716:, and heavier-duty transport features. The BVU-50 enabled recording in the field but not playback, and the BVU-100 permitted both recording and playback in the field. Portable recorders were connected to the camera with a multi-conductor cable terminated with multi-pin connectors on each end. The cable carried bi-directional audio, video, synchronisation, record on/off control, and power. Early studio and all portable U-Matic VCRs had a drawer-type mechanism which required the tape to be inserted, followed by manual closure of the drawer (a "top-loading" mechanism). Later studio VCRs accepted the cassette from a port opening and the cassette was pulled into and seated in the transport (a "front-loading" mechanism).
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701:(although one or two companies offered after-market modification services to install longitudinal time code). The VO-3800 was largely metal, which made the unit heavy, but still technically portable. The VO-4800 had the same functionality as the VO-3800, but at a greatly reduced weight and size, by replacing many components with plastic. The VO-6800 added the improvement of a long, thin battery standard ("candy bars") that permitted storage of the batteries in a trouser pocket. Common model numbers for these batteries were NP-1, NP-1A and NP-1B. The
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tape hubs during transportation to keep the tape wound tightly on the hubs. Once the cassette is taken off the case, the hubs are free to spin. A spring-loaded tape cover door protects the tape from damage; when the cassette is inserted into the VCR, the door is released and is opened, enabling the VCR mechanism to spool the tape around the spinning video drum. Accidental recording is prevented by the absence of a red plastic button fitted to a hole on the bottom surface of the tape; removal of the button disabled recording.
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the high manufacturing cost and resulting retail price of the format's first VCRs. But the cost was affordable enough for industrial and institutional customers, where the format was very successful for such applications as business communication and educational television. As a result, Sony shifted U-Matic's marketing to the industrial, professional, and educational sectors.
902:. These devices accepted stereo analogue audio, digitized it, and generated "pseudo video" from the bits, storing 96 bits—three stereo pairs of 16-bit samples—as bright and dark regions along each scan line. (On a monitor the "video" looked like vibrating checkerboard patterns.) This could be recorded on a U-matic recorder. This was the first system used for mastering audio
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direction. Nevertheless, the U-Matic S cassette acquired traditional double-flange reels, which reduced the amount of tape that could be loaded, and as such, the duration of recording. U-Matic S tapes had a maximum recording time of 20 minutes, and large ones 1-hour, although some tape manufacturers such as
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smearing, and chroma noise compounded with every generation. These issues motivated videotape editors and engineers to use work-arounds to minimise this degradation. A time-base corrector (TBC) could be used to regenerate the sync tip portion of the video signal sent to the "recording" VCR, improving
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U-matic was also available in a smaller cassette size, officially known as U-Matic S. U-Matic S was developed as a more portable version of U-Matic, to be used in smaller-sized S-format recorders such as the aforementioned Sony VO-3800, as well as the later VO-4800, VO-6800, VO-8800, BVU-50, BVU-100,
615:
At the 1971 introduction of the first model of U-Matic VCR, the VO-1600, Sony originally intended it to be a videocassette format oriented at the consumer market, even including a VHF/UHF TV tuner built into the model for home television recording. This proved to be something of a failure, because of
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A recurring problem with the format was damage to the videotape caused by prolonged friction of the spinning video drum heads against a paused videocassette. The drum would rub oxide off the tape or the tape would wrinkle; when the damaged tape was played back, a horizontal line of distorted visual
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When recording PAL, U-matic Hi-band had a sync tip frequency of 4.8 MHz, a peak white frequency of 6.4 MHz, and a color carrier frequency of 983.803 kHz, while U-matic Hi-Band SP had a sync tip frequency of 5.6 MHz, and a peak white frequency of 7.2 MHz, retaining the color
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U-matic tape moves at 3.75 inches per second, and has a tape writing speed of 8.54 meters per second for PAL or 10.26 for NTSC. This means that the heads on the drums of U-matic VCRs move across the tape at one of those speeds. The drum has two heads, both of which are used for recording video. The
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The first generation of U-matic VCRs are large devices, approximately 30 in (76 cm) wide, 24 in (61 cm) deep, and 12 in (30 cm) high, requiring special shelving, and had mechanical controls limited to Record, Play, Rewind, Fast-Forward, Stop and Pause (with muted video
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Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in opposite directions during playback, fast-forward, and rewind: one reel would run clockwise while the other would run counter-clockwise. A locking mechanism integral to each cassette case secures the
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cassette, but abandoned it in favor of full-flanged cassette, because such an arrangement created unnecessary friction between the edge of the tape and the inner surface of the cassette. In the U-Matic cassette friction was reduced by the reels, having overlapping flanges, rotating in the opposite
670:. S-format tapes could be played back in older top-loading standard U-Matic decks with the aid of an adapter (the KCA-1 from Sony) which fitted around an S-sized tape; newer front-loading machines can accept S-format tapes directly, as the tapes have a slot on the underside that rides along a tab.
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on an accessible budget, spawning programming distribution, classroom playback, etc. At its peak popularity, U-matic recording and playback equipment was manufactured by Sony, Panasonic and JVC, with many spin-off product manufacturers, such as video edit controllers, time base correctors, video
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SP format had all but replaced BVU outside of corporate and budget programme making. With BVU-870, Sony made a final revision to U-matic, by further improving the recording system and giving it the same "SP" suffix as
Betacam. SP had a horizontal resolution of 330 lines. The BVU-800 series Y-FM
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drum spins at 1500 rpm for PAL or 1800 rpm for NTSC. U-matic Lo-band when recording NTSC has a sync tip frequency of 3.8 MHz, a peak white frequency of 5.4 MHz, and a color carrier frequency of 688.373 kHz. NTSC U-matic SP has a peak white frequency of 7 MHz.
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U-Matic saw even more success from the television broadcast industry in the mid-1970s, when a number of local TV stations and national TV networks used the format when its first portable model, the Sony VO-3800, was released in 1974. This model ushered in the era of ENG, or
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audio noise reduction. Sony's BVU-900 series were the last broadcast U-matic VTRs made by Sony. First-generation U-matic SP and Beta-SP recordings were hard to tell apart, but despite this the writing was on the wall for U-matic, due to intrinsic problems with the format.
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image would ascend in the frame, and audio would drop out. Manufacturers attempted to minimize this issue with schemes in which the tape would loosen around the spinning head or the head would stop spinning after resting in pause mode for a pre-determined period of time.
839:(TBC). Some TBCs had a drop-out compensation (DOC) circuit which would hold lines of video in temporary digital memory to compensate for oxide drop-out or wrinkle flaws in the videotape, however the DOC circuits required several cables and expert calibration for use.
1115:"After exhaustive research, the development team was confident it had devised a mechanism that could be used for cassette tape VCRs, the U-loading system. The name was derived from the U-shaped figure the tape followed when seen from above." Sony History, .
591:. This was followed by SP (superior performance). Both revisions increased the FM carrier frequencies, increasing the available bandwidth on the tape, hence increasing image quality and the number of resolution lines. U-matic SP also introduced
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BVU-110, and BVU-150 models from Sony, among others from Sony, Panasonic, JVC and other manufacturers. To minimize weight and bulk in the field, portable recorders had an external AC power supply, or could be operated from rechargeable
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was based on a best-fit calculation for PAL and monochrome NTSC video's horizontal line period and rate and U-matic's luminance bandwidth. On playback, the PCM adapter converted the light and dark regions back into bits.
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color standard, and red images would be noisier than other colors in the spectrum. For this reason, on-camera talent was discouraged from wearing red clothing that would call attention to technical shortcomings.
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playback reliability. The "dub" cable, more formally called "demodulated" (or "demod" for short), was a multi-conductor cable that circumvented a portion of the video circuitry, minimising amplification noise.
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The format video image also suffered from head-switching noise, a distortion of the image in which a section of video at the bottom of the video frame would be horizontally askew from the larger portion.
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cameras normally used for on-location television news gathering. Film required developing which took time, compared to the instantly available playback of videotape, making faster breaking news possible.
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PAL U-matic Hi-band increased the FM carrier frequency to 4.8-6.4 MHz, while U-matic SP increased it even further to 5.6-7.2 MHz, while increasing the color carrier frequency to 924 kHz.
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Many television facilities the world over still have a U-matic recorder for archive playback of material recorded in the 1970s and 1980s. For example, the US Library of
Congress facility in
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in prototype in
October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various
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The price point of the VO family was primarily oriented toward educational, corporate and industrial fields, featured unbalanced audio connectors, and did not typically include
473:
RP 87-1999 (Archived 2004) Reference
Carrier Frequencies, Preemphasis Characteristic and Audio and Control Signals for 3/4-in Type E Helical-Scan Video Tape Cassette Recording
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The standard cassette employed only one flange for each reel - top flange on the pickup reel and bottom flange on the supply reel. This allowed the reels to overlap like in
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758:. U-matic Hi-band had an improved colour recording system and lower noise levels. BVU gained immense popularity in ENG and location programme-making, spelling the end of
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format, but it found lasting appeal as a cheap, well specified, and hard-wearing format. The format permitted many broadcast and non-broadcast institutions to produce
731:, produced A/B roll systems, which permitted two or more VCRs to be controlled and synchronised for video dissolves and other motion effects, integration of the
1086:"Numerical index of standards, recommended practices, engineering guidelines and registered disclosure documents on the October 2009 (volume TV24-MP17) CD-ROM"
1015:, holds thousands of titles on U-matic video as a means of providing access copies and proof for copyright deposit of old television broadcasts and films.
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mounting, with sliding rack rails for compressed storage in broadcast environments, solenoid control mechanics, jog-shuttle knob, remote controls,
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Audio quality was compromised due to the use of longitudinal audio tape heads in combination with slow tape speed. Sony eventually implemented
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534:(JVC), and five non-Japanese companies reached agreement on unified standards. The first U-matic VCRs were released by Sony in 1971.
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even managed 90-minute tapes) by using a thinner tape. It was the U-Matic S-format decks that ushered in the beginning of ENG, or
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Sony editing console BVE-600 for controlling two connected U-matic video recorders. Such assemblies were used for professional
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uses a similar type of "B-load" as well. Recording time is limited to one hour. It initially had a resolution of 250
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data. Most digital audio recordings from the 1980s were recorded on U-matic tape via a Sony PCM-1600, -1610, or -1630
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in the days before VHS, DVD, and portable hard drives. Several movies have surviving copies in this form. The first
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Copying video from one U-matic VCR to another compromised playback reliability, and levels of head-switching noise,
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was the last of the portable VO series to be produced by Sony, and featured solenoid-controlled transport.
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revision, with the introduction of the top-loading BVU-200. The original version became known as
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1405:"OCT 9 2 MOS Latin America's Frontrunner in Foreign Oscar Race is 'No,' With Gael Garcia Bernal"
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tape. U-matic Hi-band recordings will play in black and white in U-matic Lo-band machines.
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1032:"ST 21:1997 - SMPTE Standard - For Video Recording — 3/4-in Type E Helical Scan — Records"
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was upped to 1.2 MHz giving it wider bandwidth. The BVU-800 series also added
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U-matic was named after the shape of the tape path when it was threaded around the
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on early models). Later models sported improvements such as chassis sized for EIA
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SMPTE 31M-2003 Television Analog
Recording - 3/4-in Type E – Small Video Cassette
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1442:. Foreword by Christopher H. Sterling. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 153.
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Total Rewind, U-matic VCRs, Photos and comparison of various Sony U-matic decks
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1103:"Sony Group Portal - Product & Technology Milestones−Recorder & Player"
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1342:(pdf). New York University's Moving Image Archiving & Preservation Program
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Texas
Commission on the Arts, Videotape Identification and Assessment Guide
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925:- or dye-polymer-coated disc. This method was common until the mid-1990s.
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for audio CDs were made via laser from the PCM-1600's digital output to a
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2012:
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1473:. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. pp. 188–190.
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systems. Sony and other manufacturers, such as
Convergence, Calaway, and
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U-matic saw two revisions to improve its image quality. The first was
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SMPTE 22M-1997 Video
Recording – 3/4-in Type E Helical Scan – Cassette
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1363:"Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Video Cassette Recorders"
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U-matic tapes were also used for easy transport of filmed scenes for
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SMPTE 21M-1997 Video
Recording – 3/4-in Type E Helical Scan – Records
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96:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Fast forward: Hollywood, the
Japanese, and the onslaught of the VCR
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The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age
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came out with 30-minute S-tapes and 75-minute large cassettes (and
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Trans Diffusion, Tech Mark, From Baird to MPEG, By Martin Fenton
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Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
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U-matic PALsite information about the U-matic video format.
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Origination Formats and Machines - 3/4" U-matic transfers
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production furniture, playback monitors and carts, etc.
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In 1976, Sony introduced the semi backwards-compatible
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Rewind Museum Sony VO-1600. The worlds first VCR. 1971
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The format also had difficulties with reproducing the
880:, set in 1980s Chile, used U-matic tape for filming.
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1195:Ascher, Steven; Pincus, Edward (4 September 2007).
762:in everyday production. By the early 1990s, Sony's
723:controllers, such as the cuts-only Sony RM-440 for
460:Some of the standards that define the format, are:
431:or open-reel formats of the time. The videotape is
154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3168:Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College
1466:
1435:
719:Some U-Matic VCRs could be controlled by external
526:As part of its development, in March 1970, Sony,
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1580:Lab Guy's World Three Quarter Inch Umatic VCR's
1529:Sony U.S. patent for U-matic videotape recorder
560:video head drum, which resembles the letter U.
1069:"Broadcast Engineering, November 1984, p. 131"
856:, for example (the raw version of what became
624:, which eventually made obsolete the previous
583:, with the original version becoming known as
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568:. Signals are recorded onto the tape using
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967:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
16:Videocassette format; the first of its kind
2448:
2434:
1617:
1603:
1337:"Curriculum Module 3/4" U-matic Videotape"
1269:"SMPTE Journal, Volume 85, September 1976"
999:U-matic is no longer used as a mainstream
515:
308:
299:
1624:
1140:"U-matic PALsite: U-matic Features Guide"
987:Learn how and when to remove this message
894:U-matic was also used for the storage of
649:A U-matic player, disassembled for repair
279:Learn how and when to remove this message
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
1560:R-VCR, History of Videotape U-matic page
1433:
860:), survived on three U-Matic cassettes.
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1590:tvhistory.tv VCR and Home Video History
1438:The History of Television, 1942 to 2000
1361:Samuel M. Goldwasser (7 October 2010).
1221:
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2211:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
1402:
1334:
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607:carrier frequency of regular Hi-band.
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1598:
1535:Sony U.S. patent for U-matic cassette
1469:Fundamentals of Television Production
1465:Donald, Ralph; Spann, Thomas (2000).
1379:
1066:
486:U-matic (back row, left) compared to
2168:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
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965:adding citations to reliable sources
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827:For synchronisation to broadcast or
254:move details into the article's body
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152:adding citations to reliable sources
123:
61:
20:
1314:"Video resolution comparison chart"
13:
1427:
1119:"Chapter1 The Video Cassette Tape"
1074:. Intertec Publishing Corporation.
528:Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.
14:
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3210:Audiovisual introductions in 1971
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835:systems, U-Matic VCRs required a
36:This article has multiple issues.
2205:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
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1541:U-matic Pal site Type 2 U-matic
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906:in the early 1980s. The famous
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139:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
2569:Sony Music Entertainment Japan
2557:Sony Interactive Entertainment
1555:Experimental Television Center
1519:Sony.com Sony History timeline
1403:Appelo, Tim (9 October 2012).
1380:Blake, Larry (1 August 2001).
1279:(9): 773–775. September 1976.
1168:"U-matic PALsite: The U-matic"
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1052:. SMPTE. 1997. Archived from
1034:. SMPTE. 1997. Archived from
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871:) to improve audio fidelity.
641:Sony U-matic SP tape recorder
3138:(umbrella company in the US)
2506:Sony Semiconductor Solutions
1510:. March 2005. Archived from
1226:. Norton. pp. 148–149.
7:
3136:Sony Corporation of America
3102:Sony Professional Solutions
3097:Sony Network Communications
1316:. Derose.net. 23 April 2003
1248:"Billboard - July 16, 1977"
1182:"Sony U-Matic VO-2631 Tape"
789:
544:Vertical Interval Time Code
449:and 2 in (51 mm)
386:Technical Support 1971–2016
92:the claims made and adding
10:
3253:
3215:Discontinued media formats
3060:Sony Entertainment Network
2743:Sony Entertainment Network
2414:Electronic Video Recording
887:
3220:Film and video technology
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2127:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
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1996:
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1546:U-matic Pal site, History
1434:Abramson, Albert (2003).
1211:– via Google Books.
692:electronic news gathering
632:
622:electronic news gathering
407:-inch Type E Helical Scan
374:
364:
350:
330:
319:
307:
298:
2992:Great American Pure Flix
2455:
1663:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
735:, audio controllers and
668:nickel-cadmium batteries
383:September 1971–June 2000
3235:Composite video formats
3161:Nonprofit organizations
2162:Professional Disc (PFD)
1669:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
1222:Lardner, James (1987).
822:
772: in (1.3 cm)
2932:Sony Creative Software
2408:Electronicam kinescope
2395:Video recorded to film
1410:The Hollywood Reporter
1382:"Apocalypse Now REDUX"
1255:American Radio History
1005:television programming
662:
650:
642:
511:
510:Large U-matic cassette
503:
423:format first shown by
324:Magnetic cassette tape
3230:Videocassette formats
3030:Anime Digital Network
2222:Ultra-High Definition
1626:Video storage formats
1514:on 27 September 2011.
1335:Martin, Jeff (2007).
1001:television production
865:Dolby noise reduction
737:digital video effects
656:
648:
640:
551:audio noise reduction
509:
485:
314:Sony U-matic cassette
3147:List of acquisitions
2996:Great American Media
2994:(joint venture with
2540:Sony Financial Group
1067:Bentz, Carl (1984).
961:improve this section
858:Apocalypse Now Redux
725:linear video editing
570:Frequency modulation
494:tape (back, right),
451:quadruplex videotape
148:improve this article
3107:Sony Honda Mobility
2960:PlayStation Network
2948:Online distribution
2807:Historical products
2778:Video8/Hi8/Digital8
837:time base corrector
733:character generator
532:Victor Co. of Japan
521:Logo of U-matic SP
295:
3142:Other subsidiaries
2977:Sony Pictures Core
2511:Sony Entertainment
2494:Primary businesses
1013:Culpeper, Virginia
663:
661:in TV studios etc.
651:
643:
512:
504:
498:(front, left) and
443:three-quarter-inch
418:analogue recording
293:
77:possibly contains
3197:
3196:
3152:List of libraries
3080:
3079:
3020:PlayStation Video
2970:PlayStation Store
2423:
2422:
2390:
2389:
2239:
2238:
2186:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
2156:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
1992:
1991:
1449:978-0-7864-1220-4
997:
996:
989:
867:circuitry (using
779:carrier frequency
712:, balanced audio
572:(FM modulation).
391:
390:
387:
289:
288:
281:
271:
270:
250:length guidelines
224:
223:
216:
198:
122:
121:
114:
79:original research
59:
3242:
3085:Other businesses
3003:
3002:
2516:Sony Music Group
2501:Sony Corporation
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2248:
2247:
2200:
2197:
2104:
2101:
2003:
2002:
1639:
1638:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1515:
1492:
1472:
1461:
1441:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:on 27 July 2014.
1388:. Archived from
1377:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1287:. Archived from
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1056:on 11 June 2018.
1046:
1040:
1039:
1038:on 17 June 2018.
1028:
992:
985:
981:
978:
972:
941:
933:
771:
770:
766:
675:Compact Cassette
519:
447:type C videotape
440:
439:
435:
406:
405:
401:
385:
369:Video production
354:
312:
303:
296:
292:
284:
277:
266:
263:
257:
248:Please read the
234:
233:
226:
219:
212:
208:
205:
199:
197:
156:
132:
124:
117:
110:
106:
103:
97:
94:inline citations
70:
69:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3172:
3156:
3124:
3076:
3035:Anime on Demand
3025:PlayStation Vue
3001:
2965:PlayStation Now
2950:
2942:
2937:FeliCa Networks
2920:
2802:
2736:8 channel films
2587:
2580:
2489:
2468:
2459:
2454:
2424:
2419:
2386:
2355:
2287:
2235:
2216:
2198:
2149:High Definition
2144:
2102:
2066:
1988:
1927:High Definition
1921:
1880:Digital Betacam
1842:
1628:
1623:
1502:
1499:
1481:
1450:
1430:
1428:Further reading
1425:
1415:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1378:
1374:
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958:
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892:
886:
829:post-production
825:
792:
768:
764:
763:
710:SMPTE time code
699:SMPTE time code
635:
613:
524:
523:
522:
490:(center) small
480:
437:
433:
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403:
399:
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384:
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244:may be too long
239:This article's
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:Former/Defunct
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2956:
2954:
2944:
2943:
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2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:HDCAM/HDCAM-SR
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
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2613:
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2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2251:Media agnostic
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
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2016:
2009:
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1938:
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1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1892:Digital-S (D9)
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
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1562:
1557:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1504:"Sony History"
1498:
1497:External links
1495:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1462:
1448:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1372:
1353:
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1285:10.5594/J07576
1260:
1239:
1232:
1214:
1207:
1187:
1173:
1159:
1156:. 8 July 2010.
1145:
1131:
1108:
1094:
1077:
1059:
1041:
1022:
1020:
1017:
995:
994:
977:September 2014
945:
943:
936:
930:
929:Decline of use
927:
885:
882:
874:The 2012 film
853:Apocalypse Now
831:editing house
824:
821:
791:
788:
714:XLR connectors
634:
631:
612:
609:
593:chrome dioxide
520:
514:
513:
502:(front, right)
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
389:
388:
378:September 1971
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
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348:
347:
334:
328:
327:
321:
317:
316:
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305:
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287:
286:
269:
268:
262:September 2019
238:
236:
229:
222:
221:
204:September 2014
136:
134:
127:
120:
119:
102:September 2014
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Sony products
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
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3205:
3190:
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2896:1 inch Type C
2894:
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2647:
2644:
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2641:Dream Machine
2639:
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2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
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2612:
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2533:Sony Pictures
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Entertainment
2519:
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2514:
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2512:
2509:
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2011:
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1537:, filed 1971.
1536:
1533:
1531:, filed 1971.
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1368:
1367:repairfaq.org
1364:
1357:
1338:
1331:
1315:
1309:
1294:on 5 May 2020
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:SMPTE Journal
1270:
1264:
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1233:9780393023893
1229:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1208:9781440637001
1204:
1200:
1199:
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946:This section
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920:
919:Glass masters
915:
914:sampling rate
912:
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901:
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896:digital audio
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884:Digital audio
881:
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806:color on the
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721:video editing
717:
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659:video editing
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530:(Panasonic),
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421:videocassette
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165: –
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159:Find sources:
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137:This article
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3129:Other assets
3006:
2900:
2758:Tunnel diode
2686:Memory Stick
2681:LocationFree
2586:Technologies
2480:Masaru Ibuka
1705:Cartrivision
1698:
1512:the original
1468:
1437:
1414:. Retrieved
1408:
1398:
1390:the original
1385:
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1366:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1289:the original
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1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1111:
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1054:the original
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1036:the original
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959:Please help
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908:compact disc
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664:
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614:
611:Introduction
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558:helical-scan
555:
540:19-inch rack
536:
525:
459:
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429:reel-to-reel
410:
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242:lead section
240:
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184:
177:
170:
158:
146:Please help
141:verification
138:
108:
99:
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
2987:Crunchyroll
2925:Electronics
2763:TransferJet
2753:Sony Tablet
2716:PlayStation
2562:PlayStation
2485:Akio Morita
2361:Solid state
2199: 2006
2103: 1996
2013:Phonovision
1971:D6 HDTV VTR
1711:Philips VCR
1201:. Penguin.
923:photoresist
900:PCM adaptor
729:CMX Systems
478:Development
3204:Categories
3189:Sony timer
3045:Funimation
2631:Cyber-shot
2588:and brands
2526:Publishing
1898:Betacam SX
1807:Betacam SP
1771:Video 2000
1651:Quadruplex
1416:5 December
1019:References
888:See also:
760:16 mm film
320:Media type
174:newspapers
86:improve it
41:improve it
3092:Sony DADC
3070:Minisodes
2952:platforms
2889:FD series
2884:Trinitron
2844:Jumbotron
2834:Sony CLIÉ
2596:α (Alpha)
2550:Sony Bank
2545:Sony Life
2402:Kinescope
2332:AVC-Intra
2299:CamCutter
2282:DVCPRO HD
2049:Laserfilm
2031:LaserDisc
1998:Videodisc
1935:Sony HDVS
1634:Videotape
1386:MixOnline
1346:22 August
1154:"U-matic"
948:does not
848:rough cut
744:High-band
626:16mm film
577:High-band
381:Lifespan:
351:Developed
252:and help
163:"U-matic"
90:verifying
47:talk page
3040:AnimeLab
2911:Watchman
2783:Vision-S
2691:MiniDisc
2661:Handycam
2473:Founders
2292:Tapeless
2276:DVCPRO50
2055:CD Video
2019:Ampex-HS
1983:HDCAM SR
1947:BCH 1000
1910:MPEG IMX
1904:Digital8
1489:42667926
1458:48837571
1091:. SMPTE.
911:44.1 kHz
890:44.1 kHz
790:Problems
752:Low-band
585:Low-band
375:Released
332:Encoding
326:, ¾-inch
3115:(39.4%)
3065:Crackle
3050:Wakanim
3015:PlayNow
2982:SonyLIV
2901:U-matic
2864:Optiarc
2839:Discman
2829:Betamax
2819:CV-2000
2788:Walkman
2711:PlayNow
2701:MicroMV
2611:Blu-ray
2601:Betacam
2574:Aniplex
2466:History
2410:(1950s)
2381:MicroP2
2302:Editcam
2244:Virtual
2096:MiniDVD
2084:MovieCD
2071:Digital
1916:MicroMV
1848:Digital
1825:S-VHS-C
1795:Betacam
1729:Betamax
1699:U-matic
1681:CV-2000
1553:in the
1124:28 June
969:removed
954:sources
869:Dolby C
844:dailies
833:genlock
774:Betacam
767:⁄
756:Lo-band
748:Hi-band
739:(DVE).
703:VO-8800
589:Lo-band
581:Hi-band
562:Betamax
492:Betacam
436:⁄
402:⁄
394:U-matic
294:U-matic
188:scholar
84:Please
3121:(4.9%)
2869:Qualia
2854:Mavica
2798:Xperia
2726:S/PDIF
2721:Reader
2696:MiniDV
2676:Inzone
2671:HMZ-T1
2656:FeliCa
2616:Bravia
2416:(1967)
2404:(1947)
2383:(2012)
2377:(2007)
2371:(2004)
2352:(2012)
2346:(2009)
2344:iFrame
2340:(2007)
2334:(2006)
2328:(2006)
2322:(2005)
2316:(2004)
2314:GBA-TV
2310:(2003)
2304:(1995)
2284:(2000)
2278:(1997)
2272:(1996)
2266:(1995)
2264:DVCPRO
2260:(1995)
2232:(2016)
2213:(2008)
2207:(2007)
2192:MiniBD
2188:(2006)
2182:(2006)
2180:HD DVD
2176:(2006)
2170:(2004)
2164:(2003)
2158:(1994)
2141:(2005)
2135:(2004)
2129:(2003)
2123:(2003)
2117:(1998)
2111:(1998)
2092:(1996)
2086:(1996)
2080:(1993)
2063:(1990)
2057:(1987)
2051:(1984)
2045:(1983)
2039:(1981)
2033:(1978)
2027:(1975)
2021:(1967)
2015:(1927)
2006:Analog
1985:(2003)
1979:(2003)
1973:(2000)
1967:(1998)
1961:(1997)
1955:(1994)
1949:(1992)
1943:(1984)
1937:(1984)
1918:(2001)
1912:(2000)
1906:(1999)
1900:(1996)
1894:(1995)
1888:(1994)
1882:(1993)
1876:(1992)
1870:(1991)
1864:(1988)
1858:(1986)
1839:(1998)
1833:(1989)
1827:(1987)
1821:(1987)
1815:(1986)
1809:(1986)
1803:(1985)
1801:Video8
1797:(1982)
1791:(1982)
1785:(1982)
1779:(1980)
1773:(1980)
1767:(1979)
1761:(1977)
1755:(1976)
1749:(1976)
1747:Type C
1743:(1976)
1741:Type B
1737:(1975)
1731:(1975)
1725:(1974)
1719:(1974)
1717:V-Cord
1713:(1972)
1707:(1972)
1701:(1971)
1695:(1969)
1693:EIAJ-1
1689:(1967)
1683:(1965)
1677:(1965)
1675:Type A
1671:(1961)
1665:(1961)
1659:(1958)
1653:(1956)
1643:Analog
1487:
1477:
1456:
1446:
1320:1 June
1298:8 June
1230:
1205:
816:chroma
688:DuPont
633:Models
488:Video8
416:is an
353:
190:
183:
176:
169:
161:
3177:Other
3109:(50%)
2939:(57%)
2879:TR-55
2874:Rolly
2849:Lissa
2793:XDCAM
2651:Exmor
2606:Bionz
2326:AVCHD
2308:XDCAM
2270:DVCAM
1965:D-VHS
1959:HDCAM
1953:W-VHS
1941:UniHi
1819:S-VHS
1783:VHS-C
1340:(PDF)
1292:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
783:Dolby
566:lines
548:Dolby
412:SMPTE
365:Usage
345:SECAM
195:JSTOR
181:books
3119:Vaio
2916:WEGA
2906:Vaio
2859:NEWS
2814:AIBO
2773:Vaio
2748:SXRD
2731:SDDS
2706:mylo
2636:Dash
2626:Cell
2457:Sony
2350:XAVC
2115:SVCD
1837:Ruvi
1687:Akai
1657:VERA
1508:Sony
1485:OCLC
1475:ISBN
1454:OCLC
1444:ISBN
1418:2012
1348:2015
1322:2010
1300:2018
1228:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1126:2021
952:any
950:cite
823:Uses
808:NTSC
425:Sony
359:Sony
337:NTSC
167:news
3055:VRV
2824:DAT
2768:UMD
2646:DVD
2375:SxS
2338:TOD
2320:MOD
2174:VMD
2139:FVD
2133:UMD
2121:EVD
2109:CVD
2090:DVD
2078:VCD
2061:VSD
2043:VHD
2037:CED
2025:TeD
1977:HDV
1874:DCT
1831:Hi8
1813:MII
1777:CVC
1765:SVR
1753:VHS
1735:IVC
1281:doi
963:by
850:of
804:red
754:or
746:or
679:VHS
587:or
579:or
500:MII
496:VHS
409:or
396:or
341:PAL
150:by
88:by
3206::
3113:M3
2621:CD
2369:P2
2258:DV
2196:c.
2100:c.
1886:D5
1868:D3
1862:D2
1856:D1
1759:VK
1723:VX
1506:.
1483:.
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1365:.
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1275:.
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877:No
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684:3M
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355:by
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339:,
50:.
2998:)
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