Tube zither - Knowledge

2294: 2213: 2371: 949: 2406: 2163: 2465: 2236: 2437: 2383: 2274: 361: 27: 2189: 2510: 609: 2318: 969: 2201: 217:

uncovered. Existing instruments, names in different languages, methods of manufacture and playing, music theory and tonal systems all offer clues to instrument origins. Among the historical trends in the background of the bamboo tube zither, traders from India sailed east and "passed the Malay peninsula" by the 6th century b.c. Indonesians sailed west to Madagascar by the 1st century A.D. By the 3rd century a.d, Buddhists were making statues in Java, and by the 7th century A.D. the "Indianized"

1027: 2140: 442: 2492: 495: 981: 329:).<--verify--> Where gongs are a public instrument, the polychord bamboo-zithers can be used privately in the home. Furthermore, with a tube-zither, a musician can play music that normally takes an entire group of gongs. Kolitong and kulibaw mimic the cyclic sequence of the gangsa (ensembles of flat gongs). For this, the six strings of the kolitong are tuned exactly to the pitch of the gongs. 2464: 851: 2235: 5146:...Talu is a string instrument, popular among the ethnic communities of Pa Co and Bru - Van Kieu in Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien - Hue provinces...does not have a standard shape...made of bamboo...with 2 strings... The Talu is placed between the palms of the hands, the player only needs to use two thumbs to pluck, the other fingers rotate depending on the music 2339: 1278:, a wedge driven up through the bottom of the instrument so that the edge of the wedge supported the weight of the bridge from inside. The instrument and bow were both strung with horsehair, the hair on the fiddle twisted into a tight string, the hair on the bow straight. The tuning peg tightened the fiddle string to "C# below middle C." 2405: 2293: 315:

strips, the holes started below the strips of bamboo were expanded downward, until they went all the way through the side of the tube. Modern instrument makers in Madagascar, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam have taken advantage of modern materials. Fishing line, wire and other modern string materials have been

2436: 3662:

13...311.2 Stick zithers The string carrier is rigid...311.22 (True) stick zithers NB Round sticks which happen to be hollow by chance do not belong on this account to the tube zithers, but are round-bar zithers; however, instruments in which a tubular cavity is employed as a true resonator, like the

1224:

is hooked onto the lower end of the instrument. The two string-ends are each tightened and tied at the top of the instrument. The strings are held off the bottom of the instrument with a bridge. The bow is made of bamboo, with a strip of rattan for a bowstring and bee's wax for rosin. The bamboo tube

244:

Currently known evidence in pictures for the tube zither and bar zither dates to between the 7th and 10th centuries AD. The history of the tube zithers is interconnected with that of bar-zithers. It may not always be possible to tell from the artwork if a stick or a thin bamboo tube is being depicted

1228:

The instrument strings are tuned "approximately a fourth apart" at "roughly F4 — A#4". The musician plays the instrument by using a bow on the strings, fingers underneath the strings at the top of the instrument. The musician raises and lowers tension on the strings, changing the pitch of the notes,

1013:

have placed the Rudra veena in different positions in their classifications, either as a bar zither or as a tube zither. As a tube zither, there is a historical connection to other tube zithers. Southeast Asia has a wide variety of development for tube zithers and can't be excluded as the developers

571:

drum is imitated by hitting the open end of the tube with the palm of the musician's hand. A player can also influence the pitch of the sound by making the opening on the end of the instrument larger or smaller with the palm of a hand—a completely open hole makes the highest pitch sound, and closing

253:

Tube zithers can be divided by the materials used to create the tube and strings. They can be divided by the method used to get sound from the strings. They can be divided by the way the strings are arranged on the tube, which can interact with the way the strings are sounded. They can be divided by

5273:

in Lamanole Village East Flores called Tatabuang...in Lamanole Village East Flores called Tatabuang. Apparently similar to the name Totobuang musical instrument from Maluku... The term Tatabuang is only found in Lemonale....Tatabuang is made from wooden sticks of Breadfruit which are hung round and

1219:

which they pluck and bow. The instrument, made from a tube of bamboo about 622 millimeters (24.48 inches) long and 48–52 mm (1.8 — 2 inches) across, was originally strung with plant fibers or gut from sharks or dogs. The Moken have modernized their instrument, using nylon fishing line in place

865:

Parallel-stringed tube zithers are used on Mindanao by the Maranao, Tiruray, and Manobo, and on North Luzon by the Isneg. A flattened section is created on a length of bamboo, with a hole in the center. Two strings are cut on the either side of the flattened section. A platform is placed to connect

517:

ensemble includes a polychordal bamboo-tube zither with bamboo strings to play melody, a second bamboo-tube zither set up as a parallel-string instrument (strings connected together and sounding together and functioning as "kempul") another string making "kenong beats", a bamboo-tube (not a zither)

453:

Early knowledge of Indonesian musical instruments comes from artwork and literature of the Hindu-Javanese civilization, which began with Hindu colonists in the fifth century AD. Because bamboo instruments decay, evidence of them comes through iconography, images in art, and literature. It is likely

391:

The instruments were used differently, depending on the cultures. In Cambodia, the Kong ring was plucked, used as a substitute for the sound of a circle of gongs, similar to the way a piano can substitute for an orchestra. In the Philippines, the zither strings were plucked but also hammered with a

322:

The instruments are connected with gongs in cultures in Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines. When hammered, the zithers with bamboo strings have a gong or bell-like tone which rings and falls off. In Indonesia, there have been gong-ensembles made entirely of bamboo instruments,

580:

The Philippines have a variety of names and forms for the bamboo-tube zither, and pluck the instruments add use the for percussion, and in modern times have developed a bowed form. The different versions of names may be the result of transcribing them into English, but may also be the versions of

485:

Instruments may be created with single strings, pairs of strings (parallel strings), and with three or more strings (polychordal). The number of strings influences how they are played. Instruments with three or fewer strings are played like drums, the strings beaten with a stick. Instruments with

275:

tube zithers use a separate material for strings, such as wire, fishing line or guitar strings. The strings are secured to the tube on each end, and tension is placed on them. Some resemble the idiochord zithers, the string put through holes in the tube, secured there and bamboo put underneath to

566:

Another zither used in the chelempung ensemble is a three-string celempung indung. The instrument is polychordal, with strings played individually to make different notes. Bridges can be placed under the strings in the center of two of the strings, allowing even more notes, on either side of the

268:

tube zithers have "strings" which are made from the material of the tube itself. With bamboo, the surface of the tube is cut and peeled into strips, leaving both ends still attached to the tube. Small pieces of bamboo are put under the strip to make it tight. The tight strip of bamboo acts as a

216:

Musicologists use iconography, linguistics, and literature to look for clues about existence and traits of musical instruments in the past, as well as modern instrument and variations among them. From these clues they create a history, basing their story of the instrument on the clues they have

314:

are modern relations. The basic instruments were constructed by cutting strips into the outer edges, raising the strips with wedges to create tension and make idiochord strings. They could be tuned by the positioning of the wedges, tightening and loosening the bamboo-strip strings. Beneath the

432:

is a parallel string zither, used fur percussion. Like other parallel-string percussive bamboo zithers, it has two stings cut from the bamboo, the stings linked together with a thin piece of bamboo, a small hole cut into the tube wall below The connector. The bring is different than many tube

1014:

of this style of instrument. The tube zithers may have moved from Southeast Asia to Northern India by way of overland trade. The more mainstream view shows stick-zithers with gourds (looking much like the Rudra Veena as possibly a pre-bamboo tube form) went from India to Java.

581:

names in different dialects or languages. The instruments are made from a tube of bamboo, about 10 centimeters across, with the ends blocked. The ends may be partially open or the instrument may have added holes or be deliberately cracked to help resonance. The instruments are

3697:

Roderic C. Knight, Professor of Ethnomusicology, Oberlin College Conservatory of Music...C52 Tube Zither The body is a tubular shape...2 Added resonator: gourds or other hemispherical objects are attached to the tube for additional resonance (modern rudra vina or bin, North

585:, with strings cut from the tube, in strips attached at both ends and given tension with wedges placed between tube and string. They may be polychords, with lengthwise rows of stings spaced out around the tube, or parallel stringed with strings in one or two groups of two. 1053:. Kurt Sachs pointed out that bamboo large enough to form the body of a guzheng only grew in the far south. It would be redesigned later to imitate and use curved boards like the Se to replace the curved half-tube of bamboo. It was also said to have evolved from the 927:

in his hands, the woman beating percussion on the strings with bamboo sticks. The subanun play with the holder plucking and the person with sticks tapping the body of the instrument with sticks. The Truray do the same, but it is specifically two women that play with way.

567:

bridge. The lowest note string has been designed to make a "sustained boom" through the use of a flap, over a hole in the bamboo tubing; the flap vibrates with the string and "this sound/energy is transmitted through the length of the tube through the small hole." The

257:

Most tube zithers are made from bamboo, a material that is naturally hollow. Other plants have been adapted to make tubes, including cactus and breadfruit trees. Half zithers are made of both bamboo and of curved-wood boards, as much a board zither as a tube zither.

433:

zithers, having the two ends of the bamboo tube open. One end is held against the musician's body while playing it, closing that end, and the musician uses a hand to cover and uncover the other hole, changing the sound. They also have zithers designed for plucking.

3449:

celempung...hollow bamboo tube with two to three differently pitched "strings"...played as both a zither, by hitting the strings with a simple stick called tarengteng, and as a drum, by hitting one end of the tube with the hand... an identically named Javanese

1022:

Musicians have to deal with the shape of their instruments. One method was to attach a gourd to rest the instrument on the ground or lap, or press against the musician's chest. Splitting the bamboo tube in half created an instrument that could lie flat stably.

376:, from Indonesian Archipelago. Two forms exist. The traditional form has as many as 14 strings cut and raised from the bamboo tube. Starting in the 20th century, the bamboo strips were replaced by metal strings, changing the instrument's sound. 2358: 3186:

The Sgaw Karen that call themselves Paganyaw, and the Bwe Karen...The Pwo Karen that refer to themselves as Phlong, Pho and Shu...The Red Karen groups also known as Kayah...The Pa'o or Black Karen are Karen speaking people, however ethnically they are not

2212: 2337: 3776:

According to the Shuo Wen the cheng was a bamboo-tube zither. The bamboo tube eventually was replaced by a larger curved wooden board and while in one or two zither types fixed or movable bridges were used, the noble ch'in remained an unfretted

2273: 2338: 529:, found today on Java and in places under Javanese influence (including Sumatra), consists normally of rows of "bonang" kettle bells, in rows of 3 or 5 bells. However, instruments may substitute for the kettle bells, including a single 1225:

is closed at the bottom and open at the top, and three holes are burned through the bamboo in the lower half of the instrument. The sound radiates upward, so that the player hears it best. The bow is stored inside the bamboo tube.

1068:. It was first introduced to Japan from China in the 7th and 8th century. The first known version had five strings, which eventually increased to seven strings. (It had twelve strings when it was introduced to Japan in the early 261:

After addressing the device used to stretch the strings, a tube as opposed to a stick for a bar-zither, Hornbostel-Sachs divides the tube zithers into two types, based on the types of strings they use: idiochord and heterochord.

3908:

Throughout the centuries, the zheng became the parent instrument of the Asian zither family as it spread from China to a number of adjacent countries giving birth to the Japanese koto, the Korean kayagum and the Vietnamese dan

2370: 2356: 1246:

is played as part of the religious life-view of the Moken people. The two strings represent ancestral couples, and the musician, by playing the instrument, has "dialogue with the entities of the mythical past."

383:, in which tube zithers are put together into a single musical instrument. One example of a raft zither is the Totombito zither, from Congo. Other African examples may be found in Nigeria and East Africa. 2357: 911:

is held in the player's hands and plucked. The player uses thumbs on two strings and his middle and index fingers for the other four, plucking alternately with each side to sustain a melody. The

486:

three or more strings may be plucked with the thumbnails. These may also be played with a combination of thumbnail and stick, the player moving back and forth between plucked and hammered notes.

205:

The areas where the bamboo tube zither has been used was connected by trade and migrations of people. One widespread group who still have some members using the bamboo-tube zither today were the

4476:...The Mandailing gondang buluh-group consists of...two gondang buluh (tube zithers)...If no gong is available, as in the Karo keteng-group, the sound of gongs is imitated on a tube zither... 2162: 2317: 2382: 106: 533:

metal-stringed zither or a chelempung orchestra consisting of idiochord-bamboo tube zithers. In this last ensemble, instruments may be named for their function in the orchestra: the

866:

the two stings (above the hole) so that they vibrate together. The instruments may have either one or two pairs of strings and may either be plucked or struck with bamboo sticks.

4215:

gourd does not act as a resonator. Rather it is a "holder" ...repertoire...includes music played by the bossed gongs as it can be used as a replacement for the instruments.

319:

as musical instrument strings, with pegs to tune the instruments. There is less fall-off of the note with the new materials and the sound of the instruments are different.

5989: 2481:" as part of its name. Parallel-string percussion zither. The strings are played in pairs, struck on the connector between strings. This was part of an orchestra with 2200: 1816: 31:

Modern form of tube zither among highland minority groups in Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand. It may be held against the chest. This particular instrument is the

4594: 2188: 4788:...elderly Penan lady performing a traditional song on the Pagong. The Pagong is a traditional Bamboo instrument of the Penan tribe, always played by women... 1176:. It has two to four strings which, depending on the style of playing, are plucked with the fingers or struck with small bamboo sticks. Boys and men play the 5532: 5950: 5295:

Celempung reteng ensemble, with a row of parallel-string celempung retengs (and slit drums as part of that row) and a pair of celempungs with bass string.)

2426:, one-string percussion zither, also an idiochorde bamboo-tube zither, a rhythm-piercing percussion instrument in Balinese music, adopted in the music of 5643: 1304:

The tone of the instrument was "a faint dry squeak", characterized humorously by Apaches as the "buzz, buzz, sound." They also called it "wood singing."

559:). This row has tube zithers of different sizes, each playing a different note, like tone-bars on a xylophone. Strings tuned to higher notes imitate the 87: 921:

in the same manner, plucking with thumbs and fingers. The Ilongglot have a way for two people to play one instrument, the man holding the five-string

4294:

three strings... one with small bamboo wedge in the middle separating it into two tones, and the other two tuned alike and joined by an oval bridge...

948: 5793: 5359: 471: 459: 3752:

It seems highly likely that at least the early form of the tubular zither was in fact a Southeast Asia contribution ri the musical culture of India.

467: 455: 3808:

The kayagum, the most popular South Korean instrument, is a 12-string half-tube plucked zither (H/S 312.22.5) (Plate 7). It resembles the Chinese

2509: 3433: 2455: 474:

which was used in about the 14th and 15th centuries. It is also present in the "entire archipelago" but under different names, including the

271: 186:. Tube zithers made from other materials have been found in Europe and the United States, made from materials such as cornstalks and cactus. 1229:

in a roughly "four-tone scale." The higher-pitched string is used to play melody, and the lower-pitched string is occasionally played as a

3012: 2894: 974:

India, 10th century C.E. Image of Saraswati holding an eka-tantri vina. This type would add more gourds and likely become the rudra veena.

3947:

C. Dioquinio. (2008) Philippine Bamboo Instruments. Humanities Diliman (January - December 2008), Vol. 5, No. 1 & 2, Pages 101-113.

3482:...closed at both end by a node. In both nodes a star shaped opening is cut...tube is cracked and slightly opened to improve resonance. 3365: 449:

plays a modernized tube zither. Instead of pegs to tighten metal strings, the instrument has a guitar-style head with mechanical tuners.

5336: 1177: 1001:) is a plucked instrument, a wood or bamboo tube that holds strings and fretboard and has 2 gourd resonators. Early forms included the 5031: 276:

make them taut. Another version secures one end through a hole in the tube, the other end wrapped around a peg that can be tightened.

3083: 2955: 588:

The instruments may be played in orchestras of bamboo-zithers, "rural gamelan ensembles," in which the instruments take the place of

298:

The bamboo-tube zither exists in the 21st century in pockets from Madagascar, to India, Southeast Asia and the Philippine Islands of

2491: 1072:(710–784) and increased to thirteen strings). The Japanese koto belongs to the Asian zither family that also comprises the Chinese 2911: 158:, being "a very early stage" in the development of chordophones, and predate some of the oldest chordophones, such as the Chinese 518:

functioning as "kedang" by beating open ends of the tube with the palms of the hands, a bamboo-tube instrument blown as a gong.

4704:

replicate local gong rhythms...plucked, one string with the thumb, the others with a bamboo pick...East Nusa Tenggara province

4734: 4126: 3932: 3801: 3386: 3260: 3224: 3382: 2139: 2752: 360: 6025: 3628:

Alastair Dick; Gordon Geekie; Richard Widdess (1984). "Vina, section 4 Medieval stick zithers". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.).

4505:

two strings carved out of the skin of the bamboo...beaten with two thin bamboo sticks...mimics...gendang singindungi ...

75: 4917: 5994: 4811: 4322:

held by the right hand, and the left hand used to regulate the resonance from the sound of the gong celempung itself]

3867: 3529: 3270: 3234: 2872: 2546: 287:

have strings arranged in parallel, often only one pair for the tube and linked together so that they sound together.

50: 26: 1057:. In their current form, both instruments are what are described to be board zithers rather than half-tube zithers. 3100: 2651: 3141: 3029: 5012:

Jen-hao Cheng, Lancini (January 2015). "Native Terminology and Classification of Taiwanese Musical Instruments".

189:

There are both round and half tube zithers, as well as tube zithers with the strings cut out of the bamboo body,

4578: 2714: 119:

Developed in South Asia and/or Southeast Asia. Variation visible in art and literature for more than 1000 years.

5393: 5329: 5174: 5059:

Mededeeling - Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen. Afdeling Culturele en Physische Anthropologie - Google Books

2972: 2916:, being played by tapping one set of parallel strings with fingers and plucking the other set with a plectrum 2300: 5158: 5057: 4933: 4801: 3948: 1313:

This list does not attempt to include all variations. Some instruments may be known by more than one name.

290:

Tube zithers may be plucked chordophones, tapped or struck percussion chordophones or bowed chordophones.

5345: 4396: 4199: 4565:

72 nengnong, idiochord tube zither, toba...74 tanggetong, idiochord tube zither, toba/other name for 72

4306: 3767: 3679: 506:

The traditional ensemble music of Indonesia centers around gong and gong-chime based ensembles, called

3383:

photo of 3-string polychord celempung, hammered, its tone changed with the hand at the end of the tube

225:(802-1431 a.d.) was founded in the 9th century a.d. Wars among countries (including the Khmer Empire, 5322: 3643: 3290: 66: 5310:

Vietnamese Đàn bầu, electronic siloamplificatioamplification. The instrument starts playing at 1:47.

5290:

Video, bamboo-tube zither with bamboo strings, played as drum, and plucked with thumb. West Sumatra.

5208: 4954: 4002: 3564: 3506: 3409: 3127: 3056: 2995: 2938: 454:

that the instruments pre-date their first representation in imagery. The instrument is found in the

5299: 4489: 5235: 4117:

Mohd Shahrol Amira bin Abdullah (2015). "Being 'Malay' in modern Brunei". In Ooi Keat Gin (ed.).

2260: 1534: 71: 5102:"Phong Nguyen Ensemble - Music and Dance of Viet Nam 1/17/98 Washington Square Church, New York" 2596: 146:

is a stringed musical instrument in which a tube functions both as an instrument's neck and its

5901: 3644:"Revision of the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium" 4724: 6015: 5223: 4278: 5966: 3663:

modern Mexican harpa, are tube zithers...311.222 With several resonator gourds India (vina)

2447: 82: 4688: 608: 8: 6020: 5832: 5177: 5128: 1361: 1341: 206: 4143: 3681:

The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification

2206:

Vietnam. Đàn goong with tuning pegs for wire strings. Gourd on bottom. Goong means gong.

931:

For some entertainment, such as dancing, some groups pair the tube-zither with 2-string

230: 5452: 4882: 4853: 4549: 4541: 4453: 4445: 4363: 4355: 4256: 4231: 4092: 4050: 3736: 2800: 2247: 1934: 1756: 1602: 1577: 1210: 1047:

may have originally been a bamboo-tube zither. That was what was described in the

741: 547: 392:

stick, like a drum. Off the coast of Burma and Thailand, the Moken people played their

279:

Another way of looking at the instruments is the way strings are arranged on the tube.

151: 5123: 2879:...raft zithers...consist of several idiochord tub zithers bound together in a raft... 5927: 5889: 5193: 4913: 4878: 4844:(2). University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology: 268–270. 4807: 4730: 4553: 4457: 4367: 4252: 4227: 4122: 3987: 3928: 3863: 3797: 3525: 3491: 3394: 3266: 3230: 3112: 3041: 2980: 2923: 2868: 2542: 2330:, modern with metal strings. The instrument's soundboard-surface has a modern finish. 2242: 1671: 1544: 1524: 1061: 660: 462:

which was used in about the 14th and 15th centuries. In that work, it was called the

56: 43: 4983: 4379:

mother for the large...gendang indunga (mother gendang").... indung for 'elaborated

3603: 3483: 2069: 1294: 968: 751: 645: 510:. The music was imitated with other instruments, including bamboo-based ensembles. 306:. Historically, it was found in India and China, where in the 21st century the 5915: 5370: 5231: 4912:. Katmandu, Nepal: Nepali Folk Instrument Museum. pp. 218, 229, 230, 269 271. 4845: 4631: 4533: 4437: 4347: 4084: 4042: 3979: 3728: 3158:...found most commonly amongst the various Karen peoples, the Khamu and the Shan... 2792: 2075: 2049: 2020: 1908: 1705: 1530: 1478: 1026: 218: 150:. As the neck, it holds strings taut and allows them to vibrate. As a soundbox, it 2760:(Thesis). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand School of Music. pp. 74, 95–96 2267:

Tube zither with idiochord strings (strings made from the tube itself). Polychord.

428:

The Khamu have more than one kind of bamboo-tube zither, with bamboo strings. The

5921: 5501: 5488: 5101: 5080: 3922: 3883: 3857: 2458:

culture. The strings are played in pairs. This instrument has 2 pairs of strings.

2411: 1988: 1461: 1393: 1386: 1272: 1054: 1006: 998: 159: 4635: 2057: 5960: 5907: 3962: 3466: 2103: 2081: 2065: 1969: 1946: 1858: 1842: 1675: 1357: 1188:

of North Luzon also have a half-tube polychord tube zither which they call the

797: 731: 633: 621: 446: 410: 406: 402: 299: 179: 5309: 5304: 5294: 5289: 4772: 4660: 4623: 4171: 1220:

of the plant or gut strings. One long string is folded in half and the folded

100:

312.121.71 heterochord tube zither, whole, no extra resonator, played with bow

6009: 5711: 5525: 5424: 2172: 2149: 2119: 2095: 2053: 2014: 2008: 1938: 1930: 1912: 1820: 1812: 1786: 1778: 1661: 1651: 1550: 1275: 1264: 1230: 1180:

for entertainment, often tapping rhythms patterned after those played on the

1149: 1049: 959: 373: 124: 4647:

Halmahera culture...Indonesia / Maluku / North Maluku (province) / Halmahera

3906:. 16–17. Leiden: European Foundation for Chinese Music Research: 242. 2005. 3772:

Musical References in the Chinese Classics. Detroit Monographs in Musicology

3306:

the Minangkabau...made...an entire gong ensemble in the palm of your hand...

2754:

Na Suklit: Benicio Sokkong and the Bamboo Musical Instruments of the Kalinga

2287:. Bamboo. These were also made of breadfruit limbs, hollowed out. Polychord. 5945: 5812: 5717: 5558: 5409: 3170: 2443: 2099: 2001: 1904: 1868: 1801: 1797: 1685: 1568: 1402: 1374: 1268: 1221: 1002: 709: 405:

in Vietnam. The instruments are also found in Burma and Thailand among the

337: 222: 155: 5314: 5300:

Video, Cambodia, bamboo-tube zither with wire strings and gourd resonator.

2604:(Thesis). International Symposium on Musical Acoustics (ISMA) edition 2014 154:

and transfers it to the open air. The instruments are among the oldest of

5895: 5694: 5667: 5638: 5552: 5473: 5463: 5256: 3627: 2280: 2218: 2115: 1827: 1805: 1540: 1502: 1425: 1290: 1234: 1069: 994: 955: 422: 380: 364:

Sihanaka woman in Antananariv, Madagascar playing a valiha, pre 1912 A.D.

307: 61: 3949:

http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/1484

2345:

Bamboo strings; valiha plucked or struck with stick, playing folk song,

2109: 2061: 1845:) polychord 6-11 strings whole tube or half-tube, plucked and percussion 1213:

in the southern end of Burma, have a two-string bamboo-tube zither, the

441: 5748: 5564: 4083:. Vol. 43, no. 3. University of Illinois Press. p. 568. 3888:(international ed.). Minnesota: Americana Corp. 1966. p. 400. 3844:. All these instruments descend from a common model, the ancient zheng. 2422: 2416: 2323: 2085: 1621: 1443: 1416: 1010: 822: 463: 414: 323:

and some groups use a word for gong in the instruments' names (such as

233:

caused people to migrate overland, including a defeated tribe from the

171: 5175:

Video of patriotic song composed in 1967 by Huy Thuc, sung by Lan Anh:

4857: 4833: 4545: 4521: 4449: 4425: 4359: 4335: 4096: 4076: 4054: 4030: 3740: 3716: 2804: 2780: 1030:

China. Bamboo half-tube zithers, modern reproduction, a prototype for

5788: 5773: 5478: 5354: 2836:...probably arrived from South-East Asia five or six centuries ago... 2304: 2222: 1942: 1646: 1640: 1560: 1469: 1432: 1353: 1337: 1131: 1064:

is also a half-tube zither. The ancestor of the koto was the Chinese

582: 530: 316: 264: 33: 773: 693: 494: 5974: 5742: 5672: 4849: 4803:

The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk and Syncretic Traditions

4537: 4441: 4351: 4088: 4046: 3732: 3717:"The Early History of the Vīṇā and Bīn in South and Southeast Asia" 3387:

photo of celempung reteng (row of parallel-string celempung zithers

2796: 2389: 2376:

Philippines. Not clear if plucked or tapped with stick like a drum.

2308: 1995: 1879: 1838: 1634: 1420: 1331: 1286: 1281:

It may have been played as well by the Yakutat people (part of the

1093: 854: 819: 781: 689: 665: 625: 613: 466:, and is still called that in Bali. The instrument is found in the 340: 303: 147: 3259:

Herbert, Patricia; Crothers Milner, Anthony, eds. (January 1989).

3223:

Herbert, Patricia; Crothers Milner, Anthony, eds. (January 1989).

555:, which refers to a row (reteng) of parallel-string tube zithers ( 5585: 4722: 4665: 4522:"The Terminology of Batak Instrumental Music in Northern Sumatra" 4426:"The Terminology of Batak Instrumental Music in Northern Sumatra" 4336:"The Terminology of Batak Instrumental Music in Northern Sumatra" 4176: 4148: 2635: 2499: 2482: 2478: 2226: 2168: 2145: 2091: 2043: 1960: 1864: 1848: 1732: 1665: 1596: 1515: 1507: 1494: 1397: 1324: 1282: 1260: 1085: 1065: 1044: 1031: 932: 908: 858: 835: 671: 629: 568: 560: 538: 507: 311: 210: 3262:

South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide

3226:

South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide

2194:

Vietnam. Bro with tuning pegs for wire strings, resonator gourd.

1289:

of Southern California had a bowed instrument, as well, and the

5881: 5656: 4116: 2427: 2327: 1978: 1793: 1711: 1689: 1627: 1317: 1256: 1185: 1145: 1123: 1107: 1079: 826: 597: 593: 589: 369: 234: 226: 209:, inhabiting an area that includes Madagascar, Southeast Asia, 183: 167: 163: 2834:. Cologne: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. pp. 94–101. 1263:

developed a bowed-tube zither in the 1800s, called today, the

980: 5872: 5435: 2848:

Nikolova, Ivanka; Davey, Laura; Dean, Geoffrey, eds. (2000).

2830:

Nikolova, Ivanka; Davey, Laura; Dean, Geoffrey, eds. (2000).

2516: 2153: 1833: 1782: 1771: 1762: 1725: 1715: 1585: 1381: 1368: 1347: 1298: 1206: 1181: 1115: 912: 725: 719: 713: 676: 418: 238: 175: 166:

built on a tube split in half. Most tube zithers are made of

37:គង់រេង, which can substitute for a chorus of gongs, quietly. 2912:

Picture of a parallel-stringed zither of the Pa'O Karen, the

1487:(Sundanese people) (parallel), percussion row of instruments 5759: 5736: 4490:"Gendang Kulcapi: Ritual and renewal in the Karo highlands" 3366:"TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE USED BY KARINDING ATTACK" 2470: 1608: 1452: 1438: 1267:. The instrument was made from the hollowed-out stem of an 372:, arrived in Madagascar in the 15th century a.d. with the 5305:

Mondulkiri, tube-zither, tin-can resonator, metal strings.

2973:

Picture of a polychord stringed zither, of the Kayaw Karen

2307:, 1904. The girls hold tube zithers , and the man holds a 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 850: 745: 3291:"Talempong Botuang: Reviving the Minangkabau Tube Zither" 2229:

bamboo-tube zither with wire strings and leaf resonator.

1590:

Gogah 5-string polychord, plucked with fingers & pick

1200: 935:

lute, including the Bilaan, T'boli, Vukidnon Matigsalug.

5020:(28). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 106–108. 4119:

Brunei - History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues

3839: 2852:. Cologne: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. p. 34. 1350:(Mondulkiri Province), plucked 6-string bamboo idiochord 1129: 958:

10th-12th century C.E. Saraswati with a tube zither, an

551:

part. Another instrument used with this ensemble is the

324: 5000:

MusiKoleksyon private collection of musical instruments

4971:

MusiKoleksyon private collection of musical instruments

4942:

MusiKoleksyon private collection of musical instruments

4624:"Prof.dr. LE (Leontine Elisabeth) Visser (Manufacture)" 3827: 3815: 1121: 1113: 5990:

List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number

4197: 3821: 3363: 3342:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 160, 369, 382. 3258: 3222: 2719:

Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Humanities

5186:

Follow the step of the army in the sound of đàn Ta lư

3809: 2256: 1139: 1073: 922: 870: 813: 807: 801: 767: 761: 755: 735: 237:

plains in modern Vietnam moving overland eastward to

3833: 2347:

Iny Hono Izy Ravorona - Take Him-Her With You O Bird

2106:, 2-string heterochord, 3rd string to player's mouth 1105: 1099: 1091: 1083: 489: 4800:Matusky, Patricia; Beng, Tan Sooi (28 April 2017). 4401:

TYPES OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

4311:

TYPES OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

3862:. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 266–267. 3859:

Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan

2850:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments

2832:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments

2364:

Metal strings; valiha plucked, playing a folk song.

2264: 1874:

Tambi (Kalinga people) percussion 2-string parallel

1241: 1214: 916: 894: 888: 882: 876: 861:

parallel-stringed tube zither, used for percussion.

791: 785: 680: 401:Bamboo-tube-zithers the Kong ring in Cambodia, the 393: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4077:"Wood That Sings, Indian Fiddle Music of America" 3434:"Celempung Variations in the Jungle of West Java" 2847: 2829: 1297:, although the Seri's traditional fiddle was the 254:whether the tube is a whole tube or a half tube. 6007: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4389: 4299: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3212:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 105–106. 2781:"Bamboo and Music: A New Approach to Organology" 2632:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. p. 186. 2078:version made from bamboo tube, 1 string, plucked 1364:) 9-stringed tube zither, metal strings, plucked 845: 4009: 3902:"Hugo's window on the world of Chinese zheng". 3630:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3105:Khamu parallel-string tube zither being played. 2634:...a Chinese tradition, according to which the 2477:percussion tube-zither pre-1900 with the drum " 2299:Philippines. Bagabo musicians exhibited at the 283:circle the tube with string-rows. In contrast, 88:List of chordophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number 4709: 4515: 4513: 3284: 3282: 2867:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2598:A Bowed Bamboo Tube Zither From Southeast Asia 563:chimes, and lower note strings imitate gongs. 445:Musician Wukir Suryadi of the Indonesian band 269:string and can be plucked, hammered or bowed. 5330: 5011: 4896: 4419: 4417: 4144:"Idiochord tube zither — Bunong — Mondolkiri" 3538: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 1285:of the northwest coast of North America. The 632:. On Northern Luzon, the zithers include the 5182:Theo nhịp bước quân đi trong tiếng đàn Ta lư 4723:Patricia Ann Matusky; Sooi Beng Tan (2004). 4270: 3924:Japan: Your Passport to a New World of Music 3586: 2895:"Karen Pa O tube zither, Karen Pa O tiktung" 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2503:percussion tube-zither. May also be plucked. 5344: 4799: 4583:. Leiden, Holland: E. J. Brill. p. 26. 4510: 4481: 4327: 3460: 3458: 3322:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 290. 3279: 2889: 2887: 2856: 2841: 2454:parallel-string percussion zither from the 620:The polychordal tube zithers are played on 436: 5337: 5323: 5236:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2255609 4729:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 298–. 4680: 4414: 4028: 3978:Ibaloi, North Luzon, kaltsang (half tube) 3762: 3760: 3513: 3416: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2541:, p.463. W. W. Nortan & Company, Inc. 1871:) parallel-strings, percussion and plucked 4576: 3787: 3785: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3673: 3671: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 2667: 2112:bamboo-tube version, 2-string heterochord 1991:) monochord, idiochord, percussion zither 572:the hole makes the lowest pitched sound. 4834:"Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia" 4827: 4825: 4770: 3954: 3897: 3895: 3766: 3621: 3455: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 2950: 2948: 2884: 2712: 1708:-Lasah people) (Kajang people) (Sarawak) 1678:), heterochord, parallel strings, tapped 1148:found in the Philippines among the 1025: 849: 607: 493: 440: 359: 5221: 5036:goldentriangleinstruments.wordpress.com 4169: 4141: 4029:McAllester, David P. (September 1956). 3796:. Oxford University Press. p. 38. 3757: 3146:goldentriangleinstruments.wordpress.com 3088:goldentriangleinstruments.wordpress.com 3017:goldentriangleinstruments.wordpress.com 3007: 3005: 2960:goldentriangleinstruments.wordpress.com 2899:goldentriangleinstruments.wordpress.com 2862: 2818: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 1556:also Ogoeng-ogoeng boeloe (bamboo gong) 221:(650-1377) was founded in Sumatra. The 200: 91:(312, simple chordophone, tube zither 6008: 4279:"Gumbeng: Bamboo zither drums of Java" 4172:"Bamboo zither — Tampuon — Ratanakiri" 4074: 4068: 3791: 3782: 3714: 3703: 3677: 3668: 3524:. Singapore: Oxford University Press. 3522:Musical Instruments of South-East Asia 3519: 3346: 3326: 3311: 3243: 3192: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2122:)5-string idiochord, plucked by women 1307: 1201:Mergui Archipelago, Burma and Thailand 97:312.12 tube zither, whole, heterochord 5318: 5126:[The sound of the đàn Talư]. 5024: 4907: 4831: 4822: 4519: 4423: 4333: 3920: 3892: 3337: 3317: 3207: 3063: 2945: 2778: 2750: 2627: 2515:Dhutang, percussion tube zither from 1195: 754:call their seven-stringed zither the 193:, or, rarely, have separate strings, 107:312.22 half-tube zithers, heterochord 4686: 4487: 4276: 3960: 3855: 3774:. Harmonie Park Press. p. 101. 3601: 3464: 3431: 3288: 3002: 2737: 2616: 2392:instrument with Tagbanua characters. 1580:) (polychordal) plucked and drummed 1017: 94:312.11 tube zither, whole, idiochord 5121: 5014:Ensayos. Historia y teoría del arte 4142:Kersalé, Patrick (2 January 2016). 2779:Grame, Theodore C. (January 1962). 2649: 2551: 825:name their six-stringed zither the 800:call their eight-string zither the 103:312.21 half-tube zithers, idiochord 13: 5224:"Gondang buluh [nungneng]" 4760:. Music Gallery. 1999. p. 12. 3142:"Golden Triangle and Bronze drums" 2539:The History of Musical Instruments 1140:Parallel-Stringed Half-Tube Zither 902: 734:call their five-string zither the 248: 14: 6037: 5995:Musical instrument classification 5283: 5274:the heart of the wood is removed. 4488:Keen, Palmer (26 February 2016). 4277:Keen, Palmer (26 February 2016). 3432:Keen, Palmer (26 February 2016). 3289:Keen, Palmer (26 February 2016). 2594: 490:Ensembles, gumbeng and chelempung 386: 4658: 3927:. Alfred Publishing. p. 7. 3885:Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 2 3484:half-tube kolitang by F de Jager 3030:Picture of a polychord-stringed 2956:"Kayaw tube zither, Karen Kayaw" 2865:Musical Instruments of the World 2508: 2490: 2463: 2435: 2404: 2381: 2369: 2354: 2335: 2316: 2292: 2272: 2234: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2161: 2138: 1903:, 5-strings polychord, plucked ( 1851:(Kalinga) polychord 6-11 strings 1808:. Picked/strummed with plectrum. 1692:). 4-string instrument, plucked. 1654:), 2-string heterochord, plucked 979: 967: 947: 25: 5249: 5215: 5151: 5115: 5094: 5073: 5050: 5005: 4976: 4947: 4926: 4871: 4793: 4764: 4750: 4652: 4628:httpcollectie.wereldculturen.nl 4616: 4595:"Gendang boeloe, Gondang buluh" 4587: 4570: 4245: 4220: 4191: 4163: 4135: 4110: 3941: 3914: 3876: 3849: 3636: 3216: 3163: 3134: 2715:"Philippine Bamboo Instruments" 2265:"Buluh," Indonesian for bamboo. 1255:The White Cloud and San Carlos 1038: 83:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 4661:"Gogah Tube Zither from Sumba" 4526:Yearbook for Traditional Music 4430:Yearbook for Traditional Music 4340:Yearbook for Traditional Music 2772: 2643: 2638:was originally made of bamboo. 2630:History of Musical Instruments 2531: 1739:Kayah Karen people tube zither 869:The Maranao call their zither 575: 537:(bamboo kendang) replaces the 134:metal strings, decay is slower 76:Percussion stringed instrument 1: 5222:Kartomi, Margaret J. (2014). 4689:"Sumba Strings, Pt. 6: Gogah" 4611:Gendang boeloe, Gondang buluh 3951:, accessed 04 September 2011. 3632:. pp. 729–730. Volume 3. 3370:indonesian-stuff.barlians.com 2713:Dioquino, Corazon C. (2008). 2524: 2397: 2301:Louisiana Purchase Exposition 2279:Indonesia. Lamanole Village, 846:Parallel-stringed instruments 603: 4910:Musical Instruments of Nepal 4832:Frame, Edward M (May 1982). 4687:Keen, Palmer (9 June 2017). 4577:Simbriger, Heinrich (1939). 3678:Knight, Roderick C. (2015). 1955:, polychord, (Bagobo people) 1242: 1215: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 986:Northern India, Rudra veena. 923: 917: 895: 889: 883: 877: 871: 827: 814: 808: 802: 792: 786: 768: 762: 756: 746: 736: 726: 720: 714: 681: 545:(bamboo ketuk) replaces the 394: 7: 5122:Van, Thang (19 July 2015). 5081:"Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon /" 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 2863:Midgley, Ruth, ed. (1997). 1728:) plucked & percussion 1481:) (polychordal), percussion 1130: 1122: 1114: 1106: 1100: 1092: 1084: 1082:in the family), the Kazakh 1074: 907:The Kalinga's six-stringed 669:and six or eleven-stringed 325: 10: 6042: 6026:Bamboo musical instruments 4908:Kadel, Ram Prasad (2007). 3794:Korean musical instruments 3034:zither, of the Sgaw Karen 2241:North Sumatra, Indonesia, 2180: 2126: 1698:(Jah Hut people) idiochord 1250: 1043:In antiquity, the Chinese 131:bamboo strings, fast decay 5985: 5942: 5862: 5802: 5786: 5726: 5652: 5635: 5614: 5594: 5578: 5541: 5523: 5499: 5450: 5407: 5368: 5352: 5185: 4988:museomusiko.wordpress.com 4959:museomusiko.wordpress.com 4938:museomusiko.wordpress.com 4204:museomusiko.wordpress.com 4198:, Earl (19 August 2011). 4170:Kersalé, Patrick (2006). 4121:. Routledge. p. 94. 3980:Fekke de Jager photograph 3856:Deal, William E. (2006). 3569:museomusiko.wordpress.com 915:play their five-stringed 355: 293: 123: 115: 81: 67:Plucked string instrument 49: 42: 24: 4758:Musicworks, Issues 73-78 3364:, Sophie (5 June 2012). 2131: 1800:connected together into 1781:) 2-String bamboo drum ( 1724:polychord, 4-8 strings ( 1209:people, who live in the 1078:(ancestral to the other 938: 875:. The Isneg call theirs 437:Indonesia, Java, Sumatra 368:The tube zither, called 281:Polychordal tube zithers 5822:412.1. Idiophonic/reed 5346:Hornbostel–Sachs system 5230:. Oxford Music Online. 4601:. Europeana Collections 4075:Romero, Brenda (1999). 3921:Speed, Burgess (2008). 3715:Wrazen, Louise (1986). 1493:(bamboo zither playing 285:parallel-string zithers 72:Bowed string instrument 5842:412.2. Non-idiophonic 5181: 5133:Báo SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG 5132: 4773:"Buduk Kusin - Pagong" 4472:with two tube zithers 4200:"Gung Treng (Tompoun)" 3792:Howard, Keith (1995). 3651:mimo-international.com 2088:) heterochord, plucked 1823:) 2-string bamboo drum 1271:, the top sealed with 1035: 862: 617: 616:polychord tube-zither. 503: 450: 365: 5124:"Talư vang tiếng đàn" 4955:"Polychordal Zithers" 4726:The Music of Malaysia 4520:Simon, Artur (1985). 4470:gendang keteng-keteng 4424:Simon, Artur (1985). 4381:, 'varied' rhythms... 4334:Simon, Artur (1985). 3565:"Polychordal Zithers" 3520:Taylor, Eric (1989). 2751:Prior, Aaron (2011). 1787:Dendrocalamus hookeri 1537:) 2-string percussion 1144:The bamboo half-tube 1029: 853: 611: 497: 444: 379:Africa also uses the 363: 245:on a relief artwork. 5261:budaya-indonesia.org 5032:"Sagain tube zither" 4693:Auralarchipelago.com 4636:20.500.11840/1019712 4494:Auralarchipelago.com 4283:Auralarchipelago.com 3438:Auralarchipelago.com 3338:Kunst, Jaap (1973). 3318:Kunst, Jaap (1973). 3295:Auralarchipelago.com 3265:. pp. 231–232. 3229:. pp. 125–126. 3208:Kunst, Jaap (1973). 2628:Sachs, Kurt (1940). 2595:Koehn, Christian D. 2537:Sachs, Curt (1940). 2448:Sula Islands Regency 997:(different from the 207:Austronesian peoples 201:Cultural connections 5837:412.14. Band/Ribbon 5398:112.2. Scraped/rasp 4984:"Pagang (Palaw'an)" 4580:Gong und Gongspiele 3084:"Khamu tube zither" 3013:"Khamu tube zither" 1796:). Tube zithers of 1751:(Pa'O Karen people) 1745:(Sgaw Karen people) 1553:(Toba Batak people) 1362:Ratanakiri Province 1342:Mondulkiri Province 1308:Related instruments 1128:and the Vietnamese 838:, it is called the 712:or Bilaan, call it 21: 5971:53. Radioelectric 5828:412.12. Percussive 5825:412.11. Concussive 5819:412. Interruptive 5809:411. Displacement 5263:. 28 December 2018 5228:Grove Music Online 4883:Pitt Rivers Museum 4397:"Celempung Reteng" 4307:"Celempung Indung" 4257:Pitt Rivers Museum 4232:Pitt Rivers Museum 4031:"An Apache Fiddle" 2725:(1&2): 108–111 2650:Kersalé, Patrick. 1935:Maguindanao people 1757:Mergui Archipelago 1578:Minangkabau people 1211:Mergui Archipelago 1196:Bowed tube-zithers 1036: 863: 618: 504: 451: 366: 241:near North India. 170:, played today in 152:modifies the sound 19: 16:Musical instrument 6003: 6002: 5938: 5937: 5877:421.1. Non-fipple 5782: 5781: 5631: 5630: 5519: 5518: 5384:111.2. Percussion 5381:111.1. Concussion 5201:External link in 5159:"Tiếng Đàn Ta Lư" 4736:978-0-7546-0831-8 4436:: 116, 119, 125. 4128:978-1-317-65998-3 3995:External link in 3961:de Jager, Fekke. 3934:978-0-7390-4303-5 3803:978-0-19-586177-8 3602:de Jager, Fekke. 3499:External link in 3465:de Jager, Fekke. 3402:External link in 3120:External link in 3049:External link in 2988:External link in 2931:External link in 2359: 2340: 2259:, Indonesian for 2243:Toba Batak people 1867:(Kalinga people, 1574:Talempong Botuang 1545:Toba Batak people 1525:Mandailing people 1417:Maria Gond people 1018:Half-tube zithers 553:celempung renteng 229:) (192–1832) and 140: 139: 57:String instrument 44:String instrument 6033: 5848:412.21. Whirling 5845:412.21. Rotating 5800: 5799: 5650: 5649: 5624:242. Tube/vessel 5539: 5538: 5389:112. Indirectly 5366: 5365: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5187: 5171: 5169: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961:. 19 August 2011 4951: 4945: 4944: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4905: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4720: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4599:www.europeana.eu 4591: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4466: 4464: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4376: 4374: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4026: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3768:Kaufmann, Walter 3764: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3712: 3701: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3686: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3571:. 19 August 2011 3561: 3536: 3535: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3487: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3378: 3376: 3361: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3256: 3241: 3240: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3026: 3024: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2908: 2906: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2827: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2710: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2652:"Fretted zither" 2647: 2641: 2640: 2625: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2592: 2549: 2535: 2512: 2494: 2467: 2439: 2408: 2385: 2373: 2361: 2360: 2342: 2341: 2320: 2296: 2276: 2238: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2165: 2142: 2072:peoples) plucked 2021:Cornstalk fiddle 1561:Halmahera island 1485:Celempung reteng 1479:Sundanese people 1475:Celempung indung 1245: 1218: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1135: 1127: 1120:, the Sundanese 1119: 1112:, the Mongolian 1111: 1103: 1097: 1089: 1077: 983: 971: 951: 926: 920: 898: 892: 886: 880: 874: 830: 817: 811: 805: 795: 789: 771: 765: 759: 749: 739: 729: 723: 717: 684: 548:ketuk gong-chime 397: 328: 219:Srivijaya empire 29: 22: 18: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5981: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5864: 5858: 5791: 5778: 5728: 5722: 5664:311. Bar/stick 5654: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5610: 5590: 5574: 5530: 5527: 5515: 5495: 5489:Glass harmonica 5446: 5403: 5357: 5348: 5343: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5220: 5216: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5137: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5010: 5006: 4993: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4934:"Sludi (Tboli)" 4932: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4906: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4838:Ethnomusicology 4830: 4823: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4781: 4779: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4721: 4710: 4697: 4695: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4657: 4653: 4640: 4638: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4575: 4571: 4558: 4556: 4518: 4511: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4482: 4462: 4460: 4422: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4372: 4370: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4287: 4285: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4208: 4206: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4081:Ethnomusicology 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4035:Ethnomusicology 4027: 4010: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3971: 3969: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3919: 3915: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3838:and Vietnamese 3804: 3790: 3783: 3765: 3758: 3745: 3743: 3713: 3704: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3655: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3600: 3587: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3539: 3532: 3518: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3475: 3473: 3463: 3456: 3442: 3440: 3430: 3417: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3374: 3372: 3362: 3347: 3336: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3299: 3297: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3257: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3206: 3193: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2846: 2842: 2828: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2785:Ethnomusicology 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2711: 2668: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2626: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2552: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2468: 2459: 2440: 2431: 2412:Bali, Indonesia 2409: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2377: 2374: 2365: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2321: 2312: 2297: 2288: 2277: 2268: 2261:Ficus variegata 2239: 2230: 2216: 2207: 2204: 2195: 2192: 2183: 2176: 2166: 2157: 2156:stalk for tube. 2143: 2134: 2129: 1989:Saisiyat people 1923:, takul, tankew 1777:Bhante Madal. ( 1462:Javanese people 1387:Eka-tantri vina 1310: 1253: 1203: 1198: 1142: 1041: 1020: 1007:Eka-tantri Vina 999:Saraswati veena 991: 990: 989: 988: 987: 984: 976: 975: 972: 964: 963: 952: 941: 905: 903:Playing methods 857:, Philippines. 848: 606: 578: 492: 472:Middle Javanese 460:Middle Javanese 439: 409:(Black Karen), 389: 358: 348:Sumatra: Ogoeng 341:Kolitong zither 338:Kolintang gong) 310:and non-bamboo 296: 251: 249:Basic divisions 203: 90: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6039: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5954: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5924: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5806: 5804: 5797: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5745: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5661: 5659: 5647: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5548:211. Directly 5545: 5543: 5536: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5457: 5455: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5441:122.2. Cut out 5439: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5392:112.1. Shaken/ 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5378:111. Directly 5375: 5373: 5363: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5284:External links 5282: 5279: 5278: 5248: 5214: 5163:nhachaymp3.net 5150: 5114: 5093: 5072: 5049: 5023: 5004: 4975: 4946: 4940:. 5 May 2012. 4925: 4919:978-9994688302 4918: 4895: 4870: 4850:10.2307/851525 4821: 4812: 4792: 4771:Nomadic Lion. 4763: 4749: 4735: 4708: 4679: 4659:Keen, Palmer. 4651: 4615: 4586: 4569: 4538:10.2307/768439 4509: 4480: 4442:10.2307/768439 4413: 4388: 4352:10.2307/768439 4326: 4298: 4269: 4244: 4219: 4190: 4162: 4134: 4127: 4109: 4089:10.2307/852570 4067: 4047:10.2307/924757 4008: 3953: 3940: 3933: 3913: 3891: 3875: 3868: 3848: 3802: 3781: 3756: 3733:10.2307/834157 3702: 3667: 3635: 3620: 3604:"Serongagandi" 3585: 3537: 3530: 3512: 3454: 3415: 3345: 3325: 3310: 3278: 3271: 3242: 3235: 3215: 3191: 3175:infomekong.com 3162: 3133: 3062: 3001: 2944: 2883: 2873: 2855: 2840: 2817: 2797:10.2307/924243 2771: 2736: 2666: 2642: 2615: 2550: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2410: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2322: 2315: 2313: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2278: 2271: 2269: 2251:. Also called 2240: 2233: 2231: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2107: 2104:Xo Dang people 2089: 2079: 2073: 2066:Gia Rai people 2041: 2040: 2037:kucoricahegedű 2029:dječje guslice 2023:, idiochord, ( 2018: 2006: 2005: 1993: 1992: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1970:Palawan people 1958: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1947:Tiruray people 1943:Mansaka people 1929:, polychord, ( 1919:taw-go, tugo, 1916: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1862: 1852: 1846: 1843:Kalinga people 1825: 1824: 1809: 1790: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1761:Kating ga-un ( 1753: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1730: 1729: 1719: 1709: 1699: 1693: 1679: 1676:Jah Hut people 1669: 1655: 1643: 1632: 1631: 1619: 1618: 1617:(Khamu people) 1606: 1605: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1538: 1528: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1488: 1482: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1406: 1400: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1366: 1365: 1358:Tampuan people 1351: 1345: 1329: 1328: 1309: 1306: 1295:Tiburón Island 1252: 1249: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1141: 1138: 1040: 1037: 1019: 1016: 985: 978: 977: 973: 966: 965: 953: 946: 945: 944: 943: 942: 940: 937: 904: 901: 847: 844: 679:five-stringed 636:five-stringed 622:Northern Luzon 605: 602: 577: 574: 491: 488: 468:Kinddung Sunda 456:Kinddung Sunda 438: 435: 388: 387:Southeast Asia 385: 357: 354: 353: 352: 351:Vietnam: Goong 349: 346: 345:Tagalog: Agong 343: 334: 333:Cambodia: Kong 326:ogoeng boeloeg 300:Northern Luzon 295: 292: 250: 247: 202: 199: 180:Southeast Asia 138: 137: 136: 135: 132: 127: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 111: 110: 104: 101: 98: 95: 85: 79: 78: 53: 51:Classification 47: 46: 40: 39: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6038: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5967:Amplification 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5929: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5449: 5440: 5437: 5434:122.1. Lace ( 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5406: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5275: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5083:. Mek.oszk.hu 5082: 5076: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4990:. 8 July 2017 4989: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4815: 4813:9781351839648 4809: 4806:. Routledge. 4805: 4804: 4796: 4789: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4705: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4475: 4474:keteng-keteng 4471: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4233: 4229: 4228:"1923.85.663" 4223: 4216: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4004: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3869:0-8160-5622-6 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3581:MusiKoleksyon 3570: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3531:0-19-588894-4 3527: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3493: 3486: 3485: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3396: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340:Music in Java 3334: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3320:Music in Java 3314: 3307: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3272:9780824812676 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3236:9780824812676 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3211: 3210:Music in Java 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3129: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3101:Picture of a 3089: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3043: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2925: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2874:0-8069-9847-4 2870: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2756: 2755: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2600: 2599: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2547:0-393-02068-1 2544: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2497:Philippines. 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2473:, Indonesia. 2472: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2391: 2388:Philippines. 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2352: 2348: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:gondang buluh 2250: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2173:Apache fiddle 2170: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150:Apache fiddle 2147: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2121: 2120:Bahnar people 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096:Bahnar people 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015:Apache fiddle 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009:United States 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1971: 1968:, polychord ( 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:Manobo people 1936: 1932: 1931:Bagobo people 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913:Manobo people 1910: 1909:B'laan people 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1821:Kirati people 1818: 1817:यलम्बर (बाजा) 1814: 1813:Yalamber Baja 1810: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Bouquet grass 1795: 1794:Dhimal people 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:Tamang people 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1765:people) bowed 1764: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714:tube zither ( 1713: 1712:Semang people 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668:) 4-6 strings 1667: 1663: 1662:Kenyah people 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652:Temiar people 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531:Keteng-Keteng 1529: 1526: 1522: 1521:gondang buluh 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348:Bunong people 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Apache fiddle 1262: 1258: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1233:, providing " 1232: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1090:, the Korean 1088: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060:The Japanese 1058: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050:Shuowen Jiezi 1046: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1012: 1011:Organologists 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 982: 970: 961: 960:alapini veena 957: 950: 936: 934: 929: 925: 919: 914: 910: 900: 897: 891: 885: 881:(or variants 879: 873: 867: 860: 856: 852: 843: 841: 837: 832: 829: 824: 821: 816: 810: 804: 799: 794: 788: 783: 779: 775: 770: 764: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 722: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 683: 678: 674: 673: 668: 667: 663:six-stringed 662: 658: 654: 650: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 612:Philippines. 610: 601: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 573: 570: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 516: 511: 509: 501: 496: 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 448: 443: 434: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 413:(Red Karen), 412: 408: 404: 399: 396: 384: 382: 377: 375: 371: 362: 350: 347: 344: 342: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 320: 318: 313: 309: 305: 301: 291: 288: 286: 282: 277: 274: 273: 267: 266: 259: 255: 246: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 214: 212: 208: 198: 196: 195:heterochordic 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 133: 130: 129: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 84: 80: 77: 74: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 59: 58: 54: 52: 48: 45: 41: 36: 35: 28: 23: 6016:Tube zithers 5946:Electrophone 5855:413. Plosive 5767:322.2. Frame 5753:321.3.Handle 5680: 5673:Stick zither 5595:23. Friction 5485:133. Vessel 5470:132. Plaque 5420:121.1. Clack 5272: 5265:. Retrieved 5260: 5251: 5239:. Retrieved 5227: 5217: 5204:|quote= 5173: 5166:. Retrieved 5162: 5153: 5145: 5138:. Retrieved 5127: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5096: 5085:. Retrieved 5075: 5064:. Retrieved 5062:. 2009-10-13 5058: 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5038:. 8 May 2010 5035: 5026: 5017: 5013: 5007: 4999: 4992:. Retrieved 4987: 4978: 4970: 4963:. Retrieved 4958: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4909: 4886:. Retrieved 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4841: 4837: 4817: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4780:. Retrieved 4776: 4766: 4757: 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4725: 4703: 4696:. Retrieved 4692: 4682: 4670:. Retrieved 4664: 4654: 4646: 4639:. Retrieved 4627: 4618: 4610: 4603:. Retrieved 4598: 4589: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4557:. Retrieved 4529: 4525: 4504: 4497:. Retrieved 4493: 4483: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4461:. Retrieved 4433: 4429: 4404:. Retrieved 4400: 4391: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4371:. Retrieved 4343: 4339: 4329: 4321: 4314:. Retrieved 4310: 4301: 4293: 4286:. Retrieved 4282: 4272: 4260:. Retrieved 4253:"1941.9.110" 4247: 4235:. Retrieved 4222: 4214: 4207:. Retrieved 4203: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4175: 4165: 4153:. Retrieved 4147: 4137: 4118: 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4080: 4070: 4058:. Retrieved 4038: 4034: 3998:|quote= 3977: 3970:. Retrieved 3966: 3956: 3943: 3923: 3916: 3907: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3858: 3851: 3826:, Sundanese 3814:, Mongolian 3807: 3793: 3775: 3771: 3751: 3744:. Retrieved 3727:(1): 35–55. 3724: 3720: 3696: 3689:. Retrieved 3680: 3661: 3654:. Retrieved 3650: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3607: 3580: 3573:. Retrieved 3568: 3521: 3515: 3502:|quote= 3481: 3474:. Retrieved 3470: 3448: 3441:. Retrieved 3437: 3405:|quote= 3380: 3373:. Retrieved 3369: 3339: 3319: 3313: 3305: 3298:. Retrieved 3294: 3261: 3225: 3218: 3209: 3185: 3178:. Retrieved 3174: 3171:"Sgaw Karen" 3165: 3157: 3150:. Retrieved 3148:. 3 May 2010 3145: 3136: 3123:|quote= 3102: 3099: 3092:. Retrieved 3090:. 8 May 2010 3087: 3052:|quote= 3031: 3028: 3021:. Retrieved 3019:. 8 May 2010 3016: 2991:|quote= 2971: 2964:. Retrieved 2962:. 8 May 2010 2959: 2934:|quote= 2913: 2910: 2903:. Retrieved 2901:. 8 May 2010 2898: 2878: 2864: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2808:. Retrieved 2788: 2784: 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2753: 2727:. Retrieved 2722: 2718: 2662: 2655:. Retrieved 2645: 2633: 2629: 2606:. Retrieved 2597: 2538: 2533: 2498: 2474: 2451: 2444:Maluku Utara 2421: 2415: 2346: 2284: 2252: 2246: 2100:Jarai people 2042: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2007: 2002:Maniq people 1994: 1985:Kango’ngo’an 1984: 1977: 1965: 1952: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1905:Tboli people 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1869:Isneg people 1854: 1826: 1802:board zither 1770: 1748: 1742: 1731: 1721: 1701: 1695: 1686:Penan people 1681: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1620: 1614: 1607: 1595: 1573: 1569:West Sumatra 1520: 1490: 1484: 1474: 1457: 1431: 1412: 1408: 1403:Kinnari vina 1375:Alapini vina 1367: 1330: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1280: 1269:agave cactus 1254: 1243:kating ga-un 1239: 1227: 1216:kating ga-un 1204: 1189: 1143: 1059: 1048: 1042: 1039:Asian zither 1021: 1003:Alapini Vina 992: 954:Bangladesh, 930: 906: 872:serongagandi 868: 864: 839: 833: 784:call it the 777: 776:call it the 744:call it the 742:Maguindanaon 705: 701: 697: 696:call it the 687: 670: 664: 656: 652: 648: 641: 637: 619: 587: 579: 565: 556: 552: 546: 542: 539:kendang drum 534: 526: 525:ensemble or 522: 520: 514: 512: 505: 499: 498:A Sundanese 484: 479: 475: 470:, a work in 458:, a work in 452: 429: 427: 400: 398:with a bow. 395:kating ga-un 390: 378: 367: 321: 297: 289: 284: 280: 278: 270: 263: 260: 256: 252: 243: 223:Khmer empire 215: 213:and Taiwan. 204: 194: 190: 188: 156:chordophones 143: 141: 70: 65: 60: 55: 32: 5902:Single reed 5896:Double reed 5764:322.1. Open 5702:Heterochord 5668:Musical bow 5639:Chordophone 5615:24. Singing 5579:22. Plucked 5571:212. Shaken 5512:142. Plaque 5474:Musical saw 5464:Nail violin 5460:131. Stick 5417:121. Frame 5257:"Tatabuang" 4879:"940.3.045" 4777:youtube.com 3820:, Japanese 3777:instrument. 3721:Asian Music 2791:(1): 8–14. 2475:Kendang awi 2452:Tuba auyota 2442:Indonesia, 2281:East Flores 2245:, c. 1852. 2219:Rote Island 2033:cirokhegedű 2031:, Serbia) ( 2004:tube zither 1828:Philippines 1811:Yalambar / 1806:raft zither 1559:Tatabuang ( 1535:Karo people 1503:Rote Island 1491:Kendang awi 1428:modern form 1426:Rudra veena 1291:Seri people 1235:heterophony 1070:Nara Period 995:Rudra veena 956:Pala period 628:island and 576:Philippines 535:kendang awi 381:raft zither 374:Hova people 336:Indonesia: 308:Rudra veena 272:Heterochord 191:idiochordic 144:tube zither 62:Chordophone 20:Tube zither 6021:Idiochords 6010:Categories 5707:314. Board 5653:31. Simple 5601:231. Stick 5542:21. Struck 5509:141. Stick 5431:122. Comb 5178:Vietnamese 5129:Vietnamese 5087:2013-10-28 5066:2013-10-28 4742:24 October 4041:(8): 1–3. 3963:"Kolitong" 3467:"Kolitong" 2525:References 2398:Percussion 2324:Madagascar 2248:Tanggetong 2086:Bru people 2070:Giẻ Xtiêng 2039:, Hungary) 1792:Tunjaai. ( 1722:Tongkungon 1622:Madagascar 1551:Tanggetong 1413:Veddur-Dol 1405:, historic 1389:, historic 1377:, historic 1354:gung treng 1323:Tangkong ( 1273:piñón pine 1259:people in 1152:is called 823:Matigsalug 604:Polychords 583:idiochords 523:chelempung 415:Sgaw Karen 317:repurposed 172:Madagascar 5928:Chromatic 5833:Free reed 5789:Aerophone 5774:Harp lute 5729:Composite 5699:Idiochord 5621:241. Free 5607:233. Hand 5604:232. Cord 5479:Daxophone 5425:Guimbarde 5355:Idiophone 5184:English: 4782:6 January 4554:163636758 4458:163636758 4368:163636758 3841:dan tranh 3832:, Kazakh 2305:St. Louis 2285:Tatabuang 2223:Indonesia 2175:with bow. 2110:Đàn Ta lư 2082:Đàn goong 1855:Kollesing 1641:Karaniing 1470:West Java 1433:Indonesia 1380:Dhutang, 1344:) plucked 1338:Kong ring 1190:kaltsang 1132:dan tranh 924:kollewing 657:kullitong 653:kollitong 638:kollesing 557:celempung 543:ketuk awi 531:celempung 527:celempung 500:celempung 425:peoples. 403:Đàn goong 265:Idiochord 116:Developed 34:kong ring 5975:Theremin 5908:Reedpipe 5865:Non-free 5831:412.13. 5803:41. Free 5526:Membran- 5453:Friction 5194:cite web 5140:July 29, 5136:. Saigon 4965:7 August 3988:cite web 3967:kipas.nl 3770:(1976). 3687:(Thesis) 3608:kipas.nl 3492:cite web 3471:kipas.nl 3395:cite web 3113:cite web 3042:cite web 2981:cite web 2924:cite web 2483:anklungs 2390:Tagbanua 2309:kutiyapi 2148:, 2011. 2116:Tol alao 2092:Đàn K'ni 1996:Thailand 1880:Mindanao 1839:Kolitong 1735:(Burma) 1635:Malaysia 1541:Mengmung 1421:Jabalpur 1332:Cambodia 1287:Diegueno 1178:tadcheng 1173:ayudding 1161:tedcheng 1155:tadcheng 1101:daejaeng 1094:gayageum 896:ayudding 884:tedcheng 878:tadcheng 855:Bukidnon 820:Bukidnon 690:Mindanao 666:kolitong 649:kolitong 626:Mindanao 614:Kolitong 508:gamelans 304:Mindanao 231:Đại Việt 148:soundbox 5922:Natural 5906:422.3. 5900:422.2. 5894:422.1. 5880:421.2. 5747:321.2. 5741:321.1. 5586:Nyatiti 5563:211.3. 5559:Tubular 5557:211.2. 5551:211.1. 5423:121.2. 5410:Plucked 5168:29 July 5107:19 July 5042:18 July 4888:24 July 4863:27 July 4698:24 July 4672:24 July 4666:YouTube 4641:23 July 4559:29 July 4532:: 121. 4499:24 July 4463:29 July 4406:23 July 4373:29 July 4346:: 141. 4316:23 July 4288:24 July 4262:24 July 4237:23 July 4209:21 July 4183:17 July 4177:YouTube 4155:17 July 4149:YouTube 3835:jetigen 3443:17 July 3375:11 June 3300:17 July 3180:16 July 3152:16 July 3094:16 July 3023:16 July 2966:16 July 2914:tiktung 2905:16 July 2810:18 July 2764:23 July 2657:21 July 2519:, India 2500:Takumbo 2479:kendang 2423:Gintang 2417:Guntang 2257:Gondang 2227:Sasando 2181:Plucked 2169:Arizona 2146:Arizona 2127:Gallery 2076:Đàn bầu 2058:Xơ Đăng 2050:Đàn brố 2044:Vietnam 2025:gingara 1961:Palawan 1927:tangkel 1901:saw-ray 1897:saluroy 1893:saluray 1889:salorai 1865:Takumbo 1859:Ilongot 1849:Kulibit 1789:bamboo. 1749:Tiktung 1733:Myanmar 1706:Kejaman 1696:Pergram 1666:Sarawak 1630:plucked 1597:Jamaica 1516:Sumatra 1510:plucked 1508:Sasando 1495:kendang 1458:Gumbeng 1444:Guntang 1409:Pak-Dol 1398:Manipur 1325:Kedayan 1283:Tlingit 1261:Arizona 1251:Arizona 1167:gacheng 1086:jetigen 1080:zithers 1066:guzheng 1045:guzheng 1032:guzheng 933:kudlong 918:ohitang 909:kulibet 890:gacheng 859:Takumbo 836:Palawan 828:saluray 809:tangkel 798:Tiruray 793:s’ludoi 774:Mansaka 763:tangkew 747:tangkel 737:sigitan 732:Subanun 682:ohitang 672:kulibit 661:Kalinga 642:kulisin 634:Ilongot 630:Palawan 600:gongs. 569:kendang 561:gamelan 515:Gumbeng 480:bumbeng 476:gumbeng 464:guntang 447:Senyawa 312:guzheng 211:Oceania 164:zithers 5961:Action 5926:423.2 5920:423.1 5882:Fipple 5712:Trough 5657:zither 5528:ophone 5394:rattle 5371:Struck 5267:3 July 5241:7 July 4994:7 July 4916: 4858:851525 4856: 4810: 4733: 4605:2 July 4552: 4546:768439 4544: 4456: 4450:768439 4448: 4366: 4360:768439 4358: 4125: 4102:7 July 4097:852570 4095: 4060:7 July 4055:924757 4053: 3972:7 July 3931: 3909:tranh. 3866: 3829:kacapi 3800: 3746:7 July 3741:834157 3739: 3698:India) 3691:7 July 3656:8 July 3613:7 July 3575:1 July 3528: 3476:7 July 3450:zither 3269: 3233: 3032:paplaw 2871: 2805:924243 2803: 2729:2 July 2608:1 July 2545: 2428:Lombok 2328:Valiha 2171:1996. 2054:Bahnar 1979:Taiwan 1966:Pagang 1953:padang 1885:Sludoy 1743:Paplaw 1702:Satong 1690:Borneo 1682:Pagong 1658:Lutong 1628:Valiha 1394:Thadou 1392:Guda ( 1318:Brunei 1257:Apache 1186:Ibaloi 1184:. The 1150:Ifugao 1146:zither 1124:kacapi 1108:ajaeng 840:pagang 818:. The 803:tangke 796:. The 787:sludoy 782:T’boli 780:. The 772:. The 752:Manobo 750:. The 740:. The 730:. The 727:sloroy 721:sluday 715:sluray 710:B’laan 708:. The 706:padang 698:taw-go 694:Bagobo 646:Bontok 598:kempul 594:kenong 590:bonang 541:; the 370:valiha 356:Africa 294:Bamboo 235:Tonkin 227:Champa 184:Taiwan 168:bamboo 5916:Brass 5914:423. 5888:422. 5873:Flute 5871:421. 5772:323. 5758:322. 5735:321. 5718:Frame 5716:316. 5710:315. 5693:313. 5685:Whole 5679:312. 5565:Frame 5502:Blown 5436:Mbira 4854:JSTOR 4550:S2CID 4542:JSTOR 4454:S2CID 4446:JSTOR 4364:S2CID 4356:JSTOR 4093:JSTOR 4051:JSTOR 3904:Chime 3817:yatga 3811:zheng 3737:JSTOR 3685:(PDF) 3647:(PDF) 3187:Karen 3103:bring 2801:JSTOR 2758:(PDF) 2636:Cheng 2602:(PDF) 2517:Assam 2311:lute. 2154:agave 2132:Bowed 2017:bowed 1834:Luzon 1783:madal 1772:Nepal 1763:Moken 1726:Sabah 1716:Perak 1647:Kereb 1615:Bring 1603:Benta 1586:Sumba 1497:role) 1382:Assam 1369:India 1299:enneg 1276:pitch 1231:drone 1222:bight 1207:Moken 1182:gongs 1170:, or 1116:yatga 1075:zheng 939:India 913:Isneg 778:takul 769:takul 704:, or 677:Isneg 655:, or 430:bring 419:Khamu 411:Kayaw 239:Assam 176:India 125:Decay 5965:52. 5959:51. 5951:list 5890:Reed 5813:Whip 5794:list 5760:Harp 5749:Yoke 5737:Lute 5695:Raft 5688:Half 5681:Tube 5644:list 5553:Bowl 5533:list 5500:14. 5451:13. 5408:12. 5369:11. 5360:list 5269:2019 5243:2019 5209:help 5170:2019 5142:2019 5109:2019 5044:2019 4996:2019 4967:2019 4914:ISBN 4890:2019 4865:2019 4808:ISBN 4784:2021 4744:2012 4731:ISBN 4700:2019 4674:2019 4643:2019 4607:2019 4561:2019 4501:2019 4465:2019 4408:2019 4375:2019 4318:2019 4290:2019 4264:2019 4239:2019 4211:2019 4185:2019 4157:2019 4123:ISBN 4104:2019 4062:2019 4003:help 3974:2019 3929:ISBN 3864:ISBN 3823:koto 3798:ISBN 3748:2019 3693:2019 3658:2019 3615:2019 3577:2019 3526:ISBN 3507:help 3478:2019 3445:2019 3410:help 3377:2019 3302:2019 3267:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3182:2019 3154:2019 3128:help 3096:2019 3057:help 3025:2019 2996:help 2968:2019 2939:help 2907:2019 2869:ISBN 2812:2019 2766:2019 2731:2019 2659:2019 2610:2019 2543:ISBN 2471:Java 2456:Sula 2068:and 1921:togo 1688:), ( 1672:Krem 1609:Laos 1453:Java 1439:Bali 1240:The 1205:The 1104:and 1062:Koto 1005:and 993:The 893:and 815:togo 757:tugo 702:tugo 692:the 596:and 521:The 513:The 423:Shan 421:and 407:Pa'O 302:and 182:and 142:The 5863:42. 5787:4. 5743:Bow 5727:32. 5524:2. 5353:1. 5232:doi 5018:XIX 4846:doi 4632:hdl 4534:doi 4438:doi 4348:doi 4085:doi 4043:doi 3729:doi 2793:doi 2420:or 2303:in 2062:Êđê 2035:or 2027:or 1819:) ( 1804:or 1785:). 1664:) ( 1411:or 1396:), 1340:, ( 1293:on 1237:." 899:). 834:On 812:or 790:or 766:or 724:or 688:On 640:or 478:or 6012:: 5943:5. 5655:/ 5636:3. 5271:. 5259:. 5226:. 5198:: 5196:}} 5192:{{ 5180:: 5172:. 5161:. 5144:. 5131:: 5034:. 5016:. 4998:. 4986:. 4969:. 4957:. 4936:. 4898:^ 4881:. 4852:. 4842:26 4840:. 4836:. 4824:^ 4816:. 4786:. 4775:. 4711:^ 4702:. 4691:. 4663:. 4645:. 4630:. 4626:. 4609:. 4597:. 4563:. 4548:. 4540:. 4530:17 4528:. 4524:. 4512:^ 4503:. 4492:. 4467:. 4452:. 4444:. 4434:17 4432:. 4428:. 4416:^ 4399:. 4377:. 4362:. 4354:. 4344:17 4342:. 4338:. 4320:. 4309:. 4292:. 4281:. 4255:. 4230:. 4213:. 4202:. 4174:. 4146:. 4091:. 4079:. 4049:. 4037:. 4033:. 4011:^ 3992:: 3990:}} 3986:{{ 3976:. 3965:. 3894:^ 3806:. 3784:^ 3759:^ 3750:. 3735:. 3723:. 3719:. 3705:^ 3695:. 3670:^ 3660:. 3649:. 3606:. 3588:^ 3579:. 3567:. 3540:^ 3496:: 3494:}} 3490:{{ 3480:. 3469:. 3457:^ 3447:. 3436:. 3418:^ 3399:: 3397:}} 3393:{{ 3379:. 3368:. 3348:^ 3328:^ 3304:. 3293:. 3281:^ 3245:^ 3194:^ 3184:. 3173:. 3156:. 3144:. 3117:: 3115:}} 3111:{{ 3098:. 3086:. 3065:^ 3046:: 3044:}} 3040:{{ 3027:. 3015:. 3004:^ 2985:: 2983:}} 2979:{{ 2970:. 2958:. 2947:^ 2928:: 2926:}} 2922:{{ 2909:. 2897:. 2886:^ 2877:. 2820:^ 2799:. 2787:. 2783:. 2739:^ 2721:. 2717:. 2669:^ 2661:. 2618:^ 2553:^ 2450:. 2446:, 2430:. 2414:. 2326:. 2283:. 2263:. 2255:. 2225:. 2221:, 2152:, 2102:, 2098:, 2064:, 2060:, 2056:, 1945:, 1941:, 1937:, 1933:, 1925:, 1911:, 1907:, 1899:, 1895:, 1891:, 1887:, 1419:) 1356:, 1301:. 1192:. 1164:, 1158:, 1136:. 1098:, 1055:Se 1009:. 887:, 842:. 831:. 806:, 760:, 718:, 700:, 685:. 675:, 659:, 651:, 644:, 624:, 592:, 482:. 417:, 197:. 178:, 174:, 162:, 160:Se 5953:) 5949:( 5796:) 5792:( 5646:) 5642:( 5535:) 5531:( 5438:) 5362:) 5358:( 5338:e 5331:t 5324:v 5245:. 5234:: 5211:) 5207:( 5111:. 5090:. 5069:. 5046:. 4922:. 4892:. 4867:. 4848:: 4746:. 4676:. 4634:: 4536:: 4440:: 4410:. 4350:: 4266:. 4241:. 4187:. 4159:. 4131:. 4106:. 4087:: 4064:. 4045:: 4039:1 4005:) 4001:( 3937:. 3872:. 3731:: 3725:8 3617:. 3534:. 3509:) 3505:( 3412:) 3408:( 3385:* 3381:* 3275:. 3239:. 3130:) 3126:( 3059:) 3055:( 2998:) 2994:( 2941:) 2937:( 2814:. 2795:: 2789:6 2768:. 2733:. 2723:5 2612:. 2485:. 2349:. 2118:( 2094:( 2084:( 2052:( 1987:( 1972:) 1949:) 1915:) 1861:) 1857:( 1841:( 1815:( 1718:) 1704:( 1684:( 1674:( 1660:( 1650:( 1576:( 1563:) 1547:) 1543:( 1533:( 1527:) 1523:( 1477:( 1464:) 1460:( 1415:( 1360:( 1327:) 1034:. 962:. 502:. 109:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index