144:
535:, violate a third idea central to this basic principle: that the right to choose representatives belongs not to the States, but to the people. ... Following the adoption of the 17th Amendment in 1913, this ideal was extended to elections for the Senate. The Congress of the United States, therefore, is not a confederation of nations in which separate sovereigns are represented by appointed delegates, but is instead a body composed of representatives of the people.
35:
632:
555:
It is ironic that the Court bases today's decision on the right of the people to "choose whom they please to govern them." Under our
Constitution, there is only one State whose people have the right to "choose whom they please" to represent Arkansas in Congress ... Nothing in the Constitution
556:
deprives the people of each State of the power to prescribe eligibility requirements for the candidates who seek to represent them in
Congress. The Constitution is simply silent on this question. And where the Constitution is silent, it raises no bar to action by the States or the people.
498:
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
560:
He also noted that the amendment did not actually prevent anyone from election since it only prevents prospective fourth-termers from being printed on the ballot, not from being written in, and therefore did not overstep the qualifications clause of the federal
Constitution.
539:
He further ruled that sustaining
Amendment 73 would result in "a patchwork of state qualifications" for U.S. representatives, and called that consequence inconsistent with "the uniformity and national character that the framers sought to ensure." Concurring, Justice
476:
No Person shall be a
Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen (Article I, section
1836:
485:
No Person shall be a
Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen (Article I, section
2998:
976:
1433:
4404:
3695:
2958:
522:
The
Supreme Court affirmed by a 5–4 vote. The majority and minority articulated different views of the character of the federal structure established in the Constitution. Writing for the majority, Justice
1513:
1481:
2934:
4396:
943:
366:
3131:
638:
797:
4388:
3535:
4128:
4048:
903:
3487:
2237:
4604:
588:
854:
4372:
3703:
1908:
1457:
850:
801:
4055:
907:
2868:
4250:
4380:
3847:
3815:
3495:
1122:
4495:
4412:
1652:
4609:
4003:
3503:
3099:
1206:
1932:
1214:
491:
370:
4340:
3924:
3871:
3575:
3256:
2966:
2167:
1965:
1281:
1029:
4614:
3219:
3059:
1385:
676:
619:
388:
239:
193:
3799:
3385:
2926:
2221:
2135:
1860:
1756:
1545:
583:
4332:
3711:
3422:
1820:
3431:
3281:
1441:
56:
49:
4420:
4091:
3735:
3671:
2974:
374:
4107:
3949:
3903:
3471:
2982:
1529:
1089:
449:
99:
4634:
3647:
3203:
2897:
2612:
2527:
1676:
71:
3879:
3583:
3369:
3289:
2814:
2673:
2535:
4364:
3775:
3297:
3139:
2806:
1804:
783:
2072:
78:
3933:
17:
3401:
3211:
3083:
3051:
2742:
2117:
1724:
468:. She alleged that the amendment amounted to an unwarranted expansion of the qualifications for membership in Congress enumerated in the
4599:
3719:
3123:
2846:
1668:
1521:
1489:
1158:
85:
4624:
3479:
3377:
2620:
2604:
2596:
578:
3791:
3511:
3265:
2657:
2503:
2495:
1417:
4644:
4629:
3807:
3187:
2798:
2423:
1708:
1553:
1473:
1166:
67:
4639:
3759:
3409:
2838:
1716:
1297:
438:
4564:
4324:
3895:
3863:
3663:
3655:
3447:
3227:
3195:
3075:
3030:
2950:
2543:
1740:
1636:
1265:
544:
wrote that the amendment interfered with the "relationship between the people of the Nation and their
National Government."
3329:
3243:
2942:
2876:
2665:
2519:
2511:
1884:
1596:
1425:
1377:
771:
4540:
3941:
3887:
3163:
2990:
2697:
2640:
1401:
3751:
3235:
3115:
3006:
1844:
1828:
1393:
1345:
821:
780:
391:
148:
3727:
3599:
3439:
2790:
2774:
2628:
1780:
1732:
1620:
1497:
118:
4572:
3767:
3679:
3455:
3305:
1369:
1353:
1329:
593:
403:
92:
4185:
3313:
3171:
2905:
2159:
1321:
1289:
996:
256:
States cannot impose qualifications for prospective members of
Congress stricter than those in the Constitution.
2362:
1940:
1772:
1305:
1174:
696:
4300:
2888:
2681:
2587:
2060:
1537:
1049:
207:
3487; 63 U.S.L.W. 4413; 95 Cal. Daily Op. Service 3790; 95 Daily Journal DAR 6496; 9 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 29
4474:
3147:
2151:
1788:
1337:
732:
494:, which transferred power to select U.S. senators from the state legislature, to the people of the state:
394:
decision in which the Court ruled that states cannot impose qualifications for prospective members of the
3974:
3743:
3067:
2551:
1692:
1465:
1097:
461:
4027:
3519:
1361:
1273:
1118:
469:
4516:
4508:
4019:
3361:
2766:
2713:
1916:
1868:
1764:
1700:
1150:
225:
714:
4308:
4201:
4153:
3911:
3543:
3337:
3107:
2689:
2649:
2567:
1041:
764:
422:
3615:
3393:
3321:
2734:
2705:
1248:
1182:
1134:
1004:
972:
531:
Finally, state-imposed restrictions, unlike the congressionally imposed restrictions at issue in
45:
503:
U.S. Term Limits claimed that Amendment 73 was "a permissible exercise of state power under the
4548:
3831:
3631:
3551:
2830:
2750:
2575:
2415:
2197:
1900:
1876:
511:
457:
434:
287:
4524:
3987:
3042:
2782:
2725:
2431:
2382:
2257:
2097:
2089:
2035:
1997:
1812:
1644:
1409:
1313:
680:
623:
426:
243:
185:
705:
4619:
4556:
4453:
3995:
3855:
3591:
3567:
3527:
2487:
2354:
2205:
1198:
988:
442:
8:
4273:
4217:
4193:
3463:
2471:
2455:
2439:
2290:
2189:
1796:
1660:
866:
757:
741:
687:
571:
315:
749:
4263:
4177:
4169:
4099:
3687:
3155:
2758:
2559:
2463:
2447:
2330:
2322:
2229:
2213:
1979:
1748:
1190:
1070:
1025:
626:
445:. (Such a candidate was not barred from being written in and winning by that method.)
4466:
4316:
4075:
4011:
3559:
3353:
3273:
3022:
2391:
2370:
2266:
2143:
2044:
1924:
1684:
1505:
1257:
829:
524:
279:
271:
4127:
4292:
4161:
4067:
3783:
3639:
3607:
3091:
2399:
2282:
2105:
2022:
1628:
1588:
1572:
1142:
1082:
919:
504:
453:
407:
188:
4532:
4246:
3823:
3623:
3179:
2407:
2338:
2314:
2274:
2127:
1852:
1604:
1580:
1449:
1235:
951:
882:
723:
548:
541:
465:
311:
299:
4428:
4356:
4209:
4145:
3839:
2822:
2306:
2298:
2245:
2052:
1892:
927:
323:
291:
172:
4593:
4348:
4083:
3696:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3345:
2959:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
2858:
2479:
2346:
2179:
2081:
813:
430:
395:
398:
stricter than those the Constitution specifies. The decision invalidated 23
4225:
3014:
2935:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1482:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
411:
303:
168:
1989:
944:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
399:
1514:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
2917:
1612:
234:
204:
3536:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
3132:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
200:
1837:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
175:, Attorney General of Arkansas, Petitioner v. Bobbie E. Hill, et al.
34:
3488:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
2238:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
4047:
849:
589:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
3973:
3704:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
229:
143:
2999:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
2869:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
1117:
3496:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
3848:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
3816:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
514:
agreed with Hill, declaring Amendment 73 unconstitutional.
1653:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
971:
779:
4605:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
3504:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
3100:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
639:
public domain material from this U.S government document
4541:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1933:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1282:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
1215:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
167:
U.S. Term Limits, Incorporated, et al., Petitioners v.
2967:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
2168:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
410:, a nonprofit advocacy group, and Arkansas politician
4452:
3220:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
3060:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
2136:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1386:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
1069:
1024:
3800:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3386:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
2927:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
2222:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
2021:
1861:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1546:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
796:
584:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
340:
Stevens, joined by Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer
3712:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
3576:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
1234:
437:candidate having already served three terms in the
3432:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3282:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1964:
1442:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
902:
456:on November 3, 1992, Bobbie Hill, a member of the
4092:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
3736:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
3672:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3472:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
2975:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
1977:
1757:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
654:, 316 Ark. 251, 263, 872 S.W.2d 349, 355 (1994),
4591:
4245:
4108:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
3950:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
3904:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
2983:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
2528:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
1530:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1434:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
1090:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
4610:United States Constitution Article One case law
4494:
4405:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
3872:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
3648:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
3204:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
1677:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
4421:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
3880:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
3584:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3370:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3290:International News Service v. Associated Press
2815:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
2807:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
2674:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2536:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
3934:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
3776:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3298:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
3140:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
1805:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
765:
356:Thomas, joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Scalia
4615:United States Seventeenth Amendment case law
2898:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
2743:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
2613:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
4365:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3402:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
3212:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
3084:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
3052:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
2847:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1725:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1490:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
656:aff'd sub nom. U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton
3720:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
1669:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
1522:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
772:
758:
3480:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3378:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
2658:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
2621:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
2605:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
2597:Straus v. American Publishers Association
2504:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
611:
609:
579:List of United States Supreme Court cases
517:
406:provisions. The parties to the case were
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3792:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
3512:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3266:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
3188:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2496:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
1709:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1418:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
1159:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
4397:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
3808:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
3124:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
2839:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
2799:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2424:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1554:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1474:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1298:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
1167:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
448:Soon after the amendment's adoption by
14:
4635:United States Tenth Amendment case law
4592:
3760:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
3656:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3410:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
3076:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
1717:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
606:
55:Please improve this article by adding
4565:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4493:
4451:
4325:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
4244:
4126:
4046:
3972:
3896:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
3864:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
3664:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3448:United States v. General Electric Co.
3228:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
3196:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
3031:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
2951:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
2020:
1963:
1741:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
1637:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1266:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
1233:
1116:
1068:
1023:
970:
901:
851:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
848:
795:
753:
131:1995 United States Supreme Court case
4389:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3330:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
3244:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
2943:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
2877:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
2666:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2520:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
2512:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
1885:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
1597:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1426:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1378:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
68:"U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton"
28:
3942:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
3888:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
3164:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
2991:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
2698:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
2641:International Copyright Act of 1891
1402:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
24:
3752:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
3116:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
3007:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
1845:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
1829:National League of Cities v. Usery
1394:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1346:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
936:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
875:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
822:Department of Commerce v. New York
673:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
616:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
490:Also critical to the issue is the
384:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
149:Supreme Court of the United States
137:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
25:
4656:
4600:United States Supreme Court cases
3768:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
3728:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
3600:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3440:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
2791:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
2775:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
2629:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
1733:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1621:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1498:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
683:779 (1995) is available from:
665:
4625:United States elections case law
4573:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
3680:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3456:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3306:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1370:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1354:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1330:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1290:Swift & Co. v. United States
630:
594:Term limits in the United States
142:
33:
4186:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3314:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
3172:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
2544:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
1773:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1322:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
4645:Qualifications Clause case law
4630:1995 in United States case law
2363:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1306:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
1175:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
645:
367:U.S. Const. art. I, § 4, cl. 1
222:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Hill
13:
1:
4640:Federal elections in Arkansas
4373:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4301:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
2889:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2682:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2588:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
2160:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
2061:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
1538:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1458:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
1050:United States v. Munoz-Flores
599:
510:Both the trial court and the
417:
57:secondary or tertiary sources
4475:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3148:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
2152:Schillinger v. United States
1789:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1338:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
387:, 514 U.S. 779 (1995), is a
18:U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton
7:
3975:Necessary and Proper Clause
3744:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
3068:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
2552:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
1693:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1466:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
1098:Clinton v. City of New York
564:
10:
4661:
4381:City of El Paso v. Simmons
4028:United States v. Kebodeaux
3520:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
1781:Henderson v. United States
1362:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1274:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1119:Taxing and Spending Clause
742:Oyez (oral argument audio)
637:This article incorporates
4517:Virginia v. West Virginia
4503:
4489:
4461:
4447:
4284:
4261:
4257:
4240:
4140:
4129:No Bills of Attainder or
4122:
4062:
4042:
4020:United States v. Comstock
3982:
3968:
3922:
3420:
3362:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3254:
3041:
2916:
2887:
2857:
2767:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
2724:
2714:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
2639:
2586:
2381:
2256:
2178:
2116:
2071:
2034:
2030:
2016:
1973:
1959:
1917:United States v. Morrison
1869:New York v. United States
1765:North American Co. v. SEC
1701:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1564:
1247:
1243:
1229:
1151:Springer v. United States
1129:
1112:
1078:
1064:
1036:
1019:
983:
966:
914:
897:
861:
844:
808:
791:
551:, in dissent, countered:
365:
360:
352:
344:
336:
331:
265:
260:
255:
250:
217:
212:
180:
162:
155:
141:
136:
4309:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4202:Barr v. City of Columbia
4154:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3912:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3544:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3338:KVOS v. Associated Press
3108:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
2906:Dowling v. United States
2690:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2650:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2568:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
1042:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
997:United States v. Johnson
652:U.S. Term Limits v. Hill
423:Constitutional amendment
156:Argued November 29, 1994
4413:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
3616:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3394:Goldstein v. California
3322:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
2735:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2706:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
1941:Taylor v. United States
1249:Dormant Commerce Clause
1183:United States v. Butler
1135:Hylton v. United States
1005:Gravel v. United States
973:Speech or Debate Clause
371:U.S. Const. amend. XVII
4549:New Jersey v. New York
4004:Sabri v. United States
3832:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
3632:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3552:United States v. Adams
2831:De Sylva v. Ballentine
2751:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2576:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2416:Schreiber v. Sharpless
2198:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
1909:Jones v. United States
1901:United States v. Locke
1877:United States v. Lopez
1207:Sabri v. United States
658:, 514 U.S. 779 (1995).
558:
537:
518:Supreme Court decision
512:Arkansas Supreme Court
501:
488:
479:
458:League of Women Voters
44:relies excessively on
4525:Virginia v. Tennessee
3988:McCulloch v. Maryland
3043:Copyright Act of 1976
2783:Douglas v. Cunningham
2726:Copyright Act of 1909
2432:Thornton v. Schreiber
2383:Copyright Act of 1870
2258:Copyright Act of 1831
2036:Copyright Act of 1790
1998:Juilliard v. Greenman
1813:Katzenbach v. McClung
1645:Hoke v. United States
1410:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1314:Edwards v. California
553:
529:
496:
483:
474:
427:Arkansas Constitution
199:115 S. Ct. 1842; 131
4557:Virginia v. Maryland
4454:Import-Export Clause
4341:Stone v. Mississippi
3996:Lambert v. Yellowley
3856:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
3592:Gottschalk v. Benson
3568:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3528:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2488:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2355:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1199:South Dakota v. Dole
989:Kilbourn v. Thompson
441:or two terms in the
375:U.S. Const. amend. X
158:Decided May 22, 1995
4274:Hepburn v. Griswold
4218:Kansas v. Hendricks
4194:De Veau v. Braisted
3464:Altvater v. Freeman
2472:Belford v. Scribner
2456:Thompson v. Hubbard
2440:Banks v. Manchester
2291:Stevens v. Gladding
2190:Pennock v. Dialogue
2118:Patent infringement
1797:Boynton v. Virginia
1661:Hammer v. Dagenhart
867:Powell v. McCormack
733:Library of Congress
572:Powell v. McCormack
316:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
288:Sandra Day O'Connor
4509:Florida v. Georgia
4264:Legal Tender Cases
4178:Samuels v. McCurdy
4170:Hawker v. New York
4100:Boumediene v. Bush
3688:Dickinson v. Zurko
3156:Eldred v. Ashcroft
2759:Manners v. Morosco
2560:Scribner v. Straus
2464:Higgins v. Keuffel
2448:Callaghan v. Myers
2331:Higgins v. Keuffel
2323:Callaghan v. Myers
2230:Egbert v. Lippmann
2214:Cochrane v. Deener
2073:Patent Act of 1793
1980:Legal Tender Cases
1749:Wickard v. Filburn
1191:Helvering v. Davis
1071:Presentment Clause
1026:Origination Clause
798:Enumeration Clause
781:U.S. Supreme Court
392:U.S. Supreme Court
276:Associate Justices
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4485:
4484:
4467:Brown v. Maryland
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4333:Bronson v. Kinzie
4317:Ogden v. Saunders
4236:
4235:
4118:
4117:
4076:Ex parte Merryman
4052:Suspension Clause
4038:
4037:
4012:Gonzales v. Raich
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3560:Brenner v. Manson
3354:Buck v. Gallagher
3274:Ferris v. Frohman
3023:Iancu v. Brunetti
2392:Perris v. Hexamer
2371:Mifflin v. Dutton
2267:Wheaton v. Peters
2206:O'Reilly v. Morse
2144:Rowell v. Lindsay
2045:Wheaton v. Peters
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1925:Gonzales v. Raich
1821:Maryland v. Wirtz
1685:Gold Clause Cases
1506:Granholm v. Heald
1258:Brown v. Maryland
1225:
1224:
1108:
1107:
1060:
1059:
1015:
1014:
962:
961:
893:
892:
840:
839:
830:Trump v. New York
525:John Paul Stevens
470:U.S. Constitution
380:
379:
369:, as modified by
272:William Rehnquist
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
4652:
4491:
4490:
4449:
4448:
4293:Fletcher v. Peck
4259:
4258:
4242:
4241:
4162:Ex parte Garland
4124:
4123:
4068:Ex parte Bollman
4044:
4043:
3970:
3969:
3784:Bilski v. Kappos
3640:Diamond v. Diehr
3608:Dann v. Johnston
3092:Stewart v. Abend
2400:Trade-Mark Cases
2283:Stephens v. Cady
2106:Evans v. Hettich
2032:
2031:
2023:Copyright Clause
2018:
2017:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1629:Champion v. Ames
1589:Paul v. Virginia
1573:Gibbons v. Ogden
1245:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1143:Collector v. Day
1114:
1113:
1083:Pocket Veto Case
1066:
1065:
1021:
1020:
968:
967:
920:Ex parte Siebold
904:Elections Clause
899:
898:
846:
845:
793:
792:
774:
767:
760:
751:
750:
746:
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
713:
710:
704:
701:
695:
692:
686:
659:
649:
643:
634:
633:
613:
505:Elections Clause
454:general election
414:, among others.
408:U.S. Term Limits
402:' Congressional
261:Court membership
246:1218 (1994).
146:
145:
134:
133:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4533:Wharton v. Wise
4499:
4481:
4457:
4435:
4280:
4253:
4247:Contract Clause
4232:
4136:
4114:
4058:
4034:
3978:
3977:of Section VIII
3956:
3925:trademark cases
3918:
3824:Kappos v. Hyatt
3624:Parker v. Flook
3416:
3257:copyright cases
3250:
3236:Allen v. Cooper
3180:Golan v. Holder
3037:
2912:
2883:
2853:
2720:
2635:
2582:
2408:Merrell v. Tice
2377:
2339:Holmes v. Hurst
2315:Baker v. Selden
2275:Backus v. Gould
2252:
2174:
2128:Evans v. Jordan
2112:
2067:
2026:
2025:of Section VIII
2004:
1969:
1968:of Section VIII
1947:
1853:EEOC v. Wyoming
1605:Kidd v. Pearson
1581:Passenger Cases
1560:
1450:Maine v. Taylor
1239:
1238:of Section VIII
1236:Commerce Clause
1221:
1125:
1104:
1074:
1056:
1032:
1011:
979:
958:
952:Moore v. Harper
910:
889:
883:Cook v. Gralike
857:
836:
804:
787:
778:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
720:
717:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
668:
663:
662:
650:
646:
631:
614:
607:
602:
567:
549:Clarence Thomas
542:Anthony Kennedy
520:
433:to any federal
420:
373:
314:
312:Clarence Thomas
302:
300:Anthony Kennedy
290:
280:John P. Stevens
208:
157:
151:
132:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
54:
50:primary sources
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4496:Compact Clause
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4471:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:Sveen v. Melin
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4357:Block v. Hirsh
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4210:Teague v. Lane
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4146:Calder v. Bull
4141:
4138:
4137:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3840:Gunn v. Minton
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2823:Mazer v. Stein
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2307:Paige v. Banks
2303:
2299:Little v. Hall
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:Voss v. Fisher
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2098:Evans v. Eaton
2094:
2090:Evans v. Eaton
2086:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2053:Paige v. Banks
2049:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1966:Coinage Clause
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1893:Reno v. Condon
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:of Section VII
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1001:
993:
984:
981:
980:
964:
963:
960:
959:
957:
956:
948:
940:
932:
928:Smiley v. Holm
924:
915:
912:
911:
895:
894:
891:
890:
888:
887:
879:
871:
862:
859:
858:
842:
841:
838:
837:
835:
834:
826:
818:
809:
806:
805:
789:
788:
777:
776:
769:
762:
754:
748:
747:
715:Google Scholar
667:
666:External links
664:
661:
660:
644:
604:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
566:
563:
519:
516:
492:17th Amendment
450:ballot measure
419:
416:
378:
377:
363:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
329:
328:
327:
326:
324:Stephen Breyer
292:Antonin Scalia
277:
274:
269:
263:
262:
258:
257:
253:
252:
248:
247:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
198:
182:
178:
177:
173:Winston Bryant
164:
163:Full case name
160:
159:
153:
152:
147:
139:
138:
130:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4657:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:Smyth v. Ames
4346:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:of Section IX
4134:
4132:
4131:Ex post facto
4125:
4121:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:Ex parte Endo
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:Habeas corpus
4045:
4041:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:Gibbs v. Buck
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:Patent misuse
2856:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:Brady v. Daly
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:Brady v. Daly
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:Patentability
2177:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:Tyler v. Tuel
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
909:
905:
900:
896:
885:
884:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
832:
831:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
814:Utah v. Evans
811:
810:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
785:
782:
775:
770:
768:
763:
761:
756:
755:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
697:CourtListener
689:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
657:
653:
648:
642:
640:
629: (1995).
628:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
605:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
562:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
536:
534:
528:
526:
515:
513:
508:
506:
500:
499:legislatures.
495:
493:
487:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:Congressional
432:
431:ballot access
428:
424:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:U.S. Congress
393:
390:
386:
385:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:Case opinions
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:Chief Justice
267:
266:
264:
259:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
211:
206:
202:
196:
195:
190:
187:
183:
179:
176:
174:
170:
165:
161:
154:
150:
140:
135:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
52:
51:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4498:of Section X
4473:
4465:
4456:of Section X
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4272:
4262:
4226:Smith v. Doe
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4130:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4049:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3423:patent cases
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3029:
3021:
3015:Matal v. Tam
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2904:
2896:
2875:
2867:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2059:
2051:
2043:
1996:
1988:
1978:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1123:Section VIII
1096:
1088:
1048:
1040:
1003:
995:
987:
950:
942:
935:
934:
926:
918:
881:
874:
873:
865:
828:
820:
812:
672:
655:
651:
647:
636:
615:
570:
559:
554:
546:
538:
532:
530:
521:
509:
502:
497:
489:
484:
480:
475:
447:
421:
412:Ray Thornton
383:
382:
381:
361:Laws applied
319:
307:
304:David Souter
295:
283:
233:
232:349 (1994);
221:
213:Case history
192:
169:Ray Thornton
166:
115:
109:October 2019
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
43:
26:
4620:Term limits
4133:Laws Clause
1990:Knox v. Lee
1030:Section VII
527:concluded:
466:invalidated
464:to have it
462:state court
443:U.S. Senate
345:Concurrence
4594:Categories
4056:Section IX
2918:Lanham Act
1613:In re Debs
977:Section VI
908:Section IV
802:Section II
600:References
460:, sued in
439:U.S. House
425:73 to the
418:Background
404:term limit
205:U.S. LEXIS
203:881; 1995
171:, et al.;
79:newspapers
46:references
4251:Section X
784:Article I
238:granted,
228:251, 872
201:L. Ed. 2d
181:Citations
2861:case law
2182:case law
2120:case law
786:case law
671:Text of
565:See also
547:Justice
389:landmark
337:Majority
706:Findlaw
688:Cornell
452:at the
429:denied
353:Dissent
348:Kennedy
251:Holding
93:scholar
4576:(2018)
4568:(2009)
4560:(2003)
4552:(1998)
4544:(1985)
4536:(1894)
4528:(1893)
4520:(1871)
4512:(1855)
4478:(1951)
4470:(1827)
4432:(2018)
4424:(1987)
4416:(1983)
4408:(1983)
4400:(1978)
4392:(1977)
4384:(1965)
4376:(1935)
4368:(1934)
4360:(1921)
4352:(1898)
4344:(1880)
4336:(1843)
4328:(1837)
4320:(1827)
4312:(1819)
4304:(1819)
4296:(1810)
4285:Others
4277:(1870)
4229:(2003)
4221:(1997)
4213:(1989)
4205:(1964)
4197:(1960)
4189:(1951)
4181:(1925)
4173:(1898)
4165:(1866)
4157:(1819)
4149:(1798)
4111:(2020)
4103:(2008)
4095:(2001)
4087:(1944)
4079:(1861)
4071:(1807)
4031:(2013)
4023:(2010)
4015:(2005)
4007:(2004)
3999:(1926)
3991:(1819)
3953:(2020)
3945:(1938)
3937:(1915)
3923:Other
3915:(2019)
3907:(2017)
3899:(2016)
3891:(2015)
3883:(2015)
3875:(2014)
3867:(2014)
3859:(2013)
3851:(2013)
3843:(2013)
3835:(2013)
3827:(2012)
3819:(2012)
3811:(2011)
3803:(2011)
3795:(2011)
3787:(2010)
3779:(2008)
3771:(2007)
3763:(2007)
3755:(2007)
3747:(2006)
3739:(2006)
3731:(2006)
3723:(2005)
3715:(2002)
3707:(2001)
3699:(1999)
3691:(1999)
3683:(1998)
3675:(1997)
3667:(1996)
3659:(1990)
3651:(1989)
3643:(1981)
3635:(1980)
3627:(1978)
3619:(1976)
3611:(1976)
3603:(1973)
3595:(1972)
3587:(1971)
3579:(1969)
3571:(1969)
3563:(1966)
3555:(1966)
3547:(1966)
3539:(1965)
3531:(1964)
3523:(1964)
3515:(1964)
3507:(1961)
3499:(1950)
3491:(1950)
3483:(1948)
3475:(1945)
3467:(1943)
3459:(1942)
3451:(1926)
3443:(1916)
3435:(1908)
3421:Other
3413:(1975)
3405:(1974)
3397:(1973)
3389:(1968)
3381:(1962)
3373:(1960)
3365:(1949)
3357:(1939)
3349:(1939)
3341:(1936)
3333:(1934)
3325:(1932)
3317:(1931)
3309:(1923)
3301:(1919)
3293:(1918)
3285:(1914)
3277:(1912)
3269:(1911)
3255:Other
3247:(2020)
3239:(2020)
3231:(2019)
3223:(2019)
3215:(2017)
3207:(2014)
3199:(2014)
3191:(2013)
3183:(2012)
3175:(2010)
3167:(2005)
3159:(2003)
3151:(2001)
3143:(1998)
3135:(1998)
3127:(1996)
3119:(1994)
3111:(1994)
3103:(1991)
3095:(1990)
3087:(1989)
3079:(1985)
3071:(1985)
3063:(1984)
3055:(1977)
3034:(2020)
3026:(2019)
3018:(2017)
3010:(2014)
3002:(2014)
2994:(2003)
2986:(2003)
2978:(2001)
2970:(2001)
2962:(1999)
2954:(1995)
2946:(1992)
2938:(1987)
2930:(1982)
2909:(1985)
2901:(1941)
2880:(1942)
2872:(1917)
2850:(1973)
2842:(1964)
2834:(1956)
2826:(1954)
2818:(1952)
2810:(1943)
2802:(1940)
2794:(1939)
2786:(1935)
2778:(1931)
2770:(1923)
2762:(1920)
2754:(1917)
2746:(1914)
2738:(1911)
2717:(1911)
2709:(1911)
2701:(1909)
2693:(1909)
2685:(1908)
2677:(1908)
2669:(1907)
2661:(1903)
2653:(1896)
2632:(1979)
2624:(1948)
2616:(1941)
2608:(1939)
2600:(1913)
2579:(1912)
2571:(1909)
2563:(1908)
2555:(1908)
2547:(1908)
2539:(1908)
2531:(1907)
2523:(1907)
2515:(1907)
2507:(1903)
2499:(1903)
2491:(1899)
2483:(1899)
2475:(1892)
2467:(1891)
2459:(1889)
2451:(1888)
2443:(1888)
2435:(1888)
2427:(1884)
2419:(1884)
2411:(1881)
2403:(1879)
2395:(1879)
2374:(1903)
2366:(1903)
2358:(1899)
2350:(1899)
2342:(1899)
2334:(1891)
2326:(1888)
2318:(1879)
2310:(1872)
2302:(1856)
2294:(1854)
2286:(1853)
2278:(1849)
2270:(1834)
2249:(1885)
2241:(1885)
2233:(1881)
2225:(1878)
2217:(1876)
2209:(1853)
2201:(1851)
2193:(1829)
2171:(1938)
2163:(1913)
2155:(1894)
2147:(1885)
2139:(1885)
2131:(1815)
2109:(1822)
2101:(1822)
2093:(1818)
2085:(1810)
2064:(1908)
2056:(1872)
2048:(1834)
2001:(1884)
1993:(1871)
1944:(2016)
1936:(2012)
1928:(2005)
1920:(2000)
1912:(2000)
1904:(2000)
1896:(2000)
1888:(1996)
1880:(1995)
1872:(1992)
1864:(1985)
1856:(1983)
1848:(1981)
1840:(1981)
1832:(1976)
1824:(1968)
1816:(1964)
1808:(1964)
1800:(1960)
1792:(1951)
1784:(1950)
1776:(1949)
1768:(1946)
1760:(1944)
1752:(1942)
1744:(1942)
1736:(1941)
1728:(1940)
1720:(1938)
1712:(1937)
1704:(1936)
1696:(1935)
1688:(1935)
1680:(1935)
1672:(1923)
1664:(1918)
1656:(1914)
1648:(1913)
1640:(1911)
1632:(1903)
1624:(1895)
1616:(1895)
1608:(1888)
1600:(1885)
1592:(1869)
1584:(1849)
1576:(1824)
1565:Others
1557:(2023)
1549:(2019)
1541:(2018)
1533:(2015)
1525:(2008)
1517:(2007)
1509:(2005)
1501:(1994)
1493:(1994)
1485:(1994)
1477:(1992)
1469:(1992)
1461:(1989)
1453:(1986)
1445:(1984)
1437:(1983)
1429:(1982)
1421:(1981)
1413:(1980)
1405:(1978)
1397:(1978)
1389:(1977)
1381:(1977)
1373:(1976)
1365:(1970)
1357:(1967)
1349:(1959)
1341:(1954)
1333:(1951)
1325:(1945)
1317:(1941)
1309:(1935)
1301:(1925)
1293:(1905)
1285:(1886)
1277:(1852)
1269:(1829)
1261:(1827)
1218:(2012)
1210:(2004)
1202:(1987)
1194:(1937)
1186:(1936)
1178:(1922)
1170:(1916)
1162:(1895)
1154:(1881)
1146:(1871)
1138:(1796)
1101:(1998)
1093:(1983)
1085:(1929)
1053:(1990)
1045:(1911)
1008:(1972)
1000:(1966)
992:(1881)
955:(2023)
947:(2015)
939:(1995)
931:(1932)
923:(1879)
886:(2001)
878:(1995)
870:(1969)
833:(2020)
825:(2019)
817:(2002)
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
724:Justia
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
691:
685:
635:
618:,
575:(1969)
533:Powell
400:states
322:
320:·
318:
310:
308:·
306:
298:
296:·
294:
286:
284:·
282:
230:S.W.2d
224:, 316
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
679:
622:
481:and:
242:
235:cert.
218:Prior
100:JSTOR
86:books
853:and
681:U.S.
624:U.S.
244:U.S.
226:Ark.
194:more
186:U.S.
184:514
72:news
4249:of
4054:of
1121:of
1028:of
975:of
906:of
855:III
800:of
677:514
627:779
620:514
507:".
486:3).
477:2),
240:512
189:779
48:to
4596::
675:,
608:^
472::
59:.
773:e
766:t
759:v
641:.
197:)
191:(
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
53:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
