520:, Portugal, only three soldiers remain: Bradley, Canfield, and Evans. The trio are discussing the uncanny parallels between comic book hero Captain America and their serum treatments when Merritt goads Canfield into a fight; while trying to restrain Canfield, both Evans and Canfield are killed and Bradley is injured. Price tells Bradley his family's survival depends on the United States winning the war and then describes a 'suicide' mission that Steve Rogers would have taken in Germany, were he not delayed by weather in the Pacific theatre.
729:
461:) who request two battalions of Black soldiers "to see if methods apply to the inferior races". Brackett assembles the troops at 2300 that night; Tully and Reinstein attend, accompanied by Colonel Walker Price of Military Intelligence. Price shoots and kills Brackett, then asks his aide Lieutenant Merritt to select 300 soldiers and get them onto trucks; it is implied the remaining soldiers at Camp Cathcart were killed that night to preserve the project's secrecy.
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of Steve Rogers. By the time the story was done, the dialog around the series had substantially changed. One high-profile reviewer even wrote a column admitting he'd unfairly pre-judged the series, that he now saw it was about building bridges between people, not burning them – which I deeply respected. It's especially meaningful when you edit a story that functions as a little more than pure entertainment.
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first used on Rogers and how Nazi
Germany came to capture Bradley; although both Merritt and FBI Agent Spinrad (who is assisting Rogers) are familiar with the story of Isaiah Bradley, it is the first time Rogers has heard of him. As they walk away from an agitated Merritt, Spinrad tells Rogers how his grandfather helped Bradley escape Nazi custody.
306:, who was brought in to write the story and create the supporting cast and the ending. The idea of an African American Captain America made Morales laugh, but, once he heard the premise, he found it depressing. He says he "wrote a proposal that was so staggeringly depressing I was certain they'd turn it down. But they didn't."
548:. After killing Koch, while seeking shelter from gunfire, he enters a gas chamber filled with women; the gas kills them, but only weakens Bradley, and he is captured. The story flashes forward to the present day and closes with Steve Rogers in conversation with a woman in a burqa, who asks why Rogers thinks Bradley is dead.
484:
While the families and friends of
Bradley, Canfield, and Evans are being told the men have died in training accidents, the soldiers have been taken to an underground bunker, where they are injected with the super soldier serum. Ultimately, fewer than ten men survive the serum treatments; they board a
254:
is composed of seven comics: "The Future", "The Basics", "The
Passage", "The Cut", "The Math", "The Whitewash" and "The Blackvine". The series was announced as six issue series, but was later extended to seven. The cover of the first two issues include the text "Part I of VI" and "Part II of VI"; the
714:
With
Captain America, people get on my case for 'changing' Captain America. We got a lot of grief from the Captain America fans on that series until the fifth and sixth issues came out; when it turned out that we hadn't tinkered with the continuity. Before that, everybody was very upset, because our
658:
When we posted our first image of Isaiah
Bradley – the silhouette of an African American man in a Captain America costume – the media latched onto it as a story of interest, but a lot of internet folks lined up against it, assuming, for whatever reason, that it would disparage the legacy
38:
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for stealing the uniform before being pardoned by
Eisenhower in 1960. Although he survived, the serum and lack of treatment during his imprisonment left Isaiah with brain damage and he has reverted to childhood mentally; he remains popular and well-known in the Black community, and the walls of the
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make a proposal to a captive
Bradley: fight for Nazi Germany, and they pledge to free Black people in America; Bradley simply replies "Guys, no. My wife would kill me." Shifting back to the present, Merritt explains how experiments on the Black soldiers were used to recreate the super-soldier serum
325:
that gave the character a tragic ending. Morales was disappointed in having to get rid of his idea for a Black scientist, but he was consoled to know that the most important story element, a strong Black marriage, had remained at the core. He performed extensive research into the time period, which
611:
and learns that
Reinstein and Koch once were collaborators on a joint American-German super-soldier serum project before World War II; the convoy the Black soldiers had disrupted was resupplying Koch's continuation of the project, which was being conducted at the laboratory and concentration camp
715:
story started with Pearl Harbor, and everybody knows that the first issue of
Captain America took place before Pearl. Somewhere in the middle of the series, it's revealed that Cap already existed, and we hadn't tinkered with the timeline, and suddenly, the book is okay.
575:; Merritt is implicated in the destruction of Reinstein's notes, and Rogers confronts him with photographic evidence of Merritt's sympathy with Nazi causes, including the scraps of a Captain America uniform. Flashing back to 1942,
543:
In
October 1942, Bradley steals the Captain America suit and parachutes behind enemy lines in Schwarzebitte, Germany, where he successfully completes the 'suicide' mission to destroy a laboratory operated by Dr. Koch as a
617:
apartment are covered with pictures in which he poses with celebrities. Faith takes a picture of Isaiah and Rogers together to add to the wall, with Isaiah wearing the shredded uniform confiscated from Merritt.
270:
contains Morales's appendix in which he clarifies myth, history and imagination and provides sources for his story. A new trade paperback edition was released in February 2022, under the title
1703:
358:. Beginning in 1942, the series follows a regiment of black soldiers who are forced to act as test subjects in a program attempting to re-create the lost formula earlier used to turn
321:; however, Marvel wanted a more explicit reference to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. He was able to push through an ending in which Bradley suffered brain damage, a reference to
636:
admonished the reader to incorporate the experiences and histories of black folk that paint a different picture of the cost and quest for freedom and democracy in America."
457:
At Camp Cathcart, Mississippi in May 1942, Sgt. Evans leads the new recruits through basic training. The camp commandant, Major Brackett, entertains guests (Mr. Tully and
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that Bradley subsequently destroyed. Faith Bradley is revealed as the woman in the burqa; after Isaiah was repatriated in April 1943, he was incarcerated in
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Morales originally envisioned the character as a young scientist prodigy who became the accidental victim of his own experiment, a nod to
647:
felt some of the criticism for this series came from "outright racists who just don't like the idea of a black man in the Cap uniform."
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while trying to organize them into a union; and Evans was demoted from Captain after protesting the unjust death of a friend. After the
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Clarifying the timeline for Isaiah Bradley and Steve Rogers—and who predates whom—Robert Morales states in his appendix to the
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was originally planned to be outside of the Marvel Universe's official continuity. The editorial decision to place it
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he balanced with editorial suggestions. Bradley's strong marriage came from an unsuccessful
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The original concept for the character came from an offhand comment by Marvel's publisher,
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into Captain America. The experiments lead to mutation and death, until only one remains:
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Five days before his visit with the woman, Rogers questions Merritt, now incarcerated in
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19:"Red, White & Black" redirects here. For the 1970 blaxploitation Western film, see
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Remediating Blackness and the Formation of a Black Graphic Historical Novel Tradition
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Truth made visible: crises of cultural expression in truth: Red, White, and Black.
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further clarified the respective timelines of Bradley and Rogers in an interview:
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In July 1942, the super soldiers have halted a convoy in Germany's
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1154:"Newsarama - Baker's Future In Plastic: Kyle Baker On Plastic Man"
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The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge!
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Reliving World War II With a Captain America of a Different Color
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The story begins by introducing three Black men: Isaiah Bradley (
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continuity meant explaining Timely Comics' first publication of
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as inspiration for a tale that re-examines the history of the
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collecting the series was published in February 2004 and the
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966:"GCD :: Series :: Truth: Red, White & Black"
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Super Black: American Pop Culture and Black Superheroes
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Super Black: American Pop Culture and Black Superheroes
434:, all three men are enlisted into active military duty.
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Published from January 2003 to July 2003, the series
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Captain America in: The Doom Tube of Dr. Megalomann
430:and the subsequent entry of the United States into
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1077:"Authorship and Creation of Black Captain America"
1454:Captain America and Nick Fury: The Otherworld War
992:"Truth: Red, White & Black (Trade Paperback)"
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1024:Bodies Out of Control: Rethinking Science Texts
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1049:"Captain America: Truth (Trade Paperback)"
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1368:Alternative versions of Captain America
944:"Truth: Red, White and Black (2003) #7"
919:"Truth: Red, White and Black (2003) #6"
894:"Truth: Red, White and Black (2003) #5"
869:"Truth: Red, White and Black (2003) #4"
844:"Truth: Red, White and Black (2003) #3"
819:"Truth: Red, White and Black (2003) #2"
794:"Truth: Red, White and Black (2003) #1"
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1279:by Adam Kendall Coombs, Master These.
1190:. University of Texas Press. p.
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1498:The Strange Death of Captain America
1266:Review: Truth: Red, White, and Black
1246:at the Comic Book DB (archived from
1216:"Axel-In-Charge: Axel's Early Years"
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672:trade paperback collection (2004):
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422:; Canfield was beaten by resentful
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13:
1602:Captain America II: Death Too Soon
1121:Tom Sinclair (November 22, 2002).
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1672:The Falcon and the Winter Soldier
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994:. Marvel Comics. February 4, 2004
766:The Falcon and the Winter Soldier
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607:Rogers confronts Walker Price in
235:The Falcon and the Winter Soldier
46:(Jan 2003). Pencils and inks by
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1711:Captain America and The Avengers
1075:Carpenter, Standford W. (2007).
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699:and the true start of our story.
410:, June 1940); Maurice Canfield (
255:later issues read "... of VII".
117:Captain America (Isaiah Bradley)
36:
16:Marvel comic book limited series
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1085:University Press of Mississippi
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1718:Captain America: Super Soldier
1468:Captain America and the Falcon
1422:Captain America and the Falcon
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1:
1461:Truth: Red, White & Black
1440:Adventures of Captain America
1244:Truth: Red, White & Black
1234:Truth: Red, White & Black
1079:. In McLaughlin, Jeff (ed.).
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670:Truth: Red, White & Black
489:) for an unknown destination.
266:in 2009. The book version of
252:Truth: Red, White & Black
198:Truth: Red, White & Black
44:Truth: Red, White & Black
30:Truth: Red, White & Black
1804:Marvel Comics limited series
1538:The Death of Captain America
7:
1027:. Peter Lang. p. 126.
1021:Weinstein, Matthew (2010).
972:. The Grand Comics Database
695:in 1940—a full year before
632:, Adilifu Nama notes that "
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609:Arlington National Cemetery
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1725:Marvel 1943: Rise of Hydra
1152:Brady, Matt (2003-07-07).
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220:. The series focuses on
546:Nazi concentration camp
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56:Publication information
1558:"Secret Empire" (2017)
1504:"Secret Empire" (1974)
1476:Captain America: White
1394:Captain America Comics
1268:at PaperbackReader.com
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428:attack on Pearl Harbor
272:Captain America: Truth
1239:Grand Comics Database
1182:Adilifu Nama (2011).
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650:In an interview with
573:Lompoc Federal Prison
380:English release date
1128:Entertainment Weekly
1081:Comics as Philosophy
652:Comic Book Resources
348:Tuskegee Experiments
292:red, white, and blue
278:Concept and creation
228:are adapted for the
1814:2003 comics endings
1757:Rogers: The Musical
352:super-soldier serum
246:Publication history
1809:2003 comics debuts
1644:The Winter Soldier
1524:The Winter Soldier
1262:, December 1, 2002
1087:. pp. 53–58.
739:. You can help by
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1630:The First Avenger
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1401:Tales of Suspense
1201:978-0-292-74252-9
1123:"Black in Action"
1034:978-1-4331-0515-9
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216:and published by
201:is a seven-issue
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614:Leavenworth
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470:The Passage
342:Set in the
313:scientists
300:Joe Quesada
288:Axel Alonso
212:, drawn by
208:written by
186:Axel Alonso
173:Colorist(s)
161:Letterer(s)
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1664:soundtrack
1650:soundtrack
1636:soundtrack
1545:Fallen Son
1490:Storylines
1358:Sam Wilson
1340:Characters
1330:Jack Kirby
1168:2013-08-17
1100:2013-08-17
777:References
708:Kyle Baker
689:Jack Kirby
485:ship (HMS
443:The Basics
424:stevedores
392:The Future
311:Silver Age
284:Bill Jemas
214:Kyle Baker
203:comic book
177:Kyle Baker
166:Wes Abbott
155:Kyle Baker
144:Kyle Baker
128:Written by
48:Kyle Baker
1658:Civil War
1531:Civil War
1325:Joe Simon
748:July 2021
685:Joe Simon
416:Cleveland
328:Luke Cage
264:hardcover
182:Editor(s)
105:of issues
62:Publisher
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896:. Marvel
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871:. Marvel
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846:. Marvel
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796:. Marvel
624:Analysis
529:The Math
338:Synopsis
151:Inker(s)
73:Schedule
1432:Limited
1386:Ongoing
1363:Enemies
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763:series
761:Disney+
602:—
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538:—
507:—
498:The Cut
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479:—
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401:—
232:series
230:Disney+
76:Monthly
1763:Stucky
1611:(1990)
1596:(1979)
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1552:Reborn
1470:(2004)
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