Turandot - Knowledge

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they beg Turandot to appear and spare his life (Aria – The crowd, Prince of Tartary: "O giovinetto!" – "O youth!"). She then appears, and with a single imperious gesture, orders the execution to continue. The Prince of Tartary, who has never seen Turandot before, falls immediately in love with her, and joyfully cries out Turandot's name three times, foreshadowing the riddles to come. Then the Prince of Persia cries out Turandot's name one final time, mirroring the Prince of Tartary. The crowd, horrified, screams out one final time and the Prince of Persia is beheaded.

1606:" – "In this palace") that her ancestress of millennia past, Princess Lo-u-Ling, reigned over her kingdom "in silence and joy, resisting the harsh domination of men" until she was raped and murdered by an invading foreign prince. Turandot claims that Lo-u-Ling now lives in her and, out of revenge, Turandot has sworn never to let any man wed her. She warns the Prince to withdraw but again he refuses. The Princess presents her first riddle: "Straniero, ascolta!" – "What is born each night and dies each dawn?" The Prince correctly replies, 153: 1575:, with its small lake surrounded by bamboo. Pong remembers his grove of forests near Tsiang, and Pang recalls his gardens near Kiu. The three share their fond memories of their lives away from the palace (Trio – Ping, Pang, Pong: "Ho una casa nell'Honan" – "I have a house in Honan"). They turn their thoughts back to how they have been accompanying young princes to their deaths. As the palace trumpet sounds, the ministers ready themselves for another spectacle as they await the entrance of their Emperor. 1504:. The young Prince of Tartary is overjoyed at seeing Timur alive, but still urges Timur not to speak his name because he is afraid that the Chinese rulers, who have conquered Tartary, may kill or harm them. Timur then tells his son that, of all his servants, only Liù has remained faithful to him. When the Prince asks her why, she tells him that once, long ago in the palace, the Prince had smiled at her (Trio with chorus – The crowd, Liù, Prince of Tartary, Timur: "Indietro, cani!" – "Back, dogs!"). 5300: 4267: 130: 337:(The Thousand and One Days), a collection of stories which were purportedly taken from Middle Eastern folklore and mythologies. One of these stories, believed to be inspired by Nizami, features a cold princess named Turandokht. However, it has been speculated that many of de la Croix's 'translated' stories were his own original creations, with no actual basis in Middle Eastern cultures. De la Croix's story was adapted into a play, 49: 4278: 5324: 3768: 5336: 1652:" – "You who are encircled by ice"), saying that Turandot too will learn the exquisite joy of being guided by caring and compassionate love. Having spoken, Liù seizes a dagger from a soldier's belt and stabs herself. As she staggers towards the Prince and falls dead, the crowd screams for her to speak the Prince's name. Since Timur is blind, he must be told about Liù's death, and he cries out in anguish. 355: 5246: 5133: 1584: 1585: 380:, Puccini strove for a semblance of authenticity by using music from the region, even commissioning a set of thirteen custom-made gongs. Baron Edoardo Fassini-Camossi, the former Italian diplomat to China, gave Puccini a music box that played 4 Chinese melodies. Puccini incorporated three of these melodies into his opera, the most memorable of which is the folk melody " 1514: 1512: 1513: 453:

forced to write a second, strictly censored version that followed Puccini's sketches more closely, to the point where he did not set some of Adami's text to music because Puccini had not indicated how he wanted it to sound. Ricordi's real concern was not the quality of Alfano's work; he wanted the end of

3500:"She (the princess) pledges to thwart any attempts of suitors because of an ancestor's abduction by a prince and subsequent death. She is not born cruel and is finally conquered by love. I will try to make Turandot more understandable and arouse the sympathy of Chinese audiences for her." Hao Wei Ya, 1703:

Some of this criticism is possibly due to the standard Alfano ending (Alfano II), in which Liù's death is followed almost immediately by Calaf's "rough wooing" of Turandot, and the "bombastic" end to the opera. A later attempt at completing the opera was made, with the co-operation of the publishers,

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The Prince tries to persuade Turandot to love him. At first, she feels disgusted, but after he kisses her, she feels herself becoming more ardently desiring to be held and compassionately loved by him. She admits that ever since she met the Prince, she realized she both hated and loved him. She tells

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The Prince of Tartary is dazzled by Turandot's beauty. He is about to rush towards the gong and to strike it three times – the symbolic gesture of whoever wishes to attempt to solve the riddles so that he can marry Turandot – when the ministers Ping, Pang, and Pong appear. They urge him cynically not

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antiphone. She identified Calaf with Puccini, and other charactors with people from his life, beginning and ending the story in Puccini's library with a grand piano. In this version, when Liú has taken her life and the music by Puccini ends, the Puccini on stage receives a kiss of death from Turandot

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Ping, Pong, and Pang appear and offer the Prince women and riches if he will only give up Turandot ("Tu che guardi le stelle"), but he refuses. A group of soldiers then drag in Timur and Liù. They have been seen speaking to the Prince, so they must know his name. Turandot enters and orders Timur and

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The Emperor Altoum, father of Turandot, sits on his grand throne in his palace. Weary of having to judge his isolated daughter's sport, he urges the Prince to withdraw his challenge, but the Prince refuses (Aria – Altoum, the Prince: "Un giuramento atroce" – "An atrocious oath"). Turandot enters and

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When Puccini died, the first two of the three acts were fully composed, including the orchestration. Puccini had composed and fully orchestrated Act Three up until Liù's death and funeral cortege. In the sense of finished music, this was the last music composed by Puccini. He left behind 36 pages of

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The crowd cheers for the triumphant Prince. Turandot throws herself at her father's feet and pleads with him not to leave her to the Prince's mercy. The Emperor insists that an oath is sacred and that it is Turandot's duty to wed the Prince (Duet – Turandot, Altoum, the Prince: "Figlio del cielo").

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The moon rises, and the crowd's cries for blood dissolve into silence. The doomed Prince of Persia, who is on his way to be executed, is led before the crowd. The young Prince is so handsome and kind that the crowd and the Prince of Tartary decide that they want Turandot to act compassionately, and

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announces the law of the land (Aria – "Popolo di Pechino!" – "People of Peking!"). The Prince of Persia has failed to answer the three riddles, and he is to be beheaded at the next rising moon. As the crowd surges towards the gates of the palace, the imperial guards brutally repulse them, causing a

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as soloists) for Decca Records in 1990 to great acclaim. However, it may have been staged in Germany in the early years, since Ricordi had commissioned a German translation of the text and a number of scores were printed in Germany with the full final scene included. Alfano's second ending has been

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alternated in the role of Prince Calaf, with Fleta singing the role on opening night. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In the middle of Act III, the orchestra stopped playing. Toscanini turned to the audience and announced, "Qui finisce l'opera, perché a questo punto il maestro è morto" ("Here

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and follows the Prince Calaf, who falls in love with the cold Princess Turandot. In order to win her hand in marriage, a suitor must solve three riddles, with a wrong answer resulting in his execution. Calaf passes the test, but Turandot refuses to marry him. He offers her a way out: if she is able

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When Timur warns that the gods will be offended by Liù's death, the crowd becomes subdued, very afraid and ashamed. The grieving Timur and the crowd follow Liù's body as it is carried away. Everybody departs, leaving the Prince and Turandot alone. He reproaches Turandot for her cruelty (Duet – The

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recorded the words slightly differently: "Qui finisce l'opera, rimasta incompiuta per la morte del povero Puccini" ("Here the opera ends, left incomplete by the death of the poor Puccini"). Others have reported that Toscanini said "Here, the Maestro laid down his pen." A newspaper report from 1926

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in its setting and heavy orchestration. Alfano provided a first version of the ending with a few passages of his own, and even a few sentences added to the libretto, which was not considered complete even by Puccini. After the severe criticisms by Ricordi and the conductor Arturo Toscanini, he was

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Ping demands the Prince's name, and when Liù refuses to say it, she is tortured. Turandot is clearly taken aback by Liù's resolve and asks Liù who or what gave her such a strong resolve. Liù answers, "Princess, love!" ("Principessa, amore!"). Turandot demands that Ping tear the Prince's name from

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He calls Turandot's name three times, and each time Liù, Timur, and the ministers reply, "Death!" and the crowd declares, "We're already digging your grave!" Rushing to the gong that hangs in front of the palace, the Prince strikes it three times, declaring himself to be a suitor. From the palace

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Concerning the compelling believability of the self-sacrificial Liù character in contrast to the two mythic protagonists, biographers note echoes in Puccini's own life. He had had a servant named Doria, whom his wife accused of sexual relations with Puccini. The accusations escalated until Doria

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and Powers consider it was an awareness of this problem – an inadequate buildup for Turandot's change of heart, combined with an overly successful treatment of the secondary character (Liù) – which contributed to Puccini's inability to complete the opera. Another alternative ending, written by

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him to ask for nothing more and to leave, taking his mystery with him. The Prince, however, then reveals his name: "Calaf, son of Timur – Calaf, figlio di Timur", thereby placing his life in Turandot's hands. She can now destroy him if she wants (Duet – Turandot, Calaf: "Del primo pianto").

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Sources disagree on which conductor led the second and third performances. Toscanini biographer Harvey Sachs claims that Toscanini conducted the second and third performances before withdrawing due to nervous exhaustion. Other authors believe that Toscanini left after the first performance.

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still applies: "Nothing in the text of the final duet suggests that Calaf's love for Turandot amounts to anything more than a physical obsession: nor can the ingenuities of Simoni and Adami's text for 'Del primo pianto' convince us that the Princess's submission is any less hormonal."

5171: 1622:) The Prince stops her, saying that he has a riddle for her: "You do not know my name. Tell me my name before sunrise, and at dawn, I will die." Turandot accepts. The Emperor then declares that he hopes that he will be able to call the Prince his son when the sun next rises. 391:

By March 1924, Puccini had completed the opera up to the final duet. However, he was dissatisfied with the text of the final duet, and did not continue until 8 October, when he chose Adami's fourth version of the duet text. Two days later, he was diagnosed with throat

413:. Some sketches were in the form of "piano-vocal" or "short score", including vocal lines with "two to four staves of accompaniment with occasional notes on orchestration." These sketches provided music for some, but not all, of the final portion of the libretto. 1570:

Ping, Pang, and Pong lament their place as ministers, poring over palace documents and presiding over endless rituals. They prepare themselves for either a wedding or a funeral (Trio – Ping, Pang, Pong: "Ola, Pang!"). Ping suddenly longs for his country house in

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In the distance, heralds call out Turandot's command: "Cosi comanda Turandot" – "This night, none shall sleep in Peking! The penalty for all will be death if the Prince's name is not discovered by morning." The Prince waits for dawn and anticipates his victory:

1614:– "Blood". Turandot is shaken. The crowd cheers the Prince, provoking Turandot's anger. She presents her third riddle ("Gelo che ti da foco" – "What is ice which gives you fire and which your fire freezes still more?"). He proclaims, "It is Turandot! Turandot!" 1023:

because they said it portrayed China and the Chinese unfavorably. Instead of a single nationwide decree against it, any attempts to produce it were not approved. In the late 1990s they relented, and in September 1998 the opera was performed for eight nights as

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to lose his head for Turandot and instead to go back to his own country ("Fermo, che fai?" "Stop, what are you doing?"). Timur urges his son to desist, and Liù, who is secretly in love with the Prince, pleads with him not to attempt to solve the riddles ("

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Chinese composer Hao Wei Ya, has Calaf pursue Turandot but kiss her tenderly, not forcefully; and the lines beginning "Del primo pianto" (Of the first tears) are expanded into an aria where Turandot tells Calaf more fully about her change of heart.

1542:" – "Do not cry, Liù"). The three ministers, Timur, and Liù then try one last time to stop the Prince ("Ah! Per l'ultima volta!" – "Ah! For the last time!") from attempting to answer the riddles, but he refuses to heed their advice. 1668:

Turandot and Calaf approach the Emperor's throne. She declares that she knows the Prince's name: ("Diecimila anni al nostro Imperatore!") – "It is ... love!" The crowd sings and acclaims the two lovers ("O sole! Vita! Eternità").

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states that "Nobody would deny that dramatic potential can be found in this tale. Puccini, however, did not find it; his music does nothing to rationalize the legend or illuminate the characters." Kerman also wrote that while

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The words of that aria were actually written by Puccini. Waiting for Adami and Simoni to deliver the next part of the libretto, he wrote the words and when they read them, they decided that they could not improve

1515: 1708:. The Berio version is considered to overcome some of these criticisms, but critics such as Michael Tanner have failed to be wholly convinced by the new ending, noting that the criticism by the Puccini advocate 1199:

called the production 'refreshing' and declared "Even without the new ending — and Tin’s splendid musical additions, which draw sensibly from Puccini’s score while applying an entirely new emotional finish —

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blind old man to be knocked to the ground. The old man's slave-girl, Liù, cries out for help. A young man hears her cry and recognizes that the old man is his long-lost father, Timur, the deposed king of

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Liù to speak. The Prince feigns ignorance, saying they know nothing. But when the guards begin to treat Timur harshly, Liù declares that she alone knows the Prince's name, but she will not reveal it.

1610:– "Hope". The Princess, unnerved, presents her second riddle ("Guizza al pari di fiamma" – "What flickers red and warm like a flame, but is not fire?") The Prince thinks for a moment before replying, 154: 1138:

further redacted as well: Turandot's aria "Del primo pianto" was performed at the premiere but cut from the first complete recording; it was eventually restored to most performances of the opera.

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wrote that the new ending "fits the opera neatly. Its sound and attitude, while contemporary, grow organically from Puccini’s original, like a savvy modern addition on a historic building."

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to sound as if it had been written by Puccini. Of this version, about three minutes were cut for performance by Toscanini, and it is this shortened version that is usually performed today.

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states that Puccini asked Toscanini to stop the opera performance in the middle of Act III. The second and subsequent performances of the 1926 La Scala season included Alfano's ending.

3284: 1538:" – "Lord, hear!"). Liù's words touch the Prince's heart. He begs Liù to make Timur's exile more bearable by not abandoning Timur if the Prince fails to answer the riddles (" 1153:

and the Puccini estate, using Puccini's sketches but also expanding the musical language. It was subsequently performed in the Canary Islands and Amsterdam conducted by

1742:, unable to "feel his way into the new, forbidding areas the myth opened up to him" – and thus unable to finish the opera in the two years before his unexpected death. 1520: 1554: 2099: 4281: 5366: 1732:, Puccini was out of his element when it came to resolving the tale of his two allegorical protagonists. Finding himself completely outside his normal genre of 3379:

In diesen Parallelwelten agieren die Protagonisten in Doppelrollen, Turandot/die Ehefrau Puccinis, Wenn Liù tot auf der Bühne erhebt sich Liù zu neuem Leben.

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The debate over which version of the ending is better is still open. Alfano's original ending to the opera was first recorded (as part of an album with

900: 3521: 1728:, Puccini lavished his attention on the familiar sufferings of Liù, as he had on his many previous suffering heroines. However, in the opinion of 2797: 1177: 1145:, convinced that the whole ending is coded in the sketches left by Puccini, composed a new ending, but this has never been performed. In 2001, 3464: 5416: 4984: 5274: 3256: 2387: 388:

for Princess Turandot's splendor. In total, eight of the themes from Turandot appear to be based on traditional Chinese music and anthems.

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Prince, Turandot: "Principessa di morte" – "Princess of death"), then takes her in his arms and kisses her in spite of her resistance.

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for treatment, he visited Arturo Toscanini and begged him, "Don't let my Turandot die." He died of a heart attack on 29 November 1924.

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in television interviews. Casali maintains that the musical setting of many of Calaf's utterances of the name makes sounding the final

3817: 3784: 5421: 1981: 374:. In his impatience, he began composition in January 1921, before Adami and Simoni had produced the text for the libretto. As with 4920: 4813: 3835: 3062: 5381: 5303: 3034: 2360: 4938: 2241: 3552: 3411: 2094: 1944:. If the name is analyzed as an authentic Mandarin-language name, it is likely to be one of several characters pronounced 5391: 3772: 3539: 3336: 5411: 5356: 4314: 1226: 3676: 3648: 3626: 3592: 3562: 3310: 2603: 2502: 2418: 2370: 5371: 2742: 5172:

The Modification and Instrumentation of a Famous Hornpipe as a Merry and Altogether Sincere Homage to Uncle Alfred

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and pop artists have performed and recorded it and the aria has been used in the soundtracks of numerous films.

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the opera ends, because at this point the maestro died"). The curtain was then lowered. A reporter for

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Here Puccini's work ends. The remainder of the music for the premiere was completed by Franco Alfano.

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balcony, Turandot accepts his challenge, as Ping, Pang, and Pong laugh at the Prince's foolishness.

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In China, the beautiful Princess Turandot will marry only a suitor who can answer three riddles. A

4180: 4172: 4164: 4148: 3881: 5228: 4416: 4076: 3866: 3480: 3288: 3201: 2336: 2271: 1649: 1205: 396:. Puccini seems to have had some inkling of the seriousness of his condition: before leaving for 2949: 2595: 2584: 5185: 4906: 4799: 4773: 4691: 4307: 3582: 2494: 1858: 351:

into another play in 1801. It was Schiller's version that inspired Puccini to write the opera.

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Imperial guards, the executioner's men, boys, priests, mandarins, dignitaries, eight wise men,

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Casali, Patrick Vincent (July 1997). "The Pronunciation of Turandot: Puccini's Last Enigma".

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popularized the piece beyond the opera world in the 1990s with his performance of it for the

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opera house in Milan, Italy, on 25 April 1926, a year and five months after Puccini's death.

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once remarked that anything that Joseph Kerman said about Puccini "can safely be ignored".

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Maehder, Jürgen, "La trasformazione interrotta della principessa. Studi sul contributo di

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Turandot's Homecoming: Seeking the Authentic Princess of China in a New Contest of Riddles

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For many years, the government of the People's Republic of China forbade performance of

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in 2024, using exclusively music by Puccini, the unfinished opera followed by his 1905

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were rejected. Puccini's publisher Tito Ricordi II decided on Alfano because his opera

425: 348: 2911: 2530: 2487: 2042: 1738:, he was incapable of completely grasping and resolving the necessary elements of the 1090: 5008: 4990: 4960: 4742: 4686: 4659: 4445: 4388: 4345: 4300: 4219: 4188: 4156: 4130: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4027: 3896: 3672: 3644: 3622: 3588: 3558: 3148: 2853: 2599: 2498: 2414: 2366: 2311: 2296: 2237: 2186: 1976: 1960: 1535: 1446:

Turandot's handmaids, soldiers, standard-bearers, musicians, ghosts of suitors, crowd

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Rosa Raisa, Puccini's first Princess Turandot – How to pronounce the name 'Turandot'

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has also been considered a flawed masterpiece, and some critics have been hostile.

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is a staple of the standard operatic repertoire and it appears as number 17 on the

1094: 1063: 1047: 1010: 971: 376: 338: 270: 261: 147: 96: 5401: 5153: 5139: 5029: 4887: 4576: 4122: 4034: 3957: 3826: 3536: 3415: 3404: 3285:"'Turandot' and 'Shall We Gather at the River' Reviews: Classics in New Contexts" 3183: 2994: 2884: 2591: 2408: 2231: 2107: 2103: 1595: 1188: 1134: 1102: 1059: 990: 439: 171: 40: 2730: 591: 4780: 4610: 4547: 4357: 4241: 4207: 2897:"Banned in China because officials believed it portrays the country negatively" 1878: 1802: 1790: 1394: 1362: 1212: 1166: 1130: 743: 633: 611: 554: 434: 367: 320: 179: 65: 2259: 2149: 5350: 4978: 4929: 4822: 4638: 4251: 3950: 3858: 3708: 3614: 3174: 3008: 2798:"Puccini's Turandot: the first performance in England, reviewed in June 1927" 2190: 1870: 1854: 1810: 1786: 1778: 1709: 1705: 1682: 1479: 1344: 1222: 1146: 1142: 1039: 1004: 955: 734: 682: 599: 421: 371: 294: 187: 183: 129: 70: 1093:

released singles of the aria, with Pavarotti's reaching number 2 in the UK.

5340: 5328: 5146: 5100: 5088: 4837: 4604: 4409: 4246: 4062: 3636: 3602: 2340: 1911: 1842: 1809:; six onstage trumpets in B-flat, three onstage trombones; and one onstage 1677:

While long recognised as the most tonally adventurous of Puccini's operas,

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Liù, and Ping orders Liù to be tortured even more. Liù counters Turandot ("

1637: 1328: 1216: 1150: 1126: 1078: 1055: 1051: 984: 694: 628: 541: 477: 429: 220:'), a name frequently given to Central Asian princesses in Persian poetry. 4845: 4582: 3874: 3790:

Italy, Arena Di Verona Festival's First Abroad perform "Turandot" in Seoul

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Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia

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Maguire, Janet (1990). "Puccini's Version of the Duet and Final Scene of

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tone mark indicating a falling tone, but an Italian diacritic that marks

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Arturo Toscanini (premiere, and possibly second and third performances)

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should finish the opera. Puccini's son Tonio objected, and eventually

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2/1985, Milano: Istituto di Studi Pucciniani, 1986, pp. 79–163.

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is silent in the name of the opera and of its title character, thus

255:. However, according to Puccini scholar Patrick Vincent Casali, the 5061: 4502: 3850: 3756:– Tong hua, xi ju, ge ju, Taipei (Gao Tan Publishing) 1998, 287 pp. 3231: 2427: 1806: 1770: 1357: 528: 469: 397: 175: 118: 3795: 2337:"Howard Van Hyning, Percussionist and Gong Enthusiast, Dies at 74" 273:, who conducted the first performances, ever pronounced the final 198:

to guess his name before dawn the next day, he will accept death.

48: 3704:, London: John Calder / New York: Riverrun, 1984, pp. 35–53. 1866: 1814: 1798: 1782: 1758: 1734: 1501: 1460: 1273: 4898: 4791: 1034:

as extras. It was an international collaboration, with director

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Standard Italian pronunciation prescribes pronouncing the final

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Quattro versioni originali della "Ritirata notturna di Madrid"

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as Princess Turandot in a 1937 dramatic adaptation of Gozzi's

1219:, which was praised as "adept," "respectful," and "seamless." 3889: 1692: 1572: 1291: 221: 217: 194: 167: 36: 5335: 3789: 3337:"Washington Opera offers new ending to Puccini's final work" 2318: 1204:’s "Turandot" crackles with fresh energy". Heidi Waleson of 354: 269:, who created the title role, said that neither Puccini nor 2236:. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. xviii. 1874: 1862: 1838: 1822: 1762: 1696:, "dramatically it is a good deal more depraved." However, 4322: 1566:

Scene 1: A pavilion in the imperial palace. Before sunrise

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Maehder, Jürgen, "Studi sul carattere di frammento della

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Turandot, Princess of China: A Chinoiserie in Three Acts

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is more "suave" musically than Puccini's earlier opera,

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The title of the opera is derived from the Persian term

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She cries out in despair, "Will you take me by force? (

1089:, which received a global audience. Both Pavarotti and 201: 2553: 2280:, 1913, online at manybooks.net. Retrieved 8 July 2011 2125:"To pronounce the 't' or not when it comes to Turando" 1215:

premiered a newly commissioned completion by composer

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is a region of Central Asia that was once part of the

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thesis by Ying-Wei Tiffany Sung, Graduate College of

358:"In questa reggia" – quotation from the reduced score 3584:

Puccini's 'Turandot': the end of the great tradition

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Turandot, Prinzessin von China by Friedrich Schiller

2619:"La seconda di Turandot, il finale del M. Alfano". 2407:Ashbrook, William; Harold, Powers (23 April 1991). 2385: 2362:

Musical Composition in the Context of Globalization

2302:

Freely translated from Schiller by Sabilla Novello:

1948:(with different tones), commonly used as surnames: 1195:to very positive reviews. Michael Andor Brodeur of 1030:, complete with opulent sets and soldiers from the 3202:"Chinese Composer Gives 'Turandot' a Fresh Finale" 2583: 2486: 2410:Puccini's Turandot: The End of the Great Tradition 2307:Turandot: The Chinese Sphinx by Friedrich Schiller 1187:premiered a newly commissioned ending by composer 1169:in August 2002. However, its reception was mixed. 3039:. Decca CD DDD 0289 430 2032 9 DH. Archived from 3033:Scottish Opera Chorus, Barstow (1 January 1990). 293:, the composer's granddaughter and keeper of the 5348: 2472:Puccini Companion: The Glorious Dozen: Turandot 1081:" has long been a staple of operatic recitals. 557:(all performances after Toscanini's departure) 5367:Classical musical works published posthumously 3717:Esotismo e colore locale nell'opera di Puccini 3577: 3403:Jonathan Christian Petty and Marshall Tuttle, 2912:A Princess Comes Home: Ken Smith explores how 2652: 2547: 2517: 2433: 2406: 2324: 1561:, set design for Turandot act 2 scene 2 (1924) 1176:made another completion before the opening of 1116: 4914: 4807: 4518: 4308: 3811: 3671:, Frankfurt/Bern/New York (Peter Lang) 1996, 2358: 1989: 1965: 1949: 1579:Scene 2: The courtyard of the palace. Sunrise 1113:list of the most-performed operas worldwide. 404:Completion of the score after Puccini's death 366:in March 1920 after meeting with librettists 319:, a twelfth-century epic by the Persian poet 211: 5275:Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano 3130:Burton, Deborah (2013). "The Puccini Code". 2388:"Music Box as Muse to Puccini's 'Butterfly'" 2349:, 8 November 2010. Accessed 9 November 2010. 2067: 2040: 384:" ('Jasmine Flower'). Mò Li Hūa serves as a 3311:"OperaDelaware presents Puccini's Turandot" 2907: 2905: 2581: 2260:based on a story by the Persian poet Nizami 1125:singing final scenes of several operas) by 424:was chosen to flesh out the sketches after 4921: 4907: 4814: 4800: 4525: 4511: 4315: 4301: 3818: 3804: 2950:"Official Charts (UK) – Luciano Pavarotti" 2400: 1664:Scene 2: The courtyard of the palace. Dawn 47: 3785:International Music Score Library Project 3719:, Pisa (Giardini) 1985, pp. 143–170. 3334: 3308: 2826:"San Francisco Opera Performance Archive" 2223: 1926:, indicating that the word is pronounced 1141:From 1976 to 1988, the American composer 53:The cover of the score printed by Ricordi 3554:Percussion instruments and their history 3225: 2970:"Official Charts (UK) – Placido Domingo" 2902: 2484: 2474:. Opera Journeys Publishing. p. 24. 2352: 2283: 2203: 1582: 1553: 1510: 1474: 353: 128: 3700:– A Fragment", in Nicholas John (ed.), 3282: 3254: 3088: 3063:"Josephine Barstow sings Opera Finales" 2930: 2928: 2586:At the Opera: Tales of the Great Operas 2233:Haft Paykar: A Medieval Persian Romance 2074:Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online 1857:, and tuned Chinese gongs; one onstage 1180:, also resulting in a mixed reception. 1178:National Centre for the Performing Arts 1097:performed the aria at three subsequent 289:all but impossible. On the other hand, 5349: 3613: 3601: 3526:: Father Owen Lee Discusses Puccini's 3451: 3439: 3427: 3360: 3354: 3255:Brodeur, Michael Andor (13 May 2024). 3129: 2982: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2229: 2166: 1975: 1959: 460: 327:features a Russian princess. In 1722, 304: 4985:Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra 4902: 4795: 4766:Arturo Toscanini: Hymn of the Nations 4506: 4296: 3799: 3635: 3250: 3248: 2848: 2846: 2820: 2818: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2635: 1939: 1933: 1927: 409:sketches on 23 sheets for the end of 260: 146: 5417:Operas based on works by Carlo Gozzi 4532: 3142: 3132:Rivista di Analisi e Teoria Musicale 2990:"The Life of a Song: 'Nessun Dorma'" 2925: 2795: 2386:W. Anthony Sheppard (17 June 2012). 2255: 2253: 1672: 1149:made a new completion sanctioned by 1046:as conductor. The singing roles saw 1009:Performed in Russian, translated by 202:Origin and pronunciation of the name 3825: 3745:, season 1986/87, pp. 157–187. 3542:Intermission Feature, 4 March 1961. 3199: 2204:Kurtzman, Neil (22 December 2008). 347:in 1762, which was then adapted by 212: 13: 3669:»Turandot« auf der Opernbühne 3658: 3540:Metropolitan Opera Radio Broadcast 3245: 2843: 2815: 2782: 2658: 2582:Fiery, Ann; Malone, Peter (2003). 1745: 1631:Scene 1: The palace gardens. Night 1438:Not named in the original program 1427:Not named in the original program 1227:Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden 493:Soon after its premiere in Milan, 14: 5433: 5387:Opera world premieres at La Scala 4928: 4821: 3760: 3361:Franke, Christiane (April 2024). 2250: 1486:at the Westport Country Playhouse 1387:Head chef of the Imperial Kitchen 998:Kseniya Derzhinskaya as Turandot 5334: 5322: 5299: 5298: 5244: 5131: 4276: 4266: 4265: 3766: 3228:"The Many Endings of "Turandot"" 3036:Josephine Barstow: Opera Finales 1246:Roles, voice types, premier cast 438:after the composer's death) and 277:. Similarly, prominent Turandot 5422:Works based on Turandot (Gozzi) 3557:, Bold Strummer, 1992, p. 344. 3545: 3511: 3494: 3474: 3457: 3405:"Tonal Psychology in Puccini's 3397: 3384: 3328: 3309:Obenreder, Gail (21 May 2024). 3302: 3276: 3219: 3193: 3168: 3123: 3082: 3055: 3026: 3001: 2988:Dalley, Jan (6 November 2015). 2962: 2942: 2938:. Routledge. 2016. p. 219. 2890: 2871: 2796:Blom, Eric (15 December 2015). 2757: 2735: 2717: 2612: 2575: 2523: 2478: 2463: 2379: 2330: 2265: 2010: 2000: 1982:A translation of the song guide 1904: 1491:In front of the imperial palace 1172:In late 2007, Chinese composer 416:Puccini left instructions that 4424:Turandot at the Forbidden City 3587:. Princeton University Press. 3335:Silverman, Mike (8 May 2024). 3283:Waleson, Heidi (22 May 2024). 2563:"La prima rappresentazione di 2413:. Princeton University Press. 2197: 2160: 2143: 2117: 2112:Bowling Green State University 2088: 2061: 2034: 1559:Il vasto piazzale della Reggia 1027:Turandot at the Forbidden City 1013:. 39 performances until 1934 1: 5382:Music for orchestra and organ 3607:Puccini: a Critical Biography 3200:Lim, Louisa (29 April 2008). 3187:. Retrieved 30 November 2012. 3165:. Retrieved 30 November 2012. 3153:"Critic's Notebook; Updating 2916:became China's national opera 2022: 1884: 1432:The Executioner (Pu-Tin-Pao) 1225:made another version for the 852:San Francisco, United States 839:Bianca Scacciati as Turandot 739:Giacomo Lauri Volpi as Calaf 723:New York City, United States 16:1926 opera by Giacomo Puccini 4760:Arturo Toscanini discography 4493:(1710–12, Pétis de la Croix) 3743:Beiträge zum Musiktheater VI 3715:", in Jürgen Maehder (ed.), 3696:Maehder, Jürgen, "Puccini's 1813:; a percussion section with 1319:The Unknown Prince (Calaf), 1260:Premiere cast, 25 April 1926 1133:(with Josephine Barstow and 343:, by the Italian playwright 281:did not pronounce the final 7: 2936:The Music Industry Handbook 2262:Retrieved 23 November 2016. 1453: 1305:the deposed King of Tartary 1157:, Los Angeles conducted by 1117:Alfano's and other versions 877:Teatro Comunale di Bologna 765:Victor Verteneuil as Calaf 295:Villa Puccini and Mausoleum 10: 5438: 5392:Operas completed by others 4692:Overture to Colas Breugnon 3394:, Amberley Publishing 2012 2653:Ashbrook & Powers 1991 2548:Ashbrook & Powers 1991 2518:Ashbrook & Powers 1991 2485:Ashbrook, William (1985). 2470:Fisher, Burton D. (2007). 2434:Ashbrook & Powers 1991 2325:Ashbrook & Powers 1991 1986:National Taiwan University 1888: 511:Date of first performance 329:François Pétis de la Croix 297:, has said that the final 18: 5412:Operas adapted into films 5357:Operas by Giacomo Puccini 5296: 5262: 5220: 5211:Requiem of Reconciliation 5195: 5163: 5112: 5046: 5000: 4970: 4945: 4936: 4872: 4829: 4752: 4723: 4677: 4629: 4622: 4540: 4481: 4456: 4437: 4367: 4344: 4337: 4260: 4229: 4210:(great-great-grandfather) 4200: 4141: 4114: 3991: 3842: 3833: 3581:; Powers, Harold (1991). 2743:"GP at the Met: Turandot" 2230:Nizami (21 August 2015). 2129:The Sydney Morning Herald 1990: 1966: 1950: 1620:Mi porterai con la forza? 1442: 1185:Washington National Opera 943:Francesco Merli as Calaf 913:Performed in Russian(?). 863:Armand Tokatyan as Calaf 861:Anne Roselle as Turandot 841:Francesco Merli as Calaf 763:Jane Bonavia as Turandot 362:Puccini began working on 103: 87: 79: 58: 46: 35: 30: 21:Turandot (disambiguation) 4737:Wanda Toscanini Horowitz 3726:di Giacomo Puccini", in 3414:21 November 2008 at the 3226:LA Opera (23 May 2024). 2998:. Retrieved 10 May 2016. 2922:magazine, December 2012. 2206:"Turandot Without the T" 2041:Bruno Migliorini (ed.). 1898: 1640:" – "Let no one sleep!" 1625: 1549: 1521:Alejandro Granda Relayza 1470: 1239: 1032:People's Liberation Army 1000:Boris Evlakhov as Calaf 976:Performed in Ukrainian. 588:Buenos Aires, Argentina 497:spread to other cities. 476:played Turandot. Tenors 445:La leggenda di Sakùntala 323:. One of the stories in 5372:Italian-language operas 5229:Thema (Omaggio a Joyce) 4417:Tu che di gel sei cinta 4077:Tu che di gel sei cinta 3693:, Pisa: Giardini, 1983. 3481:Chinese Composer Gives 3289:The Wall Street Journal 3189:(subscription required) 2535:: Concert Opera Boston" 2272:Karl Gustav Vollmoeller 1650:Tu che di gel sei cinta 1206:The Wall Street Journal 1068:Cristina Gallardo-Domâs 1050:, Audrey Stottler, and 828:London, United Kingdom 548:as Calaf (alternating) 313:can likely be found in 108:25 April 1926 4774:Toscanini: The Maestro 3748:Maehder, Jürgen (with 3179:"Beginning of the End" 2359:Christian Utz (2021). 1598: 1562: 1530: 1487: 1054:as Princess Turandot; 359: 134: 5377:Operas based on plays 5253:Recital I (for Cathy) 4590:La fanciulla del West 4490:Les Mille et un jours 4472:The Curse of Turandot 3920:La fanciulla del West 3489:All Things Considered 3096:The Musical Quarterly 2489:The Operas of Puccini 2365:. transcript Verlag. 1589: 1557: 1519:"Non piangere, Liù", 1518: 1478: 1466:Time: Legendary times 1421:The Prince of Persia 1193:Susan Soon He Stanton 772:Performed in French. 357: 334:Les Mille et un jours 248:are both pronounced. 132: 5204:A Garland for Dr. K. 4939:List of compositions 4623:Orchestral premieres 3836:List of compositions 3775:at Wikimedia Commons 3739:Deutsche Oper Berlin 3392:The Complete Puccini 2769:historicaltenors.net 2745:. PBS. 10 March 2020 2727:performance history" 2102:4 March 2016 at the 1861:; one onstage large 1757:(the third doubling 1753:is scored for three 1704:Ricordi, in 2002 by 1590:"In questa reggia", 1285:The Emperor Altoum, 855:San Francisco Opera 769:Corneille de Thoran 645:Performed in German 301:must be pronounced. 193:The opera is set in 19:For other uses, see 5397:Operas set in China 5289:(completed in 2002) 4652:Essay for Orchestra 4021:E lucevan le stelle 3728:Quaderni Pucciniani 3609:. Gerald Duckworth. 3535:9 June 2011 at the 3367:magazin.klassik.com 3315:Broad Street Review 3262:The Washington Post 3109:10.1093/mq/74.3.319 2887:, operacarolina.org 2883:13 May 2008 at the 2830:archive.sfopera.com 2765:"Victor Verteneuil" 2655:, pp. 143, 154 2170:The Opera Quarterly 1807:contrabass trombone 1724:killed herself. In 1248: 1197:The Washington Post 895:Transcaucasian SFSR 781:Teatro di San Carlo 605:Giacomo Lauri Volpi 501: 461:Performance history 428:(who had completed 305:Composition history 148:[turanˈdɔt] 5221:Other compositions 5047:Instrumental music 4854:Cyrano de Bergerac 4777:(1985 documentary) 4645:Adagio for Strings 4541:Operatic premieres 4105:Un bel dì, vedremo 4049:O mio babbino caro 4007:Donna non vidi mai 4000:Torna ai felici dì 3773:Turandot (Puccini) 3754:Puccini's Turandot 3711:alla partitura di 3502:A Princess Re-Born 3465:"Hollow swan-song" 3177:(18 August 2002). 3162:The New York Times 3151:(22 August 2002). 3149:Tommasini, Anthony 3009:"Opera Statistics" 2975:OfficialCharts.com 2955:OfficialCharts.com 2393:The New York Times 2346:The New York Times 2210:Medicine-Opera.com 2183:10.1093/oq/13.4.77 2068:Luciano Canepari. 1698:Sir Thomas Beecham 1599: 1563: 1531: 1488: 1297:Francesco Dominici 1270:Princess Turandot 1244: 1202:Francesca Zambello 910:Alexander Klibson 858:19 September 1927 845:Vincenzo Bellezza 752:Brussels, Belgium 727:Metropolitan Opera 675:Vienna State Opera 520:Other information 500: 426:Vincenzo Tommasini 360: 349:Friedrich Schiller 309:The beginnings of 262:[turanˈdo] 135: 5407:Unfinished operas 5310: 5309: 5105: 5055:Cinque variazioni 4961:Cronaca del luogo 4896: 4895: 4862:Il dottor Antonio 4789: 4788: 4743:Vladimir Horowitz 4719: 4718: 4500: 4499: 4465:Princess Turandot 4433: 4432: 4396:Non piangere, Liù 4389:Signore, ascolta! 4290: 4289: 4220:Simonetta Puccini 4098:Che gelida manina 4091:O soave fanciulla 4084:Signore, ascolta! 4070:Non piangere, Liù 4028:Recondita armonia 3771:Media related to 3733:Maehder, Jürgen, 3579:Ashbrook, William 3508:19 February 2008. 3463:Tanner, Michael, 2878:"Banned in China" 2590:. San Francisco: 2550:, pp. 126–32 2312:Project Gutenberg 2297:Project Gutenberg 2243:978-1-62466-446-5 1988:refers to her as 1673:Critical response 1587: 1540:Non piangere, Liù 1536:Signore, ascolta! 1516: 1451: 1450: 1408:Aristide Baracchi 1163:Salzburg Festival 1123:Josephine Barstow 1083:Luciano Pavarotti 1072:Barbara Hendricks 1017: 1016: 995:12 December 1931 801:12 February 1927 760:17 December 1926 731:16 November 1926 712:Mafalda Salvatini 658:9 September 1926 620:Dresden, Germany 546:Franco Lo Giudice 482:Franco Lo Giudice 468:premiered at the 418:Riccardo Zandonai 291:Simonetta Puccini 170:in three acts by 165: 127: 126: 119:Teatro alla Scala 5429: 5339: 5338: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5302: 5301: 5263:Related articles 5248: 5135: 5065: 4971:Orchestral works 4954:Un re in ascolto 4923: 4916: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4884:(completed 1926) 4873:Related articles 4816: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4731:Walter Toscanini 4627: 4626: 4534:Arturo Toscanini 4527: 4520: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4403:In questa reggia 4342: 4341: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4280: 4269: 4268: 4237:Festival Puccini 4230:Related articles 4214:Domenico Puccini 4142:Film adaptations 4056:In questa reggia 4042:Ch'ella mi creda 3905:Madama Butterfly 3820: 3813: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792:2024turandot.com 3783:: Scores at the 3770: 3735:Turandot-Studien 3687:Sylvano Bussotti 3654: 3632: 3610: 3598: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3518:Lee, Father Owen 3515: 3509: 3498: 3492: 3491:, 29 April 2008. 3478: 3472: 3471:, 23 March 2003. 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3166: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3005: 2999: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2923: 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1379:Emilio Venturini 1264:Arturo Toscanini 1249: 1247: 1243: 1155:Riccardo Chailly 1099:World Cup Finals 1095:The Three Tenors 1064:Barbara Frittoli 1048:Giovanna Casolla 1011:Pavel Antokolsky 987:, Soviet Union) 972:Aleksander Orlov 958:, Soviet Union) 897:, Soviet Union) 891:Baku, Azerbaijan 880:29 October 1927 785:17 January 1927 708:8 November 1926 703:Berlin, Germany 679:14 October 1926 671:Vienna, Austria 502: 499: 377:Madama Butterfly 271:Arturo Toscanini 264: 240:(daughter); the 215: 214: 160: 158: 157: 156: 150: 145: 115: 113: 51: 28: 27: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5292: 5258: 5216: 5191: 5159: 5154:Cries of London 5108: 5042: 4996: 4966: 4941: 4932: 4927: 4897: 4892: 4868: 4825: 4820: 4790: 4785: 4748: 4715: 4680: 4673: 4632: 4631:World premieres 4618: 4536: 4531: 4501: 4496: 4477: 4452: 4429: 4373:(1926, Puccini) 4363: 4333: 4321: 4291: 4286: 4256: 4225: 4222:(granddaughter) 4196: 4137: 4123:Messa di Gloria 4110: 4014:Quando me'n vo' 3987: 3958:Gianni Schicchi 3838: 3829: 3827:Giacomo Puccini 3824: 3763: 3683:Maehder, Jürgen 3661: 3659:Further reading 3651: 3629: 3595: 3569: 3568: 3551:Blades, James, 3550: 3546: 3537:Wayback Machine 3516: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3416:Wayback Machine 3402: 3398: 3390:Colin Kendell, 3389: 3385: 3372: 3370: 3363:"Der Todeskuss" 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3253: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3173: 3169: 3147: 3143: 3128: 3124: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2995:Financial Times 2987: 2983: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2910: 2903: 2899:, princeton.edu 2895: 2891: 2885:Wayback Machine 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2858:Opera-Arias.com 2854:"Giacomo Vaghi" 2852: 2851: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2794: 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Bartolini 1119: 1091:Plácido Domingo 1060:Lando Bartolini 991:Bolshoi Theatre 982: 966:September 1928 953: 892: 874:Bologna, Italy 867:Gaetano Merola 571:Teatro Costanzi 463: 440:Pietro Mascagni 406: 382:Mò Li Hūa (茉莉花) 307: 216:, 'daughter of 204: 172:Giacomo Puccini 152: 151: 143: 123: 122: 116: 111: 109: 75: 54: 41:Giacomo Puccini 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5435: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5344: 5343: 5331: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5197: 5196:Collaborations 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5186:Op. 120, No. 1 5182: 5175: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5124: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5058: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4781:Guido Cantelli 4778: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4709:Symphony No. 7 4701: 4700: 4699: 4697:Symphony No. 2 4694: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557:(as a cellist) 4544: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4449:(1953, Brecht) 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4358:Turandot Suite 4353: 4351: 4350:(1917, Busoni) 4339: 4335: 4334: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4242:Giulio Ricordi 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4208:Jacopo Puccini 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3954: 3947: 3932: 3924: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3871: 3863: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3776: 3762: 3761:External links 3759: 3758: 3757: 3746: 3731: 3720: 3705: 3694: 3680: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3633: 3627: 3619:Opera as Drama 3615:Kerman, Joseph 3611: 3599: 3593: 3567: 3566: 3544: 3510: 3493: 3485:a Fresh Finale 3473: 3456: 3454:, p. 460. 3444: 3442:, p. 205. 3432: 3430:, p. 206. 3420: 3396: 3383: 3353: 3327: 3301: 3275: 3244: 3218: 3192: 3175:Inverne, James 3167: 3157:, Berio Style" 3141: 3122: 3103:(3): 319–359. 3081: 3054: 3043:on 20 May 2015 3025: 3000: 2981: 2961: 2941: 2924: 2901: 2889: 2870: 2842: 2814: 2781: 2756: 2734: 2716: 2657: 2640: 2638:, p. 179. 2628: 2611: 2604: 2574: 2552: 2540: 2522: 2510: 2503: 2477: 2462: 2460:, p. 417. 2450: 2448:, p. 403. 2438: 2426: 2419: 2399: 2378: 2371: 2351: 2329: 2317: 2282: 2264: 2249: 2242: 2222: 2196: 2159: 2142: 2131:. 17 June 2016 2116: 2087: 2060: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2009: 1999: 1984:hosted by the 1977:[ljòu] 1961:[ljôu] 1935:[liˈu] 1929:[ˈlju] 1910:Note that the 1902: 1900: 1897: 1889:Main article: 1886: 1883: 1851:bass xylophone 1789:; two onstage 1747: 1744: 1674: 1671: 1627: 1624: 1551: 1548: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1395:Giuseppe Nessi 1392: 1389: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1363:Giacomo Rimini 1360: 1355: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1253: 1241: 1238: 1213:Opera Delaware 1167:Valery Gergiev 1131:Scottish Opera 1118: 1115: 1087:1990 World Cup 1062:as Calaf; and 1015: 1014: 1007: 1002: 996: 993: 988: 981:Moscow, Russia 978: 977: 974: 969: 967: 964: 959: 949: 948: 946: 944: 941: 938: 936: 932: 931: 929: 927: 925: 924:29 March 1928 922: 919: 918:Paris, France 915: 914: 911: 908: 906: 903: 898: 888: 887: 885: 883: 881: 878: 875: 871: 870: 868: 865: 859: 856: 853: 849: 848: 846: 843: 837: 834: 829: 825: 824: 822: 820: 818: 817:17 March 1927 815: 813: 809: 808: 806: 804: 802: 799: 797: 793: 792: 790: 788: 786: 783: 778: 777:Naples, Italy 774: 773: 770: 767: 761: 758: 753: 749: 748: 746: 744:Tullio Serafin 741: 732: 729: 724: 720: 719: 717: 715: 709: 706: 704: 700: 699: 697: 692: 680: 677: 672: 668: 667: 665: 662: 659: 656: 651: 650:Venice, Italy 647: 646: 643: 638: 634:Richard Tauber 626: 623: 621: 617: 616: 614: 612:Gino Marinuzzi 609: 597: 594: 589: 585: 584: 582: 579: 576: 575:29 April 1926 573: 568: 564: 563: 559: 555:Ettore Panizza 550: 534: 533:25 April 1926 531: 526: 522: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 462: 459: 405: 402: 368:Giuseppe Adami 331:published his 306: 303: 226:Persian Empire 203: 200: 180:Giuseppe Adami 178:in Italian by 133:Libretto, 1926 125: 124: 117: 107: 105: 101: 100: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 74: 73: 68: 66:Giuseppe Adami 62: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5434: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5305: 5295: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5242:Laborintus II 5240: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5016:Chamber Music 5013: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001:Chamber music 4999: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4930:Luciano Berio 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823:Franco Alfano 4817: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4252:Villa Puccini 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4216:(grandfather) 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3951:Suor Angelica 3948: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867:Manon Lescaut 3864: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709:Franco Alfano 3706: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3677:3-631-42578-3 3674: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3650:0-86051-858-2 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637:Sachs, Harvey 3634: 3630: 3628:9780520062740 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603:Carner, Mosco 3600: 3596: 3594:0-691-02712-9 3590: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3564: 3563:0-933224-61-3 3560: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3469:The Spectator 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3150: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3029: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2705:. 7 June 2013 2704: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2607: 2605:0-8118-2774-7 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2549: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2526: 2520:, p. 224 2519: 2514: 2506: 2504:9780801493096 2500: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2481: 2473: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2422: 2420:9780691027128 2416: 2412: 2411: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2372:9783839450956 2368: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2327:, p. 65. 2326: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2114:, August 2010 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2013: 2003: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1893: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855:tubular bells 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811:bass trombone 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:contrabassoon 1784: 1780: 1779:bass clarinet 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1710:Julian Budden 1707: 1706:Luciano Berio 1701: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1683:Joseph Kerman 1680: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1522: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1480:Anna May Wong 1477: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1345:Maria Zamboni 1343: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314:Carlo Walter 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223:Daniela Kerck 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1165:conducted by 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Luciano Berio 1144: 1143:Janet Maguire 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:choreographer 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1005:Lev Steinberg 1003: 1001: 997: 994: 992: 989: 986: 980: 979: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 957: 956:Ukrainian SSR 952:Kyiv, Ukraine 951: 950: 947: 945: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 930: 928: 926: 923: 920: 917: 916: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 896: 890: 889: 886: 884: 882: 879: 876: 873: 872: 869: 866: 864: 860: 857: 854: 851: 850: 847: 844: 842: 838: 835: 833: 832:Covent Garden 830: 827: 826: 823: 821: 819: 816: 814: 812:Turin, Italy 811: 810: 807: 805: 803: 800: 798: 796:Parma, Italy 795: 794: 791: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 776: 775: 771: 768: 766: 762: 759: 757: 754: 751: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 736: 735:Maria Jeritza 733: 730: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 716: 713: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 689: 684: 683:Lotte Lehmann 681: 678: 676: 673: 670: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 655: 652: 649: 648: 644: 642: 639: 637: 635: 630: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 606: 601: 600:Claudia Muzio 598: 596:23 June 1926 595: 593: 590: 587: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 572: 569: 566: 565: 560: 558: 556: 551: 549: 547: 543: 538: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525:Milan, Italy 524: 523: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 503: 498: 496: 491: 488: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 458: 456: 451: 447: 446: 441: 437: 436: 431: 427: 423: 422:Franco Alfano 419: 414: 412: 401: 399: 395: 389: 387: 383: 379: 378: 373: 372:Renato Simoni 369: 365: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 341: 336: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 317: 312: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 263: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 209: 199: 196: 191: 189: 188:Franco Alfano 185: 184:Renato Simoni 181: 177: 173: 169: 164: 155: 149: 141: 140: 131: 120: 106: 102: 99: 98: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 72: 71:Renato Simoni 69: 67: 64: 63: 61: 57: 50: 45: 42: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5285: 5284: 5251: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5209: 5202: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5164:Arrangements 5152: 5145: 5138: 5126: 5119: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4989: 4977: 4959: 4952: 4880: 4879: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4838:Risurrezione 4836: 4772: 4765: 4745:(son-in-law) 4704:Shostakovich 4679:US premieres 4666:Feste romane 4664: 4650: 4643: 4609: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4567: 4552: 4488: 4470: 4463: 4444: 4422: 4410:Nessun dorma 4380: 4369: 4368: 4356: 4346: 4327: 4264: 4247:Puccini Spur 4189: 4181: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4149: 4129: 4121: 4063:Nessun dorma 4035:Vissi d'arte 3973: 3972: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3903: 3888: 3873: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3779: 3753: 3750:Lo, Kii-Ming 3742: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3668: 3665:Lo, Kii-Ming 3640: 3618: 3606: 3583: 3571: 3570: 3553: 3547: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3505: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3386: 3378: 3371:. 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