167:
151:
1912:
34:
1901:
166:
150:
212:
has been found, struck with a (capital) turned A, in the collection of a Madrid-based numismatist; it is unclear whether this was intentional, or a printer's error for a V.
181:
Because of the relative ease of creating this letterform using traditional printing methods, it had frequent and varied historical uses. According to the principle of
1579:
1630:
412:
1569:
197:), its orientation and original meaning having been lost over time. The turned A symbol restores the letter to a more easily recognizable
719:
1548:
1945:
1483:
1623:
262:. However, as this system was not standardized across (nor within) languages, it has been supplanted in this use by the
1574:
560:
516:
1464:
1446:
1616:
795:
712:
263:
77:
1423:
773:
1940:
1340:
627:
818:
473:
739:
381:
1795:
1790:
744:
705:
131:
759:
1779:
831:
787:
782:
652:
576:
Debernardi, Pierluigi (2010). "Some unlisted varieties and rare dies in Roman
Republican denarii".
255:
111:
1543:
1331:
96:
81:
27:
1935:
1507:
478:
236:
504:
1884:
1880:
1640:
1522:
769:
468:
186:
1727:
1715:
8:
1872:
1681:
1669:
1916:
1844:
1840:
1723:
1454:
585:
20:
673:. In Tyers, Francis M.; Rießler, Michael; Pirinen, Tommi A.; Trosterud, Trond (eds.).
1911:
1905:
1815:
807:
682:. St. Petersburg, Russia: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 10–24.
556:
512:
426:
1858:
1854:
683:
676:
Proceedings of the Third
Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages
224:
135:
610:
648:
602:
259:
119:
115:
56:
1868:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1740:
1711:
1655:
1436:
754:
623:
483:
209:
123:
1929:
1832:
1827:
1431:
674:
220:
118:, where it is typically read as "for all". It was first used in this way by
1810:
1806:
1677:
1597:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
749:
728:
687:
631:
216:
73:
1608:
1538:
87:
671:"Languages under the influence: Building a database of Uralic languages"
589:
33:
1750:
107:
1665:
1592:
1553:
1025:
533:
182:
26:"ɐ" redirects here. For the sound this letter represents in IPA, see
670:
1703:
1689:
205:
198:
127:
1823:
1512:
1202:
1188:
1181:
800:
331:
1517:
258:, a system developed in the early 20th century for transcribing
1732:
1502:
1497:
1492:
697:
509:
Handbook of
Standards and Resources for Spoken Language Systems
1699:
1470:
1281:
1274:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1209:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
356:
194:
1358:
1288:
1225:
653:"L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS"
607:
Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS
1267:
1232:
1218:
1195:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1083:
1048:
1041:
1034:
447:
1378:
505:"Table A.19: IPA Table (ordered by number) (continued)"
190:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
60:
503:
Gibbon, Dafydd; Richard Winski, Roger Moore (1997).
502:
1580:
List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks
235:have been used. It was used in the 19th century by
534:"Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic"
189:alphabet as a symbol representing the head of an
1927:
16:Letter of the Latin Alphabet and an IPA sample
1624:
713:
669:Simon, Eszter; Mus, Nikolett (January 2017).
555:. New York: G.P. Putman's Sons. p. 262.
538:Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
1638:
1631:
1617:
720:
706:
575:
110:capital turned A. It is used to represent
134:and the later use of Peano's notation by
668:
32:
1570:Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
647:
1928:
550:
95:, ɒ, which is used in the IPA for the
84:. This is not to be confused with the
1612:
701:
239:as a logical symbol for un-American.
156:Turned a presented in Edward Lhuyd's
1554:DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe
611:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3122 L2/06-266
215:It was used in the 18th century by
185:, the letter A originated from the
142:
13:
531:
511:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 679.
14:
1957:
636:The Cambridge Companion to Peirce
1910:
1899:
727:
223:as a phonetic character for the
201:representation of an ox's head.
165:
149:
796:International Phonetic Alphabet
264:International Phonetic Alphabet
78:International Phonetic Alphabet
66:
1946:Phonetic transcription symbols
662:
641:
616:
596:
569:
544:
525:
496:
297:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED A
252:MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED A
1:
489:
174:Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica
1549:Western Latin character sets
651:; et al. (2002-03-20).
474:List of mathematical symbols
300:LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED A
269:
172:Turned a in William Pryce's
7:
1575:Letters used in mathematics
462:
421:∀, ∀
382:Numeric character reference
10:
1962:
1022:
828:
132:existential quantification
25:
18:
1896:
1647:
1588:
1562:
1531:
1481:
1463:
1445:
1422:
1339:
1330:
816:
768:
735:
455:
453:
451:
420:
418:
416:
413:Named character reference
302:
299:
296:
288:
285:
282:
279:
122:in 1935, by analogy with
832:ISO basic Latin alphabet
788:ISO basic Latin alphabet
783:Classical Latin alphabet
628:Peirce's deductive logic
578:The Numismatic Chronicle
553:Sign, Symbol, and Script
256:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
112:universal quantification
106:has the same shape as a
19:Not to be confused with
227:. In their books, both
158:Archaeologia Britannica
97:open back rounded vowel
82:near-open central vowel
74:Roman or two story form
28:Near-open central vowel
1917:Mathematics portal
479:Transformation of text
275:Character information
237:Charles Sanders Peirce
59:based upon the letter
37:
1906:Philosophy portal
551:Jensen, Hans (1969).
469:List of logic symbols
36:
1941:Latin-script letters
688:10.18653/v1/W17-0603
792:Phonetic alphabets
276:
102:The logical symbol
1482:Keyboard layouts (
274:
55:) is a letter and
38:
21:Latin turned alpha
1923:
1922:
1891:
1890:
1606:
1605:
1477:
1476:
1325:
1324:
808:Spelling alphabet
460:
459:
76:) is used in the
1953:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1748:
1697:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1337:
1336:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
826:
825:
722:
715:
708:
699:
698:
692:
691:
681:
666:
660:
659:
657:
649:Everson, Michael
645:
639:
620:
614:
600:
594:
593:
573:
567:
566:
548:
542:
541:
529:
523:
522:
500:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
277:
273:
260:Uralic languages
253:
250:
247:
245:
225:Cornish language
169:
153:
143:Historical usage
136:Bertrand Russell
80:to identify the
72:Lowercase ɐ (in
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1643:
1641:logical symbols
1637:
1607:
1602:
1584:
1558:
1527:
1473:
1459:
1441:
1418:
1326:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
834:
830:Letters of the
812:
764:
731:
726:
696:
695:
679:
667:
663:
655:
646:
642:
621:
617:
603:Michael Everson
601:
597:
574:
570:
563:
549:
545:
530:
526:
519:
501:
497:
492:
465:
272:
254:is used in the
251:
248:
243:
242:
177:
170:
161:
154:
145:
120:Gerhard Gentzen
116:predicate logic
93:turned script a
69:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1921:
1920:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:quantification
1794:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:quantification
1778:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1024:Letter A with
1023:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
836:
835:
829:
824:
822:
814:
813:
811:
810:
805:
804:
803:
798:
790:
785:
779:
777:
766:
765:
763:
762:
757:
755:Roman numerals
752:
747:
742:
736:
733:
732:
725:
724:
717:
710:
702:
694:
693:
661:
640:
624:Randall Dipert
615:
595:
568:
561:
543:
532:Miller, Jeff.
524:
517:
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
484:Rotated letter
481:
476:
471:
464:
461:
458:
457:
454:
452:
450:
444:
443:
440:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
423:
422:
419:
417:
415:
409:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
271:
268:
210:Roman Republic
208:coin from the
187:Proto-Sinaitic
179:
178:
171:
164:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
124:Giuseppe Peano
100:
68:
65:
51:, math symbol
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1958:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Logic symbols
1934:
1933:
1931:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1833:contradiction
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
933:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
898:
894:
891:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
837:
833:
827:
823:
820:
815:
809:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
775:
771:
767:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:
730:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
703:
700:
689:
685:
678:
677:
672:
665:
654:
650:
644:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
612:
608:
604:
599:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
564:
562:9780044000211
558:
554:
547:
539:
535:
528:
520:
518:9783110153668
514:
510:
506:
499:
495:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
425:
424:
414:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
322:
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294:Unicode name
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221:William Pryce
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750:Romanization
729:Latin script
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632:Cheryl Misak
622:Page 320 in
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217:Edward Lhuyd
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67:Modern usage
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1796:existential
1539:ISO/IEC 646
1465:Pentagraphs
1447:Tetragraphs
1332:Multigraphs
427:Symbol font
402:∀
398:ɐ
373:226 136 128
361:226 177 175
199:logographic
1930:Categories
1593:Diacritics
1026:diacritics
490:References
394:ɐ
108:sans-serif
43:(capital:
1873:therefore
1861:therefore
1816:tautology
1780:universal
1532:Standards
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817:Letters (
770:Alphabets
760:Ligatures
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376:E2 88 80
308:Encodings
289:∀
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183:acrophony
1859:entails,
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1341:Digraphs
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364:E2 B1 AF
303:FOR ALL
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249:ᵄ
206:denarius
193:or cow (
128:turned E
41:Turned A
1885:because
1749:
1728:implies
1716:implies
1698:
1664:
1639:Common
1544:Unicode
1513:Colemak
801:X-SAMPA
740:History
367:201 144
351:U+2200
332:Unicode
311:decimal
286:ɐ
280:Preview
176:, 1790.
160:, 1707.
86:turned
1847:proves
1743:
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1508:Dvorak
1503:AZERTY
1498:QWERTZ
1493:QWERTY
745:Spread
638:. 2004
634:, ed.
630:". In
613:(2006)
588:
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339:U+2C6F
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244:U+1D44
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1471:tzsch
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656:(PDF)
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1767:nand
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1226:A̋a̋
1203:Ā̀ā̀
1189:Ą̃ą̃
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1881:∵
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1830:,
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1791:∃
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