496:
732:
and it is optional. It is composed by zero or more path segments that do not refer to an existing physical resource name (e.g. a file, an internal module program or an executable program) but to a logical part (e.g. a command or a qualifier part) that has to be passed separately to the first part of
431:
collaborators including
Berners-Lee originally proposed the use of UDIs: Universal Document Identifiers. An early (1993) draft of the HTML Specification referred to "Universal" Resource Locators. This was dropped some time between June 1994
442:, Berners-Lee emphasizes his preference for the original inclusion of "universal" in the expansion rather than the word "uniform", to which it was later changed, and he gives a brief account of the contention that led to the change.
529:). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. Examples of popular schemes include
1403:
424:, wishing he had used slashes throughout, and also said that, given the colon following the first component of a URI, the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary.
2142:
Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning
Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations
2319:
939:
Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets, and expect to be able to create URLs in their own local alphabets. An
691:). A path is always defined for a URI, though the defined path may be empty (zero length). A segment may also be empty, resulting in two consecutive slashes (
898:
providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an
699:
but does not always imply a relation to one. If an authority component is defined, then the path component must either be empty or begin with a slash (
101:
947:
characters. All modern browsers support IRIs. The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path.
2764:
1096:
A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism, which is not true of every URI. Thus
470:
if it has an associated delimiter and the delimiter does not appear in the URI; the scheme and path components are always defined. A component is
621:
in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons. Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon (
2716:
2520:
1985:
1198:
1397:
1832:
1009:
Protocol-relative links (PRL), also known as protocol-relative URLs (PRURL), are URLs that have no protocol specified. For example,
2271:
1263:
2515:
2311:
1935:
1352:
1809:
2459:
1051:
940:
981:
The URL path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system. If not already encoded, it is converted to
517:), consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (
2378:
2012:
1950:
1859:
1775:
1738:
2479:
1981:
1028:
572:
2295:
703:). If an authority component is undefined, then the path cannot begin with an empty segment—that is, with two slashes (
409:. Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths, preceded by a double slash (
1966:
914:
625:) found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string (indicating no password).
2711:
2431:
2426:
2024:
1515:
379:
90:
451:
2474:
383:
1852:"Uniform Resource Locators (URL): A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network"
2726:
1726:
Secure
Development for Mobile Apps: How to Design and Code Secure Mobile Applications with PHP and JavaScript
951:
2438:
737:; this is often used to select dynamic content (a document, etc.) or to tailor it as requested (see also:
2733:
2670:
2454:
1954:
1067:
918:
531:
304:
296:
221:
867:
of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of
320:
2579:
2291:
1962:
1931:
1855:
1828:
1045:
299:(URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. URLs occur most commonly to reference
1077:
567:
2371:
868:
738:
1993:
495:
456:
Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. The URI generic syntax consists of five
1190:
543:
312:
2016:
1761:
1724:
2464:
225:
2759:
2696:
2250:
2201:
2156:
2125:
2091:
2046:
1902:
1767:
1659:
1602:
1537:
1459:
649:
22:
2230:
8:
2706:
2599:
2421:
2364:
1882:
1824:
1381:
895:
398:
2267:
1229:
1227:
2038:
1259:
959:
402:
1138:
portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.
2701:
2629:
2411:
1771:
1734:
1529:
1346:
1224:
1072:
636:
subcomponent, consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a
120:
1923:
1801:
2604:
2240:
2191:
2146:
2136:
2115:
2081:
2042:
2028:
1892:
1649:
1592:
1519:
1449:
1148:
1114:
990:
696:
606:
416:
Berners-Lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the
394:
363:
292:
203:
193:
183:
173:
163:
153:
143:
1113:
The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by
2634:
2614:
2222:
2218:
2177:
2173:
2067:
2063:
2008:
1919:
1874:
1847:
1639:
1578:
1431:
1373:
1342:
1338:
561:
555:
460:
organized hierarchically in order of decreasing significance from left to right:
438:
371:
130:
2253:
2234:
2204:
2185:
2159:
2140:
2128:
2109:
2094:
2075:
2049:
1905:
1886:
1851:
1671:
1662:
1643:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1586:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1509:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1443:
1156:
1152:
1122:
1118:
707:)—since the following characters would be interpreted as an authority component.
433:
367:
207:
197:
187:
177:
167:
157:
147:
2721:
2691:
2609:
2550:
2226:
2181:
2071:
1878:
1439:
1377:
488:
375:
284:
245:
235:
1134:
For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow
2748:
2649:
2589:
2574:
2350:
2287:
1533:
1062:
985:, and any characters not part of the basic URL character set are escaped as
954:(IDN). Web and Internet software automatically convert the domain name into
921:
request to the specified host, by default on port number 80. URLs using the
382:(IETF), as an outcome of collaboration started at the IETF Living Documents
2754:
2619:
2564:
2535:
2525:
2484:
1958:
1582:
1435:
1040:
909:
of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.
864:
695:) in the path component. A path component may resemble or map exactly to a
687:
component, consisting of a sequence of path segments separated by a slash (
428:
288:
2135:
1233:
803:
2510:
2500:
986:
887:
537:
417:
390:
331:
327:
2624:
2505:
2416:
2387:
734:
641:
1402:(Technical report). UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management.
903:
733:
the path that identifies an executable module or program managed by a
2569:
2545:
2406:
2401:
2245:
2196:
2151:
2120:
2086:
2033:
1897:
1730:
1654:
1597:
1524:
1454:
1057:
1023:
872:
799:
1577:
1430:
1013:
will use the protocol of the current page, typically HTTP or HTTPS.
2644:
2594:
2584:
2559:
2555:
2540:
2530:
1805:
955:
637:
610:
474:
if it has no characters; the scheme component is always non-empty.
406:
343:
300:
2639:
1001:. The target computer decodes the address and displays the page.
944:
2345:
2341:
1390:(This Internet-Draft was published as a Proposed Standard RFC,
1159:) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.
549:
316:
295:
and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of
256:
78:
2675:
2665:
2356:
1034:
982:
975:
926:
749:"http://www.example.com/questions/3456/my-document"
436:) and October 1994 (draft-ietf-uri-url-08.txt). In his book
308:
999:
http://example.com/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%89%B2%E3%82%8A.html
773:, which is passed to the executable module or program named
2108:
Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.).
1508:
Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.).
1372:
899:
653:
645:
1309:
1307:
925:
scheme require that requests and responses be made over a
421:
2217:
1304:
1239:
1212:
575:, although non-registered schemes are used in practice.
2111:
1511:
160:. – Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.
1559:
1319:
1638:
1337:
330:display the URL of a web page above the page in an
2236:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
2187:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
2077:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
1682:
1680:
1588:Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax
102:Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
1445:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax
1282:
1280:
1234:Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group (2002)
2746:
1704:
974:indicates that the character was not originally
2268:"An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses"
1692:
1677:
1292:
389:The format combines the pre-existing system of
1277:
1171:
200:. – Moving mailserver: URI Scheme to Historic.
2717:Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
2521:Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
2372:
2288:"What is Happening with "International URLs""
1986:"Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix"
2172:
2062:
2007:
1873:
1507:
571:. URI schemes should be registered with the
1918:
1313:
2379:
2365:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1396:Ang, C. S.; Martin, D. C. (January 1995).
950:The domain name in the IRI is known as an
573:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
362:Uniform Resource Locators were defined in
2244:
2195:
2150:
2119:
2085:
2032:
1896:
1653:
1596:
1523:
1453:
1395:
1004:
452:Uniform Resource Identifier § Syntax
2309:
1800:
1565:
1391:
1348:Hypertext Markup Language (draft RFCxxx)
1325:
1245:
1218:
934:
656:addresses must be enclosed in brackets (
16:Web address to a particular file or page
2765:Internet properties established in 1994
1759:
1642:; Connolly, Daniel W. (November 1995).
1632:
1571:
1501:
1417:
859:component preceded by a question mark (
601:subcomponent followed by an at symbol (
311:) but are also used for file transfer (
2747:
2139:; Denenberg, Ray, eds. (August 2002).
1722:
1260:"The Difference Between URLs and URIs"
761:(an executable module or program) and
2460:Internationalized resource identifier
2360:
2312:"Browser Arcana: IP Literals in URLs"
1052:Internationalized Resource Identifier
943:(IRI) is a form of URL that includes
941:Internationalized Resource Identifier
2107:
1980:
1823:
1710:
1298:
1257:
477:The authority component consists of
334:. A typical URL could have the form
150:. – Uniform Resource Locators (URL).
2480:Persistent uniform resource locator
2285:
2266:
1949:
1846:
1698:
1686:
1286:
1177:
902:document, the fragment is often an
798:part may also be referred to as a '
586:component preceded by two slashes (
378:, and the URI working group of the
13:
2353:that splits any URI into its parts
1121:, and are now defined by RFC
968:http://xn--fsqu00a.xn--3lr804guic/
670:subcomponent preceded by a colon (
14:
2776:
2335:
2017:"Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0"
1802:"Berners-Lee "sorry" for slashes"
1399:Constituent Component Interface++
1191:"Forward and Backslashes in URLs"
777:to select the requested document.
336:http://www.example.com/index.html
291:that specifies its location on a
2712:Timeline of hypertext technology
1351:(Technical report). p. 28.
993:; for example, the Japanese URL
927:secure connection to the website
674:), consisting of decimal digits.
494:
323:), and many other applications.
2322:from the original on 2020-06-22
2298:from the original on 2015-02-17
2274:from the original on 2015-01-05
2025:Internet Engineering Task Force
1969:from the original on 2015-07-10
1938:from the original on 2020-05-14
1888:Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
1862:from the original on 2015-09-09
1835:from the original on 2012-11-22
1812:from the original on 2020-06-05
1753:
1716:
1645:Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0
1516:Internet Engineering Task Force
1406:from the original on 2017-10-23
1386:Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
1366:
1355:from the original on 2017-10-23
1331:
1266:from the original on 2017-03-17
1201:from the original on 2018-09-04
1141:
1135:
1128:
1107:
962:; for example, the Chinese URL
774:
762:
754:
748:
513:component followed by a colon (
380:Internet Engineering Task Force
91:Internet Engineering Task Force
2475:Extensible resource identifier
2386:
1825:"Living Documents BoF Minutes"
1251:
1183:
1090:
338:, which indicates a protocol (
1:
2310:Lawrence, Eric (2014-03-06).
1793:
1585:; L. Masinter (August 1998).
952:Internationalized Domain Name
802:,' whose last part may be a '
763:"/3456/my-document"
2439:Hyperlinks in virtual worlds
1955:Sperberg-McQueen, C. Michael
1723:Glaser, J. D. (2014-03-10).
1165:
1078:Use of slashes in networking
995:http://example.com/引き割り.html
279:), colloquially known as an
210:. – The 'tn3270' URI Scheme.
190:. – The 'mailto' URI Scheme.
7:
2734:Domain Application Protocol
2671:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
2455:Uniform resource identifier
1760:Schafer, Steven M. (2011).
1068:Uniform Resource Identifier
1016:
913:A web browser will usually
894:). The fragment contains a
829:key1=value1&key2=value2
297:Uniform Resource Identifier
62:; 30 years ago
10:
2781:
1990:IETF-Announce mailing list
1928:Frequently asked questions
1763:HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible
1674:.
1629:.
1556:.
1498:.
795:
765:is the second part of the
449:
357:
180:. – The gopher URI Scheme.
170:. – The telnet URI Scheme.
112:Request for Comments (RFC)
20:
2684:
2658:
2493:
2447:
2394:
2292:World Wide Web Consortium
1963:World Wide Web Consortium
1959:"Web addresses in HTML 5"
1932:World Wide Web Consortium
1856:World Wide Web Consortium
1829:World Wide Web Consortium
1648:. Network Working Group.
1591:. Network Working Group.
1448:. Network Working Group.
1125:, published in June 2015.
1046:Internet resource locator
757:is the first part of the
720:URIs, the last part of a
605:), that may consist of a
487:This is represented in a
463:URI = scheme ":" path
445:
251:
241:
231:
217:
136:
126:
116:
108:
97:
86:
74:
56:
48:
40:
35:
2470:Uniform resource locator
1084:
886:component preceded by a
273:uniform resource locator
36:Uniform resource locator
1155:(obsoleted by RFC
917:a URL by performing an
843:key1=value1;key2=value2
393:(created in 1985) with
2013:Connolly, Daniel "Dan"
1951:Connolly, Daniel "Dan"
1670:Obsoleted by RFC
1617:. Updated by RFC
1613:Obsoleted by RFC
1546:Best Current Practice.
1482:. Updated by RFC
1343:Connolly, Daniel "Dan"
1098:http://www.example.com
1005:Protocol-relative URLs
775:"/questions"
755:"/questions"
374:, the inventor of the
287:, is a reference to a
2465:Uniform resource name
1957:, eds. (2009-05-21).
1924:"Why the //, #, etc?"
1768:John Wiley & Sons
1552:. Obsoletes RFC
1468:Internet Standard 66.
935:Internationalized URL
869:attribute–value pairs
741:and PATH_INFO, etc.).
648:addresses must be in
617:). Use of the format
613:preceded by a colon (
401:are used to separate
2697:History of hypertext
2448:Resource identifiers
2286:Phillip, A. (2014).
1883:McCahill, Mark Perry
1548:Updated by RFC
1382:McCahill, Mark Perry
650:dot-decimal notation
350:), and a file name (
319:), database access (
23:URL (disambiguation)
21:For other uses, see
2707:Interactive fiction
2600:Object hyperlinking
2422:Adaptive hypermedia
2231:"Syntax Components"
2027:. sec. 8.2.1.
1621:. Updates RFC
1494:. Updates RFC
1470:Obsoletes RFC
1388:(Technical report).
896:fragment identifier
863:), consisting of a
501:The URI comprises:
484:authority = host
32:
1314:Berners-Lee (2015)
1258:Miessler, Daniel.
960:Domain Name System
712:By convention, in
384:birds of a feather
30:
2742:
2741:
2702:Interactive novel
2630:URL normalization
2580:Internet bookmark
2412:Hypertext fiction
2342:URL specification
2137:Mealling, Michael
2015:(November 1995).
1885:(December 1994).
1073:URI normalization
848:
847:
790:URI containing a
619:username:password
386:session in 1992.
269:
268:
218:Related standards
121:Anne van Kesteren
2772:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2246:10.17487/RFC3986
2229:(January 2005).
2223:Fielding, Roy T.
2219:Berners-Lee, Tim
2214:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2197:10.17487/RFC3986
2184:(January 2005).
2178:Fielding, Roy T.
2174:Berners-Lee, Tim
2169:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2152:10.17487/RFC3305
2132:
2123:
2121:10.17487/RFC7595
2104:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2087:10.17487/RFC2396
2068:Fielding, Roy T.
2064:Berners-Lee, Tim
2059:
2057:
2056:
2036:
2034:10.17487/RFC1866
2021:IETF Datatracker
2009:Berners-Lee, Tim
2004:
2002:
2001:
1992:. Archived from
1977:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1920:Berners-Lee, Tim
1915:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1898:10.17487/RFC1738
1875:Berners-Lee, Tim
1870:
1868:
1867:
1848:Berners-Lee, Tim
1843:
1841:
1840:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1777:978-1-11808130-3
1766:(1st ed.).
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:978-1-48220903-7
1729:(1st ed.).
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1655:10.17487/RFC1866
1640:Berners-Lee, Tim
1636:
1630:
1609:
1600:
1598:10.17487/RFC2396
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1544:
1527:
1525:10.17487/RFC7595
1505:
1499:
1466:
1457:
1455:10.17487/RFC3986
1442:(January 2005).
1428:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1389:
1384:(October 1994).
1374:Berners-Lee, Tim
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1339:Berners-Lee, Tim
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1100:is a URL, while
1099:
1094:
1031:– Persistent URL
1012:
1000:
996:
991:percent-encoding
973:
969:
965:
924:
906:
893:
884:
883:
862:
857:
856:
844:
838:
830:
824:
813:Query delimiter
810:
809:
776:
764:
756:
750:
730:
729:
706:
702:
697:file system path
694:
690:
685:
684:
673:
668:
667:
658:
634:
633:
624:
620:
616:
609:and an optional
604:
599:
598:
589:
584:
583:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
510:
498:
412:
353:
349:
341:
337:
293:computer network
265:
262:
260:
258:
70:
68:
63:
33:
29:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2680:
2654:
2635:URL redirection
2615:Source tracking
2489:
2443:
2390:
2385:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2316:Microsoft Learn
2301:
2299:
2277:
2275:
2258:
2256:
2239:. sec. 3.
2227:Masinter, Larry
2209:
2207:
2182:Masinter, Larry
2164:
2162:
2099:
2097:
2074:(August 1998).
2072:Masinter, Larry
2054:
2052:
1999:
1997:
1972:
1970:
1941:
1939:
1910:
1908:
1879:Masinter, Larry
1865:
1863:
1838:
1836:
1815:
1813:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1770:. p. 124.
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1733:. p. 193.
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1637:
1633:
1576:
1572:
1566:Lawrence (2014)
1564:
1560:
1506:
1502:
1429:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1392:RFC 1738 (1994)
1378:Masinter, Larry
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1336:
1332:
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372:Tim Berners-Lee
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489:syntax diagram
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376:World Wide Web
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2556:inbound link
2536:URI fragment
2526:deep linking
2485:Semantic URL
2469:
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2324:. Retrieved
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878:An optional
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852:
851:An optional
791:
787:
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629:
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579:
578:An optional
506:
505:A non-empty
500:
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471:
467:
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455:
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429:WorldWideWeb
426:
415:
391:domain names
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328:web browsers
325:
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272:
270:
87:Organization
41:Abbreviation
27:
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2760:Identifiers
2511:Domain name
2501:anchor text
2427:educational
1711:IANA (2003)
1583:R. Fielding
1440:L. Masinter
1436:R. Fielding
1394:) Cited in
1299:IETF (1992)
987:hexadecimal
915:dereference
835:Semicolon (
821:Ampersand (
521:), period (
418:domain name
370:in 1994 by
332:address bar
2749:Categories
2659:Technology
2625:URI scheme
2516:click here
2506:click path
2417:Hypervideo
2388:Hypermedia
2326:2020-06-22
2302:2015-01-11
2278:2015-01-11
2259:2015-08-31
2210:2015-08-31
2165:2015-09-13
2100:2015-08-31
2055:2015-09-13
2000:2015-09-03
1973:2015-09-13
1942:2010-02-03
1911:2015-08-31
1866:2015-09-13
1839:2011-12-26
1816:2010-02-14
1794:References
1783:2015-10-12
1746:2015-10-12
1699:W3C (2014)
1687:W3C (2008)
1410:2017-10-23
1359:2017-10-23
1287:W3C (1994)
1270:2017-03-16
1205:2018-09-19
1178:W3C (2009)
735:web server
642:IP address
458:components
432:(RFC
352:index.html
315:), email (
2570:image map
2546:Hypertext
2432:authoring
2407:Hyperlink
2402:Hypertext
1922:(2015) .
1731:CRC Press
1668:Historic.
1611:Obsolete.
1534:2070-1721
1166:Citations
1147:Historic
1058:Clean URL
1024:Hyperlink
907:attribute
873:delimiter
800:clean URL
744:Example:
724:is named
607:user name
582:authority
468:undefined
407:filenames
403:directory
395:file path
301:web pages
246:CC BY 4.0
98:Committee
52:Published
2685:See also
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2595:Link rot
2585:linkback
2560:backlink
2541:Hostname
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2494:Concepts
2320:Archived
2296:Archived
2272:Archived
1967:Archived
1936:Archived
1860:Archived
1833:Archived
1810:Archived
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1404:Archived
1353:Archived
1264:Archived
1199:Archived
1195:zzz.buzz
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728:pathinfo
640:) or an
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611:password
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2727:History
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