Pathfinder
4685:Littleleaf
4665:Hallelujah
4660:Golden Rey
4600:D. B. Cole
4590:Churchyard
4528:Brazos Rim
4510:Washington
4470:Queen City
4465:Pyramidata
4400:Littleford
4360:Iowa State
4320:Exhibition
4300:Columnaris
4210:intermedia
4195:hollandica
4183:hollandica
4019:U. villosa
3882:macrocarpa
3825:parvifolia
3794:nikkoensis
3759:lasiocarpa
3666:U. chumlia
3646:U. changii
3635:U. changii
3627:U. changii
3481:(EUFORGEN)
3411:26 October
3323:2017-08-29
3313:ilmenau.de
3294:2006-08-04
3268:7 February
2766:2007-06-18
2154:References
2039:Accessions
2021:San Zanobi
2002:Nanguen =
1990:Groeneveld
1951:Wageningen
1862:Serpentina
1842:Nottingham
1797:Groeneveld
1772:Fjerrestad
1767:Fastigiata
969:U. montana
913:tetraploid
856:triterpene
838:cotyledons
650:Wych near
604:subspecies
598:Subspecies
577:and weak.
515:Lac Leaman
496:Narsarsuaq
371:Ulmus nuda
184:Subgenus:
6566:233501327
6322:Nemoralis
6307:Monstrosa
6302:Marmorata
6172:Australis
6092:Coolshade
6048:Viminalis
5993:Modiolina
5953:Gaujardii
5893:Dauvessei
5873:Cicestria
5863:Blandford
5835:Dutch elm
5695:Karagatch
5690:Homestead
5655:Columella
5645:Cathedral
5635:Amsterdam
5618:cultivars
5603:Tomentosa
5588:Pyrenaica
5573:Oblongata
5538:Lutescens
5513:Latifolia
5508:Insularis
5488:Gittisham
5423:Australis
5302:Aurescens
5229:Discovery
5161:Viminalis
5071:Picturata
5031:Laciniata
4981:Dicksonii
4961:Cucullata
4956:Cretensis
4888:Field elm
4820:Yatsubusa
4690:Lois Hole
4595:Cork Bark
4520:Cedar elm
4500:Variegata
4485:St. Croix
4460:Princeton
4440:Nigricans
4390:Lake City
4370:Jefferson
4260:Augustine
4255:Ascendens
4233:cultivars
4221:mesocarpa
4199:insularum
4150:arkansana
4139:arbuscula
4092:canescens
4061:tomentosa
3971:U. pumila
3832:U. laevis
3821:U. laevis
3810:U. laevis
3802:U. laevis
3728:U. glabra
3693:davidiana
3581:floridana
3466:U. glabra
3116:pyramidal
2615:Cotyledon
2424:29 August
2396:Full text
2239:0083-7792
2029:Wanoux =
1994:Homestead
1974:Columella
1947:U. glabra
1934:U. pumila
1930:U. glabra
1925:U. pumila
1920:U. glabra
1892:Viminalis
1832:Modiolina
1792:Gaujardii
1732:Dauvessei
1712:Cicestria
1702:Blandford
1662:U. glabra
1651:U. glabra
1639:Tomentosa
1624:Pyrenaica
1609:Oblongata
1574:Lutescens
1549:Latifolia
1544:Insularis
1524:Gittisham
1459:Australis
1444:Cultivars
1388:U. glabra
1369:U. glabra
1356:, Germany
1350:U. glabra
1318:Stevenage
1303:Yorkshire
1297:, and at
1264:Edinburgh
1231:, Austria
1225:U. glabra
1075:Pelhřimov
907:produced
905:Källstorp
864:field elm
731:apetalous
687:U. glabra
621:U. glabra
611:U. glabra
587:Hamamelis
563:Etymology
540:U. glabra
468:deciduous
448:Scots elm
216:Species:
200:Section:
90:Kingdom:
40:Wych elm
6886:VASCAN:
6879:33300069
6874:Tropicos
6788:PalDat:
6706:2.128339
6670:61966807
6631:10194543
6618:856863-1
6488:BioLib:
6459:Wikidata
6392:Tortuosa
6352:Ramulosa
6342:Purpurea
6262:Hillieri
6177:Berardii
6112:Rosehill
6033:Tricolor
6013:Pitteurs
5888:Dampieri
5883:Commelin
5680:Frontier
5675:Fiorente
5660:Den Haag
5548:Maculata
5483:Gigantea
5410:Wych elm
5347:Mr. Buzz
5312:Dropmore
5307:Chinkota
5292:Ansaloni
5211:Webbiana
5146:Suberosa
5136:Sowerbyi
5096:Purpurea
5086:Punctata
5006:Goodyeri
4951:Coritana
4873:Punctata
4853:Colorans
4745:Sabamiki
4740:Red Fall
4700:Milliken
4670:Hokkaido
4585:Chessins
4570:Burgundy
4560:Blizzard
4475:Sheyenne
4315:Delaware
4310:Deadfree
4285:Burgoyne
4231:Species
4128:U. minor
4124:japonica
4088:U. minor
3979:U. rubra
3924:U. minor
3913:U. minor
3905:U. minor
3814:celtidea
3704:japonica
3561:U. alata
3431:Wych Elm
3357:Arnoldia
3351:(1964).
3153:, 1813,
3134:, 1893,
3110:, 1800,
3022:Wych Elm
2982:89800637
2879:38868071
2753:85380172
2643:Wych Elm
2472:84736722
2141:See also
2135:, c.1878
2107:Gisborne
1982:Den Haag
1978:Commelin
1877:Tricolor
1857:Pitteurs
1727:Dampieri
1722:Commelin
1667:U. minor
1584:Maculata
1519:Gigantea
1287:Slovakia
1283:Piedmont
1223:Ancient
1183:Medicine
946:Jedburgh
909:triploid
883:Cemagref
656:Galloway
444:wych elm
422:Andronov
269:Synonyms
166:Ulmaceae
162:Family:
133:Eudicots
67:IUCN 3.1
6688:MoBotPF
6579:5361866
6465:Q147498
6382:Sericea
6267:Jalaica
6247:Hamburg
6242:Globosa
6232:Gallica
6152:Alksuth
6107:Lincoln
6097:Fremont
6053:Viscosa
6028:Superba
6023:Smithii
6008:Pioneer
5968:Klemmer
5923:Etrusca
5878:Cinerea
5858:Belgica
5825:Wingham
5805:Stavast
5770:Recerta
5760:Rebella
5750:Plantyn
5745:Patriot
5735:Nanguen
5665:Dodoens
5650:Clusius
5616:Hybrid
5598:Superba
5498:Holgeri
5443:Cornuta
5357:Pendula
5269:Thomson
5259:Reperta
5234:Freedom
5206:Virgata
5141:Stricta
5106:Reverti
5066:Pendula
4986:Dijkwel
4868:Pendula
4825:Zettler
4725:Pendens
4695:Matthew
4630:Emer II
4615:Ed Wood
4610:Dynasty
4450:Pendula
4445:Patmore
4410:Markham
4380:Klehmii
4365:Jackson
4295:College
4280:Brandon
4111:Hybrids
4090:subsp.
4048:subsp.
4037:subsp.
3947:coreana
3928:italica
3915:subsp.
3639:changii
3371:: 41–80
3363:(6–8).
2810:4328001
2790:Bibcode
2491:montana
2009:Pioneer
1986:Dodoens
1970:Clusius
1953:in the
1897:Viscosa
1872:Superba
1867:Smithii
1852:Pioneer
1807:Klemmer
1762:Etrusca
1717:Cinerea
1697:Belgica
1634:Superba
1534:Holgeri
1479:Cornuta
1375:, Italy
1373:Demonte
1354:Ilmenau
1299:Clapham
1279:Demonte
1254:in the
1250:was at
1205:panacea
971:at the
917:diploid
898:Ilmenau
860:alnulin
774:Samarae
749:Flowers
727:flowers
721:perfect
717:petiole
713:obovate
691:montana
689:subsp.
672:Cumbria
625:montana
623:subsp.
613:subsp.
472:montane
414:Michx.
172:Genus:
156:Rosales
152:Order:
94:Plantae
65: (
6835:PLANTS
6781:218596
6739:NZOR:
6732:172265
6693:287399
6605:170056
6540:594916
6504:254672
6407:Virens
6372:Rugosa
6237:Glabra
6187:Crispa
6162:Aspera
6117:Willis
6068:Ypreau
6063:Wredei
6043:Vegeta
5908:Dumont
5903:Dovaei
5898:Daveyi
5853:Balder
5820:Wanoux
5810:Toledo
5785:Revera
5780:Repura
5765:Rebona
5755:Plinio
5710:Morton
5705:Morfeo
5568:Nitida
5372:Puszta
5337:Manchu
5332:Harbin
5327:Hansen
5264:Reseda
5111:Rugosa
5101:Retiro
5076:Plotii
4991:Erecta
4936:Biltii
4916:Atinia
4896:Ademuz
4863:Ornata
4858:Helena
4810:Ware's
4785:Taiwan
4650:Geisha
4640:Frosty
4625:Emer I
4580:Catlin
4565:BSNUPF
4430:Morden
4425:Moline
4375:Kimley
4350:Incisa
4325:Fiorei
3871:glabra
3437:
3402:
3155:p. 240
3136:p. 260
3112:p. 349
2980:
2877:
2808:
2782:Nature
2751:
2649:
2470:
2322:
2300:
2259:
2237:
2219:Webbia
2114:In art
2086:Europe
2013:Plinio
2004:Lutèce
1912:Ypreau
1907:Wredei
1887:Vegeta
1747:Dumont
1742:Dovaei
1737:Daveyi
1692:Balder
1599:Nitida
1438:(2022)
1418:(2022)
1252:Brahan
1229:Styria
1100:Lumber
991:Wych,
977:Ottawa
919:form.
887:Irstea
874:fungus
735:samara
615:glabra
575:wicker
488:Tromsø
484:Beiarn
464:Sicily
442:, the
440:Hudson
339:Schur.
323:Borkh.
315:Sibth.
297:Dumrt.
146:Rosids
6930:Ulmus
6866:18586
6811:PFI:
6750:NZPCN
6657:19053
6644:55627
6626:IRMNG
6592:40834
6553:ULMGL
6527:7DFJZ
6362:Rubra
6202:Densa
6147:Alata
5983:Major
5948:Fulva
5943:Freja
5815:Urban
5775:Regal
5700:Lobel
5563:Nigra
5553:Minor
5478:Flava
5473:Firma
5342:Mauro
5297:Aurea
5239:Jacan
4805:UPMTF
4755:Seiju
4750:Sagei
4655:Glory
4620:Elsmo
4605:Drake
4405:Maine
4345:Hines
4265:Aurea
4197:var.
4122:var.
4059:var.
3945:var.
3926:var.
3917:minor
3880:var.
3869:var.
3834:var.
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