Two Treatises of Government

858:, even as most of those who employed such arguments were deeply troubled by his absolutist conclusions. Locke's state of nature can be seen in light of this tradition. There is not and never has been any divinely ordained monarch over the entire world, Locke argues. However, the fact that the natural state of humanity is without an institutionalized government does not mean it is lawless. Human beings are still subject to the laws of God and nature. In contrast to Hobbes, who posited the state of nature as a hypothetical possibility, Locke takes great pains to show that such a state did indeed exist. Actually, it still exists in the area of international relations where there is not and is never likely to be any legitimate overarching government (i.e., one directly chosen by all the people subject to it). Whereas Hobbes stresses the disadvantages of the state of nature, Locke points to its good points. It is free, if full of continual dangers (2nd Tr., § 123). Finally, the proper alternative to the natural state is not political dictatorship/tyranny but a government that has been established with consent of the people and the effective protection of basic human rights to life, liberty, and property under the rule of law. 1731: 939:

and so could not have granted that power to their governors: the aggressor therefore was not acting as their representative, and they cannot be punished for his actions. And while the conqueror may seize the person of the vanquished aggressor in an unjust war, he cannot seize the latter's property: he may not drive the innocent wife and children of a villain into poverty for another's unjust acts. While the property is technically that of the defeated, his innocent dependents have a claim that the just conqueror must honour. He cannot seize more than the vanquished could forfeit, and the latter had no right to ruin his dependents. (He may, however, demand and take reparations for the damages suffered in the war, so long as these leave enough in the possession of the aggressor's dependants for their survival).

870:

To which it is obvious to answer, that though in the state of nature he hath such a right, yet the enjoyment of it is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasion of others: for all being kings as much as he, every man his equal, and the greater part no strict observers of equity and justice, the enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure. This makes him willing to quit a condition, which, however free, is full of fears and continual dangers: and it is not without reason, that he seeks out, and is willing to join in society with others, who are already united, or have a mind to unite, for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties and estates, which I call by the general name, property. (2nd Tr., § 123)

1023:

labour would be to make him a slave. One can therefore take items from the common store of goods by mixing one's labour with them: an apple on the tree is of no use to anyone—it must be picked to be eaten—and the picking of that apple makes it one's own. In an alternate argument, Locke claims that we must allow it to become private property lest all mankind have starved, despite the bounty of the world. A man must be allowed to eat, and thus have what he has eaten be his own (such that he could deny others a right to use it). The apple is surely his when he swallows it, when he chews it, when he bites into it, when he brings it to his mouth, etc.: it became his as soon as he mixed his labour with it (by picking it from the tree).

842:

not have to ask permission to act or depend on the will of others to arrange matters on their behalf. The natural state is also one of equality in which all power and jurisdiction is reciprocal and no one has more than another. It is evident that all human beings—as creatures belonging to the same species and rank and born indiscriminately with all the same natural advantages and faculties—are equal amongst themselves. They have no relationship of subordination or subjection unless God (the lord and master of them all) had clearly set one person above another and conferred on him an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.

559:, one of the foremost Locke scholars, has suggested that Locke held the printers to a higher "standard of perfection" than the technology of the time would permit. Be that as it may, the first edition was indeed replete with errors. The second edition was even worse, in addition to being printed on cheap paper and sold to the poor. The third edition was much improved, but still deemed unsatisfactory by Locke. He manually corrected the third edition by hand and entrusted the publication of the fourth to his friends, as he died before it could be brought out. 29: 862:

to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that... no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions" (2nd Tr., § 6). The specifics of this law are unwritten, however, and so each is likely to misapply it in his own case. Lacking any commonly recognised, impartial judge, there is no way to correct these misapplications or to effectively restrain those who violate the law of nature.

966:. Second, he removes much of the incentive for conquest in the first place, for even in a just war the spoils are limited to the persons of the defeated and reparations sufficient only to cover the costs of the war, and even then only when the aggressor's territory can easily sustain such costs (i.e., it can never be a profitable endeavour). Needless to say, the bare claim that one's spoils are the just compensation for a just war does not suffice to make it so, in Locke's view. 1003:, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things". By saying that political society was established for the better protection of property, he claims that it serves the private (and non-political) interests of its constituent members: it does not promote some good that can be realised only in community with others (e.g. virtue). 3617: 145: 536: 774:) will eventually be the downfall of all governments. In his final chapter he asks, "Who heir?" If Filmer is correct, there should be only one rightful king in all the world—the heir of Adam. But since it is impossible to discover the true heir of Adam, no government, under Filmer's principles, can require that its members obey its rulers. Filmer must therefore say that men are duty-bound to obey their present rulers. Locke writes: 2571: 711:. Locke's argument proceeds along two lines: first, he undercuts the Scriptural support that Filmer had offered for his thesis, and second he argues that the acceptance of Filmer's thesis can lead only to slavery (and absurdity). Locke chose Filmer as his target, he says, because of his reputation and because he "carried this Argument farthest, and is supposed to have brought it to perfection" (1st Tr., § 5). 459:. Some dispute the extent to which the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina portray Locke's own philosophy, vs. that of the Lord proprietors of the colony; the document was a legal document written for and signed and sealed by the eight Lord proprietors to whom Charles II had granted the colony. In this context, Locke was only a paid secretary, writing it much as a lawyer writes a will. 685: 1715: 1407:, Tully describes Locke's view of man as a social dependent, with Christian sensibilities, and a God-given duty to care for others. Property, in Tully's explanation of Locke, belong to the community as the public commons but becomes "private" so long as the property owner, or more correctly the "custodian", serves the community. 1062:, sec. 132). Locke uses the term Common-wealth to mean "not a democracy, or any form of government, but any independent community" (sec. 133) and "whatever form the Common-wealth is under, the Ruling Power ought to govern by declared and received laws, and not by extemporary dictates and undetermined resolutions." (sec 137) 1380:. The motivation in both cases is self-preservation with Hobbes arguing the need of an absolute monarch to prevent the war of "all against all" inherent in anarchy while Locke argues that the protection of life, liberty, and property can be achieved by a parliamentary process that protects, not violates, one's rights. 1452:

industry, i.e. "fruits of one’s labor", are secure. Locke's prohibition of ill-gotten gains, whether for well-connected gentry or the profligate, is not a lack of Locke's foresight to the problems in the latter stages of liberalism but an application of equal protection of the law to every individual.

1411:

believes Tully is reading into Locke rights and duties that just aren’t there. Huyler finds that Locke explicitly condemned government privileges for rich, contrary to Macpherson's pro-capitalism critique, but also rejected subsidies to aid the poor, in contrast to Tully's social justice apologetics.

905:

In providing a justification for slavery, he has rendered all forms of slavery as it actually exists invalid. Moreover, as one may not submit to slavery, there is a moral injunction to attempt to throw off and escape it whenever it looms. Most scholars take this to be Locke's point regarding slavery:

897:

In the rhetoric of 17th-century England, those who opposed the increasing power of the kings claimed that the country was headed for a condition of slavery. Locke therefore asks, facetiously, under what conditions such slavery might be justified. He notes that slavery cannot come about as a matter of

1451:

to describe Locke's view of human nature, Huyler emphases the "virtue of industriousness" of Locke's Protestant England. Productive work is man's earthly function or calling, ordained by God and required by self-preservation. The government's protection of property rights insures that the results of

933:

The argument proceeds negatively: Locke proposes one power a conqueror could gain, and then demonstrates how in point of fact that power cannot be claimed. He gains no authority over those that conquered with him, for they did not wage war unjustly: thus, whatever other right William may have had

929:

Locke first argues that, clearly, aggressors in an unjust war can claim no right of conquest: everything they despoil may be retaken as soon as the dispossessed have the strength to do so. Their children retain this right, so an ancient usurpation does not become lawful with time. The rest of the

898:

contract (which became the basis of Locke's political system). To be a slave is to be subject to the absolute, arbitrary power of another; as men do not have this power even over themselves, they cannot sell or otherwise grant it to another. One that is deserving of death, i.e., who has violated the

869:

IF man in the state of nature be so free, as has been said; if he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest, and subject to no body, why will he part with his freedom? Why will he give up this empire, and subject himself to the dominion and control of any other power?

861:

Nobody in the natural state has the political power to tell others what to do. However, everybody has the right to authoritatively pronounce justice and administer punishment for breaches of the natural law. Thus, men are not free to do whatever they please. "The state of nature has a law of nature

841:

To properly understand political power and trace its origins, we must consider the state that all people are in naturally. That is a state of perfect freedom of acting and disposing of their own possessions and persons as they think fit within the bounds of the law of nature. People in this state do

938:

by right of conquest. The subdued are under the conqueror's despotical authority, but only those who actually took part in the fighting. Those who were governed by the defeated aggressor do not become subject to the authority of the victorious aggressor. They lacked the power to do an unjust thing,

730:

in his role as father possessed unlimited power over his children and this authority passed down through the generations. Locke attacks this on several grounds. Accepting that fatherhood grants authority, he argues, it would do so only by the act of begetting, and so cannot be transmitted to one's

1240:

all invoked Lockean ideals. But at the same time, as Goldie describes it, "a wind of doubt about Locke's credentials gathered into a storm. The sense that Locke's philosophy had been misappropriated increasingly turned to a conviction that it was erroneous". By the 1790s Locke was associated with

1065:

Locke does, however, make a distinction between an executive (e.g. a monarchy), a "Power always in being" (sec 144) that must perpetually execute the law, and the legislative that is the "supreme power of the Common-wealth" (sec 134) and does not have to be always in being. (sec 153) Furthermore,

1022:

He begins by asserting that each individual, at a minimum, "owns" himself, although, properly speaking, God created man and we are God's property; this is a corollary of each individual's being free and equal in the state of nature. As a result, each must also own his own labour: to deny him his

1042:

Gold does not rot. Neither does silver, or any other precious metal or gem. They are, moreover, useless, their aesthetic value not entering into the equation. One can heap up as much of them as one wishes, or take them in trade for food. By the tacit consent of mankind, they become a form of

758:

forbids reducing one's fellows to a state of desperation, if one possesses a sufficient surplus to maintain oneself securely. And even if this charity were not commanded by reason, Locke continues, such a strategy for gaining dominion would prove only that the foundation of government lies in

2574: 1128:, or to reduce them to Slavery under Arbitrary Power, they put themselves into a state of War with the People, who are thereupon absolved from any farther Obedience, and are left to the common Refuge, which God hath provided for all Men, against Force and Violence. Whensoever therefore the 1446:

Jerome Huyler and Michael P. Zuckert approach Locke in the broader context of his oeuvre and historical influence. Locke is situated within changing religious, philosophical, scientific, and political dimensions of 17th century England. Objecting to the use of the contemporary concept of

1921:

Bacon, Locke and Newton, whose pictures I will trouble you to have copied for me: and as I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral

1014:

had said that, if there even were a state of nature (which he denied), everything would be held in common: there could be no private property, and hence no justice or injustice (injustice being understood as treating someone else's goods, liberty, or life as if it were one's own).

1043:

money (one accepts gold in exchange for apples with the understanding that someone else will accept that gold in exchange for wheat). One can therefore avoid the spoilage limitation by selling all that one has amassed before it rots; the limits on acquisition thus disappear.

667:, and appeals to god's creative intent in his case for human equality in this primordial context. From this, he goes on to explain the hypothetical rise of property and civilization, in the process explaining that the only legitimate governments are those that have the 522:

were written before the Revolution, objected that Shaftesbury's party did not advocate revolution during the Exclusion Crisis. He suggests that they are instead better associated with the revolutionary conspiracies that swirled around what would come to be known as the

550:

was first published anonymously in December 1689 (following printing conventions of the time, its title page was marked 1690). Locke was dissatisfied with the numerous errors and complained to the publisher. For the rest of his life, he was intent on republishing the

1030:

an individual is allowed to take from the common store of nature. There is a necessity to do so to eat, but this does not yet establish why others must respect one's property, especially as they labour under the like necessity. Locke assures his readers that the

802:

by examining the history told in the Bible and the history of the world since then; he concludes that there is no evidence to support Filmer's hypothesis. According to Locke, no king has ever claimed that his authority rested upon his being the heir of Adam. It is

1338:, on the other hand, maintains that it was neither the Lockean tradition nor the classical republican tradition that drove the revolution, but instead Scottish moral philosophy, a political philosophy that based its conception of society on friendship, 925:

was therefore a topic rife with constitutional connotations. Locke does not say that all subsequent English monarchs have been illegitimate, but he does make their rightful authority dependent solely upon their having acquired the people's approbation.

632:. typically shortened to "Book I" and "Book II" respectively. Before publication, however, Locke gave it greater prominence by (hastily) inserting a separate title page: "An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government." The 3107: 1390:

stress the continuity of thought. In their view Locke and Hobbes describe an atomistic man largely driven by a hedonistic materialistic acquisitiveness. Strauss' Locke is little more than Hobbes in "sheep’s clothing". C. B. Macpherson argued in his

1395:

that Locke sets the stage for unlimited acquisition and appropriation of property by the powerful creating gross inequality. Government is the protector of interests of capitalists while the "labouring class not considered to have an interest".

1305:

I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences". The colonists frequently cited

573:, has been irretrievably lost. Peter Laslett maintains that, while Locke may have added or altered some portions in 1689, he did not make any revisions to accommodate for the missing section; he argues, for example, that the end of the 942:

In so arguing, Locke accomplishes two objectives. First, he neutralises the claims of those who see all authority flowing from William I by the latter's right of conquest. In the absence of any other claims to authority (e.g.,

396:

Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Letter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil

1334:, who argued that the revolution was not a struggle over property, taxation, and rights, but rather "a Machiavellian effort to preserve the young republic's 'virtue' from the corrupt and corrupting forces of English politics." 1620:

Two Treatises of Government: In The Former the False Principles and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer and His Followers, are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter is An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil

731:

children because only God can create life. Nor is the power of a father over his children absolute, as Filmer would have it; Locke points to the joint power parents share over their children referred to in the Bible. In the

1211:

and endorsed the ideology of patriarchalism. Not only did patriarchalism continue to be a legitimate political theory in the 18th century, but as J. G. A. Pocock and others have gone to great lengths to demonstrate, so was

1224:

had very little effect on British political theory; he maintains that there was no contractarian revolution. Rather, he sees these other long-standing traditions as far more important for 18th-century British politics.

1350:

have countered, demonstrating numerous elements in the thought of more influential founders that have a Lockean pedigree. They argue that there is no conflict between Lockean thought and classical Republicanism.

1161:

would become well known in the second half of the 18th century, they were somewhat neglected when published. Between 1689 and 1694, around 200 tracts and treatises were published concerning the legitimacy of the

527:. Locke, Shaftesbury and many others were forced into exile; some, such as Sidney, were even executed for treason. Locke knew his work was dangerous—he never acknowledged his authorship within his lifetime. 1113:, to replace the government with one that served the interests of citizens. In some cases, Locke deemed revolution an obligation. The right of revolution thus essentially acted as a safeguard against 612:

were exposed to it. The only American edition from the 18th century was printed in 1773 in Boston; it, too, left out all of these sections. There were no other American editions until the 20th century.

1228:

In the middle of the 18th century, Locke's position as a political philosopher suddenly rose in prominence. For example, he was invoked by those arguing on behalf of the American colonies during the

1035:

is a state of plenty: one may take from communal store if one leaves a) enough and b) as good for others, and since nature is bountiful, one can take all that one can use without taking anything

754:). But, even if it were not, he argues, God's grant to Adam covered only the land and brute animals, not human beings. Nor could Adam, or his heir, leverage this grant to enslave mankind, for the 1010:: the state cannot be the sole origin of property, declaring what belongs to whom. If the purpose of government is the protection of property, the latter must exist independently of the former. 1039:

someone else. Moreover, one can take only so much as one can use before it spoils. There are then two provisos regarding what one can take, the "enough and as good" condition and "spoilage."

502:

suggests that the bulk of the writing was instead completed between 1679–1680 (and subsequently revised until Locke was driven into exile in 1683). According to Laslett, Locke was writing his

1195:

did not become popular until the 1760s, ideas from them did start to become important earlier in the century. According to Goldie, "the crucial moment was 1701" and "the occasion was the

1066:

governments are charged by the consent of the individual, "i.e. the consent of the majority, giving it either by themselves, or their representatives chosen by them." (sec 140)

778:

I think he is the first Politician, who, pretending to settle Government upon its true Basis, and to establish the Thrones of lawful Princes, ever told the World, That he was

1439:

context of his times. But they also restrict his importance to those times. Ashcraft's Locke takes the side of the burgeoning merchant class against the aristocracy.

1358:

arguing that the treatise "ignored the existing inequalities in property. And how could people truly have equal rights, with stark differences in wealth"? and others

1069:

His notions of people's rights and the role of civil government provided strong support for the intellectual movements of both the American and French Revolutions.

1058:

Locke did not demand a republic. Rather, Locke felt that a legitimate contract could easily exist between citizens and a monarchy, an oligarchy or some mixed form (

3448: 902:, may be enslaved. This is, however, but the state of war continued (2nd Tr., § 24), and even one justly a slave therefore has no obligation to obedience. 1144:, the People had put into their hands, for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the People, who have a Right to resume their original Liberty". (sec. 222) 1565: 5512: 1951:

Jefferson called Bacon, Newton, and Locke, who had so indelibly shaped his ideas, "my trinity of the three greatest men the world had ever produced"

565:

is prefaced with Locke announcing what he aims to achieve, also mentioning that more than half of his original draft, occupying a space between the

1538: 3666: 511: 298: 1184:

was a monolithic and unavoidable presence for political writers in Restoration England in a way that in the first half of the eighteenth the

1938: 3025: 1908: 3285: 1521: 192: 4456: 4097: 2635: 1282: 4641: 1269:

Locke's influence during the American Revolutionary period is disputed. While it is easy to point to specific instances of Locke's

1019:

had argued the same thing. Locke therefore provides an account of how material property could arise in the absence of government.

5249: 4551: 1416: 1050:. Property could therefore predate the existence of government, and thus society can be dedicated to the protection of property. 451:, written in 1660, Locke defends a very conservative position; however, Locke never published it. In 1669, Locke co-authored the 251: 1462:

that leads to the socialist critique that those not engaging in physical labor exploit wage earners. Huyler, relying on Locke's

1323:, writing at the beginning of the 20th century, took it for granted that Locke was the political philosopher of the revolution. 5552: 4670: 4658: 2588: 2501: 2483: 2465: 2413: 2392: 2371: 2348: 2296: 2278: 2244: 2202: 1725: 1261:, his alma mater (it was later restored to a position of prominence, and currently hangs in the dining hall of the college). 786:

is to say, that Regal and Supreme Power is properly and truly his, who can by any Means seize upon it; and if this be, to be

452: 232: 2599: 3236: 375: 1618: 1199:." The pamphlet war that ensued was one of the first times Locke's ideas were invoked in a public debate, most notably by 750:

over all the world. To this, Locke responds that the world was originally held in common (a theme that will return in the

144: 5359: 5269: 3216: 2859: 2537: 2523: 1311: 269: 5384: 886:

Ch. 4 ("Of Slavery") and Ch. 16 ("Of Conquest") are sources of some confusion: the former provides a justification for

3659: 260: 3320: 2447: 2434: 2055: 2030: 1483: 890:

that can nonetheless never be met, and thus constitutes an argument against the institution, the latter concerns the

5582: 5329: 3779: 3631: 3190: 2754: 4285: 4136: 3538: 2918: 2262: 1554: 829:

requires. It also covers conquest and slavery, property, representative government, and the right of revolution.

807:, Locke alleges, who is the innovator in politics, not those who assert the natural equality and freedom of man. 1536:

Armitage, D. (2004). John Locke, Carolina, and the two treatises of government. Political Theory, 32(5), 602–27.

5486: 5339: 4225: 3180: 1800: 1772: 1359: 999: 600:). It was in this form that Locke's work was reprinted during the 18th century in France and in this form that 240: 127: 2269:

The Political Thought of John Locke:An Historical Account of the Argument of the 'Two Treatises of Government'

735:

Locke returns to a discussion of parental power. (Both of these discussions have drawn the interest of modern

5557: 5526: 5399: 4621: 3652: 3211: 2628: 1233: 671:. Therefore, any government that rules without the consent of the people can, in theory, be overthrown, i.e. 825:, wherein individuals are under no obligation to obey one another but are each themselves judge of what the 5577: 5424: 5419: 5113: 4151: 3784: 652:

and ridiculing them as senseless, until concluding that no government can be justified by an appeal to the

5439: 5434: 2928: 2801: 207: 1466:

shows that reason is the most fundamental virtue, underwrites all productive virtue, and leads to human

4104: 3764: 2965: 2943: 4421: 1257:

as well as for the perceived secularisation of society. By 1815, Locke's portrait was taken down from

1132:

shall transgress this fundamental Rule of Society; and either by Ambition, Fear, Folly or Corruption,

4468: 4411: 3996: 3059: 2545: 2422: 1535: 1400: 780:

properly a King, whose Manner of Government was by Supreme Power, by what Means soever he obtained it

5562: 5309: 2896: 2621: 914: 487:, as Protestants. Mary was the daughter of James II, and had a strong claim to the English Throne. 447: 368: 197: 1006:

For this account to work, individuals must possess some property outside of society, i.e., in the

5289: 5209: 4626: 4215: 4126: 3102: 3069: 2849: 1934: 1376: 1217: 1172: 963: 668: 479:

William III of Oranje-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as

5023: 5567: 4616: 4596: 4446: 4116: 3744: 3546: 3429: 3175: 3144: 2960: 2864: 2842: 874:

It is to avoid the state of war that often occurs in the state of nature, and to protect their

672: 480: 4483: 1273:

being invoked, the extent of the acceptance of Locke's ideals and the role they played in the

514:, Locke's mentor, patron and friend, introduced the bill, but it was ultimately unsuccessful. 4770: 4725: 4536: 4131: 3626: 3599: 3579: 3571: 3423: 3195: 2749: 2604: 1513: 1459: 1258: 956: 767: 715: 653: 609: 308: 4586: 1046:

In this way, Locke argues that a full economic system could, in principle, exist within the

684: 5279: 5159: 4928: 4735: 4576: 4503: 4195: 4156: 4141: 3675: 3462: 2796: 2658: 2305:

Laslett, Peter (1956). "The English Revolution and Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government'".

1764: 1758: 918: 847: 401: 344: 76: 68: 4750: 1904: 8: 5547: 5469: 5349: 5319: 5239: 4765: 4705: 4026: 3946: 3585: 3273: 3268: 2955: 2869: 2811: 2744: 1274: 1250: 1163: 910:

is a violation of the law of nature, for one does not have the right to enslave oneself.

719: 491: 468: 361: 153: 4513: 2021:

Michael P. Zuckert (2005). Ellen Frankel Paul; Fred D. Miller Jr.; Jeffrey Paul (eds.).

5587: 5481: 5476: 5459: 5454: 4923: 4431: 4368: 3552: 2876: 2673: 2322: 2267: 1307: 484: 175: 4913: 1126:

whenever the Legislators endeavor to take away, and destroy the Property of the People

510:, which attempted to prevent James II from ever taking the throne in the first place. 5444: 5389: 5229: 5018: 4680: 4606: 4581: 4383: 4185: 3621: 3345: 3330: 2950: 2816: 2766: 2761: 2563: 2497: 2479: 2461: 2443: 2430: 2409: 2388: 2367: 2361: 2344: 2338: 2292: 2274: 2240: 2198: 2051: 2026: 1796: 1768: 1721: 1443:

puts Locke on the side of the agrarian interests, not the manufacturing bourgeoisie.

1254: 1176:

in 1651, by contrast, dozens of texts were immediately written in response to it. As

1011: 922: 907: 891: 723: 704: 86: 28: 4498: 2585: 1166:. Three of these mention Locke, two of which were written by friends of Locke. When 5449: 5379: 5149: 5068: 5063: 4988: 4963: 4908: 4898: 4888: 4858: 4838: 4828: 4695: 4690: 4648: 4591: 4388: 4071: 4066: 4041: 3986: 3961: 3522: 3514: 3442: 3139: 3079: 2832: 2718: 2708: 2693: 2663: 2357: 2314: 1428: 1387: 1290: 1196: 875: 588:

living in the Netherlands. This translation left out Locke's "Preface," all of the

515: 507: 323: 5053: 2048:

By Birth Or Consent: Children, Law, and the Anglo-American Revolution in Authority

5572: 5506: 5179: 5098: 5058: 5028: 5013: 4978: 4973: 4943: 4918: 4903: 4878: 4863: 4798: 4775: 4760: 4745: 4730: 4601: 4556: 4541: 4531: 4353: 4348: 4205: 4200: 4180: 4168: 3565: 3387: 3377: 3353: 3290: 3156: 3112: 3013: 2713: 2698: 1542: 1424: 1420: 1408: 1347: 1082: 1047: 1032: 1007: 855: 822: 664: 435: 349: 202: 187: 170: 471:(VII of Scotland) was overthrown in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the 5496: 5404: 5394: 5123: 4998: 4983: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4893: 4868: 4823: 4803: 4665: 4636: 4611: 4566: 4546: 4508: 4463: 4343: 4333: 4190: 4021: 3834: 3470: 3241: 3224: 3161: 3134: 3117: 2806: 2739: 2703: 2683: 2453: 1331: 1327: 1213: 740: 645: 524: 476: 431: 413: 2318: 1140:

over the Lives, Liberties, and Estates of the People; By this breach of Trust

5541: 5429: 5259: 5169: 5118: 5088: 5078: 5008: 5003: 4993: 4853: 4843: 4833: 4808: 4675: 4653: 4571: 4478: 4451: 4436: 4378: 4061: 3560: 3527: 3325: 3305: 3256: 2933: 2913: 2854: 2771: 2668: 2380: 2334: 1455: 1432: 1371: 1343: 1294: 1167: 1016: 979: 948: 944: 851: 821:

Locke develops a number of notable themes. It begins with a depiction of the

804: 689: 637: 556: 499: 498:

that its purpose is to justify William III's ascension to the throne, though

417: 318: 293: 288: 2458:

God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought

2442:

Ward, Lee. (2010), John Locke and Modern Life. Cambridge University Press.

1207:, for example, launched a "sustained and sophisticated assault" against the 445:

This publication contrasts with former political works by Locke himself. In

5409: 5093: 5083: 5073: 4938: 4933: 4873: 4848: 4818: 4813: 4720: 4715: 4561: 4441: 4175: 4111: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3885: 3875: 3819: 3709: 3532: 3508: 3475: 3456: 3437: 3392: 3365: 3358: 3340: 3278: 3054: 3008: 3003: 2906: 2891: 2734: 1448: 1302: 1286: 1200: 1102: 952: 727: 494:, also called the Revolution of 1688. Locke claims in the "Preface" to the 1077:

The concept of the right of revolution was also taken up by John Locke in

5108: 5103: 5038: 5033: 4883: 4755: 4710: 4700: 4493: 4488: 4426: 4363: 4146: 4121: 4046: 4006: 3976: 3951: 3931: 3910: 3890: 3870: 3860: 3829: 3694: 3500: 3300: 3185: 3074: 3049: 3037: 3018: 2901: 2881: 2791: 2688: 2401: 1383: 1355: 1339: 1335: 1320: 1177: 1110: 1086: 899: 826: 755: 601: 472: 181: 878:

that men enter into civil or political society, i.e., state of society.

648:. Locke proceeds through Filmer's arguments, contesting his proofs from 5491: 5299: 5199: 5048: 4968: 4740: 4631: 4473: 4416: 4393: 4358: 4307: 4297: 4265: 4210: 4036: 4016: 3941: 3905: 3809: 3794: 3719: 3644: 3593: 3480: 3097: 2678: 2326: 1788: 1754: 1656:. Ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 137. 1467: 1403:

finds no evidence that Locke specifically advocates capitalism. In his

1316: 1298: 1289:

that attempted to gain support for the rebellion. Of Locke's influence

1106: 535: 439: 422: 405: 339: 313: 303: 161: 132: 72: 42: 5189: 5128: 4685: 4328: 4255: 4240: 4161: 4081: 4076: 4001: 3956: 3936: 3915: 3900: 3880: 3865: 3729: 3689: 3494: 3295: 3246: 3229: 3167: 3149: 2923: 2837: 1905:"The Letters of Thomas Jefferson: 1743–1826 Bacon, Locke, and Newton" 1471: 1440: 1229: 959: 649: 644:, which argued that civil society was founded on divinely sanctioned 2558: 986:. In saying this, he relies on the etymological root of "property," 865:

The law of nature is therefore ill enforced in the state of nature.

5464: 5043: 4780: 4373: 4338: 4312: 4292: 4245: 4056: 4011: 3895: 3799: 3789: 3754: 3724: 3382: 3315: 3251: 3064: 3042: 2938: 2886: 2644: 2580: 1370:

Locke's political philosophy is often compared and contrasted with

1246: 1242: 983: 747: 746:

Filmer also suggested that Adam's absolute authority came from his

736: 663:

outlines a theory of civil society. Locke begins by describing the

605: 585: 2532: 5501: 5414: 4302: 4270: 4260: 4031: 3991: 3824: 3749: 3734: 3714: 3335: 3129: 3122: 2987: 2783: 1237: 1098: 935: 887: 456: 108: 2237:

Revolutionary Politics and Locke's "Two Treatises of Government"

997:). Thus, by "property" he means "life, liberty, and estate." In 930:

chapter then considers what rights a just conqueror might have.

4250: 4051: 3839: 3814: 3804: 3774: 3759: 3310: 3262: 3031: 2518: 1734:

from the original on 20 December 2016 – via Google Books.

1114: 1090: 1717:

Two Treatises on Government: A Translation into Modern English

1702:

Two Treatises on Government: A Translation into Modern English

1109:

against the government when it acted against the interests of

962:, etc.), all kings would have to found their authority on the 790:, I wonder how he came to think of, or where he will find, an 4280: 3769: 3704: 3399: 2995: 2363:

Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke

987: 430:

outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on

2004: 2002: 4275: 3699: 2613: 1203:. Locke's ideas did not go unchallenged and the periodical 1094: 2289:

Locke in America: The Moral Philosophy of the Founding Era

1315:, which synthesised Lockean political philosophy with the 1105:; under the social contract, the people could instigate a 3844: 3739: 3372: 1999: 1365: 3449:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

1435:, uses a historical methodology to situate Locke in the 934:

in England, he could not claim kingship over his fellow

2427:

A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries

1514:"John Locke – Biography, Treatises, Works, & Facts" 1232:

debates of 1765–66. Marginalized groups such as women,

438:. The book is a key foundational text in the theory of 1831:. 6 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto (1999), xxii. 1624:(3 ed.). London: Awnsham and John Churchill. 1698 993:, or what is one's own, including oneself (cf. French 555:

in a form that better reflected its intended meaning.

2494:

Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy

1959: 1957: 584:

was translated into French by David Mazzel, a French

1795:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing. p. 26. 1138:

or put into the hands of any other an Absolute Power

1354:Locke's ideas have not been without criticism with 543:

published in America during the 18th century (1773)

2266: 2020: 1954: 1607:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 9. 1555:"Walbert, D. (2008). A little kingdom in Carolina" 1120:Locke affirmed an explicit right to revolution in 416:in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of 1747: 917:depended on (somehow) demonstrating descent from 5539: 1781: 1360:taking issue with his Labour theory of property 2023:Natural Rights Liberalism from Locke to Nozick 512:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 3660: 2629: 2591:13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive 1935:"Monticello Explorer: Portrait of John Locke" 1763:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. 596:(which summarised Locke's conclusions in the 518:, following in Laslett's suggestion that the 369: 4166: 2045: 1393:Political Theory of Possessive Individualism 1053: 4102: 3667: 3653: 2636: 2622: 2356: 2109: 1147: 714:Filmer's text presented an argument for a 455:, which endorses aristocracy, slavery and 376: 362: 27: 2478:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2460:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2343:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2273:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2239:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1419:of political thought, led principally by 3674: 2496:, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2476:Natural Rights and the New Republicanism 2408:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2387:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2291:, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2252: 2234: 2169: 837:Locke defines the state of nature thus: 683: 534: 5250:Reflections on the Revolution in France 2491: 2473: 2452: 2400: 2333: 2304: 2133: 2073:A People's History of the United States 1993: 881: 5540: 2379: 2286: 2217: 2180: 2157: 2145: 2121: 2097: 2085: 2050:. University of North Carolina Press. 2008: 1366:Controversies regarding interpretation 1072: 530: 3648: 2617: 2596:The Two Treatises of Civil Government 2421: 2192: 1941:from the original on 12 November 2012 1787: 1753: 1713: 1236:and those campaigning to abolish the 462: 453:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 2261: 1571:from the original on 29 August 2017. 5360:The End of History and the Last Man 5270:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 2609:, lightly edited for easier reading 2607:Second Treatise of Civil Government 2538:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2524:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2255:Locke's Two Treatises of Government 1312:Commentaries on the Laws of England 1085:theory. Locke declared that under 13: 2533:"John Locke: Political Philosophy" 2385:The Spirit of Modern Republicanism 2340:Locke: Two Treatises of Government 1665:Laslett, "English Revolution," 42. 1524:from the original on 19 July 2017. 982:was created for the protection of 894:, which Locke seeks to challenge. 854:popularized theories based upon a 832: 810: 14: 5599: 2576:Two Treatises of Civil Government 2511: 1911:from the original on 15 June 2009 1829:The Reception of Locke's Politics 1484:United Kingdom constitutional law 1220:. Pocock has argued that Locke's 677: 404:published anonymously in 1689 by 33:Title page from the first edition 5330:The Open Society and Its Enemies 3616: 3615: 2569: 2070: 1894:Goldie, "Introduction," xxxviii. 1791:(1983) . Tully, James H. (ed.). 1704:, ISR/Google Books, 2009, p. 70. 1603:Laslett, Peter. "Introduction." 1264: 636:is focused on the refutation of 143: 4137:Family as a model for the state 2227: 2211: 2186: 2174: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2064: 2039: 2014: 1987: 1966: 1927: 1897: 1888: 1885:Goldie, "Introduction, xxxviii. 1879: 1870: 1867:Goldie, "Introduction," xxviii. 1861: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1821: 1809: 1757:(1988) . Laslett, Peter (ed.). 1738: 1720:. Industrial Systems Research. 1707: 1695: 1686: 1683:Laslett, "Introduction," 14–15. 1677: 1674:Laslett, "Introduction," 12–13. 1668: 1659: 1581:Laslett, "Introduction", 59–61. 726:monarchy. According to Filmer, 592:, and the first chapter of the 5487:Separation of church and state 5385:Collectivism and individualism 5340:The Origins of Totalitarianism 3181:Right of way (property access) 2429:, Cambridge University Press, 2025:. Cambridge University Press. 1974:Spirit of Modern Republicanism 1827:Goldie, Mark. "Introduction". 1793:A Letter Concerning Toleration 1714:Locke, John (15 August 2013). 1646: 1637: 1610: 1597: 1584: 1575: 1547: 1528: 1506: 1499: 1000:A Letter Concerning Toleration 241:A Letter Concerning Toleration 1: 5553:Books in political philosophy 5527:Category:Political philosophy 5400:Critique of political economy 2600:The Online Library of Liberty 2559:Second Treatise of Government 2492:Zuckert, Michael. P. (2002), 2474:Zuckert, Michael. P. (1994), 1963:Goldie, "Introduction," liii. 1876:Goldie, "Introduction," xxxv. 1858:Goldie, "Introduction," xxiv. 1849:Goldie, "Introduction," xxxi. 1840:Goldie, "Introduction," xxii. 1643:Laslett, "Introduction," 8–9. 1489: 1342:and the controlled passions. 1281:are echoed in phrases in the 616: 5425:Institutional discrimination 5420:History of political thought 4152:Negative and positive rights 2643: 2586:Extensive Locke bibliography 2307:Cambridge Historical Journal 1326:This view was challenged by 577:breaks off in mid-sentence. 22:Two Treatises of Government 7: 5435:Justification for the state 5220:Two Treatises of Government 3487:Two Treatises of Government 2579:public domain audiobook at 2547:Two Treatises of Government 2366:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1760:Two Treatises of Government 1654:Two Treatises of Government 1605:Two Treatises of Government 1477: 1464:Essays on the Law of Nature 1283:Declaration of Independence 1122:Two Treatises of Government 1079:Two Treatises of Government 969: 390:Two Treatises of Government 246:Two Treatises of Government 208:Argument from consciousness 128:Two Treatises of Government 10: 5604: 4105:Bellum omnium contra omnes 2253:Ashcraft, Richard (1987), 2235:Ashcraft, Richard (1986), 1458:argues that Locke holds a 1152: 5522: 5372: 5141: 4789: 4522: 4402: 4321: 4233: 4224: 4090: 3924: 3853: 3682: 3611: 3408: 3210: 3090: 2983: 2976: 2825: 2782: 2727: 2651: 2406:Natural Right and History 2319:10.1017/S1474691300000329 1249:and being blamed for the 1054:Representative government 703:is an extended attack on 490:This is now known as the 233:Fundamental Constitutions 122: 114: 104: 92: 82: 64: 56: 48: 38: 26: 5310:The Revolt of the Masses 3539:The Great Transformation 2897:Labor theory of property 1744:Second Treatise, Sec. 85 1494: 1277:are far from clear. The 794:. (1st Tr., § 79) 539:The only edition of the 483:. He ruled jointly with 448:Two Tracts on Government 221:(listed chronologically) 198:Labor theory of property 5583:Books about sovereignty 5290:The Communist Manifesto 4216:Tyranny of the majority 4127:Consent of the governed 3108:Forest-dwelling (India) 3070:restraint on alienation 2850:Common good (economics) 2287:Huyler, Jerome (1995), 2193:Pipes, Richard (1999). 1982:Natural Rights Republic 1405:A Discourse on Property 1218:classical republicanism 1148:Reception and influence 964:consent of the governed 762:Locke intimates in the 299:1st Earl of Shaftesbury 16:1689 Work by John Locke 4167: 4117:Clash of civilizations 4103: 3547:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 3321:Primitive accumulation 3176:Right of way (transit) 2961:Tragedy of the commons 2843:fictitious commodities 1765:Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222 1592:Revolutionary Politics 1142:they forfeit the Power 1026:This does not yet say 872: 844: 796: 696: 544: 481:William III of England 4132:Divine right of kings 3600:The Wealth of Nations 3580:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3572:The Ethics of Liberty 2257:, Boston: Unwin Hyman 2197:. Knopf. p. 36. 2046:Holly Brewer (2005). 1460:labor theory of value 919:William the Conqueror 913:The legitimacy of an 867: 839: 776: 768:divine right of kings 766:that the doctrine of 687: 669:consent of the people 654:divine right of kings 538: 309:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5558:Classical liberalism 5280:Democracy in America 4659:political philosophy 4642:political philosophy 4457:political philosophy 4286:political philosophy 4196:Separation of powers 4157:Night-watchman state 4142:Monopoly on violence 3676:Political philosophy 3463:Progress and Poverty 2797:Common-pool resource 2195:Property and Freedom 1978:Launching Liberalism 1541:25 July 2015 at the 978:, Locke claims that 892:rights of conquerors 882:Conquest and slavery 848:17th-century England 640:, in particular his 624:is divided into the 402:political philosophy 345:Classical liberalism 263:Concerning Education 77:Classical liberalism 69:Political philosophy 5578:Works by John Locke 5470:Right-wing politics 5350:A Theory of Justice 5320:The Road to Serfdom 5240:The Social Contract 3947:Christian democracy 3586:The Social Contract 3274:population transfer 3191:prior-appropriation 2870:homestead principle 2100:, pp. 102, 120 1470:or happiness in an 1399:Unlike Macpherson, 1275:American Revolution 1164:Glorious Revolution 1073:Right of revolution 531:Publication history 492:Glorious Revolution 469:James II of England 254:Human Understanding 252:An Essay Concerning 23: 5482:Political violence 5477:Political theology 5460:Left-wing politics 5455:Political spectrum 3566:Murray N. Rothbard 2877:Free-rider problem 2549:Book I and Book II 2088:, pp. 13, 130 1255:French Revolutions 1093:have the right to 697: 545: 463:Historical context 176:Limited government 21: 5535: 5534: 5445:Philosophy of law 5390:Conflict theories 5230:The Spirit of Law 5137: 5136: 4186:Original position 3642: 3641: 3553:What Is Property? 3346:human trafficking 3331:Regulatory taking 3206: 3205: 2951:Right to property 2598:(Hollis ed.) on 2564:Project Gutenberg 2503:978-0-7006-1173-7 2485:978-0-691-03463-8 2467:978-0-521-81001-2 2415:978-0-226-77694-1 2394:978-0-226-64540-7 2381:Pangle, Thomas L. 2373:978-0-19-881084-1 2358:Macpherson, C. B. 2350:978-0-521-35448-6 2298:978-0-7006-1108-9 2280:978-0-521-07408-7 2246:978-0-691-10205-4 2204:978-0-375-40498-6 2183:, pp. 104–05 2148:, pp. 162–71 2124:, pp. 130–35 2075:. Harper Collins. 1727:978-0-906321-69-0 1134:endeavor to grasp 923:right of conquest 908:absolute monarchy 782:; which in plain 728:the Biblical Adam 716:divinely ordained 705:Sir Robert Filmer 673:revolutions just. 638:Sir Robert Filmer 386: 385: 272:the Understanding 270:Of the Conduct of 193:Right to property 138: 137: 105:Publication place 87:Awnsham Churchill 5595: 5450:Political ethics 5440:Machiavellianism 5380:Authoritarianism 5365: 5355: 5345: 5335: 5325: 5315: 5305: 5295: 5285: 5275: 5265: 5255: 5245: 5235: 5225: 5215: 5205: 5195: 5185: 5175: 5165: 5155: 4231: 4230: 4172: 4108: 4098:Balance of power 4072:Social democracy 4067:Social Darwinism 4042:Multiculturalism 3987:Environmentalism 3962:Communitarianism 3669: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3619: 3618: 3523:John Stuart Mill 3443:Friedrich Engels 3424:Frédéric Bastiat 3417: 3269:Forced migration 3237:Collectivization 2981: 2980: 2860:First possession 2833:Bundle of rights 2638: 2631: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2542: 2528: 2506: 2488: 2470: 2439: 2418: 2397: 2376: 2353: 2330: 2301: 2283: 2272: 2258: 2249: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1818:, II, Section 6. 1813: 1807: 1806: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1634:via Google Books 1633: 1631: 1629: 1614: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1562:davidwalbert.com 1559: 1551: 1545: 1534:Armitage, David 1532: 1526: 1525: 1510: 1429:Richard Ashcraft 1417:Cambridge School 1388:C. B. Macpherson 1291:Thomas Jefferson 1285:and writings by 1197:Kentish petition 876:private property 819:Second Treatise, 688:Title page from 571:Second Treatises 516:Richard Ashcraft 508:Exclusion Crisis 378: 371: 364: 324:Thomas Jefferson 223: 222: 147: 140: 139: 94:Publication date 31: 24: 20: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5563:Political books 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5518: 5507:Totalitarianism 5368: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5333: 5323: 5313: 5303: 5293: 5283: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5243: 5233: 5223: 5213: 5203: 5193: 5183: 5180:Treatise on Law 5173: 5163: 5153: 5133: 4791: 4785: 4524: 4518: 4404: 4398: 4317: 4220: 4206:State of nature 4201:Social contract 4181:Ordered liberty 4169:Noblesse oblige 4086: 3920: 3849: 3678: 3673: 3643: 3638: 3607: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3354:husband-selling 3291:Illegal logging 3286:Illegal fishing 3215: 3202: 3113:Freedom to roam 3086: 2999:(agrarian land) 2972: 2929:Property rights 2821: 2778: 2740:Estate (landed) 2723: 2647: 2642: 2570: 2555: 2531: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2486: 2468: 2454:Waldron, Jeremy 2437: 2416: 2395: 2374: 2351: 2299: 2281: 2247: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2110:Macpherson 1962 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1944: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1914: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1822: 1816:Second Treatise 1814: 1810: 1803: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1728: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1627: 1625: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1543:Wayback Machine 1533: 1529: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1480: 1425:J. G. A. Pocock 1421:Quentin Skinner 1368: 1348:Michael Zuckert 1267: 1155: 1150: 1083:social contract 1081:as part of his 1075: 1056: 1048:state of nature 1033:state of nature 1008:state of nature 976:Second Treatise 972: 906:submission to 884: 856:state of nature 835: 833:State of Nature 823:state of nature 815: 812:Second Treatise 798:Locke ends the 788:properly a King 752:Second Treatise 733:Second Treatise 682: 665:state of nature 661:Second Treatise 630:Second Treatise 619: 594:Second Treatise 533: 465: 436:contract theory 428:Second Treatise 400:) is a work of 382: 350:Polish Brethren 274: 271: 265: 262: 256: 253: 237: 234: 224: 220: 219: 218: 203:Lockean proviso 188:State of nature 171:Social contract 115:Media type 99: 95: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5601: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5497:Social justice 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5405:Egalitarianism 5402: 5397: 5395:Contractualism 5392: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5356: 5346: 5336: 5326: 5316: 5306: 5296: 5286: 5276: 5266: 5256: 5246: 5236: 5226: 5216: 5206: 5196: 5186: 5176: 5166: 5156: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4191:Overton window 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4022:Libertarianism 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3624: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3478: 3473: 3471:Garrett Hardin 3468: 3467: 3466: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3420: 3418: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3242:Eminent domain 3239: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3225:Bioprospecting 3221: 3219: 3217:redistribution 3208: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2926: 2921: 2919:Natural rights 2916: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2602: 2592: 2583: 2567: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2529: 2513: 2512:External links 2510: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2489: 2484: 2471: 2466: 2450: 2440: 2435: 2419: 2414: 2398: 2393: 2377: 2372: 2354: 2349: 2335:Laslett, Peter 2331: 2302: 2297: 2284: 2279: 2259: 2250: 2245: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2210: 2203: 2185: 2173: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2071:Zinn, Howard. 2063: 2056: 2038: 2031: 2013: 1998: 1986: 1965: 1953: 1926: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1820: 1808: 1801: 1780: 1773: 1746: 1737: 1726: 1706: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1645: 1636: 1609: 1596: 1583: 1574: 1546: 1527: 1518:britannica.com 1504: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1367: 1364: 1332:Gordon S. Wood 1328:Bernard Bailyn 1266: 1263: 1214:civic humanism 1170:published the 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1074: 1071: 1055: 1052: 971: 968: 883: 880: 850:, the work of 834: 831: 814: 809: 800:First Treatise 764:First Treatise 741:Carole Pateman 701:First Treatise 681: 679:First Treatise 676: 646:patriarchalism 634:First Treatise 626:First Treatise 618: 615: 598:First Treatise 590:First Treatise 575:First Treatise 532: 529: 525:Rye House Plot 477:Dutch Republic 464: 461: 432:natural rights 414:patriarchalism 410:First Treatise 384: 383: 381: 380: 373: 366: 358: 355: 354: 353: 352: 347: 342: 334: 333: 332:Related topics 329: 328: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 283: 282: 278: 277: 276: 275: 268: 266: 259: 257: 250: 248: 243: 238: 231: 226: 225: 216: 213: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 178: 173: 165: 164: 158: 157: 149: 148: 136: 135: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 93: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 45: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5600: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5568:Republicanism 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430:Jurisprudence 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5260:Rights of Man 5257: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170:De re publica 5167: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4790:20th and 21st 4788: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523:18th and 19th 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Nizam al-Mulk 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4062:Republicanism 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620:Categories: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3561:David Ricardo 3559: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528:Elinor Ostrom 3526: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3326:Privatization 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3306:Legal plunder 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3257:Expropriation 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2991:(watercourse) 2990: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934:primogeniture 2932: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2914:Legal plunder 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2865:appropriation 2863: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2855:Excludability 2853: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2448:9780521192804 2445: 2441: 2438: 2436:0-521-22830-1 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2219: 2214: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2170:Ashcraft 1986 2166: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2136:, p. 367 2135: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2112:, p. 228 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2057:0-8078-2950-1 2053: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2032:0-521-61514-3 2028: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1960: 1958: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1830: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1692:Laslett, 266. 1689: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1655: 1652:Locke, John. 1649: 1640: 1623: 1622: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1593: 1587: 1578: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Richard Pipes 1453: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:Peter Laslett 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372:Thomas Hobbes 1363: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344:Thomas Pangle 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:Two Treatises 1276: 1272: 1271:Two Treatises 1265:North America 1262: 1260: 1259:Christ Church 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1222:Two Treatises 1219: 1215: 1210: 1209:Two Treatises 1206: 1205:The Rehearsal 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:Two Treatises 1189: 1187: 1186:Two Treatises 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1159:Two Treatises 1157:Although the 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1017:Thomas Hobbes 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 989: 985: 981: 980:civil society 977: 967: 965: 961: 958: 954: 950: 949:primogeniture 946: 940: 937: 931: 927: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 903: 901: 900:law of nature 895: 893: 889: 879: 877: 871: 866: 863: 859: 857: 853: 852:Thomas Hobbes 849: 843: 838: 830: 828: 827:law of nature 824: 820: 813: 808: 806: 801: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 760: 757: 756:law of nature 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 694: 691: 686: 680: 675: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622:Two Treatises 614: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 582:Two Treatises 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:Two Treatises 560: 558: 557:Peter Laslett 554: 553:Two Treatises 549: 548:Two Treatises 542: 537: 528: 526: 521: 520:Two Treatises 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:Two Treatises 501: 500:Peter Laslett 497: 496:Two Treatises 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 460: 458: 454: 450: 449: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 424: 419: 418:Robert Filmer 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398: 393:(full title: 392: 391: 379: 374: 372: 367: 365: 360: 359: 357: 356: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 331: 330: 325: 322: 320: 319:Immanuel Kant 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 294:Thomas Hobbes 292: 290: 289:Robert Filmer 287: 286: 285: 284: 280: 279: 273: 267: 264: 261:Some Thoughts 258: 255: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 236: 230: 229: 228: 227: 215: 214: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 183: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 167: 166: 163: 160: 159: 155: 151: 150: 146: 142: 141: 134: 130: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 97: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 44: 41: 37: 30: 25: 19: 5511: 5410:Elite theory 5358: 5348: 5338: 5328: 5318: 5308: 5298: 5288: 5278: 5268: 5258: 5248: 5238: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5208: 5198: 5188: 5178: 5168: 5158: 5148: 4447:Guicciardini 4403:Early modern 4226:Philosophers 4176:Open society 4112:Body politic 3982:Distributism 3972:Conservatism 3967:Confucianism 3886:Gerontocracy 3876:Dictatorship 3830:Sovereignty‎ 3820:Ruling class 3710:Emancipation 3695:Citizenship‎ 3627:Property law 3598: 3584: 3570: 3551: 3537: 3533:Karl Polanyi 3513: 3509:Marcel Mauss 3499: 3486: 3485: 3476:David Harvey 3461: 3457:Henry George 3447: 3438:Ronald Coase 3428: 3413: 3359:wife selling 3341:bride buying 3279:repatriation 3261: 3212:Disposession 3166: 3055:Property law 3030: 3026:Forest types 2996: 2988: 2977:Applications 2907:rent-seeking 2892:Gift economy 2750:Intellectual 2606: 2595: 2594:John Locke, 2575: 2557: 2556:John Locke. 2546: 2536: 2522: 2519:"John Locke" 2493: 2475: 2457: 2426: 2423:Tully, James 2405: 2402:Strauss, Leo 2384: 2362: 2339: 2313:(1): 40–55. 2310: 2306: 2288: 2268: 2254: 2236: 2228:Bibliography 2213: 2194: 2188: 2176: 2165: 2160:, p. 42 2153: 2141: 2134:Zuckert 1994 2129: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2072: 2066: 2047: 2041: 2022: 2016: 1996:, chpt. 7–10 1994:Zuckert 1994 1989: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1943:. Retrieved 1929: 1920: 1913:. Retrieved 1899: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1792: 1783: 1759: 1749: 1740: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1653: 1648: 1639: 1626:. Retrieved 1619: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1591: 1586: 1577: 1561: 1549: 1530: 1517: 1508: 1472:Aristotelean 1463: 1454: 1449:economic man 1445: 1436: 1414: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1382: 1375: 1369: 1353: 1325: 1310: 1308:Blackstone's 1287:Samuel Adams 1278: 1270: 1268: 1227: 1221: 1208: 1204: 1201:Daniel Defoe 1192: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1158: 1156: 1141: 1137: 1136:themselves, 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1078: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1005: 998: 994: 990: 975: 973: 941: 932: 928: 915:English king 912: 904: 896: 885: 873: 868: 864: 860: 845: 840: 836: 818: 816: 811: 799: 797: 791: 787: 783: 779: 777: 771: 763: 761: 751: 745: 732: 713: 708: 700: 698: 692: 678: 660: 658: 641: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 597: 593: 589: 581: 579: 574: 570: 566: 562: 561: 552: 547: 546: 540: 519: 503: 495: 489: 466: 446: 444: 427: 426:, while the 421: 409: 395: 394: 389: 388: 387: 245: 180: 126: 100:(dated 1690) 18: 5284:(1835–1840) 5164:(c. 350 BC) 5154:(c. 375 BC) 4771:Tocqueville 4736:Saint-Simon 4701:Montesquieu 4552:Bolingbroke 4484:Machiavelli 4364:Ibn Khaldun 4329:Alpharabius 4322:Middle Ages 4147:Natural law 4122:Common good 4047:Nationalism 4007:Imperialism 3977:Corporatism 3952:Colonialism 3932:Agrarianism 3911:Technocracy 3891:Meritocracy 3871:Bureaucracy 3861:Aristocracy 3501:Das Kapital 3388:progressive 3378:inheritance 3301:Land reform 3075:real estate 3050:Land tenure 3038:Inheritance 2966:anticommons 2902:Law of rent 2882:Game theory 2812:Information 2792:Common land 2689:Cooperative 2218:Huyler 1995 2181:Huyler 1995 2158:Huyler 1995 2146:Huyler 1995 2122:Huyler 1995 2098:Huyler 1995 2086:Huyler 1995 2011:, chpt. 4,5 2009:Huyler 1995 1976:; Zuckert, 1789:Locke, John 1755:Locke, John 1628:20 November 1500:Information 1468:flourishing 1401:James Tully 1384:Leo Strauss 1356:Howard Zinn 1340:sensibility 1336:Garry Wills 1321:Louis Hartz 1319:tradition. 1238:slave trade 1180:explains: " 1178:Mark Goldie 1130:Legislative 1087:natural law 772:jure divino 602:Montesquieu 506:during the 473:stadtholder 235:of Carolina 182:Tabula rasa 5548:1689 books 5542:Categories 5492:Separatism 5300:On Liberty 5200:The Prince 4929:Huntington 4432:Campanella 4359:al-Ghazali 4308:Thucydides 4266:Lactantius 4211:Statolatry 4037:Monarchism 4017:Liberalism 3942:Capitalism 3925:Ideologies 3906:Plutocracy 3854:Government 3810:Revolution 3795:Propaganda 3745:Legitimacy 3720:Government 3632:by country 3594:Adam Smith 3481:John Locke 3145:indigenous 3140:aboriginal 3060:alienation 2755:indigenous 2745:Intangible 2659:Collective 2263:Dunn, John 1802:091514560X 1774:052135448X 1621:Government 1590:Ashcraft, 1490:References 1317:common law 1234:Dissenters 1191:While the 1188:was not." 1107:revolution 960:anointment 720:hereditary 709:Patriarcha 693:Patriarcha 642:Patriarcha 617:Main ideas 440:liberalism 423:Patriarcha 406:John Locke 397:Government 340:Empiricism 314:Adam Smith 304:David Hume 162:John Locke 133:Wikisource 73:Liberalism 43:John Locke 5588:Treatises 5210:Leviathan 5190:Monarchia 5184:(c. 1274) 5019:Oakeshott 4964:Mansfield 4959:Luxemburg 4944:Kropotkin 4839:Bernstein 4792:centuries 4706:Nietzsche 4649:Jefferson 4577:Condorcet 4525:centuries 4504:Pufendorf 4369:Marsilius 4256:Confucius 4241:Aristotle 4234:Antiquity 4162:Noble lie 4082:Third Way 4077:Socialism 4002:Feudalism 3957:Communism 3937:Anarchism 3916:Theocracy 3901:Oligarchy 3881:Democracy 3866:Autocracy 3780:Pluralism 3765:Obedience 3730:Hierarchy 3690:Authority 3495:Karl Marx 3296:Land Back 3247:Enclosure 3230:biopiracy 3168:Bergregal 3150:squatting 2924:Ownership 2838:Commodity 2817:Knowledge 2728:By nature 2684:Customary 2674:Community 2220:, chpt. 3 1945:28 August 1922:sciences. 1441:Neal Wood 1437:political 1377:Leviathan 1230:Stamp Act 1182:Leviathan 1173:Leviathan 759:consent. 748:ownership 737:feminists 650:Scripture 541:Treatises 83:Publisher 5465:Centrism 5160:Politics 5150:Republic 5119:Voegelin 5099:Spengler 5084:Shariati 5059:Rothbard 5014:Nussbaum 4914:Habermas 4889:Fukuyama 4879:Foucault 4804:Ambedkar 4781:Voltaire 4751:de Staël 4726:Rousseau 4607:Franklin 4582:Constant 4542:Beccaria 4374:Muhammad 4354:Gelasius 4339:Averroes 4313:Xenophon 4293:Polybius 4246:Chanakya 4091:Concepts 4057:Populism 4027:Localism 4012:Islamism 3997:Feminism 3896:Monarchy 3800:Property 3790:Progress 3755:Monopoly 3725:Hegemony 3622:Property 3515:The Gift 3414:key work 3409:Scholars 3393:property 3350:spousal 3316:Poaching 3252:Eviction 3196:riparian 3157:Littoral 3065:easement 3043:executor 3014:literary 2939:usufruct 2887:Georgism 2767:Tangible 2762:Personal 2669:Communal 2652:By owner 2645:Property 2589:Archived 2581:LibriVox 2456:(2002), 2425:(1980), 2404:(1953), 2383:(1988), 2360:(1962), 2337:(1988), 2265:(1969), 1972:Pangle, 1939:Archived 1909:Archived 1732:Archived 1566:Archived 1539:Archived 1522:Archived 1478:See also 1293:wrote: " 1251:American 1247:Voltaire 1243:Rousseau 1111:citizens 991:proprius 984:property 970:Property 739:such as 724:absolute 690:Filmer's 628:and the 610:Rousseau 606:Voltaire 586:Huguenot 580:In 1691 412:attacks 154:a series 152:Part of 49:Language 5502:Statism 5415:Elitism 5373:Related 5174:(51 BC) 5104:Strauss 5079:Scruton 5074:Schmitt 5064:Russell 4984:Michels 4979:Maurras 4974:Marcuse 4934:Kautsky 4904:Gramsci 4899:Gentile 4869:Dworkin 4859:Du Bois 4854:Dmowski 4849:Chomsky 4844:Burnham 4829:Benoist 4799:Agamben 4766:Thoreau 4756:Stirner 4746:Spencer 4691:Mazzini 4681:Maistre 4676:Madison 4671:Le Play 4602:Fourier 4567:Carlyle 4547:Bentham 4537:Bastiat 4532:Bakunin 4509:Spinoza 4499:Müntzer 4469:Leibniz 4442:Grotius 4422:Bossuet 4389:Plethon 4334:Aquinas 4303:Sun Tzu 4271:Mencius 4261:Han Fei 4032:Marxism 3992:Fascism 3825:Society 3750:Liberty 3735:Justice 3715:Freedom 3430:The Law 3336:Slavery 3162:Mineral 3130:Hunting 3123:pannage 3118:Grazing 3103:Fishing 2989:Acequia 2956:Rivalry 2944:women's 2802:Digital 2784:Commons 2719:Unowned 2694:Private 2327:3021052 1915:12 July 1474:sense. 1409:Zuckert 1153:Britain 1115:tyranny 1099:liberty 1060:2nd Tr. 974:In the 936:Normans 921:: the 888:slavery 817:In the 792:Usurper 784:English 485:Mary II 475:of the 457:serfdom 109:England 65:Subject 52:English 5573:Rights 5364:(1992) 5354:(1971) 5344:(1951) 5334:(1945) 5324:(1944) 5314:(1929) 5304:(1859) 5294:(1848) 5274:(1820) 5264:(1791) 5254:(1790) 5244:(1762) 5234:(1748) 5224:(1689) 5214:(1651) 5204:(1532) 5194:(1313) 5124:Walzer 5114:Taylor 5069:Sartre 5034:Popper 5029:Pareto 5024:Ortega 5009:Nozick 4999:Mouffe 4949:Laclau 4909:Guénon 4894:Gandhi 4834:Berlin 4824:Bauman 4819:Badiou 4809:Arendt 4776:Tucker 4666:Le Bon 4627:Herder 4617:Haller 4612:Godwin 4597:Fichte 4592:Engels 4587:Cortés 4557:Bonald 4514:Suárez 4489:Milton 4479:Luther 4452:Hobbes 4437:Filmer 4427:Calvin 4412:Boétie 4405:period 4384:Ockham 4251:Cicero 4052:Nazism 3840:Utopia 3815:Rights 3805:Regime 3775:People 3760:Nation 3311:Piracy 3263:Farhud 3091:Rights 3032:Huerta 3004:Estate 2826:Theory 2807:Global 2709:Social 2699:Public 2664:Common 2500: 2482: 2464: 2446: 2433: 2412: 2391: 2370: 2347: 2325: 2295: 2277: 2243: 2201: 2054: 2029: 1799: 1771: 1724: 1431:, and 1303:Newton 1168:Hobbes 1103:estate 1101:, and 1091:people 1089:, all 1012:Filmer 995:propre 957:divine 945:Filmer 805:Filmer 695:(1680) 408:. The 281:People 57:Series 39:Author 5513:Index 5142:Works 5129:Weber 5094:Spann 5089:Sorel 5054:Röpke 5049:Rawls 5004:Negri 4994:Mosca 4989:Mises 4954:Lenin 4924:Hoppe 4919:Hayek 4884:Fromm 4874:Evola 4864:Dugin 4761:Taine 4741:Smith 4721:Renan 4716:Paine 4637:Iqbal 4622:Hegel 4572:Comte 4562:Burke 4474:Locke 4464:James 4417:Bodin 4349:Dante 4344:Bruni 4298:Shang 4281:Plato 3835:State 3785:Power 3770:Peace 3705:Elite 3683:Terms 3400:Theft 3186:Water 3080:title 3009:legal 2997:Ejido 2735:Croft 2714:State 2679:Crown 2323:JSTOR 1569:(PDF) 1558:(PDF) 1495:Notes 1299:Locke 1295:Bacon 988:Latin 951:from 567:First 467:King 217:Works 118:Print 5044:Rand 5039:Qutb 4939:Kirk 4814:Aron 4731:Sade 4711:Owen 4696:Mill 4686:Marx 4654:Kant 4632:Hume 4494:More 4394:Wang 4276:Mozi 3700:Duty 3383:poll 3366:wage 3135:Land 3019:real 2772:real 2704:Self 2605:The 2498:ISBN 2480:ISBN 2462:ISBN 2444:ISBN 2431:ISBN 2410:ISBN 2389:ISBN 2368:ISBN 2345:ISBN 2293:ISBN 2275:ISBN 2241:ISBN 2199:ISBN 2052:ISBN 2027:ISBN 1947:2012 1917:2009 1797:ISBN 1769:ISBN 1722:ISBN 1630:2014 1616:See 1415:The 1386:and 1346:and 1330:and 1301:and 1253:and 1245:and 1216:and 1095:life 1037:from 953:Adam 699:The 659:The 608:and 569:and 434:and 123:Text 98:1689 60:None 5109:Sun 4969:Mao 3845:War 3740:Law 3373:Tax 3098:Air 2562:at 2315:doi 1124:: “ 1028:why 947:'s 846:In 743:.) 707:'s 420:'s 131:at 5544:: 2535:. 2521:. 2321:. 2311:12 2309:. 2001:^ 1980:, 1956:^ 1937:. 1919:. 1907:. 1767:. 1730:. 1564:. 1560:. 1520:. 1516:. 1427:, 1423:, 1374:’ 1362:. 1297:, 1117:. 1097:, 955:, 722:, 718:, 656:. 604:, 442:. 156:on 75:, 71:, 3668:e 3661:t 3654:v 3416:) 3412:( 3214:/ 2637:e 2630:t 2623:v 2541:. 2527:. 2329:. 2317:: 2207:. 2060:. 2035:. 1984:. 1949:. 1805:. 1777:. 1632:. 1594:. 770:( 377:e 370:t 363:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.