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placed directly around the collision region beam pipe. This detector was built as a cylinder, closely surrounding the beam pipe. The detector had to fit into the available space of less than 1 cm. It was therefore necessary to miniaturize the components of the detector. This was achieved with two brand new technologies: the silicon sensor and the
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decays, and 251 Z decays to electron pairs, from which the ratio of the mass of the W boson and the mass of the Z boson could be measured with a precision of 0.5%. By 1991 a precise measurement for the mass of the Z boson from LEP had become available. Using the ratio of the W mass to Z mass, a first
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The electron identification was improved by the use of a completely new central tracking detector assembly, partly consisting of a pioneering silicone-pad detector. In 1989, the collaboration pushed this concept even further by developing a
Silicon Pad Detector (SPD) with finer pad segmentation to be
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The 1985-1987 upgrade of the detector was aimed at two aspects: full calorimeter coverage and better electron identification at lower transverse momenta. The first aspect was addressed by replacing the end-caps with new calorimeters that covered the regions 6°-40° with respect to the beam direction,
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accelerator, and was housed in a big cavern. The cavern was large enough to house the detector, provide room for it to be assembled in a "garage position" without shutting down the accelerator and to where it was also moved back after periods of data taking. The accelerator could therefore revert to
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decays. On 22 January 1983, the UA2 collaboration announced that the UA2 detector had recorded four events that were candidates for a W boson. This brought the combined number of candidate events seen by UA1 and UA2 up to 10. Three days later, CERN made a public announcement that the W boson was
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The next step was to track down the Z boson. However, the theory said that the Z boson would be ten times rarer than the W boson. The experiments therefore needed to collect several times the data collected in the 1982 run that showed the existence of the W boson. With improved techniques and
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The calorimeter had 24 slices, each weighing 4 tons. These slices were arranged around the collision point like segments of an orange. Particles ejected from the collision produced showers of secondary particles in the layers of heavy material. These showers passed through layers of plastic
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precise measurement of the W mass could be made. These mass values could be used to predict the top quark from its virtual effect on the W mass. The result of this study gave a top quark mass value in the range of 110 GeV to 220 GeV, beyond the reach for direct detection by UA2 at the Sp
313:, UA2 was a moveable detector, custom built around the beam pipe of the collider, which searched proton–antiproton collisions for signatures of the W and Z particles. The UA2 experiment began operating in December 1981. The initial UA2 collaboration consisted of about 60 physicists from
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The UA1 and UA2 experiments recorded data during proton–antiproton collision operation and moved back after periods of data taking, so that the SPS could revert to fixed-target operation. UA2 was moved on air cushions when removed from the beam pipe of the
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The very first result of the UA2 collaboration, published on 2 December 1982, was the first unambiguous observation of hadronic jet production at high transverse momentum from hadronic collisions. Observations of hadronic jets confirmed that the theory of
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samplings for the electromagnetic part, and iron/scintillator for the hadronic part. The performance and granularity of the new calorimeters were set to match the central calorimeter, which was of importance for the triggering system.
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by the data collection electronics. The amount of light was proportional to the energy of the original particle. Accurate calibration of the central calorimeter allowed the W and Z masses to be measured with a precision of about 1%.
241:. The theory postulated the existence of W and Z bosons, and the pressure on the research community to prove the existence of these particles experimentally was substantial. During the 70s it was established that the masses of the
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of the machine increased by a factor 10 compared to the previous performance. The UA2 sub-detectors were also upgraded, making the detector hermetic, which increased its ability to measure missing transverse energy.
519:(ASIC). Existing electronics were too bulky, and therefore a novel ASIC had to be developed. This was the first silicon tracker adapted to a collider experiment, a technology prior to the present silicon detectors.
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methods, the luminosity was increased substantially. These efforts were successful, and on 1 June 1983, the formal announcement of the discovery of the Z boson was made at CERN.
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and the UA2 experiments had many things in common; they were both operating on the same accelerator and both had the same objective (to discover the
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joined the collaboration, which grew to about 100 physicists. During this phase, UA2 accumulated data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
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449:– a detector measuring how much energy particles deposit – with spherical projective geometry, which also was well adapted to the detection of
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was approved. Two proposals for a second detector, with the same purpose as UA1, were made the same year. On 14 December 1978, the proposal of
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in three major running periods. After nearly ten years of operation, the UA2 experimental program stopped running at the end of 1990.
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Karl Jakobs (1994). "The
Physics Results of the UA2 Experiment at the CERN pp Collider". CERN Document Server: Max Planck Institute
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Froidevaux, D.; Jenni, P. (1989). "Physics at the
Improved CERN ppbar Collider". In Altarelli, G.; Di Lella, Luigi (eds.).
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From 1981 to 1985, the UA1 and UA2 experiments collected data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately
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were in the range of 60 to 80 GeV (W boson) and 75 to 92 GeV (Z boson) — energies too large to be accessible by any
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Detector for the UA2 experiment. The picture shows the detector after the 1985-1987 upgrade, when new end-cap
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Throughout the runs with the upgraded detector, the UA2 collaboration was in competition with experiments at
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834:. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 23. World Scientific. pp. 137–163.
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S. The top quark was ultimately discovered in 1995 by physicists at
Fermilab with a mass near 175 GeV.
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collider, able to reach energies large enough to produce W and Z bosons. The proposal was adopted at
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proposed to modify a proton accelerator — at that time a proton accelerator was already running at
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1466:"The experiment" - description of the UA1 and UA2 experiments from the CERN Courier, November 1983
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1995:
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1068:. Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics. Vol. 4. World Scientific Publishing.
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456:. Charged particle tracking was performed in the central detector utilising a combination of
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Press conference on 25 January 1983 when the announcement was made of the discovery of the
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Darriulat, Pierre (2004). "The W and Z particles: a personal recollection", CERN Courier
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thereby hermetically sealing the detector. The end-cap calorimeters consisted of lead/
161:. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990, and its main objective was to discover the
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The UA2 detector shown in open position at the CERN Proton-Antiproton
Collider in 1982
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Di Lella, Luigi; Rubbia, Carlo (2015. "The
Discovery of the W and Z Particles" in
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decays, although more frequent, have a larger background. By the end 1982, the Sp
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The UA2 and UA1 collaboration chose to search for the W boson by identifying its
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468:. Energy measurements were performed in the calorimeters. Unlike UA1, UA2 had no
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Krige, John (1996). "The ppbar
Project. I. The Collider". In Krige, John (ed.).
691:— was discovered. It was felt that the discovery of the top quark was imminent.
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1103:"Observation of very large transverse momentum jets at the CERN ppbar collider"
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Producing
Massive Neutral Intermediate Vector Bosons with Existing Accelerators
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687:. Physicists had anticipated its existence since 1977, when its partner — the
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The UA2 experiment was located some 50 meters underground, in the ring of the
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S. Abachi; et al. (1995). "Search for High Mass Top Quark
Production in
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Technology Meets
Research: 60 years of CERN Technology - Selected Highlights
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169:, succeeded in discovering these particles in 1983, leading to the 1984
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897:"Proposal to Study Antiproton-Proton Interactions at 540 GeV CM Energy"
437:). The main difference was the detector design; UA1 was a multipurpose
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S had reached high enough luminosity to permit the observation of
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fixed-target operation, after periods of operating as a collider.
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The second experimental phase ran from 1987 to 1990. Groups from
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Civil engineering for the underground experimental hall at LSS4
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collisions in 1981, and was involved in the searches of the
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was the spokesperson of UA2 from 1981 to 1986, followed by
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869:. International Neutrino Conference 1976. Aachen, Germany.
181:. The UA2 experiment also observed the first evidence for
1084:"A Novel Particle Detector for UA2: The Power of Silicon"
430:
310:
2132:
926:"The physics results of the UA2 experiment at the CERN p
265:
and one was under construction at CERN (SPS) — into a
1156:"Carrying the Weak Force: Thirty Years of the W boson"
700:
643:
614:
2022:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
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scintillators, generating light which was read with
972:on behalf of the UA2 Collaboration (17 July 1982).
863:Rubbia, C.; McIntyre, P.; Cline, D. (8 June 1976).
862:
1262:Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab"
974:"Status and First Results from the UA2 Experiment"
715:
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581:could describe the gross features of the strong
281:(SPS) was modified to occasionally operate as a
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884:. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 207–251.
1459:60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries
831:60 Years of CERN Experiments and Discoveries
738:List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments
694:During the 1987-1990 run UA2 collected 2065
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1139:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
996:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
674:
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1516:European Organization for Nuclear Research
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895:Banner, M; et al. (31 January 1978).
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935:International Journal of Modern Physics A
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572:Hadronic jets at high transverse momentum
483:were added to improve the search for the
1461:. CERN Document Server: World Scientific
1225:"Observation of Top Quark Production in
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1012:"Family reunion for the UA2 calorimeter"
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445:. The emphasis was on a highly granular
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1082:Gößling, Claus; Jarron, Pierre (2017).
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824:Di Lella, Luigi; Rubbia, Carlo (2015).
517:Application Specific Integrated Circuit
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1180:. CERN Courier, CERN Discoveries. 1983
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309:and collaborators, was approved. Like
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1991:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
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1101:UA2 Collaboration (2 December 1982).
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917:
879:
826:"The Discovery of the W and Z Bosons"
806:
659:{\displaystyle W\rightarrow \mu \nu }
567:, spokesperson of the UA2 experiment.
237:, and for which they shared the 1979
2134:Super Proton Synchrotron experiments
1200:"Thirty years of the Z boson | CERN"
1072:
249:in operation at that time. In 1976,
2054:The Globe of Science and Innovation
126:Particle physics experiment at CERN
18:Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron
13:
1154:O'Luanaigh, Cian (12 March 2015).
1066:Proton-Antiproton Collider Physics
716:{\displaystyle W\rightarrow e\nu }
630:{\displaystyle W\rightarrow e\nu }
14:
3267:
1440:
788:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"
563:, Research Director at CERN, and
551:, responsible for developing the
2087:
2086:
1584:Large Electron–Positron Collider
1447:Archive of the UA2 Collaboration
683:in the US in the search for the
458:multi-wire proportional chambers
30:
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592:Discovery of the W and Z bosons
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618:
1:
2074:Scientific committees of CERN
743:
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2039:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
1381: = 1.8 TeV".
1223:F. Abe; et al. (1995).
1127:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90629-3
559:, Director-General of CERN;
424:
7:
1968:Non-accelerator experiments
1751:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
1415:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2422
1298:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626
882:History of CERN. Volume III
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10:
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840:10.1142/9789814644150_0006
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343:. From 1985 to 1987 the Sp
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283:proton-antiproton collider
149:) — a modification of the
139:Proton-Antiproton Collider
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2069:Directors-general of CERN
2009:
1983:
1967:
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956:10.1142/S0217751X94001163
165:. UA2, together with the
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29:
2001:Future Circular Collider
1623:Super Proton Synchrotron
675:Search for the top quark
501:Upgrades of the detector
383:Components and operation
347:S was upgraded, and the
279:Super Proton Synchrotron
195:supersymmetric particles
151:Super Proton Synchrotron
1996:Compact Linear Collider
1632:List of SPS experiments
1593:List of LEP experiments
1534:List of LHC experiments
1384:Physical Review Letters
1267:Physical Review Letters
133:(UA2) experiment was a
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631:
579:quantum chromodynamics
568:
543:, spokesperson of the
539:. From right to left:
488:
392:
239:Nobel Prize in Physics
171:Nobel Prize in Physics
123:
111:Antiproton Accumulator
1525:Large Hadron Collider
1476:UA2 experiment record
1018:. CERN. 3 August 2015
924:Jakobs, Karl (1994).
718:
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478:
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121:
3251:Particle experiments
2044:Microcosm exhibition
1746:30 cm Bubble Chamber
698:
641:
612:
297:On 29 June 1978 the
1760:Linear accelerators
1407:1995PhRvL..74.2422A
1290:1995PhRvL..74.2626A
1119:1982PhLB..118..203B
1090:. World Scientific.
948:1994IJMPA...9.2903J
600:decay, because the
205:from 1986 to 1990.
135:high-energy physics
26:
2063:(2013 documentary)
1806:Other accelerators
1741:2 m Bubble Chamber
1707:Proton Synchrotron
1038:"The UA2 detector"
713:
656:
627:
569:
553:stochastic cooling
549:Simon van der Meer
489:
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227:electroweak theory
179:Simon van der Meer
137:experiment at the
131:Underground Area 2
124:
101:Proton Synchrotron
92:S pre-accelerators
83:Underground Area 5
73:Underground Area 4
63:Underground Area 2
53:Underground Area 1
16:
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2100:
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1852:LPI (LIL and EPA)
1391:(13): 2422–2426.
1274:(14): 2626–2631.
1178:"The experiments"
942:(17): 2903–2977.
849:978-981-4644-14-3
794:. 15 October 1979
277:in 1978, and the
235:weak interactions
225:came up with the
173:being awarded to
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2010:Related articles
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487:and new physics.
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199:Pierre Darriulat
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243:W and Z bosons
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2028:CERN Courier
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1890:CERN-MEDICIS
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1207:. Retrieved
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1182:. Retrieved
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1149:
1135:cite journal
1110:
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1042:. Retrieved
1040:. CERN. 2003
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980:. Retrieved
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907:. Retrieved
903:
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796:. Retrieved
791:
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770:. Retrieved
693:
689:bottom quark
678:
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541:Carlo Rubbia
513:
508:scintillator
504:
490:
481:calorimeters
428:
407:
404:Construction
394:
377:13.0 pb
354:
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251:Carlo Rubbia
213:Around 1968
212:
175:Carlo Rubbia
154:
142:
130:
128:
58:
1731:PS215/CLOUD
1480:INSPIRE-HEP
1306:2241/103691
982:5 September
970:Peter Jenni
586:interaction
555:technique;
447:calorimeter
259:David Cline
247:accelerator
223:Abdus Salam
3245:Categories
1736:Gargamelle
1667:NA61/SHINE
1209:2017-06-23
744:References
472:detector.
466:hodoscopes
361:Heidelberg
349:luminosity
319:Copenhagen
271:antiproton
209:Background
1431:119392677
1322:119451328
1204:home.cern
930:collider"
711:ν
705:→
685:top quark
654:ν
651:μ
648:→
625:ν
619:→
485:top quark
425:Detectors
357:Cambridge
338:0.9
191:top quark
2092:Category
2017:LHC@home
1930:Miniball
1925:LUCRECIA
1920:ISOLTRAP
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1423:10057924
1314:10057978
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1792:Linac 3
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1403:Bibcode
1374:√
1286:Bibcode
1184:22 June
1162:21 June
1115:Bibcode
1044:22 June
1022:28 July
944:Bibcode
909:24 July
798:28 July
772:21 June
667:found.
533:W boson
523:Results
369:Perugia
293:History
193:and of
157:) — at
1950:WISArD
1905:EC-SLI
1881:ISOLDE
1797:Linac4
1697:HOLEBC
1603:DELPHI
1564:MoEDAL
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1429:
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846:
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583:parton
443:decays
365:Milano
331:Saclay
267:proton
221:, and
187:hadron
39:Key Sp
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3225:WA102
3220:WA101
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2205:EMU12
2200:EMU11
2195:EMU10
1956:WITCH
1857:n-TOF
1839:PS210
1782:Linac
1777:CLEAR
1767:AWAKE
1637:AWAKE
1625:(SPS)
1598:ALEPH
1586:(LEP)
1574:FASER
1569:TOTEM
1544:ATLAS
1539:ALICE
1527:(LHC)
1427:S2CID
1393:arXiv
1318:S2CID
1276:arXiv
977:(PDF)
900:(PDF)
766:"UA2"
327:Pavia
323:Orsay
3206:WA99
3201:WA98
3196:WA97
3191:WA96
3186:WA95
3181:WA94
3176:WA93
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2619:NA65
2614:NA64
2609:NA63
2604:NA62
2599:NA61
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2559:NA53
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2507:NA45
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2406:NA28
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1554:LHCb
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1310:PMID
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1164:2017
1141:link
1046:2017
1024:2017
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800:2017
774:2017
637:and
537:CERN
470:muon
464:and
460:and
454:jets
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