144:, in Turkey, the Education Ministry controlled the entire system ranging from textbooks, teacher training, course content, and even the questions asked at graduation examinations. One outcome of this policy was the excessive centralization of knowledge production. Moreover, most textbooks were penned by retired officers at the expense of other scholars who lacked the kinds of connections the ex-officers had. Göçek says that popular public intellectuals participated in the construction of this nationalistic presentation alongside scholars. The state’s inclusion of non-academic groups into discussions on how to write history textbooks further popularized and mythified Turkish history. Göçek states that such nationalist interference in the production of knowledge obviously colored and affected all subsequent research. The proofs of Turkish history textbooks were also continually reviewed with a similar intention, one memoir writer noted, “to correct the mistakes...of many of the history books published in our country... had either consciously or unknowingly minimized the role of Turks in world history.” Göçek explains that as a consequence, instead of promoting critical thinking, the information contained in the textbooks ended up regurgitating the official Turkish nationalist rhetoric.
324:
Ottoman rule which amounts to period of
Turkish domination to Greek perception. Turkish textbooks squeeze history of 18th and 19th century since Ottomans faced uprisings in occupied territories lost hold blaming the same on 'interference from European great powers' and mentions of Greek independence struggle are omitted. According to Mustafa Aydin, Turk seem to silence lot of part of their history to fortify legitimacy of national sovereignty. Aydin says, if recent important changes in textbooks are critically examined doubt, fear and unease become apparent. Aydin says, while attributing the other with negative adjectives is reduced under pressure from third party criticism, however general approach in respect of history vis a vis others has not changed. Greeks and Turks, textbooks of both do not attribute positive to neighboring nations nor any negative to self historical conducts. In many parts neighboring country is depicted negatively without naming and students fill missing parts from sources like historiography, literature, oral history, media, movies provided by community around them.
1740:, p. 104. "In the 1950s, 60s and 70s, Turkish high school students did not learn anything about Armenians' existence in the Ottoman Empire or about their deportation during World War I (WWI). Starting in the 1980s, however, high school history textbooks taught Turkish students that Armenians rose up and violently attacked the Ottoman government and innocent fellow citizens prior to and during WWI, and that the government forcibly relocated Armenians in order to protect and preserve the Turkish nation. A decade later, Turkish high school students were told that Armenians were traitors and propagandists who had tried to take advantage of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and had 'stabbed Turks in the back. And more recently, high school history textbooks in Turkey described the 'Turkish-Armenian War' that took place between Turks and Armenians following the end of World War 1,160 and mentioned that recent research and excavations have documented the fact that Armenians committed genocide against Turks."
234:(AKP) led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused each other. While Erdoğan claimed of creating pious generation, Tezcan doubted the changes as "embedding jihadist values in education, Erdoğan government is attempting to plague the brains of little Turkish children, with the similar understanding that transforms the Middle East into a bloodbath". The teachers unions were also divided in the 'teaching of Jihad' debate; according to Turkey's progressive teacher's union EĞİTİM SEN's leader Feray Aydoğan, when jihad's primary meaning is 'religious war' then there is no point in explaining second and third meanings of the contested term; where as more conservative rival union blamed critics of using anti-Islamic arguments. Opponents of Erdoğan government's new education policy have blamed President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) for shifting the secular foundations of the Turkish republic towards Islamic and conservative values.
400:
supply routes and destroying bridges and roads. ... They spied for Russia and by rebelling in the cities where they were located, they eased the way for the
Russian invasion. ... Since the Armenians who engaged in massacres in collaboration with the Russians created a dangerous situation, this law required the migration of from the towns they were living in to Syria, a safe Ottoman territory. ... Despite being in the midst of war, the Ottoman state took precautions and measures when it came to the Armenians who were migrating. Their tax payments were postponed, they were permitted to take any personal property they wished, government officials were assigned to ensure that they were protected from attacks during the journey and that their needs were met, police stations were established to ensure that their lives and properties were secure.
1769:
self-defense (protection from territorial loss and/or protection of the
Turkish population that was being targeted by Armenian banditry); (c) shifting responsibility to external factors and third parties (claiming that Armenian deaths were a result of hardship); (d) claiming benevolent motivations behind the deportations (stopping the inter-communal warfare). These interpretations exemplify how moral disengagement mechanisms operate at the level of collective narratives. Three targets of attribution can be readily identified: the in-group (i.e., denial of responsibility), the out-group (i.e., blaming the victim), and situational factors (i.e., blaming third parties or circumstances).
863:..Such nationalist intent in the production of knowledge naturally colored and affected all subsequent research. The proofs of Turkish history textbooks were also continually reviewed with a similar intent, one memoir writer noted, "to correct the mistakes...of many of the history books published in our country... had either consciously or unknowingly minimized the role of Turks in world history."149 Public intellectuals and the populace participated in the construction of this nationalist presentation alongside scholars. The state's inclusion of such nonacademic groups into discussions on how to write history textbooks further popularized and mythified Turkish history...
130:. According to a study by Abdulkerim Şen, human rights education in Turkey subscribes to the 'escapist model'; Şen explains that Turkish textbooks either deliberately avoid human rights issues, struggles, campaigns, and activists altogether, or window-dress human rights issues by presenting de-contextualised narratives. Şen further states that the curriculum fails in respect of critically examining on discrepancies about claims made in Turkish textbooks vis-à-vis realities of human rights; and has scope to improve the curriculum encouraging learners to explore transformative powers of Human Rights Education.
188:), was accused of stripping a cover story about the life and work of Charles Darwin from the March 2009 issue of the Council's publication just before it went to press. The planned portrait of Darwin for the magazine's cover was replaced and the editor of the magazine, Çiğdem Atakuman, claims that she was removed from her post. Most of the Turkish population expressed support for the censorship. In 2012, it was found that the government's internet content filter, designed to prevent the public having access to pornographic websites, also blocked the words 'evolution' and 'Darwin' on one mode of the filter.
376:, discussed 2014–2015 Turkish elementary and middle school textbooks that the MEB had made available on the internet. He found that Turkish history textbooks are filled with the message that Armenians are people "who are incited by foreigners, who aim to break apart the state and the country, and who murdered Turks and Muslims." The Armenian Genocide is referred to as the "Armenian matter", and is described as a lie perpetrated to further the perceived hidden agenda of Armenians. Recognition of the Armenian Genocide is defined as the "biggest threat to Turkish national security".
487:
nationalism is embraced by the majority
Turkish society still leads to intolerance of political expression of minorities. Kaya says Turkish state had been perusing vigorous policies of assimilation towards its minorities through its policies like nationalist curriculum since it became Republic, undermining linguistic plurality and right to education in their respective mother tongue including Cirassian language. Kaya says in case of Circassians, they find politically marginalized and isolated since establishment of the Turkish Republic.
264:
positive image led to eventual gradual abolishing of slavery from
Ottoman empire. Rather Turkish textbooks paint incorrect picture that it was Islam which banned slavery, factually Islam never banned slavery rather permitted capturing and trading of slaves continued rather with bit of encouragement for better treatment to slaves and encouragement to manumission but that does not amount to complete abolition of slavery, but Turkish textbooks tell the students otherwise.
363:
nefarious goals of undermining the empire, and the
Armenians themselves, for allegedly committing treason and presenting a threat to the empire. Some textbooks admit that deportations occur and Armenians died, but present this action as necessary and justified. Most recently, textbooks have accused Armenians of perpetrating genocide against Turkish Muslims. In 2003, students in each grade level were instructed to write essays refuting the genocide.
22:
247:
too meager. Alaca says that while most of postgraduate papers discuss history textbooks in Turkey, nevertheless considerable number of papers focus on how the
Turkish/Ottoman discourse is handled in textbooks foreign countries namely erstwhile countries which were colonized under Ottoman rules previously. Alaca says that most thesis examine history textbooks in uncritical romanticized narrow point of views.
822:
most textbooks were penned by retired officers and officials because they were able to successfully employ their political connections to have their books approved at the expense of other scholars who lacked such connections. As a consequence, rather than promoting critical thinking, the information contained in the textbooks ended up reproducing the official
Turkish nationalist rhetoric.
137:, Turkey attempted to modernize and secularize its public life and education. However, since the 1980s, various Turkish government dispensations started promoting the Islamization of Turkish education in the name of promoting national unity; After Erdoğan came to power, the process of radicalizing Islamism in Turkish education and compromising on science education accelerated further.
429:
of
Armenians in the battleground. Explain that care was taken to ensure that the land in which the Armenians who had to migrate were to settle was fertile, that police stations were established for their security and that measures were taken to ensure they could practice their previous jobs and professions.
486:
Kaya study says generally majority society remains tolerant of minorities when it is prospering but tolerance gets compromised in times of crisis. Kaya says while Turkey's state institutions can be tolerant of folkloric forms of representations presented by ethno-cultural minorities, but parochial
323:
According to Bruce Merry, While Greek and
Turkish both historiographies in school textbooks are biased about each other and modern historians accept the fact that both committed violence on each other in historic times, still Turkish schoolbooks give lot of space to centuries of presumably beneficent
225:
Since 2017, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's right-wing government changed school textbooks to introduce Jihad and terminate teaching of evolution from school textbooks; political parties and even teachers' unions got divided over newly introduced changes in textbooks. Turkish MP Bülent Tezcan of the
202:(Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge) which was mandated as a part of the syllabus from 9th grade until graduation since 2014. The Association of Atheism believes that the mandatory course on Islamic education encourages students to otherize non-Muslims and divide Turkish society on religious lines.
482:
are usually presumed to be privileged ethnic minority even though, in practical terms, socially politically and culturally they are as much discriminated against as other ethnic minorities of Turkey. According to Ayhan Kaya and Zeynel Abidin Besleney, Turkish political developments of 1920s lead to
469:
According to Hay Eytan Cohen Yanarocak, Turkish textbooks while taking credit for better treatment of 20th century“stateless Jew” compared to European Christians; Turkish schoolbooks continue to venerate Islam at the expense of Jewish customs and Judaism claiming to be false ones. Stereotyping of
399:
many people living in villages, even children, by attacking Turkish villages, which had become defenseless because all the Turkish men were fighting on the war fronts. ... They stabbed the Ottoman forces in the back. They created obstacles for the operations of the Ottoman units by cutting off their
362:
For decades, these textbooks omitted any mention of Armenians as part of Ottoman history. Since the 1980s, textbooks discuss the "events of 1915", but deflect the blame from the Ottoman government to other actors, especially imperialist powers who allegedly manipulated the Armenians to achieve their
298:
only a western phenomena unaware of phenomena of slavery in Turkish and Islamic past. According to Avarogullaris instead of hiding Turkish and Islamic past of human slavery, Turkish textbooks should have helped pupil face it and help them understand how slavery in Turkey was abolished peacefully.
297:
While Turkish text books talk of human rights, depict enslavement as inhuman but only western slavery is singled out for the purpose in negative role. Avarogullaris say that treatment of past slavery in Turkish textbooks produces falsely prejudiced generations which end up believing that slavery was
255:
According to Avarogullari Ayten and Muhammet, slavery in Turkish and Islamic history is mostly omitted or condoned in Turkish school textbooks. Contents in the history and social studies school textbooks in Turkey contain substantial non inclusion and misrepresentations related to pre modern slavery
428:
State to your students that the Russians also made some Armenians revolt on this front and murder many of our civilian citizens. Explain that the Ottoman State took certain measures following these developments, and in May 1915 implemented the ‘Tehcir Kanunu’ regarding the migration and settlement
246:
According to Eray Alaca, if number of universities in Turkey are taken into account research thesis on theses on history textbooks in Turkey between studied period of 1989 and 2017 comes out to be too small,in that too most papers are master level where as number of doctoral theses on the topic are
821:
The second outcome was the excessive centralization of knowledge production as the Education Ministry controlled the entire system from textbooks, teacher training, and course content to the questions asked at graduation examinations. All textbooks had to be reviewed and approved by the ministry;
259:
Avarogullaris sees some patterns in the way slavery is dealt with in Turkish school textbooks. First, slavery as an issue that occurred mainly in the West; While institutionalized western slavery are rightly criticized in Turkish textbooks. But avoids any mention of existence of slaves in the
216:
as part of vocational education, and in general secondary schools as optional subject. Activist Dr. Aysel Madra of 'Turkey's Education Reform Initiative' says that it will only confuse the students and finds it odd to claim that students can understand 'Jihad' but not evolution; On the other hand,
354:
or must be approved by its Instruction and Education Board. In practice, this means that the Turkish government is directly responsible for what textbooks are taught in all schools, even private education or those that are dedicated to ethnic minorities. The state uses its monopoly to promote the
275:
Turkish textbooks create perception that only African black people were enslaved but factually largest number of slaves traded and used in premodern Turkey were Russians than Africans since Ottomans had frequent wars with Russians were taken as war prisoners whereas they had to pay to buy African
1732:
The Armenians were conspicuous by their absence in the school curriculum for decades. Their historical existence in Anatolia was deliberately dismissed... This deliberate omission ceased abruptly in the mid-1980s when a new sub-chapter was introduced tellingly entitled 'Armenian problem'... This
1768:
The interpretations of this period of history in Turkish textbooks include accounts that may be interpreted as psychological justifications or excuses to deflect responsibility: (a) blaming Armenians for treason or for attacking Turkish–Muslim populations; (b) claiming that violent acts were in
437:
In 2012, history and literature teachers of Istanbul’s Kartal district high schools in Istanbul’s distributed a controversial book titled “Bu Dosyayı Kaldırıyorum: Ermeni Meselesi” (“Closing this File: The Armenian Issue” authored by Yunus Zeyrek) among students, as sent by the education
433:
Historian Tunç Aybak states, "This officially distributed educational material reconstructs the history in line with the denial policies of the government portraying the Armenians as backstabbers and betrayers, who are portrayed as a threat to the sovereignty and identity of modern Turkey. The
263:
While textbooks are quick in criticizing west for its part in slavery but fail to give due credit to western societies for their initiative in the abolition of slavery. Actual fact that it was proactive British diplomatic pressure in nineteenth century and Ottoman rulers need to maintain its
470:
Jews as traitorous in their exchanges with Muslims during the early history of Islam also continues in the textbooks under AKP regime. Turkish textbooks depict creation of modern state of Israel and Jews in negative light without explaining reasons like persecution of Jews leading to Zionism.
217:
Turkey's Minister of Education Ismet Yilmaz claimed that while theory of evolution is above level of school students and can be taught at university levels and information on mutation, modification and adaptation is still explained in biology textbooks, without referring to evolution itself.
237:
Opponents of Erdoğan's new education policy carried out two sizable protests to say No to an outdated curriculum that bans science in the 21st Century; while hashtags such as #NoToSexistCurriculum, #SayNoToNonScientificCurriculum and #DefendSecularEducation trended on social media in Turkey.
1690:
The ruling Turkish elite subsequently chose to erase any trace of the Armenians from Turkish history. In the period between 1945 and the 1980s, school textbooks in Turkey made no mention of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire or the deportation of 1915. The Armenians had simply ceased to
331:(IMPACT-SE) was published in 2021, which includes notes on the Turkish narrative of affairs related to Greece. For example, the indigenous Muslims (as are officially referred in the Lausanne Treaty, and as are recognized by the Greek authorities) of Greece are referred as
260:
Islamic world and how Muslims got their own slaves, especially in the Ottoman past of Turks and their actual treatment on the ground. Such omission creates an impression that there was no slavery in Turkish past, or slaves in Turkish history were very happy.
207:
In 2017, Turkey announced plans to end the teaching of evolution in Turkish schools, with the chairman of the Board of Education, Alpaslan Durmuş, claiming it was a complicated and "controversial" topic for students. Other changes introduced the teaching of
170:
and creationist high-school textbooks. A survey published in 2008 found that about 25% of people in Turkey accepted evolution as an explanation for how life came to exist. As of 2009, creationism had become the government's official position on origins.
271:
While Turkish textbooks take note of role of European Human Rights Convention and Universal Declaration of Human Rights in abolishing slavery but miss on human elements which strived for the goal, which happened to be some proactive westerners.
420:
to fight the Ottomans (in reality they had already been nearly annihilated from the area by this point), that Armenians killed 600,000 Turks during said war, and that the deportation were to save Armenians from other violent Armenian gangs.
283:
Russian 20.12%, Black 11.47%, Georgian 8.48%, Persian 4.26%, Hungarian 2.29%, Cherkes 1.85%, Abyssinian 1.67%, Romanian (Eflaki and Bogdani in the original text) 1.54%, Polish 1.5%, Muscovite 1.06%, Serfi (?) 0.62%, Croat
1733:
sub-chapter depicted the 'Armenian problem' as an exploit and machination of Great Powers (i.e. Britain and Russia) who exploited Armenians as instruments to destabilize the Ottoman Empire and impose their mischievous plots."
1658:
Additionally, for instance, the racism and language of hatred in officially approved school textbooks is very intense. These books still show Armenians as the enemies, so it would be necessary for these books to be
461:. According to Karwan Faidhi Dri, 2020 version by the Turkish education ministry removed many paragraphs about Kurdish participation in early Islamic history included in the 2019 version of ninth grade reading material.
267:
Turkish textbooks cherry-pick in while depicting wherever and whenever Turks were taken into slavery but go silent on own Turkish past which was proactively participated in enslavement and trade of slaves.
328:
1212:
978:
395:, and "didn't hesitate to kill Armenians who would not join them," issuing instructions that "if you want to survive you have to kill your neighbor first." Claims highlighted by Akçam:
166:, the military leadership and subsequent governments promoted Islamism to promote national unity, which eventually included translation and distribution of materials from the US
2062:
Turkmen, B. (2009). "A Transformed Kemalist Islam or a New Islamic Civic Morality? A Study of "Religious Culture and Morality" Textbooks in the Turkish High School Curricula".
280:
According to Sak (1992, p. 218) a report giving details of ethnic origin of slaves used in Turkey based on court records of six provinces of Ottoman Empire, in percentage
517:
In 2018 a textbook controversy arose over appropriateness of a text book Keloğlan Ak Ülke for 3rd standard attempted to deal with topic of sexual exploitation of children.
509:
According to September 2017 news report of Öykü Altuntaş a Turkish text book 'Life of Muhammad' defines women's "obedience" to men as a form of "worship" and Alpaslan Durmus
483:
stereotyping of then Circassian leader Çerkes Ethem in school textbooks as traitor leading to stereotyping of Turkish Circassian community and discrimination towards them.
655:
Religion and Nation-Building in the Turkish Republic: Comparison of High School History Textbooks of 1931–41 and of 1942–50 Pages 372-393 Published online: 26 Jun 2013
1750:
Bilali, Rezarta (2013). "National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks' Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide: Understanding Denial".
350:
is centralized: its policy, administration and content are each determined by the Turkish government. Textbooks taught in schools are either prepared directly by the
175:
1250:
782:(March 2021) Editor:David M. Byer, Series Impact Se Reports, Series Editor, Eldad J. Pardo, Website Website: www.impact-se.org, Retrieved January 31, 2022.
383:, in which as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians were massacred, is identified as "The Rebellion of Armenians of Adana". According to the book, the Armenian
627:Çayır, Kenan (2015). "Citizenship, nationality and minorities in Turkey's textbooks: from politics of non-recognition to 'difference multiculturalism'".
449:
In 2013, there was a proposal to ban some official Turkish textbooks in Germany because they were perceived as too nationalistic and falsifying history.
434:
demonization of the Armenians in Turkish education is a prevailing occurrence that is underwritten by the government to reinforce the denial discourse."
2037:
1220:
988:
1343:
276:
slaves from traders still prices for White slaves were more and Women slaves were more than male slaves, male slaves were most frequently castrated.
1185:
1706:
Gürpınar, Doğan (2016). "The manufacturing of denial: the making of the Turkish 'official thesis' on the Armenian Genocide between 1974 and 1990".
875:
Ari, Başar (2013). "Religion and Nation-Building in the Turkish Republic: Comparison of High School History Textbooks of 1931–41 and of 1942–50".
39:
1457:
779:
776:
86:
1404:
1368:
Cetin, Önder (2021). "Revisiting the Prospect of Revision in Turkish Secondary School History Textbooks: the Case of the Assyrian Debate".
58:
1273:
1832:
2180:
159:
546:
65:
513:
Chair, Board of Education defends the same saying, 'that is how Allah says it, not he himself and should he correct Allah, or what?'
311:
The textbooks highlight the supposed benevolence of Ottoman and Turkish leaders towards all ethnic groups and refer to a "so-called
287:
Abkhazian 0.4%, European (Efrenci in the original text) 0.35%, Austrian 0.31%, Armenian 0.21%, , Greek 0.18%, Tuti (?) 0.13%,
611:
576:
446:. Education Minister Ömer Dinçer defended book and author as “written with the sense of national reflex and humorous criticism.”
404:
Other false claims found in other textbooks by Akçam included that Armenian "back-stabbing" was the reason the Ottomans lost the
351:
438:
directorate. The book defined Armenians as “dishonorable and treacherous” also vilified novelists such as Nobel Prize Laureate
72:
1883:
Yanarocak, Hay Eytan Cohen (2016). "Turkish Staatsvolk vs. Kurdish identity: Denial of the Kurds in Turkish school textbooks".
231:
684:"How are human rights presented in Turkey's textbooks? Development of an escapist model of human rights education (1950-2020)"
2160:
2098:
2021:
1683:
1651:
1560:
1530:
1489:
1441:
1414:
848:
806:
657:
Religion and Nation-Building in the Turkish Republic: Comparison of High School History Textbooks of 1931–41 and of 1942–50
54:
949:
2175:
2165:
1578:"Education and National Narratives: Changing Representations of the Armenian Genocide in History Textbooks in Turkey"
1458:"Hay Eytan Cohen Yanarocak, The Erdoğan Revolution in the Turkish Curriculum Textbooks, IMPACT-SE, March 2021, p. 27"
541:
504:
388:
105:
731:"Preparing Turkey for the European Union: Nationalism, National Identity and 'Otherness' in Turkey's New Textbooks"
384:
118:
Turkish textbooks have faced criticism for their negative depiction of Greeks and Armenians, lack of depiction or
1858:
730:
2155:
1601:
1242:
840:
Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009
798:
Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009
405:
167:
662:
The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religious Education in the Global South. United Kingdom, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022.
623:
Self-Censorship in Contexts of Conflict: Theory and Research edited by Daniel Bar-Tal, Rafi Nets-Zehngut, Keren
43:
2089:
Antoniou, Lia; Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoğlu (2005). "Nation and the Other in Greek and Turkish History Textbooks".
163:
591:
379:
Akçam summarized one textbook that claims the Armenians had sided with the Russians during the war. The 1909
127:
79:
2170:
227:
1552:
Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009
2038:"Controversy seizes Turkey over curriculum containing sexual exploitation - ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English"
551:
1116:
601:
1949:
Yanarocak, Hay Eytan Cohen (2019). "The Portrayal of Jews and Israel in Turkish School Textbooks".
1145:
561:
356:
119:
1546:
141:
134:
1011:
32:
1104:
586:
1344:"Examination of Postgraduate Theses on History Textbooks in Turkey in Terms of Some Variables"
1150:
479:
409:
1919:
1060:
1784:(2010a). "Defending the Nation? Maintaining Turkey's Narrative of the Armenian Genocide".
1155:
213:
153:
8:
954:
531:
347:
1064:
911:
359:
and textbooks have also included demonization of Armenians, presenting them as enemies.
2131:
1966:
1900:
1801:
1723:
1624:
1550:
1385:
892:
758:
711:
644:
581:
571:
413:
2123:
2094:
2017:
1970:
1904:
1805:
1781:
1727:
1679:
1647:
1644:
New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State
1628:
1556:
1526:
1437:
1410:
1389:
1159:
1120:
1086:
1078:
923:
896:
854:
844:
812:
802:
762:
750:
715:
703:
648:
526:
335:
in the Turkish school books, and claims of discrimination against them are made. The
312:
191:
2071:
2009:
1958:
1892:
1793:
1759:
1715:
1671:
1616:
1377:
1068:
1051:
1019:
983:
884:
742:
695:
636:
536:
1962:
1896:
1719:
1620:
1499:
1381:
699:
640:
606:
1797:
1494:
1431:
1311:
888:
496:
458:
372:
336:
290:
Albanian 0.04%, Barbary 0.04%, Bosnian 0.04%, Frank 0.04%, Morean 0.04%,
180:
123:
683:
566:
656:
556:
500:
380:
2075:
746:
367:
2149:
2127:
1833:"Controversial text book about Armenians sparks stir in Turkey - Turkey News"
1577:
1163:
1124:
1082:
927:
858:
816:
754:
707:
1490:"Akcam: Textbooks and the Armenian Genocide in Turkey: Heading Towards 2015"
424:
In 2015 teachers were instructed to teach seventh-year students as follows:
2003:
1277:
1090:
596:
315:". The textbooks claim that no Assyrians were deported during World War I.
2013:
1988:
1024:
838:
796:
416:
never happened, that the Armenians were armed by the Russians during late
443:
439:
417:
329:
Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education
2091:
The Nation, Europe, and the World: Textbooks and Curricula in Transition
2135:
2115:
1763:
1073:
1046:
21:
1523:
Recovering Armenia: The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Turkey
392:
1859:"Turkish textbooks under fire in German schools | DW | 21.06.2013"
922:(6). Berkeley, CA: National Center for Science Education: 30–35.
659:
Turkish Studies Volume 14, 2013 - Issue 2 Taylor & Francis
212:' as a part of loving the nation in religious schools known as
1186:"Darwin in Turkey: 'Most Express Sympathy for the Censorship'"
2064:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
1920:"Turkey removes most references to Kurds in history textbook"
688:
Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education
209:
178:(TÜBİTAK), publisher of the popular Turkish science magazine
1059:(259). London: Nature Publishing Group: 259. 19 March 2009.
162:, textbook coverage was aggressively secular. Following the
147:
1602:"Geopolitics of Denial: Turkish State's 'Armenian Problem'"
1433:
Turkish-Greek Relations: The Security Dilemma in the Aegean
133:
Since the early twentieth century, under the leadership of
1274:"Turkey schools to stop teaching evolution, official says"
1213:"Darwin censored by the Turkish government's porn filter"
339:
against the Greeks of Istanbul is not mentioned at all.
1676:
Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide
176:
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
1812:
1219:(Blog). London: Telegraph Media Group. Archived from
391:
organizations instituted rebellions in many parts of
916:
Reports of the National Center for Science Education
1312:"Turkey's new school year: Jihad in, evolution out"
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1646:. Springer International Publishing. p. 186.
1582:International Journal for Education Law and Policy
327:A study on the Turkish textbooks conducted by the
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
2147:
843:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 293.
801:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 286.
2088:
1989:"Challenges of Diversity in Turkish Education"
1856:
1831:ISTANBUL, Hürriyet Daily News (28 June 2012).
1474:
1271:
602:Concubinage § In Islam and the Arab world
293:Bulgarian 0.08%, Indian 0.08%, Wallach 0.08%
1430:Aydin, Mustafa; Ifantis, Kostas (June 2004).
124:denial of the existence of the Kurdish people
1429:
1012:"Turkish scientists claim Darwin censorship"
301:
200:Din Kültürü ve Ahlâk Bilgisi dersi kitabında
1555:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64.
1520:
1409:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 287.
1105:"Evolution Stirs Tempest in Turkish Teapot"
950:"In Turkey, fertile ground for creationism"
1708:Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies
1701:
1699:
1609:Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies
1595:
1593:
1591:
1525:. Stanford University Press. p. xii.
1183:
478:According to Ayhan Kaya study, in Turkey
160:one-party period of the Republic of Turkey
1951:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa
1948:
1885:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa
1882:
1670:
1072:
1023:
148:Islamisation of education and creationism
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2116:"History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey"
2001:
1830:
1705:
970:
903:
718:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
126:, as well as understating and condoning
122:of Ottoman-era massacres and genocides,
2061:
1696:
1588:
1406:Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature
1210:
1192:. Hamburg, Germany: Spiegel Online GmbH
976:
947:
941:
612:Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey
577:Textbook controversies (disambiguation)
457:For decades, Turkish history textbooks
174:In 2009, the Turkish government agency
2148:
2113:
1818:
1780:
1749:
1737:
1575:
1370:British Journal of Educational Studies
1253:from the original on 21 September 2014
1146:"Darwin issue ends in finger pointing"
1009:
910:Edis, Taner (November–December 1999).
250:
241:
220:
1982:
1980:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1918:Dri, Karwan Faidhi (1 October 2020).
1641:
1599:
1545:
1539:
1487:
1402:
1367:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
836:
794:
728:
626:
198:) evaluated a course textbook called
2093:. Berghahn Books. pp. 105–121.
1986:
1184:Steinvorth, Daniel (17 March 2009).
909:
832:
830:
790:
788:
552:Creationism by country § Turkey
352:Ministry of National Education (MEB)
318:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1917:
1786:South European Society and Politics
1018:. London: Nature Publishing Group.
874:
681:
13:
2002:Besleney, Zeynel (21 March 2014).
1977:
1937:
1330:
1291:
977:Bennett, Drake (25 October 2009).
464:
14:
2192:
2181:Education controversies in Turkey
2005:The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey
1211:Chivers, Tom (10 December 2011).
948:Kaufman, Marc (8 November 2009).
827:
785:
769:
542:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey
505:Hermeneutics of feminism in Islam
1488:Akcam, Taner (4 December 2014).
1010:Abbott, Alison (10 March 2009).
735:Journal of Intercultural Studies
408:(similar to the post-War German
196:Association of Atheism of Turkey
55:"Turkish textbook controversies"
20:
2107:
2082:
2055:
2030:
1995:
1911:
1876:
1850:
1824:
1774:
1743:
1664:
1635:
1569:
1514:
1450:
1423:
1396:
1361:
1272:Kazeem Shaheen (23 June 2017).
1265:
1235:
1204:
1177:
1138:
1097:
1039:
1003:
912:"Cloning Creationism in Turkey"
682:Sen, Abdulkerim (3 June 2021).
617:
168:Institute for Creation Research
31:needs additional citations for
2008:. Routledge. pp. 69, 70.
1857:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
1584:. 2010 Special Issue: 103–126.
868:
777:'The Erdoğan Revolution in the
729:Çayir, Kenan (February 2009).
722:
675:
473:
1:
1963:10.1080/21520844.2019.1585702
1897:10.1080/21520844.2016.1239176
1720:10.1080/19448953.2016.1176397
1621:10.1080/19448953.2016.1141582
1382:10.1080/00071005.2021.1990851
780:Turkish Curriculum Textbooks'
700:10.1080/03057925.2021.1932419
668:
641:10.1080/03050068.2015.1088210
592:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
459:denied the existence of Kurds
232:Justice and Development Party
2161:Textbooks in the Middle East
1798:10.1080/13608746.2010.513605
1642:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020).
1576:Dixon, Jennifer M. (2010b).
1243:"MEB'de Ateizm ayrıştırması"
987:. Boston, MA. Archived from
889:10.1080/14683849.2013.805057
775:Yanarocak, Hay Eytan Cohen,
406:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78
342:
306:
7:
1521:Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna (2016).
520:
10:
2197:
1342:Alaca, Eray (April 2018).
1047:"Turkey censors evolution"
837:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015).
795:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015).
494:
151:
2114:Millas, Hercules (1991).
2076:10.1215/1089201X-2009-026
1117:American Physical Society
747:10.1080/07256860802579436
490:
302:Coverage of ethnic groups
228:Republican People's Party
2176:Discrimination in Turkey
2166:Historiography of Turkey
1752:Journal of Social Issues
979:"Islam's Darwin problem"
562:Ottoman Turkish language
452:
357:Armenian Genocide denial
164:1980 Turkish coup d'état
1115:(5). College Park, MD:
2156:Textbook controversies
587:Antisemitism in Turkey
431:
402:
186:Science and Technology
2014:10.4324/9781315849492
1678:. Hurst. p. 64.
1403:Merry, Bruce (2004).
1025:10.1038/news.2009.150
629:Comparative Education
547:Circassians in Turkey
426:
410:stab-in-the-back myth
397:
355:official position of
256:in Turkey and Islam.
135:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1987:Kaya, Ayhan (2011).
1600:Aybak, Tunç (2016).
40:improve this article
2171:Childhood in Turkey
1837:Hürriyet Daily News
1318:. 18 September 2017
1154:. Üsküdar, Turkey:
1151:Hürriyet Daily News
1065:2009Natur.458Q.259.
955:The Washington Post
532:Education in Turkey
348:Education in Turkey
251:Coverage of slavery
242:Coverage of History
221:Debate and protests
128:Ottoman-era slavery
1782:Dixon, Jennifer M.
1764:10.1111/josi.12001
1502:on 3 December 2022
991:on 30 October 2009
582:Turkish Abductions
572:The Twenty Classes
414:Hamidian massacres
370:, writing for the
214:Imam Hatip schools
2100:978-1-57181-550-7
2042:www.hawarnews.com
2023:978-1-317-91004-6
1685:978-1-84904-458-5
1672:Cheterian, Vicken
1653:978-3-030-59400-8
1562:978-0-19-933420-9
1547:Göçek, Fatma Müge
1532:978-0-8047-9706-1
1443:978-1-135-77520-9
1416:978-0-313-30813-0
1158:. 16 March 2009.
1156:Doğan Media Group
958:. Washington, D.C
850:978-0-19-933420-9
808:978-0-19-933420-9
527:Bias in education
319:Greeks and Greece
313:Assyrian genocide
230:(CHP) and ruling
226:opposition party
154:İmam Hatip school
116:
115:
108:
90:
2188:
2140:
2139:
2120:History Workshop
2111:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1606:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1498:. Archived from
1485:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1247:www.sozcu.com.tr
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
984:The Boston Globe
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
907:
901:
900:
872:
866:
865:
834:
825:
824:
792:
783:
773:
767:
766:
726:
720:
719:
679:
652:
537:Racism in Turkey
142:Fatma Müge Göçek
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2087:
2083:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1947:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1916:
1912:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1779:
1775:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1714:(3): 217–240 .
1704:
1697:
1686:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1495:Armenian Weekly
1486:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1223:on 4 April 2016
1217:Telegraph Blogs
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1074:10.1038/458259a
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
975:
971:
961:
959:
946:
942:
932:
930:
908:
904:
877:Turkish Studies
873:
869:
851:
835:
828:
809:
793:
786:
774:
770:
727:
723:
680:
676:
671:
620:
523:
507:
497:Women in Turkey
493:
476:
467:
465:Jews and Israel
455:
373:Armenian Weekly
345:
321:
309:
304:
253:
244:
223:
181:Bilim ve Teknik
156:
150:
120:explicit denial
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2142:
2141:
2106:
2099:
2081:
2070:(3): 381–397.
2054:
2029:
2022:
1994:
1976:
1957:(2): 137–156.
1936:
1910:
1891:(4): 405–419.
1875:
1849:
1823:
1821:, p. 115.
1811:
1792:(3): 467–485.
1773:
1742:
1695:
1684:
1663:
1652:
1634:
1615:(2): 125–144.
1587:
1568:
1561:
1538:
1531:
1513:
1473:
1449:
1442:
1422:
1415:
1395:
1376:(4): 481–500.
1360:
1348:www.eu-jer.com
1329:
1290:
1264:
1234:
1203:
1190:Spiegel Online
1176:
1137:
1096:
1038:
1002:
969:
940:
902:
883:(2): 372–393.
867:
849:
826:
807:
784:
768:
721:
694:(3): 454–470.
673:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
663:
660:
653:
635:(4): 519–536.
624:
619:
616:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
557:Ottoman Empire
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
522:
519:
501:Women in Islam
492:
489:
475:
472:
466:
463:
454:
451:
381:Adana massacre
344:
341:
320:
317:
308:
305:
303:
300:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
281:
252:
249:
243:
240:
222:
219:
192:Ateizm Derneği
149:
146:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2193:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:(31): 21–33.
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1925:
1924:www.rudaw.net
1921:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1436:. Routledge.
1435:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:(Editorial).
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
990:
986:
985:
980:
973:
957:
956:
951:
944:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
842:
841:
833:
831:
823:
818:
814:
810:
804:
800:
799:
791:
789:
781:
778:
772:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
674:
664:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
622:
621:
613:
610:
608:
607:Hürrem Sultan
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
518:
516:
512:
506:
502:
498:
488:
484:
481:
471:
462:
460:
450:
447:
445:
441:
435:
430:
425:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:
369:
364:
360:
358:
353:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
316:
314:
299:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
278:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
239:
235:
233:
229:
218:
215:
211:
205:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
172:
169:
165:
161:
155:
145:
143:
140:According to
138:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
110:
107:
99:
96:February 2023
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2119:
2109:
2090:
2084:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2004:
1997:
1954:
1950:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:
1913:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1826:
1814:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:(1): 16–33.
1755:
1751:
1745:
1731:
1711:
1707:
1689:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1643:
1637:
1612:
1608:
1581:
1571:
1551:
1541:
1522:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1493:
1464:. Retrieved
1452:
1432:
1425:
1405:
1398:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1320:. Retrieved
1315:
1281:. Retrieved
1278:The Guardian
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1119:. May 2009.
1112:
1108:
1099:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1015:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
989:the original
982:
972:
960:. Retrieved
953:
943:
931:. Retrieved
919:
915:
905:
880:
876:
870:
862:
839:
820:
797:
771:
741:(1): 39–55.
738:
734:
724:
691:
687:
677:
632:
628:
618:Bibliography
597:Slave market
567:Çerkes Ethem
514:
510:
508:
485:
477:
468:
456:
448:
436:
432:
427:
423:
412:), that the
403:
398:
378:
371:
365:
361:
346:
332:
326:
322:
310:
296:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
245:
236:
224:
206:
203:
199:
195:
190:
185:
179:
173:
157:
139:
132:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1868:30 November
1819:Dixon 2010b
1738:Dixon 2010b
1506:27 February
933:17 February
480:Circassians
474:Circassians
442:and writer
440:Orhan Pamuk
418:World War I
368:Taner Akçam
337:1955 pogrom
158:During the
2150:Categories
2047:3 November
1929:3 November
1842:3 November
1659:amended...
1322:3 November
669:References
495:See also:
444:Elif Şafak
152:See also:
66:newspapers
2128:0309-2984
1971:197844713
1905:152021616
1806:144494811
1728:148518678
1629:147690827
1390:244356648
1164:1300-0721
1125:1058-8132
1083:0028-0836
928:2158-818X
897:143116654
859:870211367
817:870211367
763:143100513
755:0725-6868
716:236269029
708:0305-7925
649:143265420
366:In 2014,
343:Armenians
307:Assyrians
1674:(2015).
1549:(2015).
1316:BBC News
1251:Archived
1227:27 March
1196:24 March
1169:24 March
1130:24 March
1111:(News).
1109:APS News
1091:19295555
1031:24 March
995:21 March
962:21 March
521:See also
393:Anatolia
2136:4289049
1283:25 June
1257:30 July
1061:Bibcode
389:Dashnak
80:scholar
2134:
2126:
2097:
2020:
1969:
1903:
1863:DW.COM
1804:
1726:
1691:exist.
1682:
1650:
1627:
1559:
1529:
1466:29 May
1440:
1413:
1388:
1353:2 June
1162:
1123:
1089:
1081:
1052:Nature
1016:Nature
926:
895:
857:
847:
815:
805:
761:
753:
714:
706:
647:
503:, and
491:Sexism
385:Hnchak
284:0.52%,
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2132:JSTOR
1967:S2CID
1901:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1724:S2CID
1625:S2CID
1605:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1386:S2CID
893:S2CID
759:S2CID
712:S2CID
645:S2CID
453:Kurds
333:Turks
210:Jihad
87:JSTOR
73:books
2124:ISSN
2095:ISBN
2049:2020
2018:ISBN
1931:2020
1870:2020
1844:2020
1680:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1508:2023
1468:2023
1438:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1355:2021
1324:2020
1285:2017
1259:2020
1229:2014
1198:2014
1171:2014
1160:ISSN
1132:2014
1121:ISSN
1087:PMID
1079:ISSN
1033:2014
997:2014
964:2014
935:2008
924:ISSN
855:OCLC
845:ISBN
813:OCLC
803:ISBN
751:ISSN
704:ISSN
387:and
59:news
2072:doi
2010:doi
1959:doi
1893:doi
1794:doi
1760:doi
1716:doi
1617:doi
1378:doi
1069:doi
1057:458
1020:doi
885:doi
743:doi
696:doi
637:doi
42:by
2152::
2130:.
2118:.
2068:29
2066:.
2040:.
2016:.
1979:^
1965:.
1955:10
1953:.
1939:^
1922:.
1899:.
1887:.
1861:.
1835:.
1800:.
1790:15
1788:.
1766:.
1756:69
1754:.
1730:.
1722:.
1712:18
1710:.
1698:^
1688:.
1656:.
1623:.
1613:18
1611:.
1607:.
1590:^
1580:.
1492:.
1476:^
1384:.
1374:70
1372:.
1346:.
1332:^
1314:.
1293:^
1276:.
1249:.
1245:.
1215:.
1188:.
1148:.
1113:18
1107:.
1085:.
1077:.
1067:.
1049:.
1014:.
981:.
952:.
920:19
918:.
914:.
891:.
881:14
879:.
861:.
853:.
829:^
819:.
811:.
787:^
757:.
749:.
739:30
737:.
733:.
710:.
702:.
692:53
690:.
686:.
643:.
633:51
631:.
499:,
2138:.
2103:.
2078:.
2074::
2051:.
2026:.
2012::
1991:.
1973:.
1961::
1933:.
1907:.
1895::
1889:7
1872:.
1846:.
1808:.
1796::
1762::
1718::
1631:.
1619::
1565:.
1535:.
1510:.
1470:.
1446:.
1419:.
1392:.
1380::
1357:.
1326:.
1287:.
1261:.
1231:.
1200:.
1173:.
1134:.
1093:.
1071::
1063::
1035:.
1022::
999:.
966:.
937:.
899:.
887::
765:.
745::
698::
651:.
639::
515:.
511:,
208:'
194:(
184:(
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.