United States House of Representatives

4871:, United States House of Representatives. Accessed February 19, 2017. "While some believed the Articles should be 'corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution,' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation.... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and South Carolina. A number of smaller states, however, proposed the 'New Jersey Plan,' drafted by William Paterson, which retained the essential features of the original Articles: a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation, the appointment of a plural executive, and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction.... The committee's report, dubbed the Great Compromise, ironed out many contentious points. It resolved the delegates' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate. After two more months of intense debates and revisions, the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution, which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states." 2089: 4010:

Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual members, giving priority on the basis of seniority. Historically, membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party's strength in the House, with two exceptions: on the Rules Committee, the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats; and on the Ethics Committee, each party has an equal number of seats. However, when party control in the House is closely divided, extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party. In the 109th Congress, for example, the Republicans controlled about 53% of the House, but had 54% of the Appropriations Committee members, 55% of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee, and 58% of the members on the Judiciary Committee.

2081: 3878: 2358: 71: 83: 3754:, Speaker pro tempore, or (when in the Committee of the Whole) the chair presides. The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials. Members' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle. By tradition, Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle, while Republicans sit on the right, facing the presiding officer's chair. Sittings are normally held on weekdays; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare. Sittings of the House are generally open to the public; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office. Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on 2982: 4348: 484: 3448:

personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $ 1.4 million per member, and ranged from $ 1.35 to $ 1.67 million.

558: 296: 625: 7862: 3234: 2224: 4996:, passed January 24, 2007. On April 19, 2007, the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007, a bill "to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives, and for other purposes" by a vote of 241–177. That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two, making 437 members, by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member, and (until the 2010 census) grant one membership to 630: 2715: 1774: 4231:" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. The House may approve "articles of impeachment" by a simple majority vote; however, a two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate. A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. 1786: 4269:. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that "the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote". It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes. In the history of the United States, the House has only had to choose a president twice. In 1800, which was before the adoption of the 2271:(1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of the seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the 4144: 7821: 4040:. This latter committee, created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th, has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress. The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees, which include members of the Senate and House. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the 2974: 3001:. After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following January 3). As there is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, 3840:

the voice vote. A member may, however, challenge the presiding officer's assessment and "request the yeas and nays" or "request a recorded vote". The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the members present. Traditionally, however, members of Congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. Some votes are always recorded, such as those on the annual budget.

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prohibits amendment. Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour, equally divided between the majority and minority parties. Each side is led during the debate by a "floor manager", who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak. On contentious matters, many members may wish to speak; thus, a member may receive as little as one minute, or even thirty seconds, to make their point.

4017:, which, as its name suggests, consists of all members of the House. The Committee meets in the House chamber; it may consider and amend bills, but may not grant them final passage. Generally, the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself. One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of 2950:. The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate. Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications. 3219:. The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate is referred to as the "upper" house, and the House of Representatives as the "lower" house. 3818:

the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, members do not refer to each other only by name, but also by state, using forms such as "the gentleman from Virginia", "the distinguished gentlewoman from California", or "my distinguished friend from Alabama".

3341:, except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in a 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service. They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements: 2275:, and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the speaker) grew considerably. According to historian 3143:(a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on the date that the original member's would have expired. 4109:

he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills, and the Senate's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack

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Power is nowhere concentrated; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs. It is divided up, as it were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of which a Standing Committee is the court-baron and its chairman lord-proprietor. These petty barons, some of them not a

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on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities. Several states have used multi-member districts in the past,

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states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911. In 1959,

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A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways. One is electronically. Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber. Votes are usually held in this way. A second mode of recorded vote is by teller. Members hand in colored cards to

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The speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, they delegate the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive;

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The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own speaker. Although not explicitly required by the Constitution, every speaker has been a member of the House. The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the speaker, which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the

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Voting traditionally lasts for, at most, fifteen minutes, but it may be extended if the leadership needs to "whip" more members into alignment. The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours, from 3:00 to 6:00 a.m., to receive four additional votes, three of which were

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When debate concludes, the motion is put to a vote. In many cases, the House votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "yea!" or "aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "nay!" or "no!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of

1913:, with each district having one representative, provided that each state is entitled to at least one representative. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. Although suffrage was initially limited, it gradually widened, particularly after the ratification of the 4024:

Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues, such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with

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During debates, a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer decides which members to recognize, and can therefore control the course of debate. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. Speaker" or "Madam Speaker". Only

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House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district. The MRA is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The

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promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D). Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees. However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program

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or Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas the other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states. The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of

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There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables, two on each side. These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the party leadership. Members address the House from microphones at any table or "the well", the

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prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years. Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary

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Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after 20 years of service, and at any age after 25 years of service. With an average age of 58, the US House of Representatives is older than comparable chambers in Russia and the other G7 nations.

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of the United States for the past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do. The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than

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argued American democracy was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich brought an ethics complaint

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normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure (which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective). For instance, the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted. An "open rule" permits all germane amendments, but a "closed rule" restricts or even

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Before being sworn into office each member-elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington, D.C. for organization caucuses. Members are allowed "a sum for travel based on the following formula: 64 times the rate per mile ...

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Per the Constitution, the House of Representatives determines the rules according to which it passes legislation. Any of the rules can be changed with each new Congress, but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution

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set a limit of three two-year terms for committee chairs. The chairman's powers are extensive; he controls the committee/subcommittee agenda, and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill. The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member. In some committees like

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explicitly demonstrates otherwise. House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on. The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate, or when a question is not before the House.

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benefits. The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision

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The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties.

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in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict.

3848:. The Clerk reads the list of members of the House, each of whom announces their vote when their name is called. This procedure is only used rarely (and usually for ceremonial occasions, such as for the election of a speaker) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names. 2961:, a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the 3430:

at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee. The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although the office does not dispense them). The office does not provide vision or dental care.

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which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that the system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat

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and director of non-legislative and financial services (created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House). The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services, which previously had been controlled directly by the

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prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters. Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in

2842:, but other than having a four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates; before 2011, they were also allowed to vote in committees and the 2246:. "Czar Reed", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of 4064:

From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority; members of Congress sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one, but their chairship was independent of party leadership. The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party

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multiplied by the mileage between Washington, DC, and the furthest point in a Member's district, plus 10%." As of January 2012 the rate ranges from $ 0.41 to $ 1.32 per mile ($ 0.25 to $ 0.82/km) based on distance ranges between D.C. and the member's district.

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regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to

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to the House. While their role has fluctuated over the years, today they have many of the same privileges as voting members, have a voice in committees, and can introduce bills on the floor, but cannot vote on the ultimate passage of bills. Presently,

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is used to open all sessions of the House. It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all presidents of the United States. For daily sessions of the House, the sergeant at arms carries the mace ahead of the speaker in procession to the

3532:. The minority leader heads their party in the House, and the majority leader is their party's second-highest-ranking official, behind the speaker. Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose. 3505:

one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless they have first been recognized by the presiding officer. Moreover, the presiding officer may rule on a "

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is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of

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and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. However, these powers were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's heavy-handed tactics.

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In the instance when the presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the president. For that situation the House minority leader can play the role of a

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Speakers serve as chairs of their party's steering committee, which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees. The speaker chooses the chairs of standing committees, appoints most of the members of the

3439:, but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care. (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care). 5071: 2795:, the number was temporarily increased to 437 (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after the reapportionment consequent to the 8176: 3350:

The FERS basic annuity, a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay (70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of

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to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.

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if a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes. Both House and Senate confirmation is now required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant, according to the provisions of the

3088:, unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified. 4621: 6793: 5490: 8583: 3765:

The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs, precedents, and traditions. In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules (including time limits on debates) by

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in the late 2000s and again in the late 2010s and early 2020s. Since the speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House, the position is often used for partisan advantage.

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candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As a result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and in the case of a

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a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only six members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats

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Members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities. There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the

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little powerful, but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule, may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself.

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being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker. The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican

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Section 2 reads: "Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of

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indicate their votes: green for "yea", red for "nay", and orange for "present" (i.e., to abstain). Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down. Finally, the House may conduct a

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The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a

9654: 171: 5314: 9752: 9236: 3680: 3669: 354: 8789: 8784: 8779: 3402:(ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a 4762: 3298:

Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district. For example,

8761: 8171: 11705: 9386: 8578: 2455: 5261: 6930:, Prepared by the Office of the Clerk, Office of History and Preservation, United States House of Representatives. Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress. Also online at 12425: 8794: 8149: 8050: 7810: 4484: 2383: 2279:, the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican 4293:. (If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the Senate elects the vice president from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes.) 4258:

in 2019 and in 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton and Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.

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Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress. However, the Constitution states, "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." Because of the

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and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President

8166: 4208:" is necessary for the president to make appointments and to ratify treaties. Thus, with its potential to frustrate presidential appointments, the Senate is more powerful than the House. 2410: 12917: 10061: 8600: 8055: 3668:

until the discontinuation of House pages in 2011. The clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a speaker. Another officer is the

3411:(SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement. 203: 2977:

Population per U.S. representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C., ranked by population. Since D.C. (ranked 49th) receives no voting seats in the House, its bar is absent.

8801: 8771: 3485:, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. 5094: 5061: 4494: 1953: 3451:

The Personnel allowance was $ 944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary is capped at $ 168,411 as of 2009.

2212:, which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the 8065: 3564: 3107: 3097: 2743: 2395: 691: 283: 11185: 9273: 8766: 4680: 4014: 2843: 2554: 954: 8675: 12790: 10245: 9809: 8811: 8463: 6095: 3782: 3716: 2450: 3395:(FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS). 2941:

Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a

2116:, and a more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment. 10040: 9794: 8989: 8118: 3259: 3255: 3033:

Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider

2566: 2251: 2247: 1957: 3802:. It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the speaker's right. When the House is in committee, the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms. 3570: 5208: 2307:, Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut. The Republicans held on to the House until 12507: 9804: 8595: 8470: 2469: 2016: 668: 657: 180: 12512: 8391: 8186: 4592:

The number of the majority party's voting representatives in the House in excess of the minimum number required to have an absolute majority of voting representatives.

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After the conference chair, there are differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks. After the Democratic caucus chair is the campaign committee chair (

3267: 2768: 2357: 14860: 12607: 11947: 11817: 11267: 9308: 6413: 3872: 2587: 2178:, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. 2011:. The rules of the House generally address a two-party system, with a majority party in government, and a minority party in opposition. The presiding officer is the 1945: 3391:

Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in the

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Rohde, David W.; Shepsle, Kenneth A. (1987). "Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives: Reflections on Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government".

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Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the

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House. Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party (which need not be the majority party; theoretically, a member of the

12973: 12540: 12430: 9376: 9103: 8458: 7482: 5173: 5146: 4479: 4302: 3751: 3607:, are powerful but not officially part of the House leadership hierarchy. Until the post of majority leader was created, the chair of Ways and Means was the 3482: 3251: 2646: 2441: 2368: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2239: 2040: 2012: 1973: 949: 928: 646: 452: 440: 154: 4051:

Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman (always a member of the majority party). From 1910 to the 1970s, committee chairs were powerful.

3652:"leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate minority leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. 14416: 14029: 12308: 10337: 9963: 9430: 9318: 9303: 9046: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8617: 6924: 2736: 2324: 2320: 6870:

The Almanac of American Politics 2006: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts

6536: 5922: 3210:) are a sole Senate privilege. The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the 14117: 13951: 12345: 9757: 8714: 8665: 8133: 8108: 5508: 4758: 4684: 4504: 4270: 4262: 4048:. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees. 3661: 2933:, only about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given partisan gerrymandering. 2400: 1961: 14248: 12885: 12743: 9782: 9349: 8645: 8161: 3794: 3552: 3540: 8430: 6191: 5620: 5291: 14904: 14676: 12447: 12234: 11466: 11228: 11224: 9403: 8926: 8386: 5385: 5257: 4130:

a bill passed by the House and Senate. If they do, the bill does not become law unless each House, by a two-thirds vote, votes to override the veto.

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was open for one hour, from 11:00 p.m. to midnight. An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes.

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resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war.

1993: 1989: 719: 5859: 5735: 5536: 4086:, the Senate cannot initiate bills imposing taxes. This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the 3383:

Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $ 3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state.

3028:, typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their 12939: 12912: 12229: 10082: 9278: 8440: 8418: 7960: 4831: 1965: 1648: 1644: 1425: 3321:). However, the abbreviation "Rep." for Representative is more common, as it avoids confusion as to whether they are a member of the House or the 14899: 14772: 14767: 14199: 13287: 13247: 11583: 8561: 8556: 7892: 7826: 3746:

Like the Senate, the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a

3600: 3596: 2729: 2339: 2159:

states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a

911: 4971: 3859:

Presiding officers may vote like other members. They may not, however, vote twice in the event of a tie; rather, a tie vote defeats the motion.

3719:

is the House's chief law enforcement officer and maintains order and security on House premises. Finally, routine police work is handled by the

2915:, but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in 14616: 14346: 13095: 12013: 11500: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11402: 11395: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11304: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11276: 9669: 9398: 8888: 8435: 8070: 3581: 3474: 1375: 14431: 13904: 13309: 12545: 11752: 9196: 8850: 8505: 6748: 4954: 4933: 4234:

In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached seventeen officials, of whom seven were convicted. (Another,

3498: 2864: 2492: 2217: 2209: 1985: 1902: 1894: 1300: 821: 683: 6221: 4786: 14401: 12927: 12524: 12340: 12281: 11864: 11822: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 9731: 8984: 8806: 8379: 6150: 2562: 2166:

During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including

2001: 1997: 1666: 1507: 1400: 5102: 14566: 14308: 14051: 13894: 13789: 13534: 13272: 12392: 12303: 12045: 12030: 11912: 10110: 9726: 9442: 9323: 9041: 8994: 8588: 7990: 6708: 5999: 5454: 5209:"The Youngest Representative in House History, William Charles Cole Claiborne | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" 3665: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3307: 3186:

or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office.

2428: 2423: 1981: 1810: 1522: 944: 14717: 6287: 5123: 13877: 13392: 13387: 13377: 12750: 12479: 11727: 9892: 9590: 9231: 8670: 5038: 4864: 4033: 3399: 3021:

in two states (Georgia and Louisiana), electing 20 representatives. Elected representatives serve a two-year term, with no term limit.

1747: 1742: 1605: 934: 6571: 6323: 2088: 14846: 14426: 14421: 14046: 13989: 13882: 13711: 13153: 11656: 9031: 8957: 8510: 8398: 8123: 3392: 3147: 3010: 2783: 2772: 2762: 2501: 2070: 1949: 1922: 1752: 1388: 1290: 741: 730: 14841: 14606: 14093: 13889: 13382: 12870: 12810: 12370: 12025: 11917: 11767: 10381: 10346: 10330: 10296: 10240: 9580: 9546: 9328: 8883: 8878: 8693: 8128: 6087: 6023: 2633: 1565: 1420: 44: 7908: 3672:, responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the House of Representatives. This includes everything from payroll to 3621:

When the presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House, the speaker can become the

14691: 14681: 14661: 14441: 14303: 13999: 13972: 13931: 13926: 13899: 13829: 13716: 13512: 13319: 12907: 12731: 12629: 12261: 11244: 11205: 11009: 10897: 9437: 9313: 9206: 9083: 8873: 6637: 5897: 3164: 1556: 569: 5952: 5408: 14747: 14621: 14546: 14411: 14100: 13809: 13492: 13397: 13227: 13175: 13136: 12703: 12698: 12552: 12489: 12442: 12385: 12040: 11896: 10833: 10714: 10031: 9935: 9838: 9241: 9166: 8540: 8086: 6604: 4091: 3832: 3604: 3514: 2930: 2260: 1803: 1618: 1587: 1543: 1517: 1457: 1437: 1335: 1320: 963: 839: 6947:

Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era: A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives

4246:

but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House.) Only three presidents of the United States have ever been impeached:

14727: 14699: 14626: 13916: 13804: 13674: 13578: 13487: 13411: 12956: 12922: 11937: 11927: 11922: 11780: 11775: 11639: 11604: 11025: 10993: 10977: 10913: 9711: 9696: 9623: 9364: 9256: 9226: 9016: 8103: 8091: 7770: 7745: 7722: 7694: 7675: 7647: 7457: 7434: 7132: 7104: 6893: 6702: 6281: 6072: 5993: 5344: 4918:

Balanced Budget: HR 2015, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation / Spending; Tax Cut: HR 2014, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation – Revenue

3868: 3853: 2965:

from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.

2583: 2175: 2097: 1578: 1462: 1309: 758: 6391: 6244: 5644:"Revisiting Descriptive Representation in Congress: Assessing the Effect of Race on the Constituent–Legislator Relationship" 5482: 3266:(COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however, the 14762: 14757: 14742: 14471: 14356: 14263: 14243: 14112: 14009: 13946: 13936: 13819: 13610: 13573: 13502: 13334: 13299: 12850: 12580: 12313: 12084: 12035: 12008: 11932: 11891: 10762: 10490: 10270: 10012: 9701: 7953: 2839: 1679: 679: 6730: 6417: 3140: 2073:

in 1787, which received the Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except

14611: 14521: 14233: 14192: 14068: 14056: 13994: 13751: 13242: 13141: 12738: 12397: 12293: 12177: 11240: 11194: 11121: 10865: 10323: 10275: 9902: 9706: 9618: 9570: 9393: 9288: 8964: 8374: 5616: 3338: 3334: 2519: 2112:

Congress: the lower house would be "of the people", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing

2057:

body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited

1595: 1472: 992: 783: 708: 14531: 14366: 14351: 14288: 14041: 13982: 13867: 13862: 13799: 13561: 13522: 13482: 13329: 13282: 13262: 12875: 12502: 12497: 12402: 12350: 11879: 11634: 11493: 11041: 10746: 10666: 9659: 8905: 6443: 3366:

for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $ 19,000 in 2019. Their employing agency

3054: 2994: 2908: 2855: 2811: 2514: 2197:

from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. All southern senators except

1898: 1737: 1717: 1492: 1487: 1442: 1130: 1012: 855: 847: 595: 470: 14461: 14631: 14596: 14501: 14371: 14083: 14063: 14014: 14004: 13872: 13794: 13771: 13731: 13595: 13585: 13462: 13437: 13344: 13324: 12802: 12592: 12318: 11700: 11256: 10945: 10909: 10778: 10730: 10650: 10586: 10506: 10474: 10442: 10054: 9908: 9664: 9151: 8660: 8610: 8113: 6506: 6345: 5824: 5797: 5237: 5013: 4697: 4643: 4266: 4191: 4094:

may originate such measures. Furthermore, congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates

3697: 3427: 3246:

Since December 2014, the annual salary of each representative is $ 174,000, the same as it is for each member of the

2835: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1625: 1600: 1561: 1452: 1395: 1360: 1075: 577: 462: 415: 8413: 6659: 6118: 5432: 4173: 2080: 14722: 14636: 14586: 14496: 14436: 14283: 14088: 14034: 14019: 13921: 13756: 13232: 13185: 13180: 13082: 13009: 12709: 12474: 12003: 11169: 11137: 11089: 10794: 10602: 10538: 10522: 10426: 10394: 10208: 10183: 9922: 9721: 9541: 9354: 8098: 6965:, massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, and major executive and judicial decisions; based on 5572: 4418: 4400: 3961: 3906: 3892: 3882: 3560: 3548: 3299: 3047: 2693: 2227: 1871: 1671: 1656: 1632: 1547: 1365: 1347: 1342: 335: 317: 260: 237: 214: 191: 165: 6038: 5169: 5143: 4265:, the House has the power to elect the president if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the 1933:

capped the size of the House at 435. However, the number was temporarily increased in 1959 until 1963 to 437 when

14823: 14561: 14486: 14122: 13911: 13852: 13761: 13652: 13627: 13124: 13114: 12679: 12597: 12535: 12519: 12365: 12360: 12124: 12104: 12094: 12089: 11232: 11005: 10961: 10893: 10634: 10554: 10410: 10203: 9940: 9929: 9882: 9595: 8475: 8010: 7946: 7161:

Hatzenbuehler, Ronald L. (1972). "Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812".

6542: 6353: 4127: 3345: 3131:, though these are not official members of the House and are separate individuals from their official delegates. 2878:

States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the

2688: 1879: 1684: 1535: 1477: 1432: 1260: 919: 7278:

Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791

6546: 2882:. Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. 2779:

conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population.

14909: 14836: 14818: 14782: 14709: 14526: 14318: 14185: 14105: 13779: 13726: 13642: 13632: 13600: 13529: 13517: 13472: 13359: 13257: 13119: 13039: 13029: 12815: 12672: 12375: 12333: 12276: 12050: 11961: 11459: 11057: 10682: 10570: 10167: 10148: 10131: 9845: 9833: 9716: 9644: 7918: 7639: 6273: 5914: 4169: 3407: 3211: 3127:

is guaranteed by treaty but has not yet been proposed. Additionally, some territories may choose to also elect

2671: 1867: 1502: 1497: 997: 977: 800: 766: 6790: 3509:" (a member's objection that a rule has been breached); the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House. 14641: 14576: 14446: 14381: 14361: 14341: 14293: 14228: 13857: 13721: 13637: 13568: 13539: 13477: 13367: 13339: 12983: 12355: 12248: 11486: 11073: 10989: 10973: 10929: 10618: 10213: 10068: 9997: 9511: 9211: 8969: 8895: 8650: 8605: 6314: 3688: 2962: 2942: 2698: 2303:, or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. However, after Republicans held control in the 2050: 1863: 1482: 1467: 1185: 590: 545: 6474: 14666: 14591: 14581: 14551: 14406: 14396: 14391: 14278: 14253: 14152: 14145: 14078: 13941: 13824: 13746: 13736: 13590: 13551: 13507: 13467: 13424: 13372: 13304: 13277: 13237: 13215: 13024: 12838: 12785: 12718: 12575: 12531: 12459: 12380: 12298: 12109: 11973: 11802: 11710: 11518: 11117: 10486: 10454: 10250: 10235: 10193: 10188: 10075: 10018: 9767: 9628: 9558: 9179: 8979: 8974: 8425: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7470:

Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865–1921

6934: 6181: 5283: 4306: 3720: 3436: 3271:

responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term.

3262:

earn more: $ 223,500 for the speaker and $ 193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders). A

3207: 2990: 2678: 2167: 924: 816: 62: 40: 14732: 8408: 7316:

Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39

5377: 4881: 4832:"Party In Power – Congress and Presidency – A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945–2008" 3228: 2947: 14556: 14541: 14516: 14481: 14466: 14386: 14073: 14024: 13839: 13741: 13664: 13546: 13442: 13267: 13252: 13190: 12825: 12780: 12587: 12469: 12323: 11105: 10957: 10849: 10829: 10710: 10698: 10662: 10153: 9978: 9862: 9575: 8900: 8622: 8485: 6319: 5870: 5746: 5547: 5451: 4540: 4045: 3660:

The House is also served by several officials who are not members. The House's chief such officer is the

3494: 2482: 2024: 1930: 1757: 1571: 1355: 1280: 1225: 1190: 4835: 3877: 3770:. A member may block a unanimous consent agreement, but objections are rare. The presiding officer, the 3493:

could be elected as speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the

14456: 14451: 14376: 14313: 14258: 14238: 13977: 13847: 13679: 13659: 13647: 13457: 13447: 13129: 13034: 12647: 12637: 12164: 12159: 12149: 12144: 11666: 11037: 10877: 10198: 9983: 8910: 8571: 7552: 5001: 3987: 3977: 3701: 2981: 2683: 2505: 2315:

was subsequently elected by the House as the first female speaker. The Republicans retook the House in

2171: 2128: 1265: 1170: 249: 226: 17: 7781:

Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party

5000:, which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 4967: 4907:

Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party

3809:

to do business. Under the rules and customs of the House, a quorum is always assumed present unless a

14511: 13556: 12862: 12667: 12662: 12224: 11678: 11133: 11101: 10981: 10774: 10694: 10646: 10582: 10502: 10470: 10458: 10438: 10422: 10260: 9973: 9877: 7845: 4239: 3367: 3363: 3064: 2893: 2869:

An Act For the relief of Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congressional redistricting

2046: 1969: 1926: 1230: 1220: 1215: 1195: 82: 70: 4119:, which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see 13669: 13049: 13019: 13014: 13004: 12770: 12726: 12567: 12328: 12114: 11978: 11792: 11732: 11153: 11085: 11021: 10766: 10598: 10550: 10534: 10494: 10406: 10116: 9553: 8403: 7044:

Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses

6346:"House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, Chapter 43: Quorums" 5155: 4993: 4583:

The Freedom caucus does not publish its member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.

4347: 4154: 3778:

to maintain order. Legislation to be considered by the House is placed in a box called the hopper.

3419: 3112: 2879: 2827: 2267:

The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President

2186: 1295: 1145: 1060: 585: 501: 466: 33: 6755: 5720: 4929: 4101:

Although it cannot originate revenue bills, the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them.

3785:. In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first speaker of the House, 3167:

of Pennsylvania was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, Democrat

13163: 12899: 12657: 11624: 11125: 10881: 10758: 10462: 10103: 10047: 9857: 9467: 9298: 9156: 9146: 8936: 8863: 8480: 7667: 7053: 6962: 6213: 5985: 5345:"Expulsion, Censure, Reprimand, and Fine: Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives" 4783: 4243: 4158: 3517:, appoints all members of conference committees, and determines which committees consider bills. 3160: 2998: 2951: 2912: 2807: 2477: 2020: 1180: 1175: 1050: 483: 6538:

House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House, Chapter 58. Voting

6158: 3774:

enforces the rules of the House, and may warn members who deviate from them. The speaker uses a

2147:, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the 14737: 14161: 13615: 12965: 12775: 12755: 12557: 12412: 12207: 12154: 12139: 11983: 11671: 11069: 10861: 10845: 10670: 10354: 10089: 10007: 9850: 7969: 7112: 6876:, Published every two years since 1975; enormous detail on every state and district and member. 6309: 4018: 3930: 3916: 3902: 3216: 3176: 3123:, has been formally proposed but has not yet been seated. An eighth delegate, representing the 3057:, which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts. Following the 3042: 3038: 2155: 1964:. A non-voting Resident Commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the Commonwealth of 1839: 1661: 1270: 1235: 1140: 1115: 616: 608: 419: 108: 6692: 5975: 4728: 2319:, with the largest shift of power since the 1930s. However, the Democrats retook the house in 14491: 13814: 13497: 12612: 12169: 12134: 12129: 12072: 12055: 11785: 11248: 11209: 11149: 11013: 10925: 10901: 10885: 10742: 10614: 9955: 9171: 9098: 9011: 9006: 8515: 6956:

Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress

6811: 6267: 5118: 5030: 3664:, who maintains public records, prepares documents, and oversees junior officials, including 3128: 3014: 2665: 2296: 2289: 2268: 2008: 1918: 1851: 1255: 1205: 1160: 1150: 1135: 1125: 1110: 1090: 1065: 1055: 1045: 902: 493: 409: 7425:

Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era

7084:

Networks of Champions: Leadership, Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives

557: 14601: 14166: 13294: 13168: 13059: 12437: 11869: 11849: 11797: 11747: 11688: 11619: 11141: 10941: 10837: 10806: 10726: 10718: 10542: 10370: 10159: 9915: 9772: 9563: 9473: 9410: 9344: 9293: 8868: 8532: 7985: 7841: 7246:

The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in U.S. House Elections, 1946–1988

6561: 5577: 4861: 4116: 3786: 3724: 3403: 3318: 3263: 3247: 3195: 3029: 2803: 2776: 2719: 2256: 2243: 2231: 2084:

Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time

2028: 1910: 1893:

also occur when a seat is vacated early enough. The House's composition was established by

1843: 1778: 1275: 1250: 1155: 1095: 1070: 1040: 1030: 700: 5904:, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3, 2010. 5504: 2242:. The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican 1870:

for signature or veto. The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills,

8: 14651: 13706: 13622: 13432: 13148: 12833: 12464: 11661: 11217: 11201: 11165: 11029: 10997: 10965: 10917: 10790: 10518: 10414: 10390: 10265: 9872: 9823: 9585: 9536: 9221: 9088: 7581: 7394: 6566: 5701: 5195: 4290: 4041: 3539:, who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires. The 3415: 3355: 3175:

was expelled in 2023 after he was implicated in fraud by both a federal indictment and a

3059: 3002: 2888: 2831: 2641: 1886: 1875: 1210: 1165: 1105: 1080: 1035: 400: 14177: 7201:

Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the Committee on Science and Technology, 1959–79

6779:

Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics (1885, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin)

6015: 4069:

to elect chairs, shifting power upward to the party leaders. In 1995, Republicans under

3831:

published for public inspection. Before legislation reaches the floor of the House, the

2238:

The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the

12946: 12934: 12652: 12642: 12619: 12602: 11998: 11742: 11737: 11609: 10813: 10630: 10255: 9945: 9283: 9201: 9141: 9021: 8025: 7661: 7516: 7508: 7423: 7382:

Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress

7325: 7273: 7186: 6868: 5981: 5679: 5671: 4536: 4205: 4095: 4087: 4083: 3940: 3926: 3771: 3199: 3152: 3074: 2922: 2917: 2604: 2205: 2190: 2066: 1405: 1240: 1120: 1085: 404: 7927: 7861: 7632: 6627: 5894: 3068:

although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967.

2867:. This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 pursuant to the act titled 624: 295: 14476: 13689: 12845: 12197: 11695: 11614: 11599: 11077: 11053: 10869: 10853: 10678: 10566: 10025: 9989: 9968: 9425: 9161: 9108: 9068: 9053: 8740: 7766: 7756: 7741: 7734: 7718: 7690: 7671: 7643: 7619: 7520: 7453: 7446: 7430: 7298:

Reconciliation and Revival: James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era

7244: 7230: 7199: 7178: 7128: 7100: 7093: 6889: 6882: 6698: 6277: 5989: 5944: 5683: 5663: 4716: 4568: 4552: 4282: 4044:. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a 3767: 3317:"Member of congress" is occasionally abbreviated as either "MOC" or "MC" (similar to 3233: 3194:

As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the

3171:

of Ohio was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption, and Republican

3156: 3085: 2903: 2620: 2276: 2223: 2131:

does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of

1415: 1285: 1245: 1200: 1100: 1002: 897: 10315: 7491:

Strahan, Randall; Moscardelli, Vincent G. (2000). "The Clay Speakership Revisited".

5062:"The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse" 1889:

of two years, with each seat up for election before the start of the next Congress.

13605: 13452: 13158: 12978: 11988: 11829: 11812: 11807: 11646: 11157: 11045: 10750: 9787: 9186: 9036: 8855: 7762: 7704: 7657: 7500: 7368: 7337: 7170: 7121: 5655: 5407:

Gamio, Lazaro; Williams, Josh; Wu, Ashley; Cook Escobar, Molly (December 1, 2023).

5066: 4548: 4274: 3781:

In one of its first resolutions, the U.S. House of Representatives established the

3727:, a body to which the sergeant at arms belongs, and chairs in even-numbered years. 3116: 3025: 3024:

In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan

3018: 3006: 2883: 2323:, which became the largest shift of power to the Democrats since the 1970s. In the 2259:, from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of the influential 2151:, which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states. 2092:

Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency

1890: 1007: 497: 424: 387: 381: 7708: 6594: 6064: 5351: 4797:. Accessed November 23, 2016. "There are six states with only one representative: 3569:

After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the

14813: 13314: 13090: 12988: 12760: 12060: 11993: 11762: 11683: 11629: 11109: 10949: 10817: 10782: 10734: 10702: 10654: 10590: 10510: 10478: 10446: 10002: 8952: 8860: 7922: 6938: 6797: 6383: 6236: 5901: 5801: 5458: 5439: 5150: 5127: 4868: 4862:"Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution" 4790: 4745: 4120: 4032:

The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the

3556: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3168: 3120: 2886:

is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see

2535: 2148: 2101: 1790: 1410: 892: 875: 865: 808: 744: 671: 256: 210: 7594:

On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000

7547:

Valelly, Richard M., "The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building A New Look",

7405:

The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress

2327:

elections, Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority.

14777: 14536: 13784: 13684: 13067: 12202: 12192: 12187: 12182: 11854: 11717: 11651: 11173: 11093: 10798: 10606: 10526: 10430: 10398: 10096: 9268: 9191: 9118: 7577: 6734: 5241: 5017: 4286: 4247: 4102: 4052: 4036:, and occasionally may establish temporary or advisory committees, such as the 4001: 3991: 3845: 3762:, the official streaming service operated by the Clerk, since the early 2010s. 3684: 3628: 3580:), then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee. For the Republicans it is the 3506: 3490: 3478: 3314:, may be identified as "D–California", "D–California–11" or "D–San Francisco". 3124: 3103: 2898: 2872: 2819: 2530: 2416: 2198: 2182: 2113: 1709: 1636: 7372: 7066:

The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House

6884:

The Ambition and the Power: The Fall of Jim Wright. A True Story of Washington

5004:. The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session. 527: 14893: 14875: 14862: 14808: 14803: 14671: 14333: 12765: 12065: 11874: 11509: 10821: 10638: 10558: 9420: 9246: 9026: 8833: 7714: 7257:

The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process

7182: 5721:"Battle of the ages: how America's gerontocracy is a challenge for democracy" 5667: 5659: 5139: 5115: 4235: 4070: 3632: 3311: 3280: 3172: 3034: 2926: 2861: 2280: 2140: 2105: 2062: 1855: 1847: 1835: 791: 733: 711: 660: 629: 187: 7221:

Congressional Careers: Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives

6697:(6 ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 246. 4613: 2135:. The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as 14798: 14273: 13072: 13044: 12099: 11061: 10686: 10574: 10291: 9515: 9415: 9063: 9058: 7903: 7477: 6801:, pp. 155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002) (quotation marks omitted). 6269:

The Mace and the Gavel: Symbols of Government in America, Volume 87, Part 4

5095:"Where Do We Draw the Line? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas" 4810: 4806: 4255: 4251: 3790: 3640: 3636: 3521: 3303: 2312: 2300: 2144: 2074: 887: 870: 858: 722: 649: 161: 6497: 6416:. Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from 5815: 5794: 14212: 14208: 13349: 12880: 12217: 12119: 11859: 11722: 11478: 10933: 10622: 9264: 9216: 9123: 9078: 7938: 7829:

was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2006

6915:

In Congress Assembled: The Legislative Process in the National Government

6849:

Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Reelection and the House Committee System

5315:"Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe" 4794: 4544: 4228: 3810: 3673: 3573:(styled as the Republican conference chair and Democratic caucus chair). 2815: 2796: 2609: 2220:

and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times.

2193:(1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to 2132: 2124: 2120: 1859: 880: 103: 7272: 6384:"Legislative FAQ: 6. How do Representatives obtain permission to speak?" 5675: 5643: 5409:"How Every Member Voted On The Expulsion of George Santos From Congress" 1785: 14298: 14220: 12212: 12018: 11844: 11839: 11757: 7887: 7512: 7190: 5795:

Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff

5400: 4532: 4278: 3418:

and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for

3081:

use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana.

3078: 2989:

Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on

2213: 2058: 2054: 1906: 14506: 7211:

Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland

7058:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press. 2000. 2993:

the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the

43:. For state-level houses of representatives in the United States, see 14268: 13701: 13694: 9487: 9093: 7928:

Complete Downloadable List of U.S. Representative Contact Information

7910:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present

6439: 6123: 4564: 4485:

List of current members of the United States House of Representatives

3805:

The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a

3544: 3423:

Insurance Program, and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program.

3069: 2572: 2285: 2109: 774: 233: 32:"House of Representatives committee" redirects here. For others, see 7915: 7504: 7174: 4143: 2911:

held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down based on the

11884: 11834: 10062:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

9480: 8931: 7276:; Bickford, Charlene Bangs; Bowling, Kenneth R., eds. (1992–2006). 6664: 6599: 4802: 4026: 3623: 3609: 3203: 3063:

decision, Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose

2136: 1977: 7531:

New Ways and Means: Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee

3017:

in two states (Alaska and Maine), electing 3 representatives, and

2061:

government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as

9001: 4882:"Political Party Timeline: 1836-1864 | American Experience | PBS" 4818: 4814: 4748:

of 1911, though Congress has the authority to change that number.

4495:

Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives

4220: 4216: 4212: 3183: 2860:

States entitled to more than one representative are divided into

2216:, was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate. The 7783:(Penguin, 2020), focus on Jim Wright and Newt Gingrich in 1990s. 6466: 3283:" before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a 3139:

Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a

3098:

Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives

2802:

The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the

2330: 1897:. The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the 9867: 9462: 7145:

Congressional Women: Their Recruitment, Treatment, and Behavior

6931: 6925:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005

4798: 4528: 4066: 3806: 3799: 3755: 3747: 3712: 3359: 3322: 2792: 2788: 2194: 2160: 1938: 1934: 7634:

The American Speakership: The Office in Historical Perspective

7483:

Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (2 vol.)

7232:

A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton

5699: 4296: 2973: 10041:

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

7899: 6237:"Legislative FAQ: 7. How do Representatives introduce bills?" 4644:"House of Representatives | Definition, History, & Facts" 4224: 3775: 3584:, followed by the campaign committee chairman (styled as the 2189:. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the 7900:

Legislative information and archives for US House and Senate

7877: 7095:

Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia

6151:"Basic Training: Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages" 3119:

each elect a delegate. A seventh delegate, representing the

2901:

to benefit political parties or incumbents. In a 1984 case,

2295:

Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the

2185:, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the 14571: 9113: 7266:

Josiah Walls: Florida's Black Congressman of Reconstruction

5406: 5023: 4997: 2823: 1866:; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the 1699: 7934:

Information about U.S. Congressional Bills and Resolutions

7933: 7687:

Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting

7663:

How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change

5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5733: 5378:"New York Republican George Santos expelled from Congress" 4211:

The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to

4038:

Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming

3627:"leader of the opposition". Some notable examples include 3333:

All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the

3268:

Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

14207: 8834:

Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

7867: 7855: 6632: 6186: 3873:

List of United States House of Representatives committees

3050:

may be affected by results of previous years' elections.

1704: 7288:

George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861–1912

5869:. United States House of Representatives. Archived from 5745:. United States House of Representatives. Archived from 5695: 5693: 5546:. United States House of Representatives. Archived from 4500:

U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)

3852:

necessary to pass the legislation. The 2005 vote on the

3737:

Procedures of the United States House of Representatives

3704:

of North Carolina, along with the House "Folding Room".

2361:

Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives

7916:

A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825

7872: 7560:

Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress

6906:

Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives

6858:

Little Giant: The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert

5842: 4490:

Seniority in the United States House of Representatives

3595:, particularly influential standing committees such as 2096:

Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the

514: 7710:

The House: The History of the House of Representatives

6842:. Vol. 60. Journal of Politics. pp. 634–652. 6791:

Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics

5977:

The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion

5817:

Members' Representational Allowance: History and Usage

5789: 5787: 4759:"Explainer: Why Does The U.S. House Have 435 Members?" 3477:

with a majority of seats in the House is known as the

3442: 10345: 7882: 6119:"Not everyone is a fan of C-SPAN cameras in Congress" 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5690: 4480:

2022 United States House of Representatives elections

4303:

2022 United States House of Representatives elections

2775:

among the states by population, as determined by the

2041:

History of the United States House of Representatives

1944:

In addition, five non-voting delegates represent the

9964:

List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex

7075:

Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House

6749:"Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct" 6467:"About the Committee on Rules—History and Processes" 5804:, Congressional Research Service, February 18, 2014. 3481:. The next-largest party is the minority party. The 3009:

is used in 46 states, electing 412 representatives,

1878:

if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the

7402: 7255:Kiewiet, D. Roderick; McCubbins, Mathew D. (1991). 5823:. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service. 5727: 5258:"Multi-Member Districts: Just a Thing of the Past?" 5020:"no district to elect more than one Representative" 4685:

Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

4505:

Women in the United States House of Representatives

2985:

U.S. congressional districts for the 115th Congress

2921:, and Court precedent holds gerrymandering to be a 1858:. The House is charged with the passage of federal 9510: 7733: 7631: 7618: 7569:Rainey of Illinois: A Political Biography, 1903–34 7490: 7445: 7422: 7327:The Congressional Experience: A View from the Hill 7324: 7243: 7229: 7120: 7092: 6881: 6867: 6837: 6505:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. 5867:Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 5764: 5483:"Essays on Amendment XXV: Presidential Succession" 3795:Mace of the United States House of Representatives 87:Flag of the United States House of Representatives 7754: 7307:Mr. Chairman: Power in Dan Rostenkowski's America 5700:Congressional Research Service (August 8, 2019). 2954:served in the House below the minimum age of 25. 2208:that followed witnessed large majorities for the 955:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 289:(currently 216 for a majority due to 4 vacancies) 14891: 12913:Native American recognition in the United States 10083:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 9650:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations 7758:The American Congress: The Building of Democracy 7621:Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives 7540:Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian 7254: 5642:Bowen, Daniel C.; Clark, Christopher J. (2014). 5505:"Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members" 5120:Madison's Music: On Reading the First Amendment, 4824: 4105:wrote the following about appropriations bills: 6928:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 2005. 6838:Abramowitz, Alan I.; Saunders, Kyle L. (1998). 6499:House Voting Procedures: Forms and Requirements 6157:. Republican Committee on Rules. Archived from 5312: 3198:has several distinct powers. For example, the " 3084:Seats vacated during a term are filled through 39:For the United States Congress in session, see 7684: 6954:Brady, David W.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (2002). 6953: 6830: 6812:"Party Breakdown: 118th Congress House Lineup" 6690: 5461:, The White House. Retrieved February 3, 2010. 5260:. University of Virginia Center for Politics. 3616: 3582:chair of the House Republican Policy Committee 1909:on the basis of population as measured by the 14193: 13310:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 11494: 10331: 7954: 7740:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7160: 7151: 6865: 5702:"Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress" 4968:"New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes" 4351:Pie Chart detailing the Partisan seat count. 4204:The Constitution provides that the Senate's " 3497:(1947), the speaker is second in the line of 2782:The only constitutional rule relating to the 2737: 2331:Membership, qualifications, and apportionment 2292:of 1994 gave his party control of the House. 1895:Article One of the United States Constitution 1811: 7358: 7072: 6840:Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate 6625: 2771:, seats in the House of Representatives are 1958:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 10111:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 7685:Poole, Keith T.; Rosenthal, Howard (1997). 7611:The United States House of Representatives. 7352:Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House 7090: 7073:Cox, Gary W.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (1993). 6855: 6071:. Berkman Center for Internet and Society. 5530: 5528: 5526: 5474: 5442:, U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3, 2010. 5251: 5249: 4740: 4738: 4579: 4577: 4297:Latest election results and party standings 4172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4074:Appropriations, partisan disputes are few. 3586:National Republican Congressional Committee 3578:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 3189: 1976:, with 52 representatives. Six states have 14200: 14186: 11508: 11501: 11487: 10338: 10324: 7968: 7961: 7947: 7860: 7549:Studies in American Political Development, 7333:, Political scientist who served in House. 7238:, leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s 7152:Hardeman, D. B.; Bacon, Donald C. (1987). 7081: 6660:"Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split" 6531: 6529: 6527: 5641: 5313:Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (August 23, 2019). 4034:Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence 4013:The largest committee of the House is the 3862: 3822:area immediately in front of the rostrum. 3400:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2744: 2730: 1818: 1804: 482: 81: 69: 12923:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 7537: 7443: 7379: 7313: 7295: 7292:, leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 7204:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 6626:Henry, Ed; Barrett, Ted (July 28, 2005). 5284:"The 1967 Single-Member District Mandate" 4192:Learn how and when to remove this message 3825: 3393:Federal Employees Health Benefits Program 3182:The House also has the power to formally 2763:United States congressional apportionment 2119:The House is commonly referred to as the 2015:, who is elected by the members thereof. 2007:The House meets in the south wing of the 14905:1789 establishments in the United States 10297:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 7873:Chief Administrative Office of the House 7837:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 7820: 7731: 7420: 7411: 7388: 7304: 7263: 7241: 6866:Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (2005). 6495: 6302: 5813: 5614: 5534: 5523: 5375: 5255: 5246: 5144:'Free Speech, Big Money, Bad Elections,' 4857: 4855: 4853: 4735: 4574: 4346: 4077: 3876: 3308:California's 11th congressional district 3232: 3229:United States Congress § Privileges 2980: 2972: 2875:representation was used by some states. 2846:when their votes would not be decisive. 2769:Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution 2222: 2087: 2079: 45:List of United States state legislatures 12974:List of counties and county equivalents 9064:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) 8024: 7616: 7591: 7557: 7528: 7467: 7218: 7197: 7142: 7118: 6691:Sidlow, Edward; Henschen, Beth (2009). 6524: 6179: 5973: 5860:"Congressional Salaries and Allowances" 5814:Brudnick, Ida A. (September 27, 2017). 5736:"Congressional Salaries and Allowances" 5617:"Congressional Salaries and Allowances" 5537:"Congressional Salaries and Allowances" 5170:"Qualifications of Members of Congress" 5074:from the original on September 26, 2013 5059: 3655: 3202:" powers (such as the power to approve 3091: 2997:, representatives must be elected from 2154:Eventually, the Convention reached the 1850:. Together, they comprise the national 950:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 940:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 539:This article is part of a series on the 14: 14900:United States House of Representatives 14892: 10364:United States House of Representatives 8541:Caucuses of the United States Congress 7703: 7656: 7629: 7576: 7566: 7336: 7285: 7227: 7123:Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century 7063: 6912: 6903: 6672:from the original on February 28, 2015 6592: 6562:"The Legislative Process: House Floor" 6265: 5487:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 5294:from the original on November 11, 2012 4927: 4834:. Uspolitics.about.com. Archived from 4784:United States House of Representatives 4133: 3398:However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the 3222: 3146:The Constitution permits the House to 2931:American Political Science Association 1832:United States House of Representatives 56:United States House of Representatives 14181: 11482: 11467:Lists of past U.S. state legislatures 10319: 9509: 8832: 8023: 7942: 7868:Clerk of the House of Representatives 7736:Majority Leadership in the U.S. House 7689:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7476: 7399:, Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s 7349: 7322: 7208: 6967:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 6944: 6879: 6846: 6711:from the original on January 14, 2021 6668:. Associated Press. October 8, 2005. 6640:from the original on January 14, 2021 6607:from the original on January 14, 2021 6574:from the original on January 14, 2021 6512:from the original on January 14, 2021 6477:from the original on January 16, 2011 6446:from the original on January 14, 2021 6394:from the original on January 10, 2015 6364:from the original on January 14, 2021 6326:from the original on January 14, 2021 6290:from the original on January 14, 2021 6247:from the original on January 10, 2015 6224:from the original on December 8, 2014 6194:from the original on January 14, 2021 6131:from the original on January 14, 2021 6116: 6098:from the original on January 13, 2015 6075:from the original on January 13, 2015 6045:from the original on October 30, 2013 6026:from the original on January 13, 2015 6013: 6002:from the original on January 14, 2021 5955:from the original on January 14, 2015 5945:"Explore Capitol Hill: House Chamber" 5925:from the original on January 13, 2015 5830:from the original on January 14, 2021 5585:from the original on January 14, 2021 5511:from the original on January 14, 2021 5493:from the original on August 22, 2020. 5388:from the original on December 1, 2023 5325:from the original on January 14, 2021 5198:, a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 5176:from the original on January 23, 2013 5092: 4974:from the original on February 6, 2011 4930:"Obama, GOP Grapple With power shift" 4850: 4624:from the original on December 3, 2023 3869:United States congressional committee 3854:Central American Free Trade Agreement 2311:, when the Democrats won control and 1310:Elections in the District of Columbia 528:Rules of the House of Representatives 7414:Congressional Realignment, 1925–1978 7290:. Vol. 1. Syracuse Univ. Press. 6856:Albert, Carl; Goble, Danney (1990). 6464: 5857: 5793:Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell, 5718: 5535:Brudnick, Ida A. (January 4, 2012). 5264:from the original on October 8, 2015 5219:from the original on October 3, 2020 5031:"Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act" 4170:adding citations to reliable sources 4137: 2925:. According to calculations made by 1680:United States and the United Nations 912:Inferior Courts of the United States 8172:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded 7342:Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union 6593:Singer, Michelle (March 29, 2007). 6496:Hudiburg, Jane A. (July 23, 2018). 6180:Larchuk, Travis (January 5, 2011). 5623:from the original on August 1, 2016 5480: 5376:McDaniel, Eric (December 1, 2023). 5256:Schaller, Thomas (March 21, 2013). 5060:Bazelon, Emily (November 9, 2012). 5041:from the original on April 15, 2014 4765:from the original on March 29, 2022 4698:"About Congressional Apportionment" 3741: 3543:in the House of Representatives is 3468: 3454: 3443:Personnel, mail and office expenses 3335:Federal Employees Retirement System 784:Vice President of the United States 24: 7883:Office of the speaker of the House 7807: 7037:Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 7030:Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 7023:Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 7016:Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 7009:Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 7002:Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 6995:Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 6988:Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 6981:Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 6974:Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 6694:America at Odds, Alternate Edition 6182:"Passing One Of Many, Many Gavels" 5615:Brudnick, Ida A. (June 28, 2011). 5159:, November 5, 2015, pp.24–25 p.24. 4936:from the original on June 10, 2020 4928:Neuman, Scott (November 3, 2010). 4695: 4531:(for its primary elections only), 3386: 3055:Uniform Congressional District Act 2995:Uniform Congressional District Act 2892:). Additionally, Section 2 of the 2856:Redistricting in the United States 2356: 1899:Uniform Congressional District Act 848:Supreme Court of the United States 556: 25: 14921: 12319:Director of National Intelligence 10347:Legislatures of the United States 10055:Progress of Civilization Pediment 9909:Congressional Pictorial Directory 8762:By length of service historically 7788: 7282:, 14 volumes of primary documents 7215:, Radical leader in Civil War era 7139:, Democratic Speaker in the 1980s 7082:DeGregorio, Christine A. (1997). 5099:University of Richmond Law Review 3970: Other Republicans: 14 seats 3698:Committee on House Administration 3428:Office of the Attending Physician 3378: 3337:, a pension system also used for 3237:House of Representatives salaries 2936: 2756: 578:Constitution of the United States 14847:National unicameral legislatures 14417:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12475:Government Accountability Office 9923:Official Congressional Directory 9542:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) 7888:Official list of current members 7819: 7533:. Univ. of North Carolina Press. 7468:Stewart, Charles H. III (1989). 7309:. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. 7223:. Univ. of North Carolina Press. 6917:. London: The Macmillan Company. 6731:"Committee on Rules – A History" 5734:Congressional Research Service. 5035:Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ 4142: 4055:in his classic study, suggested: 3893:Congressional Progressive Caucus 3700:, then headed by Representative 3279:Representatives use the prefix " 3048:third party in the United States 2929:using criteria set forth by the 2849: 2713: 2174:was much more populous than the 1925:has been at 435 pursuant to the 1923:number of voting representatives 1784: 1772: 1023:Elections by State and Territory 628: 623: 491:House of Representatives Chamber 294: 14842:National bicameral legislatures 14824:List of legislatures by country 9732:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper 8579:Arab and Middle Eastern members 8476:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group 8011:Lists of United States Congress 7755:Julian E. Zelizer, ed. (2004). 7346:. Speaker for most of 1811–1825 6804: 6782: 6773: 6741: 6723: 6684: 6652: 6628:"House narrowly approves CAFTA" 6619: 6586: 6543:U.S. Government Printing Office 6489: 6458: 6432: 6406: 6376: 6354:U.S. Government Printing Office 6338: 6259: 6206: 6173: 6143: 6117:Davis, Susan (March 19, 2014). 6110: 6088:"U.S. House of Representatives" 6057: 5967: 5937: 5907: 5888: 5807: 5712: 5635: 5608: 5597: 5565: 5497: 5464: 5445: 5426: 5369: 5337: 5306: 5276: 5231: 5201: 5188: 5162: 5133: 5109: 5086: 5053: 5007: 4986: 4960: 4948: 4921: 4912: 4899: 4874: 4777: 4586: 3949: Other Democrats: 36 seats 3715:at the opening of the day. The 1685:United Nations Security Council 1588:District of Columbia Government 14819:List of abolished lower houses 14118:Separation of church and state 12334:National Reconnaissance Office 12277:President of the United States 11460:List of U.S. state legislators 9834:Congressional Research Service 9581:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) 8584:Asian Pacific American members 7640:Johns Hopkins University Press 7573:, Democratic Speaker 1932–1934 7544:, majority leader in the 1860s 7391:Missouri's Cannon in the House 7389:Schooley, C. Herschel (1977). 7296:Margulies, Herbert F. (1996). 7091:Dierenfield, Bruce J. (1987). 6274:American Philosophical Society 5093:Eaton, Whitney M. (May 2006). 4751: 4689: 4674: 4662: 4636: 4606: 4558: 4522: 3783:Office of the Sergeant at Arms 3408:Office of Personnel Management 3368:matches employee contributions 1978:only one representative apiece 801:United States Attorney General 767:President of the United States 27:Lower house of the US Congress 13: 1: 10069:Surrender of General Burgoyne 9426:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) 8589:Asian Pacific American Caucus 8182:Lost re-election in a primary 7878:Office of the majority leader 7630:Peters, Ronald M. Jr (1997). 7586:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. 7486:. Boston: Brown & Little. 7429:. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 7361:Congress & the Presidency 6471:U.S. House of Representatives 6388:U.S. House of Representatives 6315:Cornell University Law School 6241:U.S. House of Representatives 6218:U.S. House of Representatives 6039:"What's in the House Chamber" 6020:U.S. House of Representatives 5919:U.S. House of Representatives 4510: 4374: 3758:since March 19, 1979, and on 3723:, which is supervised by the 3691:, replacing the positions of 3053:In 1967, Congress passed the 2051:Congress of the Confederation 1972:, the largest delegation was 1885:Members of the House serve a 945:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 12480:Government Publishing Office 11948:Technological and industrial 10076:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 10019:The Apotheosis of Washington 9753:Chief Administrative Officer 9591:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) 7562:. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press. 7558:VanBeek, Stephen D. (1995). 7403:Shelley II, Mack C. (1983). 7236:. Univ. of California Press. 7077:. Univ. of California Press. 6310:"CRS Annotated Constitution" 5648:Political Research Quarterly 5573:"Senate Salaries since 1789" 4599: 4515: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4312:As of July 10, 2024 4307:118th United States Congress 3730: 3721:United States Capitol Police 3681:chief administrative officer 3670:chief administrative officer 3065:at-large plurality districts 2968: 2957:Disqualification: under the 2834:are each represented by one 1948:and the U.S. territories of 1941:were admitted to the Union. 935:Court of International Trade 63:118th United States Congress 41:118th United States Congress 7: 13952:Women's reproductive health 12918:Federally recognized tribes 12781:Public utilities commission 12685:Public Health Service Corps 12588:Code of Federal Regulations 12470:Congressional Budget Office 12324:Central Intelligence Agency 12230:Water supply and sanitation 11657:Declaration of Independence 10241:Health and Fitness Facility 10033:Declaration of Independence 8802:Killed or wounded in office 8623:Congressional Jewish Caucus 8596:Hispanic and Latino members 7638:(2nd ed.). Baltimore: 7592:Zelizer, Julian E. (2006). 7538:Trefousse, Hans L. (1997). 7305:Merriner, James L. (1999). 7264:Klingman, Peter D. (1976). 7099:. Univ. Press of Virginia. 6969:and the annual CQ almanac. 6904:Berard, Stanley P. (2001). 6851:. . Univ. of Chicago Press. 6831:Sources and further reading 6320:Legal Information Institute 6220:. Office of the Historian. 5974:Ritchie, Donald A. (2006). 5921:. Office of the Historian. 4541:nonpartisan blanket primary 4473: 4046:Joint Committee on Taxation 3617:Leadership and partisanship 3563:. The whip is supported by 3495:Presidential Succession Act 3463: 3241: 3206:and confirm members of the 1931:Reapportionment Act of 1929 10: 14926: 13130:Red states and blue states 13035:City commission government 13030:Council–manager government 9655:Interparliamentary Affairs 9576:Congr. Budget Office (CBO) 9212:Riddick's Senate Procedure 8639:Gender and sexual identity 7732:Sinclair, Barbara (1983). 7602: 7571:. Univ. of Illinois Press. 7567:Waller, Robert A. (1977). 7444:Steinberg, Alfred (1975). 7421:Sinclair, Barbara (1995). 7412:Sinclair, Barbara (1982). 7242:Jacobson, Gary C. (1990). 7163:William and Mary Quarterly 7143:Gertzog, Irwin J. (1984). 7086:. Univ. of Michigan Press. 6937:November 10, 2009, at the 6913:Berman, Daniel M. (1964). 6908:. Univ. of Oklahoma Press. 6860:. Univ. of Oklahoma Press. 6796:February 12, 2021, at the 5489:. The Heritage Foundatio. 5433:Senate Legislative Process 5126:December 14, 2019, at the 4300: 3978:Republican Study Committee 3866: 3734: 3501:after the vice president. 3328: 3226: 3095: 2853: 2760: 2129:United States Constitution 2077:agreed to send delegates. 2038: 2034: 38: 31: 14832: 14791: 14708: 14690: 14650: 14332: 14219: 14139: 13965: 13838: 13770: 13423: 13419: 13410: 13358: 13223: 13214: 13110: 13081: 13058: 12997: 12964: 12955: 12898: 12886:Comparison of governments 12861: 12824: 12801: 12717: 12697: 12628: 12566: 12488: 12411: 12269: 12260: 12256: 12247: 11969: 11960: 11905: 11865:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 11706:drafting and ratification 11679:Articles of Confederation 11592: 11526: 11517: 11454: 11266: 11184: 10380: 10353: 10284: 10261:Old Supreme Court Chamber 10226: 10176: 10141: 10130: 9974:Congressional Prayer Room 9954: 9891: 9822: 9740: 9689: 9682: 9637: 9611: 9604: 9527: 9523: 9505: 9455: 9421:Congress Hall (1790–1800) 9372: 9363: 9337: 9255: 9134: 8945: 8919: 8843: 8839: 8828: 8767:Current members by wealth 8754: 8702: 8686: 8638: 8549: 8531: 8524: 8498: 8451: 8367: 8360: 8200: 8192:Elected but did not serve 8142: 8079: 8043: 8036: 8032: 8019: 7976: 7529:Strahan, Randall (1990). 7525:, uses roll call analysis 7373:10.1080/07343468709507958 7354:. Univ. of Chicago Press. 7314:Patterson, James (1967). 7268:. Univ. Press of Florida. 7259:. Univ. of Chicago Press. 7219:Hibbing, John R. (1991). 7209:Henig, Gerald S. (1973). 7119:Farrell, John A. (2001). 7042:Congressional Quarterly, 7035:Congressional Quarterly, 7028:Congressional Quarterly, 7021:Congressional Quarterly, 7014:Congressional Quarterly, 7007:Congressional Quarterly, 7000:Congressional Quarterly, 6993:Congressional Quarterly, 6986:Congressional Quarterly, 6979:Congressional Quarterly, 6972:Congressional Quarterly, 6069:Digital Media Law Project 5900:January 28, 2010, at the 5800:January 14, 2021, at the 5457:January 20, 2013, at the 4867:January 14, 2021, at the 4463: 4449: 4375: 4240:House Judiciary Committee 3683:(CAO) was created by the 3559:, who is a member of the 3547:, who is a member of the 3535:Each party also elects a 3364:defined contribution plan 3274: 3264:cost-of-living-adjustment 2894:Voting Rights Act of 1965 2071:Constitutional Convention 2047:Articles of Confederation 2031:has more voting members. 2027:, depending on whichever 1927:Apportionment Act of 1911 1376:List of political parties 526: 521: 512: 507: 490: 481: 476: 467:redistricting commissions 458: 446: 434: 379: 374: 364: 302: 293: 275: 270: 247: 224: 201: 178: 152: 147: 136:January 3, 2023 130: 125: 115: 97: 92: 80: 68: 61: 54: 14677:Northern Mariana Islands 14402:Central African Republic 13905:Prescription drug prices 13025:Mayor–council government 13015:Coterminous municipality 13005:Consolidated city-county 12771:Agriculture commissioner 12421:House of Representatives 12329:National Security Agency 11979:Contiguous United States 11225:Northern Mariana Islands 9554:Architect of the Capitol 9416:Federal Hall (1789–1790) 8557:African-American members 7981:House of Representatives 7583:Congressional Government 7551:23 (Oct. 2009), 115–42. 7472:. Cambridge Univ. Press. 7448:Sam Rayburn: A Biography 7380:Schickler, Eric (2001). 7350:Rohde, David W. (1991). 7323:Price, David E. (1992). 7286:Lowitt, Richard (1963). 6949:. Univ. Press of Kansas. 6945:Brady, David W. (1973). 6847:Adler, E. Scott (2002). 6155:House of Representatives 5949:Architect of the Capitol 5660:10.1177/1065912914531658 5156:New York Review of Books 4970:. NPR. January 5, 2011. 4029:witnesses and evidence. 3639:in the early 2010s, and 3190:Comparison to the Senate 3134: 3113:the District of Columbia 2880:2003 Texas redistricting 2828:Northern Mariana Islands 2720:United States portal 2338:This article is part of 1779:United States portal 1291:Northern Mariana Islands 639:House of Representatives 502:United States of America 34:House of Representatives 13990:Criticism of government 13335:Social welfare programs 12928:State-recognized tribes 11913:Outline of U.S. history 11625:Continental Association 10104:Washington at Princeton 10048:Apotheosis of Democracy 9468:Congressional Quarterly 9157:Executive communication 9147:Blue slip (U.S. Senate) 9104:Suspension of the rules 8630:Native American members 8056:By shortness of service 7668:Oxford University Press 7416:. Univ. of Texas Press. 7064:Cooper, Joseph (1970). 7054:Congressional Quarterly 6963:Congressional Quarterly 6880:Barry, John M. (1989). 6390:. Office of the Clerk. 6266:Bedini, Silvio (1997). 6243:. Office of the Clerk. 5986:Oxford University Press 5743:CRS Report for Congress 5708:. United States Senate. 5706:CRS Report for Congress 5544:CRS Report for Congress 5149:March 14, 2016, at the 5037:. US Dept. of Justice. 4761:. NPR. April 20, 2021. 4551:, for their respective 4539:additionally utilize a 4244:articles of impeachment 4215:federal officials for " 3863:Committees and caucuses 3689:1994 mid-term elections 3499:presidential succession 3437:National Capital Region 3161:Henry Cornelius Burnett 3115:and the five inhabited 2999:single-member districts 2952:William C. C. Claiborne 2913:Equal Protection Clause 2838:. Puerto Rico elects a 2814:and the territories of 2634:Articles of impeachment 2493:Congressional districts 2288:, as speaker after the 2100:during the convention. 1903:congressional districts 1901:, sit in single member 1508:Individualist anarchism 680:Congressional districts 14249:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14052:Environmental movement 13895:Health insurance costs 13790:Educational attainment 13315:Federal Reserve System 13273:Science and technology 12776:Insurance commissioner 12314:Intelligence Community 12009:minor outlying islands 11772:Civil rights movement 10355:United States Congress 10271:Webster Page Residence 10246:House Recording Studio 10090:Revolutionary War Door 9851:Register of Copyrights 9432:Biographical Directory 8901:"Necessary and Proper" 8441:Policy Committee Chair 8419:Policy Committee Chair 7970:United States Congress 7921:July 25, 2008, at the 7815: 7795:Listen to this article 7617:MacNeil, Neil (1963). 7156:. Texas Monthly Press. 7113:Conservative coalition 6932:Biographical Directory 6900:, Speaker in the 1980s 6862:, Speaker in the 1970s 6473:. Committee on Rules. 5452:The Legislative Branch 5438:April 4, 2020, at the 4789:June 24, 2018, at the 4370: 4362: Republican Party 4356: Democratic Party 4281:. In 1824, it elected 4112: 4062: 4015:Committee of the Whole 4006: 3917:New Democrat Coalition 3826:Passage of legislation 3571:party conference chair 3524:, who is known as the 3339:federal civil servants 3238: 3217:Twenty-fifth Amendment 3177:House Ethics Committee 3163:of Kentucky. Democrat 3129:shadow representatives 2986: 2978: 2844:Committee of the Whole 2787:upon the admission of 2672:House office buildings 2555:Committee of the Whole 2547:Politics and procedure 2506:Huntington–Hill method 2362: 2235: 2156:Connecticut Compromise 2093: 2085: 1876:electing the president 1874:federal officers, and 1840:United States Congress 1645:Diplomatic missions of 1523:Political polarization 993:Presidential elections 617:United States Congress 561: 265:since January 3, 2023 242:since January 3, 2023 219:since January 3, 2023 196:since January 3, 2023 109:United States Congress 14910:National lower houses 14876:38.88889°N 77.00889°W 14837:National upper houses 14422:Republic of the Congo 13878:Immigrant health care 13393:Transportation safety 13388:Transportation policy 13378:Public transportation 12448:President pro tempore 12304:Executive departments 12073:National Park Service 11728:Territorial evolution 11268:Legislative elections 9596:Technology Assessment 9017:Dear Colleague letter 9012:Continuing resolution 9007:Concurrent resolution 8486:Republican Conference 8426:Republican Conference 8387:President pro tempore 8119:Born outside the U.S. 7814: 7625:. New York: D. McKay. 7228:Jacobs, John (1995). 7198:Hechler, Ken (1980). 6595:"Under the Influence" 6549:on September 26, 2015 6440:"The House Explained" 4614:"The House Explained" 4350: 4238:, resigned after the 4107: 4078:Legislative functions 4057: 3880: 3867:Further information: 3236: 3141:resident commissioner 3030:political conventions 3015:instant-runoff voting 2984: 2976: 2840:resident commissioner 2666:United States Capitol 2483:Republican Conference 2360: 2297:Contract with America 2290:Republican Revolution 2269:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2230:speaker of the House 2226: 2091: 2083: 2025:Republican Conference 2009:United States Capitol 1919:civil rights movement 1852:bicameral legislature 720:President Pro Tempore 560: 494:United States Capitol 410:Instant-runoff voting 14047:Environmental issues 13712:Political ideologies 13611:Indigenous languages 12811:List of legislatures 12608:separation of powers 12309:Independent agencies 12235:World Heritage Sites 11870:September 11 attacks 11793:Spanish–American War 11733:Mexican–American War 11689:Confederation period 11620:Continental Congress 11195:District of Columbia 10371:United States Senate 10160:Mountains and Clouds 9916:Congressional Record 9773:Floor Services Chief 9660:Law Revision Counsel 9411:Continental Congress 8906:Power of enforcement 8869:Contempt of Congress 8772:From multiple states 8725:Mormon (LDS) members 8533:Congressional caucus 8177:Served a single term 8109:Expelled or censured 8051:By length of service 7846:More spoken articles 7274:Grant de Pauw, Linda 7154:Rayburn: A Biography 7056:'s Guide to Congress 6065:"Access to Congress" 5752:on February 12, 2019 5578:United States Senate 5553:on February 12, 2019 4955:Article 1, Section 2 4681:Article 1, Section 2 4669:Article 1, Section 7 4166:improve this section 4117:conference committee 4090:, in which only the 3787:Frederick Muhlenberg 3772:speaker of the House 3725:Capitol Police Board 3656:Non-member officials 3520:Each party elects a 3404:health care exchange 3252:speaker of the House 3108:non-voting delegates 3092:Non-voting delegates 2959:Fourteenth Amendment 2812:District of Columbia 2804:District of Columbia 2442:Speaker of the House 2369:History of the House 2257:Joseph Gurney Cannon 2244:Thomas Brackett Reed 2240:speaker of the House 2232:Thomas Brackett Reed 2187:Mexican–American War 2163:for the first time. 2013:Speaker of the House 1946:District of Columbia 1915:Nineteenth Amendment 1911:United States census 1649:in the United States 1389:Political ideologies 1013:Presidential primary 284:6 non-voting members 14881:38.88889; -77.00889 14872: / 14773:Portugal (Republic) 14617:Trinidad and Tobago 14347:Antigua and Barbuda 13890:Health care finance 13383:Rail transportation 13149:Imperial presidency 12871:State constitutions 12816:List of legislators 12766:Auditor/Comptroller 12739:Lieutenant governor 12465:Library of Congress 12356:Diplomatic Security 11999:Indian reservations 11662:American Revolution 11257:U.S. Virgin Islands 10184:Building Commission 9665:Legislative Counsel 9586:Library of Congress 9547:Comptroller General 9537:Congressional staff 9222:Senatorial courtesy 8611:Hispanic Conference 8026:Members and leaders 7779:Zelizer, Julian E. 7464:, popular biography 7395:Marceline, Missouri 7068:. Rice Univ. Press. 6567:Library of Congress 5604:Schaffer v. Clinton 5321:. Tulsa, Oklahoma. 5196:Powell v. McCormack 5105:on October 9, 2013. 4957:of the Constitution 4905:Julian E. Zelizer, 4838:on November 1, 2012 4696:Bureau, US Census. 4671:of the Constitution 4318: 4291:William H. Crawford 4134:Checks and balances 4096:appropriation bills 4042:Library of Congress 3711:leads the House in 3356:Thrift Savings Plan 3223:Salary and benefits 3102:Historically, many 3060:Wesberry v. Sanders 3003:first-past-the-post 2889:Wesberry v. Sanders 2871:. Before that law, 2836:non-voting delegate 2832:U.S. Virgin Islands 2642:Self-executing rule 2348:United States House 2123:and the Senate the 2017:Other floor leaders 1954:U.S. Virgin Islands 1791:Politics portal 1626:Department of State 1301:U.S. Virgin Islands 287:218 for a majority 132:New session started 14768:Portugal (Kingdom) 14738:Kingdom of Ireland 14432:Dominican Republic 14000:affirmative action 13973:Capital punishment 13932:Poverty and health 13927:Physician shortage 13900:Health care prices 13830:Standard of living 13513:standard of living 13320:Financial position 12947:Hawaiian home land 12935:Indian reservation 12908:Tribal sovereignty 12751:Secretary of state 12620:United States Code 12536:Territorial courts 12508:Associate Justices 12393:Inspector generals 11880:War in Afghanistan 11743:Reconstruction era 11610:Stamp Act Congress 11186:Other legislatures 10382:State legislatures 10256:Old Senate Chamber 10122:VP Bust Collection 9946:United States Code 9878:Jefferson Building 9571:Cap. Guide Service 9438:Divided government 9355:Seal of the Senate 9319:Select and special 9284:Discharge petition 9237:Tie-breaking votes 9202:Recess appointment 9142:Advice and consent 9022:Discharge petition 8965:Appropriation bill 8874:Declaration of war 8066:Non-voting members 7893:Rules of the House 7816: 6276:. pp. 23–26. 5982:New York, New York 5723:. Financial Times. 5719:Xiao, Eva (2023). 5413:The New York Times 5130:The New Press 2015 4727:has generic name ( 4650:. December 2, 2023 4382:Delegates/resident 4371: 4316: 4206:advice and consent 4126:The president may 4088:British Parliament 4084:Origination Clause 4007: 3941:Blue Dog Coalition 3565:chief deputy whips 3239: 3200:advice and consent 3153:John Bullock Clark 2987: 2979: 2948:those for senators 2923:political question 2918:Vieth v. Jubelirer 2605:Origination Clause 2363: 2350:of Representatives 2236: 2094: 2086: 2067:Alexander Hamilton 2019:are chosen by the 1921:. Since 1913, the 1905:allocated to each 1633:Secretary of State 1003:Off-year elections 985:National Elections 692:Non-voting members 570:Federal government 562: 463:State legislatures 395:Varies in 4 states 280:435 voting members 14855: 14854: 14654:other territories 14442:Equatorial Guinea 14175: 14174: 14135: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14101:National security 13810:Income inequality 13690:Statue of Liberty 13493:income inequality 13406: 13405: 13398:Trucking industry 13210: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13137:Foreign relations 13125:Electoral College 13106: 13105: 12894: 12893: 12846:District attorney 12693: 12692: 12520:Courts of appeals 12243: 12242: 11956: 11955: 11897:COVID-19 pandemic 11850:Feminist Movement 11696:American frontier 11615:Thirteen Colonies 11476: 11475: 10313: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10222: 10221: 10026:Statue of Freedom 9990:Statue of Freedom 9969:Brumidi Corridors 9941:Statutes at Large 9895:Publishing Office 9818: 9817: 9678: 9677: 9501: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9451: 9450: 9399:election disputes 9387:speaker elections 9350:Mace of the House 9197:Presiding Officer 9162:Executive session 9109:Unanimous consent 9069:Multiple referral 9054:Lame-duck session 8824: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8750: 8749: 8550:Ethnic and racial 8494: 8493: 8481:Democratic Caucus 8404:Democratic Caucus 8356: 8355: 7930:, via AggData LLC 7812: 7772:978-0-618-17906-0 7747:978-0-8018-2933-8 7724:978-0-06-088434-5 7705:Remini, Robert V. 7696:978-0-19-514242-6 7677:978-0-19-516195-3 7658:Polsby, Nelson W. 7649:978-0-8018-5758-4 7609:Currie, James T. 7459:978-0-8015-5210-6 7436:978-0-8018-4955-8 7338:Remini, Robert V. 7134:978-0-316-26049-7 7127:. Little, Brown. 7106:978-0-8139-1068-0 6895:978-0-670-81924-9 6788:Wilson, Woodrow. 6737:on July 30, 2008. 6704:978-0-495-50370-5 6414:"The House Floor" 6283:978-0-87169-874-2 6014:Lowenthal, Alan. 5995:978-0-19-530924-9 5213:history.house.gov 4569:Louisiana primary 4553:primary elections 4471: 4470: 4345: 4344: 4283:John Quincy Adams 4271:Twelfth Amendment 4267:Electoral College 4263:Twelfth Amendment 4202: 4201: 4194: 3768:unanimous consent 3613:majority leader. 3306:, who represents 3159:of Missouri, and 3157:John William Reid 3086:special elections 3026:primary elections 2904:Davis v. Bandemer 2784:size of the House 2754: 2753: 2621:Unanimous consent 2478:Democratic Caucus 2456:list of elections 2277:Julian E. Zelizer 2021:Democratic Caucus 1891:Special elections 1880:Electoral College 1828: 1827: 1667:Visa requirements 1619:Foreign relations 1518:Political culture 1458:Constitutionalism 1336:Political parties 1321:List of Elections 1008:Primary elections 998:Midterm elections 920:Courts of appeals 548: 533: 532: 75:Seal of the House 16:(Redirected from 14917: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14865: 14758:Northern Ireland 14743:Irish Free State 14202: 14195: 14188: 14179: 14178: 14155: 14148: 14035:African American 13917:Health insurance 13805:Household income 13675:National symbols 13606:American English 13579:Federal holidays 13488:household income 13421: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13221: 13220: 13159:Anti-Americanism 13083:Special district 13010:Independent city 12979:County executive 12962: 12961: 12756:Attorney general 12715: 12714: 12704:Federal District 12287:Executive Office 12267: 12266: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12014:populated places 11994:federal enclaves 11989:federal district 11967: 11966: 11830:American Century 11813:Great Depression 11808:Roaring Twenties 11768:Women's suffrage 11647:Halifax Resolves 11640:Founding Fathers 11635:military history 11600:Pre-colonial era 11524: 11523: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11480: 11479: 11469: 11462: 11447: 11440: 11433: 11426: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11398: 11391: 11384: 11377: 11370: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11342: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11314: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11259: 11252: 11236: 11220: 11213: 11197: 11177: 11161: 11145: 11129: 11113: 11097: 11081: 11065: 11049: 11033: 11017: 11001: 10985: 10969: 10953: 10937: 10921: 10905: 10889: 10873: 10857: 10841: 10825: 10809: 10802: 10786: 10770: 10754: 10738: 10722: 10706: 10690: 10674: 10658: 10642: 10626: 10610: 10594: 10578: 10562: 10546: 10530: 10514: 10498: 10482: 10466: 10450: 10434: 10418: 10402: 10373: 10366: 10340: 10333: 10326: 10317: 10316: 10139: 10138: 9956:Capitol Building 9930:U.S. Gov. Manual 9883:Madison Building 9846:Copyright Office 9810:Sergeant at Arms 9768:Floor Operations 9687: 9686: 9609: 9608: 9525: 9524: 9507: 9506: 9370: 9369: 9187:Morning business 9074:House procedures 9037:Joint resolution 8841: 8840: 8830: 8829: 8710:Buddhist members 8529: 8528: 8365: 8364: 8187:Switched parties 8134:Switched parties 8071:Unseated members 8061:Youngest members 8041: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8021: 8020: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7940: 7939: 7864: 7859: 7858: 7856:Official website 7836: 7834: 7823: 7822: 7813: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7776: 7763:Houghton Mifflin 7751: 7739: 7728: 7700: 7681: 7653: 7637: 7626: 7624: 7597: 7587: 7572: 7563: 7543: 7534: 7524: 7487: 7473: 7463: 7451: 7440: 7428: 7417: 7408: 7398: 7385: 7376: 7355: 7345: 7332: 7330: 7319: 7310: 7301: 7291: 7281: 7269: 7260: 7251: 7249: 7237: 7235: 7224: 7214: 7205: 7194: 7157: 7148: 7138: 7126: 7110: 7098: 7087: 7078: 7069: 7059: 6959: 6950: 6929: 6918: 6909: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6873: 6861: 6852: 6843: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6808: 6802: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6754:. 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Philadelphia: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6161:on April 1, 2015 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5911: 5905: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5876:on June 10, 2020 5875: 5864: 5855: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5811: 5805: 5791: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5751: 5740: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5612: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5541: 5532: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5449: 5443: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5350:. 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Archived from 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5027: 5021: 5011: 5005: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4878: 4872: 4859: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4828: 4822: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4610: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4572: 4562: 4556: 4549:two-round system 4526: 4388: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4319: 4315: 4275:Thomas Jefferson 4223:, or other high 4197: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4146: 4138: 4092:House of Commons 3999: 3985: 3975: 3969: 3962:Republican Party 3958: Vacant (6) 3957: 3948: 3938: 3924: 3914: 3900: 3890: 3883:Democratic Party 3742:Daily procedures 3717:sergeant at arms 3679:The position of 3593:House committees 3561:Democratic Party 3549:Republican Party 3469:Member officials 3455:Travel allowance 3370:up to 5% of pay. 3260:minority leaders 3117:U.S. territories 3019:two-round system 3007:plurality voting 2884:Malapportionment 2746: 2739: 2732: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2647:Rules suspension 2451:list of speakers 2335: 2334: 2273:seniority system 2218:Democratic Party 2210:Republican Party 1820: 1813: 1806: 1789: 1788: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1596:District Council 1579:Local government 1463:Environmentalism 827:Executive Office 822:Federal agencies 632: 627: 547:Politics of the 546: 535: 534: 517: 498:Washington, D.C. 486: 453:November 5, 2024 441:November 8, 2022 427: 425:Two-round system 412: 388:Plurality voting 358: 352: 339: 334: 321: 316: 304:Political groups 298: 172:October 25, 2023 143: 141: 85: 73: 52: 51: 21: 14925: 14924: 14920: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14914: 14890: 14889: 14880: 14878: 14874: 14871: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14851: 14828: 14814:Multicameralism 14787: 14704: 14686: 14653: 14646: 14328: 14215: 14206: 14176: 14171: 14158: 14151: 14144: 14127: 14113:Opioid epidemic 14030:Native American 14010:intersex rights 13961: 13957:Life expectancy 13947:Medical deserts 13937:Race and health 13834: 13820:Personal income 13766: 13670:National anthem 13503:personal income 13468:Economic issues 13402: 13354: 13202: 13102: 13091:School district 13077: 13060:Minor divisions 13054: 12993: 12951: 12890: 12876:Statutory codes 12857: 12820: 12797: 12707: 12702: 12689: 12624: 12581:civil liberties 12562: 12553:Other tribunals 12532:District courts 12484: 12443:current members 12426:current members 12407: 12341:Law enforcement 12239: 11952: 11901: 11892:Great Recession 11763:Progressive Era 11753:Native genocide 11684:Perpetual Union 11672:Treaty of Paris 11630:United Colonies 11588: 11513: 11507: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11450: 11443: 11436: 11429: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11262: 11255: 11239: 11223: 11216: 11200: 11193: 11180: 11164: 11148: 11132: 11116: 11100: 11084: 11068: 11052: 11036: 11020: 11004: 10988: 10972: 10956: 10940: 10924: 10908: 10892: 10876: 10860: 10844: 10828: 10812: 10805: 10789: 10773: 10757: 10741: 10725: 10709: 10693: 10677: 10661: 10645: 10629: 10613: 10597: 10581: 10565: 10549: 10533: 10517: 10501: 10485: 10469: 10453: 10437: 10421: 10405: 10389: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10349: 10344: 10314: 10301: 10280: 10228: 10218: 10172: 10133: 10126: 10003:Hall of Columns 9950: 9894: 9887: 9825: 9814: 9795:Parliamentarian 9736: 9727:Parliamentarian 9674: 9633: 9600: 9529: 9519: 9512:Capitol Complex 9493: 9447: 9443:Party divisions 9359: 9333: 9251: 9135:Senate-specific 9130: 8985:Closed sessions 8953:Act of Congress 8941: 8915: 8911:Taxing/spending 8835: 8816: 8807:Party switchers 8776:Died in office 8746: 8698: 8682: 8651:Equality Caucus 8634: 8606:Hispanic Caucus 8545: 8520: 8490: 8447: 8352: 8196: 8138: 8075: 8028: 8015: 7972: 7967: 7923:Wayback Machine 7854: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7827:This audio file 7824: 7817: 7808: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7786: 7773: 7748: 7725: 7697: 7678: 7650: 7605: 7600: 7578:Wilson, Woodrow 7505:10.2307/3235293 7460: 7437: 7175:10.2307/1923870 7135: 7107: 7051: 6939:Wayback Machine 6922: 6896: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6814:. July 10, 2024 6810: 6809: 6805: 6798:Wayback Machine 6787: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6761:on July 7, 2010 6758: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6559: 6552: 6550: 6535: 6534: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6420:on July 2, 2011 6412: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6357:. p. 743. 6348: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6284: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6225: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6086: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6037: 6036: 6029: 6027: 6012: 6005: 6003: 5996: 5988:. p. 195. 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5902:Wayback Machine 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5862: 5858:Brudnick, Ida. 5856: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5802:Wayback Machine 5792: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5698: 5691: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5539: 5533: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5481:Feerick, John. 5479: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5459:Wayback Machine 5450: 5446: 5440:Wayback Machine 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5357:on July 7, 2010 5354: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5254: 5247: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5151:Wayback Machine 5138: 5134: 5128:Wayback Machine 5114: 5110: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5012: 5008: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4869:Wayback Machine 4860: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4791:Wayback Machine 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4746:Public Law 62-5 4743: 4736: 4724: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4690: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4563: 4559: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4476: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4309: 4299: 4198: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4163: 4147: 4136: 4121:Act of Congress 4080: 4005: 3997: 3995: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3934: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3910: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3875: 3865: 3833:Rules Committee 3828: 3750:from which the 3744: 3739: 3733: 3658: 3619: 3557:Katherine Clark 3530:minority leader 3526:majority leader 3515:Rules Committee 3471: 3466: 3457: 3445: 3389: 3387:Health benefits 3381: 3346:Social Security 3331: 3302:representative 3277: 3244: 3231: 3225: 3192: 3179:investigation. 3169:James Traficant 3137: 3121:Cherokee Nation 3100: 3094: 2971: 2939: 2858: 2852: 2765: 2759: 2750: 2714: 2712: 2705: 2704: 2651: 2630: 2614: 2598: 2577: 2540: 2536:Plural district 2524: 2487: 2466: 2461: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2417:Hill committees 2407: 2406: 2384:Current members 2349: 2333: 2261:Rules Committee 2252:minority leader 2248:majority leader 2149:New Jersey Plan 2127:, although the 2102:Edmund Randolph 2043: 2037: 1824: 1795: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1714: 1696: 1676: 1657:Nationality law 1653: 1641: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1583: 1538: 1528: 1527: 1514: 1449: 1391: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1352: 1338: 1328: 1327: 1315: 1305: 1027: 1019: 989: 980: 970: 969: 964:Other tribunals 959: 925:District courts 907: 842: 832: 831: 813: 809:Merrick Garland 761: 751: 750: 745:Mitch McConnell 742:Minority Leader 731:Majority Leader 696: 672:Hakeem Jeffries 669:Minority Leader 658:Majority Leader 634: 611: 601: 600: 572: 549: 513: 500: 496: 492: 471:varies by state 449: 437: 430: 423: 408: 397: 396: 391: 384: 367: 350: 349: 332: 331: 314: 313: 305: 288: 286: 282: 266: 264: 257:Katherine Clark 252: 243: 241: 229: 220: 218: 211:Hakeem Jeffries 206: 204:Minority Leader 197: 195: 183: 181:Majority Leader 174: 169: 157: 139: 137: 133: 118: 111: 106: 88: 76: 57: 48: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14923: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14853: 14852: 14850: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14833: 14830: 14829: 14827: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14795: 14793: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14714: 14712: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14702: 14696: 14694: 14688: 14687: 14685: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14662:American Samoa 14658: 14656: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14622:United Kingdom 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14427:Czech Republic 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14338: 14336: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14225: 14223: 14217: 14216: 14205: 14204: 14197: 14190: 14182: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14157: 14156: 14149: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14109: 14108: 14098: 14097: 14096: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14069:Mass shootings 14066: 14061: 14060: 14059: 14057:Climate change 14054: 14044: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13995:Discrimination 13992: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13975: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13908: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13887: 13886: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13785:American Dream 13782: 13776: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13752:Transportation 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13698: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13685:Mount Rushmore 13682: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13656: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13625: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13571: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13543: 13542: 13537: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13429: 13427: 13414: 13408: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13364: 13362: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13305:Federal budget 13302: 13297: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13243:Communications 13240: 13235: 13224: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13166: 13164:exceptionalism 13161: 13151: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13142:foreign policy 13134: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13117: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13087: 13085: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13075: 13070: 13064: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12968: 12959: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12910: 12904: 12902: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12867: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12839:Chief justices 12834:Supreme courts 12830: 12828: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12818: 12813: 12807: 12805: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12736: 12735: 12734: 12723: 12721: 12712: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12673:National Guard 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12634: 12632: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12590: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12576:Bill of Rights 12572: 12570: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12549: 12548: 12546:list of judges 12543: 12541:list of courts 12529: 12528: 12527: 12525:list of judges 12517: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12494: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12460:Capitol Police 12457: 12456: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12417: 12415: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12381:Secret Service 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12294:Vice President 12291: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12273: 12271: 12264: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12078:National Parks 12070: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12038: 12033: 12031:Extreme points 12028: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11718:Federalist Era 11715: 11714: 11713: 11711:Bill of Rights 11708: 11698: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11669: 11659: 11654: 11652:Lee Resolution 11649: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11602: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11512: articles 11506: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11483: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11392: 11385: 11378: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11253: 11237: 11221: 11214: 11202:American Samoa 11198: 11190: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11162: 11146: 11130: 11114: 11098: 11082: 11066: 11050: 11034: 11018: 11006:South Carolina 11002: 10986: 10970: 10954: 10938: 10922: 10906: 10894:North Carolina 10890: 10874: 10858: 10842: 10826: 10810: 10803: 10787: 10771: 10755: 10739: 10723: 10707: 10691: 10675: 10659: 10643: 10627: 10611: 10595: 10579: 10563: 10547: 10531: 10515: 10499: 10483: 10467: 10451: 10435: 10419: 10403: 10386: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10367: 10359: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10343: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10320: 10311: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10288: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10251:Senate chamber 10248: 10243: 10238: 10236:Botanic Garden 10232: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10189:office lottery 10186: 10180: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10151: 10145: 10143: 10136: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10097:Columbus Doors 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10013:Visitor Center 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9903:Public Printer 9899: 9897: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9873:Adams Building 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9830: 9828: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9615: 9613: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9539: 9533: 9531: 9521: 9520: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9465: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9394:Senate history 9391: 9390: 9389: 9384: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9269:ranking member 9261: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9232:Standing Rules 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9207:Reconciliation 9204: 9199: 9194: 9192:Nuclear option 9189: 9184: 9181:Senate Journal 9177: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9119:Line-item veto 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9084:Reconciliation 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8982: 8977: 8975:Budget process 8972: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8896:Naturalization 8893: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8858: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8837: 8836: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8737: 8735:Quaker members 8732: 8730:Muslim members 8727: 8722: 8720:Jewish members 8717: 8712: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8618:Jewish members 8615: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8516:Gerrymandering 8513: 8508: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8371: 8369: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8038: 8030: 8029: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7913: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7839: 7825: 7818: 7806: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789:External links 7787: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7771: 7752: 7746: 7729: 7723: 7701: 7695: 7682: 7676: 7654: 7648: 7627: 7614: 7613:Krieger, 1988. 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7589: 7574: 7564: 7555: 7545: 7535: 7526: 7499:(4): 561–593. 7488: 7474: 7465: 7458: 7441: 7435: 7418: 7409: 7400: 7386: 7377: 7367:(2): 111–133. 7356: 7347: 7334: 7320: 7311: 7302: 7300:. . Greenwood. 7293: 7283: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7239: 7225: 7216: 7206: 7195: 7158: 7149: 7140: 7133: 7116: 7105: 7088: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6920: 6910: 6901: 6894: 6877: 6863: 6853: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6803: 6781: 6772: 6740: 6722: 6703: 6683: 6651: 6618: 6585: 6523: 6488: 6457: 6431: 6405: 6375: 6337: 6301: 6282: 6258: 6205: 6172: 6142: 6109: 6056: 5994: 5980:(3 ed.). 5966: 5936: 5906: 5887: 5841: 5806: 5763: 5726: 5711: 5689: 5654:(3): 695–707. 5634: 5607: 5596: 5564: 5522: 5496: 5473: 5463: 5444: 5425: 5399: 5368: 5336: 5305: 5275: 5245: 5230: 5200: 5187: 5172:. Onecle Inc. 5161: 5132: 5108: 5085: 5052: 5022: 5006: 4994:H.Res. 78 4985: 4959: 4947: 4920: 4911: 4898: 4873: 4849: 4823: 4776: 4750: 4734: 4688: 4673: 4661: 4635: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4585: 4573: 4557: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4380: 4377: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4298: 4295: 4287:Andrew Jackson 4248:Andrew Johnson 4200: 4199: 4150: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4103:Woodrow Wilson 4079: 4076: 4053:Woodrow Wilson 4002:Freedom Caucus 3996: 3992:Freedom Caucus 3982: 3972: 3966: 3954: 3945: 3935: 3921: 3911: 3897: 3887: 3864: 3861: 3846:roll call vote 3827: 3824: 3743: 3740: 3735:Main article: 3732: 3729: 3687:following the 3685:104th Congress 3657: 3654: 3635:in the 1990s, 3631:in the 1980s, 3618: 3615: 3601:Ways and Means 3597:Appropriations 3591:The chairs of 3507:point of order 3491:minority party 3479:majority party 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3444: 3441: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3379:Tax deductions 3377: 3372: 3371: 3352: 3348: 3330: 3327: 3285:representative 3276: 3273: 3243: 3240: 3224: 3221: 3191: 3188: 3136: 3133: 3125:Choctaw Nation 3096:Main article: 3093: 3090: 2970: 2967: 2938: 2937:Qualifications 2935: 2899:gerrymandering 2873:general ticket 2854:Main article: 2851: 2848: 2820:American Samoa 2761:Main article: 2758: 2757:Apportionments 2755: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2563:Closed session 2559: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2531:General ticket 2527: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2520:Gerrymandering 2517: 2511: 2509: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2411:Former members 2408: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2343: 2332: 2329: 2206:Reconstruction 2199:Andrew Johnson 2183:Wilmot Proviso 2114:public opinion 2069:initiated the 2039:Main article: 2036: 2033: 1962:American Samoa 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1781: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1748:European Union 1745: 1743:United Kingdom 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1651: 1640: 1639: 1637:Antony Blinken 1629: 1628: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1606:Superior Court 1603: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1473:Libertarianism 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1426:Traditionalist 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1314: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1281:American Samoa 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1226:South Carolina 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1191:North Carolina 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1000: 995: 988: 987: 981: 976: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 922: 916: 915: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 862: 861: 852: 851: 843: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 829: 824: 819: 812: 811: 805: 804: 796: 795: 788: 787: 779: 778: 771: 770: 762: 757: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 738: 737: 727: 726: 716: 715: 705: 704: 695: 694: 688: 687: 676: 675: 665: 664: 654: 653: 643: 642: 621: 620: 612: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 593: 588: 582: 581: 573: 568: 567: 564: 563: 553: 552: 542: 541: 531: 530: 524: 523: 519: 518: 510: 509: 505: 504: 488: 487: 479: 478: 474: 473: 460: 456: 455: 450: 447: 444: 443: 438: 435: 432: 431: 429: 428: 413: 394: 393: 392: 385: 380: 377: 376: 372: 371: 368: 366:Length of term 365: 362: 361: 360: 359: 341: 340: 326:Minority (211) 323: 322: 309:Majority (220) 306: 303: 300: 299: 291: 290: 277: 273: 272: 268: 267: 255: 253: 248: 245: 244: 232: 230: 225: 222: 221: 209: 207: 202: 199: 198: 186: 184: 179: 176: 175: 160: 158: 153: 150: 149: 145: 144: 134: 131: 128: 127: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 102: 101: 99: 95: 94: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 59: 58: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14922: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14888: 14885: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14834: 14831: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14809:Tricameralism 14807: 14805: 14804:Unicameralism 14802: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14711: 14707: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14693: 14692:Non-UN states 14689: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14655: 14652:Dependent and 14649: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14331: 14325: 14324:United States 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14203: 14198: 14196: 14191: 14189: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14154: 14150: 14147: 14143: 14142: 14138: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14107: 14104: 14103: 14102: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14049: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14042:Energy policy 14040: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13984: 13983:incarceration 13981: 13980: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13891: 13888: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13868:Prenatal care 13866: 13864: 13863:Birth control 13861: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13837: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13800:Homeownership 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13769: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13603: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13532: 13531: 13528: 13524: 13523:working class 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13483:homeownership 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13470: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13263:Manufacturing 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13199: 13196: 13192: 13191:Third parties 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13122: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13084: 13080: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12954: 12948: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12933: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12901: 12897: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12705: 12700: 12696: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12627: 12621: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12565: 12559: 12558:U.S. attorney 12556: 12554: 12551: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12503:Chief Justice 12501: 12500: 12499: 12498:Supreme Court 12496: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12487: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12403:Public policy 12401: 12399: 12398:Civil service 12396: 12394: 12391: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12246: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12066:Sierra Nevada 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12004:insular zones 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11875:War on Terror 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11855:LGBT Movement 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11591: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11516: 11511: 11510:United States 11504: 11499: 11497: 11492: 11490: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11453: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11379: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11316: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11134:West Virginia 11131: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10830:New Hampshire 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10711:Massachusetts 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10336: 10334: 10329: 10327: 10322: 10321: 10318: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10225: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10166: 10162: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10059: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10008:Statuary Hall 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9863:Poet Laureate 9861: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9805:Reading Clerk 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9645:Congr. Ethics 9643: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9526: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9377:House history 9375: 9374: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9329:Subcommittees 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9314:List (Senate) 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9247:Treaty Clause 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9042:Joint session 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9027:Enrolled bill 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8827: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8715:Hindu members 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8677: 8676:current House 8674: 8672: 8671:Issues Caucus 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8511:Apportionment 8509: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: → 8002: 7999: ← 7998: 7994: 7992: 7991:Joint session 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7952: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7828: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7715:HarperCollins 7712: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7478:Story, Joseph 7475: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7169:(3): 367–90. 7168: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6835: 6813: 6807: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6785: 6776: 6757: 6750: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6445: 6442:. House.gov. 6441: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6341: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6305: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6214:"Bill Hopper" 6209: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5915:"The Rostrum" 5910: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5880:September 21, 5872: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5826: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5756:September 21, 5748: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5605: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5238:2 U.S.C. 5234: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5116:Burt Neuborne 5112: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5078:September 29, 5073: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5014:2 U.S.C. 5010: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4842:September 17, 4837: 4833: 4827: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4683:, and in the 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4390: 4381: 4378: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273:, it elected 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4254:in 1998, and 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236:Richard Nixon 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4196: 4193: 4185: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4151:This section 4149: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4072: 4071:Newt Gingrich 4068: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4003: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3965: 3963: 3953: 3942: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633:Newt Gingrich 3630: 3626: 3625: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553:minority whip 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541:majority whip 3538: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3461: 3452: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3384: 3376: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3312:San Francisco 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3293:congresswoman 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281:The Honorable 3272: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3235: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3173:George Santos 3170: 3166: 3165:Michael Myers 3162: 3158: 3155:of Missouri, 3154: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:ballot access 3031: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011:ranked-choice 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2975: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2927:Burt Neuborne 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2909:Supreme Court 2906: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2862:single-member 2857: 2850:Redistricting 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2711: 2710: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2515:Redistricting 2513: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2502:Apportionment 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2470:Party leaders 2468: 2467: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:1996 election 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2281:Newt Gingrich 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204:The years of 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Massachusetts 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2108:called for a 2107: 2106:Virginia Plan 2103: 2099: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063:James Madison 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:United States 1853: 1849: 1848:upper chamber 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:lower chamber 1833: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1753:Latin America 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1493:Republicanism 1491: 1489: 1488:Protectionism 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1443:Progressivism 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356:Third parties 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1266:West Virginia 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:New Hampshire 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1131:Massachusetts 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 990: 986: 983: 982: 979: 974: 973: 966: 965: 961: 960: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 930: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 909: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 860: 857: 856:Chief Justice 854: 853: 850: 849: 845: 844: 841: 836: 835: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 798: 797: 793: 792:Kamala Harris 790: 789: 786: 785: 781: 780: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 764: 763: 760: 755: 754: 746: 743: 740: 739: 735: 734:Chuck Schumer 732: 729: 728: 724: 721: 718: 717: 713: 712:Kamala Harris 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 698: 697: 693: 690: 689: 685: 681: 678: 677: 673: 670: 667: 666: 662: 661:Steve Scalise 659: 656: 655: 651: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 636: 635: 633: 631: 626: 619: 618: 614: 613: 610: 605: 604: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 575: 574: 571: 566: 565: 559: 555: 554: 551: 550:United States 544: 543: 540: 537: 536: 529: 525: 520: 516: 511: 506: 503: 499: 495: 489: 485: 480: 477:Meeting place 475: 472: 468: 464: 461: 459:Redistricting 457: 454: 451: 448:Next election 445: 442: 439: 436:Last election 433: 426: 421: 417: 414: 411: 406: 402: 399: 398: 389: 386: 383: 382:Voting system 378: 373: 369: 363: 356: 348: 347: 346: 345: 337: 330: 329: 328: 327: 319: 312: 311: 310: 307: 301: 297: 292: 285: 281: 278: 274: 269: 262: 258: 254: 251: 250:Minority Whip 246: 239: 235: 231: 228: 227:Majority Whip 223: 216: 212: 208: 205: 200: 193: 189: 188:Steve Scalise 185: 182: 177: 173: 167: 163: 159: 156: 151: 146: 135: 129: 124: 120: 114: 110: 105: 100: 96: 91: 84: 79: 72: 67: 64: 60: 53: 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 19: 14857: 14799:Bicameralism 14597:South Africa 14323: 14213:legislatures 14211:of national 14209:Lower houses 14084:Human rights 14064:Gun politics 14015:Islamophobia 14005:antisemitism 13873:Hospice care 13815:Middle class 13795:Homelessness 13772:Social class 13732:Social class 13596:Human rights 13586:Homelessness 13498:middle class 13463:Demographics 13438:Architecture 13345:Unemployment 13325:Labor unions 13073:Town meeting 13050:City council 13045:City manager 12786:State police 12648:Marine Corps 12638:Armed Forces 12613:civil rights 12593:Constitution 12420: 12165:Southwestern 12160:Southeastern 12150:Northwestern 12145:Northeastern 12110:Mid-Atlantic 12100:Great Plains 11818:World War II 11701:Constitution 11605:Colonial era 11584:2008–present 11022:South Dakota 10990:Rhode Island 10974:Pennsylvania 10910:North Dakota 10363: 10292:Capitol Hill 10158: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10024: 10017: 9988: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9516:Capitol Hill 9486: 9479: 9472: 9431: 9309:List (House) 9304:List (Joint) 9274:Of the Whole 9180: 9173: 9172:Jefferson's 9059:Magic minute 8812:Slave owners 8795:2000–present 8741:Sikh members 8739: 8646:LGBT members 8572:Black Caucus 8348:118th (2023) 8343:117th (2021) 8338:116th (2019) 8333:115th (2017) 8328:114th (2015) 8323:113th (2013) 8318:112th (2011) 8313:111th (2009) 8308:110th (2007) 8303:109th (2005) 8298:108th (2003) 8293:107th (2001) 8288:106th (1999) 8283:105th (1997) 8278:104th (1995) 8273:103rd (1993) 8268:102nd (1991) 8263:101st (1989) 8258:100th (1987) 7980: 7909: 7904:Congress.gov 7780: 7761:. New York: 7757: 7735: 7713:. New York: 7709: 7686: 7666:. New York: 7662: 7633: 7620: 7610: 7593: 7582: 7568: 7559: 7548: 7539: 7530: 7496: 7492: 7481: 7469: 7452:. Hawthorn. 7447: 7424: 7413: 7404: 7397:: Walsworth. 7390: 7381: 7364: 7360: 7351: 7341: 7326: 7315: 7306: 7297: 7287: 7277: 7265: 7256: 7245: 7231: 7220: 7210: 7200: 7166: 7162: 7153: 7144: 7122: 7111:, leader of 7094: 7083: 7074: 7065: 7052: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6955: 6946: 6923: 6914: 6905: 6883: 6869: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6816:. Retrieved 6806: 6789: 6784: 6775: 6763:. Retrieved 6756:the original 6743: 6735:the original 6725: 6713:. Retrieved 6693: 6686: 6674:. Retrieved 6663: 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6631: 6621: 6609:. Retrieved 6598: 6588: 6576:. Retrieved 6565: 6551:. Retrieved 6547:the original 6537: 6514:. Retrieved 6498: 6491: 6479:. Retrieved 6470: 6460: 6448:. Retrieved 6434: 6422:. Retrieved 6418:the original 6408: 6396:. Retrieved 6387: 6378: 6366:. 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Retrieved 5288:fairvote.org 5287: 5278: 5266:. Retrieved 5233: 5221:. Retrieved 5212: 5203: 5190: 5178:. Retrieved 5164: 5154: 5135: 5119: 5111: 5103:the original 5098: 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5065: 5055: 5043:. Retrieved 5034: 5025: 5009: 4988: 4976:. Retrieved 4962: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4923: 4914: 4906: 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4885: 4876: 4840:. Retrieved 4836:the original 4826: 4811:South Dakota 4807:North Dakota 4779: 4767:. Retrieved 4753: 4705:. Retrieved 4701: 4691: 4676: 4664: 4652:. Retrieved 4647: 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4617: 4608: 4588: 4560: 4524: 4436: 4387:(non-voting) 4384:commissioner 4376:Affiliation 4368: Vacant 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4311: 4310: 4260: 4256:Donald Trump 4252:Bill Clinton 4233: 4229:Misdemeanors 4210: 4203: 4188: 4179: 4164:Please help 4152: 4125: 4113: 4108: 4100: 4081: 4063: 4058: 4050: 4031: 4023: 4012: 4008: 3960: 3951: 3881: 3858: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3804: 3791:Pennsylvania 3780: 3764: 3759: 3745: 3706: 3702:Charlie Rose 3678: 3659: 3649: 3646: 3641:Nancy Pelosi 3637:John Boehner 3622: 3620: 3608: 3590: 3575: 3568: 3534: 3522:floor leader 3519: 3511: 3503: 3487: 3472: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3433: 3425: 3413: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3373: 3332: 3316: 3304:Nancy Pelosi 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3245: 3193: 3181: 3145: 3138: 3101: 3083: 3058: 3052: 3023: 2991:Election Day 2988: 2956: 2940: 2916: 2902: 2887: 2877: 2859: 2801: 2781: 2766: 2391:by seniority 2347: 2313:Nancy Pelosi 2301:Bill Clinton 2294: 2266: 2237: 2203: 2180: 2165: 2153: 2145:Pennsylvania 2118: 2095: 2075:Rhode Island 2044: 2006: 1994:South Dakota 1990:North Dakota 1968:. As of the 1943: 1884: 1831: 1829: 1586: 1562:Legislatures 1542: 1453:Abolitionism 1396:Conservatism 1318: 1308: 1231:South Dakota 1221:Rhode Island 1216:Pennsylvania 1196:North Dakota 1022: 984: 962: 910: 859:John Roberts 846: 799: 782: 765: 723:Patty Murray 699: 650:Mike Johnson 638: 637: 622: 615: 576: 538: 390:in 46 states 343: 342: 325: 324: 308: 162:Mike Johnson 49: 29: 14879: / 14748:South Korea 14682:Puerto Rico 14672:Isle of Man 14587:Saint Lucia 14567:Philippines 14547:Netherlands 14487:Ivory Coast 14319:Switzerland 14309:South Sudan 14089:Immigration 14020:LGBT rights 13922:Food safety 13757:Video games 13350:Wall Street 13330:Public debt 13233:Agriculture 13169:nationalism 12881:Uniform act 12803:Legislative 12710:Territorial 12668:Coast Guard 12663:Space Force 12413:Legislative 12208:Red (South) 12198:Mississippi 12120:New England 12056:Appalachian 12026:Earthquakes 11923:Discoveries 11918:Demographic 11860:Vietnam War 11803:World War I 11798:Imperialism 11748:Indian Wars 11723:War of 1812 11241:Puerto Rico 10759:Mississippi 10487:Connecticut 10266:Power Plant 9858:Law Library 9559:Cap. Police 9528:Legislative 9217:Senate hold 9124:Pocket veto 9099:Sponsorship 9079:Quorum call 8879:Impeachment 8253:99th (1985) 8248:98th (1983) 8243:97th (1981) 8238:96th (1979) 8233:95th (1977) 8228:94th (1975) 8223:93rd (1973) 8218:92nd (1971) 8213:91st (1969) 8208:90th (1967) 8201:New members 7331:. Westview. 7250:. Westview. 6715:January 10, 6676:January 12, 6644:January 12, 6611:January 12, 6578:January 12, 6553:January 10, 6481:January 12, 6398:January 12, 6330:January 12, 6294:January 10, 6251:January 12, 6228:January 12, 6198:January 12, 6165:January 12, 6135:January 12, 6102:January 12, 6079:January 12, 6030:January 12, 6006:January 10, 5959:January 12, 5929:January 12, 5834:October 24, 5557:December 2, 5418:December 1, 5392:December 1, 5319:Tulsa World 5268:November 2, 5180:January 26, 5002:2000 Census 4891:December 3, 4886:www.pbs.org 4795:Ballotpedia 4725:|last= 4707:December 3, 4654:December 3, 4628:December 3, 4545:Mississippi 4393:majorities 3980:: 162 seats 3811:quorum call 3674:foodservice 3629:Tip O'Neill 3289:congressman 3104:territories 3043:third party 3039:independent 2963:Confederacy 2816:Puerto Rico 2808:territories 2797:1960 census 2773:apportioned 2610:Quorum call 2234:(1895–1899) 2133:legislation 2125:upper house 2121:lower house 1970:2020 census 1966:Puerto Rico 1862:, known as 1860:legislation 1842:, with the 1758:Arab League 1672:Visa policy 1548:Territorial 1361:Libertarian 1296:Puerto Rico 1146:Mississippi 1061:Connecticut 609:Legislature 117:Term limits 104:Lower house 14894:Categories 14864:38°53′20″N 14700:Somaliland 14632:Uzbekistan 14607:Tajikistan 14527:Madagascar 14507:Kazakhstan 14123:Xenophobia 13912:Disability 13853:Healthcare 13762:Visual art 13707:Philosophy 13653:television 13643:newspapers 13633:journalism 13623:Literature 13535:attainment 13186:Republican 13181:Democratic 13154:Ideologies 13115:Corruption 12680:NOAA Corps 12603:preemption 12598:federalism 12213:Rio Grande 12115:Midwestern 12095:West Coast 12090:East Coast 11933:Inventions 11845:Space Race 11840:Korean War 11823:home front 11758:Gilded Age 11118:Washington 10862:New Mexico 10846:New Jersey 10455:California 10229:facilities 9936:Serial Set 9824:Library of 9800:Postmaster 9763:Doorkeeper 9624:Historical 9279:Conference 9257:Committees 9242:Traditions 9167:Filibuster 8920:Privileges 8694:Physicians 8687:Occupation 8436:Vice-Chair 8037:Membership 7842:Audio help 7833:2006-08-04 7147:. 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