Trophy hunting - Knowledge

821:, for example, published a report in 2015 which says government corruption, especially in Zimbabwe, prevents elephant hunting fees from going towards any conservation efforts, with authorities keeping the fees for themselves. Governments also take more wildlife areas to profit from poaching and trophy hunting. Similarly, a 2017 report by the Australian-based Economists at Large says that trophy hunting amounted to less than one percent of tourism revenue in eight African countries. According to an IUCN report from 2009, surrounding communities in West Africa receive little benefit from the hunting-safari business. Some authors found that there was a generally negative perception of the practice in many sectors of the general US populace in 2018. Attention has been drawn both popularly and academically to the ethics of trophy hunting and trophy hunting facilities. Generally speaking, ethical arguments against trophy or sport hunting practices frame them as exploitative and abusive against animals. 626: 368:, for example. South Africa in particular is the main tourist destination on the continent, and as a result, hosts a large number of game auctions, farms, and reservations. Game auctions serve as competitive markets that allow farm and reservation owners to bid on and purchase animals for their facilities. Animals purchased at auctions for these purposes are commonly bought directly as game or are then bred to supply facilities. Animals used for breeding are generally females, which cost more on average than males due to the increased breeding prospects they present. In addition to sex, other factors that contribute to the prices of animals on auction include the demand for particular species (based on their overall rarity) and the costs of maintaining them. Animals that receive increased interest from 135: 338:, which constitute the grand slam of trophy sheep hunting. Hunting for sheep has helped to raise funds used to boost populations of these animals while preserving their habitats. Sheep hunt takes place in rugged mountain terrains where spot and stalk is the usual method to hunt for these species, making this hunt a challenge. Only old rams may be taken, and in order to be sure about their age, the sheep hunter has to identify the age and gender by reading the size and shape of their horns that happen to determine the trophy quality. However, the real trophy about this hunt is the whole experience rather than just the animal's head. This type of hunt was probably become so popular thanks to the writings of gun editor and hunter 954:. Members of these communities rely on current hunting regulations that allow them to retaliate or preempt against the threats these species can pose. Programs such as CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources) in Zimbabwe have been implemented to allow landowners to benefit from the presence of wildlife on their land by marketing it to individuals such as safari owners or game ranch owners, framing wildlife as a renewable resource. Aside from the economic boon presented by the program, CAMPFIRE has also served to mitigate illegal poaching or hunting in certain areas, as well as helping farmers more easily access essential resources that they sometimes have to compete with animal communities for. 147: 714: 1248: 1212: 1376: 38: 208: 1221: 219:

which hunting takes a fundamental role, and trophy hunters have been deeply involved in preserving wildlife and wild spaces. Such is the case of president Theodore Roosevelt, who, after becoming president of the United States in 1901, he used his authority to establish 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, four national game preserves, five national parks and 18 national monuments on over 230 million acres of public land.

1230: 405: 1239: 660:, Namibia is home to 1,750 of the roughly 5,000 black rhinos surviving in the wild. Namibia's mountain zebra population has increased from 1,000 in 1982 to 27,000 in 2014. Elephants, which are gunned down elsewhere for their ivory, have gone from 15,000 to 20,000 in 1995. Lions, which were on the brink of extinction "from Senegal to Kenya", are increasing in Namibia. 641:

in Zimbabwe doubled wildlife areas relative to state protected areas. The implementation of controlled and legalized hunting led to an increase in the area of suitable land available to elephants and other wildlife, which "reversed the problem of habitat loss and helping to maintain a sustained population increase in Zimbabwe's already large elephant population".

946:, which contributed more than $ 400,000 in 2005, and smaller private groups also contribute significant funds; for example, the Grand Slam Club Ovis has raised more than $ 6.3 million to date for the conservation of sheep. Proponents of game and trophy hunting claim that the economic benefits presented by the practice are essential to nations in which 565:

Alexander N. Songorwa, director of wildlife for the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, trophy hunting generated roughly $ 75 million for Tanzania's economy from 2008 to 2011. Of the estimated 16,800 lions in Tanzania, some 200 lions are killed a year, generating about $ 1,960,000 in revenue in trophy fees alone. A 2011 study in

174:, who hunted and collected animals for natural history museums in British colonies in Africa and India. This resulted in the development of a new form of tourism industry that generates many millions of revenue for Africa per year. One of the first renowned safaris recorded took place in the early 20th century by President 760:(IFAW), claims that "despite the wild claims that trophy hunting brings millions of dollars in revenue to local people in otherwise poor communities, there is no proof of this. The money that does come into Africa from hunting pales in comparison to the billions generated from tourists who come just to watch wildlife". 263:' or 'vanity hunting', which involves the shooting of (sometimes intensively bred) animals in a range designed for ease of kills, more for the purpose of collecting an animal for display than the sport. The Boone and Crockett Club disavows this practice and actively campaigns against it, as it removes the element of ' 828:, genetic and social health of animal species, for example by increasing aggression between species members, because hunters often kill the largest or most significant male of a species. The removal of the most significant animals (because of the size of their horns or mane for example) can affect the 584:

the behavior of non-target species. The conservation role of the industry is also hindered by governments and hunting operators that fail to devolve adequate benefits to local communities, reducing incentives for them to protect wildlife, and by unethical activities, such as shooting from vehicles and

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animals might send the wrong message to influential people around the world, perhaps with adverse consequences for conservation. For example, it has been suggested that people will contribute less money to conservation organizations because allowing hunting of a species could suggest that it does not

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on the basis that trophy hunters are not aimed at conservation, they are instead aimed at glory in hunting and killing the biggest and rarest animals. They contend that the trophy hunters are not interested in saving endangered animals and are more than willing to pay the very high prices for permits

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and led by Peter Lindsey of Kenya's Mpala Research Centre concluded that most trophy hunters assure that they are concerned about the conservation, ethical, and social issues that hunting raises. The study interviewed 150 Americans who had hunted in Africa before, or who planned to do so within three

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asserted that the legalization of white rhinoceros hunting in South Africa motivated private landowners to reintroduce the species onto their lands. As a result, white rhinos increased from fewer than one hundred individuals to more than 11,000. Leader-Williams's study also showed that trophy hunting

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Trophy hunting in North America was encouraged as a way of conservation by organizations such as the Boone & Crockett club as hunting an animal with a big set of antlers or horns is a way of selecting only the mature animals, contributing to shape a successful conservation model in the country in

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Cecil the lion was one of the most known and studied lions in Zimbabwe. The lion was lured from the park and, after being injured by an arrow and stalked for 40 hours, Cecil was finally killed. Palmer was reportedly attracted to Cecil's rare black mane. Had Cecil been in the park, it would have been

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that trophy hunting, when well-managed, can be sustainable and generate significant economic incentives for the conservation of target species, but that there are valid concerns about the legality, sustainability and ethics of some hunting practices. The paper concludes that in some contexts, there

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The success of conservation efforts such as the Boone and Crockett Club's system for measuring and scoring big game gave hunters a goal and an ethic notions, giving animals sporting chance. Policies such as the Pittman-Robertson act have collected taxes for over USD $ 11.5 billion to be destined in

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stated that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism". Financial incentives from trophy hunting

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When poorly managed, trophy hunting can cause negative ecological impacts for the target species such as altered age/sex structures, .social disruption, deleterious genetic effects, and even population declines in the event of excessive off-takes, as well as threaten the conservation and influence

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are among the first safari guides that contributed to molding the industry. The practice of trophy hunting predates that of ranch or farm hunting, but game ranches helped to legitimize trophy hunting as a facet of the tourism industry in Africa. The first game ranches in Africa were established in

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Introducing a certification system however remains challenging because it requires co-operation between hunting operators, conservationists and governments. It also requires difficult questions to be answered, including; what constitutes ethical hunting? Who constitutes local communities and what

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The controversy surrounding trophy hunting was further ignited when an American dentist Walter Palmer gained internet infamy when a picture of him and the dead lion Cecil went viral. Palmer is an experienced and avid big-game hunter and reportedly paid over 50,000 US dollars to hunt and kill the

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Tanzania has an estimated 40 percent of the population of lions. Its wildlife authorities defend their success in keeping such numbers (as compared to countries like Kenya, where lion numbers have plummeted dramatically) as linked to the use of trophy hunting as a conservation tool. According to

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states that the hunting industry has contributed millions to South Africa's economy in past years. In the 2010 hunting season, total revenue of approximately R1.1 billion was generated by the local and trophy hunting industries collectively. "This amount only reflects the revenue generated

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were illegally shot than their hunting operators perceived, and they also showed greater concern for social issues than their operators realized, with a huge willingness to hunt in areas where local people lived and benefited from hunting. Eighty-six percent of hunters told the researchers they

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These animals are typically hunted on a fee for each kill, with hunters paying $ 4,000 or more to be able to hunt exotic game. As many of these species are endangered or threatened in their native habitat, the United States' government requires 10% of the hunting fee to be given to conservation

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fees, hunting tags, and ammunition taxes go to conservation programs. and conservation through hunting, Nationally, the white-tailed deer population has increased from about 500,000 in the early 1900s to 25 million to 30 million today, as well as reintroduction of species. In addition, private

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tendencies which can be exacerbated by the removal of adult males from their populations. Males are trophy hunted more frequently than females. However, the removal of these males still degrades the networks and groups these species create in order to survive and provide for offspring. Hunting

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on the species that can be hunted (e.g., protected species such as brown bears in European Union), are usually based on populations, hunting seasons, number of available licenses and types of arms, calibers and hunting procedures, asuring hunting ethics. Permits and government consent are also

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illegal to kill him. The actions the dentist and his hired hunter took in luring out of the park were not endorsed by trophy hunting officials in Zimbabwe. While Zimbabwe courts initially ruled his killing to be illegal, charges were ultimately dropped against the hunter Palmer hired.

925:, an elephant conservation organization, believe that elephants bring in significantly more revenue from tourists who want to see them alive. Their 2013 report stated "alive, they benefit local communities and economies; dead they benefit criminal and even terrorist groups". 689:

preferred hunting in an area where they knew that a portion of the proceeds went back into local communities. A certification system could therefore allow hunters to select those operators who benefit local people and conduct themselves in a conservation-friendly manner.

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also opposes trophy hunting for the reason that even if the animal that is being hunted for a trophy is not endangered, it is still unjustified to kill them. They respond to claims of economic benefits as false justifications for the continuance of the inhumane sport.

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Game auctions have become another source of income destined to preserve wildlife and provide an economic value to their natural habitats. Such is the case of sheep hunting in North America, where large amounts of money are paid at auctions to hunt for them, such as

1013:, a conservation group for big cats and their ecosystems, argues that trophy hunting gives African governments economic incentives to leave safari blocks as wilderness, and that hunting remains the most effective tool to protect wilderness in many parts of Africa. 796:

may be valid and feasible alternatives to trophy hunting that can deliver the above-mentioned benefits, but identifying, funding and implementing these requires genuine consultation and engagement with affected governments, the private sector and communities.

780:, not a white affluent issue, not a conservation at-all-cost issue, but about economic sustainability. Dry asserts that commercial wildlife ranching is a land-use option that is ecologically appropriate, economically sustainable, politically sensitive, and 768:

through accommodation and species fees. The true revenue is therefore substantially higher, as this amount does not even include revenue generated through the associated industries as a result of the multiplier effect", according to Molewa.

298:, and variety of other species of deer, sheep, and antelope, as well as tigers and lions and hybrids of these from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands were introduced to ranches in Texas and Florida for the sake of trophy hunting. 3730: 771:

According to G. C. Dry, former president of Wildlife Ranching South Africa, wildlife ranches have contributed greatly to the South African economy. He has argued that commercial wildlife ranching is about appropriate land-use and

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Several states—including Colorado, Utah and Washington—in recent years have proposed an increase in cougar hunting for various reasons, and California is currently the only state throughout the West that prohibits cougar hunting.

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the 1960s and the concept quickly grew in proliferation. Statistics from 2000 illustrate that there were approximately 7,000 game farms and reservations operating within South Africa, established on about 16 million

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Adolescent lions are primarily responsible for slain livestock and unwanted human interaction. In addition, they often drive females with cubs into hiding or new territory, forcing the females to hunt new prey.

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Selier, SJ; Page, BR; Vanak, AT; Slotow, R (2014). "Sustainability of elephant hunting across international borders in southern Africa: A case study of the greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area".

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Davidson, Zeke; Valeix, Marion; Loveridge, Andrew J.; Madzikanda, Hillary; Macdonald, David W. (January 2011). "Socio-spatial behaviour of an African lion population following perturbation by sport hunting".

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on private game reserves generated more than 15 times the income of livestock or game rearing or overseas hunting. Eco-tourism lodges in Eastern Cape Province produce almost 2000 rand (£180) per hectare".

3987: 471:. They had previously permitted the hunting of fifty lions each year, which caused a shortage in mature males in the population, as the hunters preferred the lions with the largest manes. After the ban, 3568: 814:

Opponents voice strong opinions against trophy hunting based on the belief that it is immoral and lacks financial contribution to the communities affected by trophy hunting and to conservation efforts.

3589: 3006: 2005: 832:. Rob Knell states that "high-quality males with large secondary sexual traits tend to father a high proportion of the offspring, their 'good genes' can spread rapidly, so populations of strongly 113:

Trophy hunting has strong supporters and opponents. The controversy focuses on the morality of hunting for pleasure rather than for practical use, as well as questions about the extent to which

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is not as viable or popular. Additionally, locals in more rural areas of Africa express that there is tension between human communities and certain species that pose dangers to them and their

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effectively more than double the land area that is used for wildlife conservation, relative to what would be conserved relying on national parks alone, according to the study published in

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recognizes that trophy hunting, when well-managed, can generate significant economic incentives for the conservation of target species and their habitats outside of protected areas.

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From 2005 to 2014, the "big five" trophy species imported into the United States, totalling about 32,500 lions, elephants, rhinos, buffalo, and leopards combined, from Africa were:

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Lewis D & Jackson J. (2005). Safari hunting and conservation on communal land in southern Africa. Pages 239–251 in R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood, and A. Rabinowitz, editors.

3478: 4576: 4081: 3326: 4142: 1301: 237:. The cougar, also called the mountain lion, puma, or panther, is hunted for sport across its expansive range. The only federally protected populations in the country are the 4889: 417: 1406:

Cloete, P. C.; Taljaard, P. R.; Grové, B. (April 2007). "A comparative economic case study of switching from cattle farming to game ranching in the Northern Cape Province".

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has criticized these ranches and their hunters with the reasoning that they are still hunting endangered animals even if the animals were raised specifically to be hunted.

869:, Nigerian environmental activist and director of the Health of Mother Earth Foundation, asserted in 2017 that "wildlife in Africa have been decimated by trophy hunters". 4855: 3152:

Packer, Craig; Kosmala, Margaret; Cooley, Hilary S.; Brink, Henry; Pintea, Lilian; Garshelis, David; Purchase, Gianetta; Strauss, Megan; Swanson, Alexandra (2009-06-17).

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Loveridge, A; Searle, A; Murindagomo, F; Macdonald, D (2007). "The impact of sport-hunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area".

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is opposed to trophy hunting because it is unnecessary and cruel and that the pain that the animals suffer is not justified by the enjoyment that the hunters receive.

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found that hunting quotas should be set regionally as a number of lions/1000 km2, as opposed to nationally, as regional overhunting had likely lead to local declines.

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Trophy hunters imported over 1.26 million trophies into the United States in the 10 years from 2005 to 2014. Canada was the leading source of imported trophies.

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Restrictions on lion hunting may reduce tolerance for the species among communities where local people benefit from trophy hunting and may reduce funds available for

3618: 1648: 2196: 840:. If the population is having to adapt to a new environment and you remove even a small proportion of these high quality males, you could drive it to extinction". 729: 2978:

Grignolio, S; Merli, E; Bongi, P; Ciuti, S; Apollonio, M (2010). "Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area".

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Festa-Bianchet, M; Pelletier, F; Jorgenson, JT; Feder, C; Hubbs, A (2014). "Decrease in horn size and increase in age of trophy sheep in Alberta over 37 years".

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Furthermore, hunting for meat, trophies or recreational purposes provides an income to each state for managing wildlife and their natural habitats through the

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Trophy hunting is legal in many countries, through policies that ensure that hunting practices align to a sustainable use of the country's natural resources.

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Crosmary, W-G; Loveridge; Ndaimani, H; Lebel, S; Booth, V; Côté, SD; et al. (2013). "Trophy hunting in Africa: long-term trends in antelope horn size".

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C. PACKER; H. BRINK; B. M. KISSUI; H. MALITI; H. KUSHNIR; T. CARO (February 2011). "Effects of Trophy Hunting on Lion and Leopard Populations in Tanzania".

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Lindsey, PA; Frank, LG; Alexander, R; Mathieson, A; Romañach, SS (2007). "Trophy hunting and conservation in Africa: problems and one potential solution".

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database, 1.7 million animals were killed by trophy hunters between 2004 and 2014, with roughly 200,000 of these being members of threatened species.

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P.A. Lindsey; P.A. Roulet; S.S. Romañach (February 2007). "Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa".

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Botswana again banned trophy hunting in 2014, and now villagers claim they get no income from trophy hunters, suffer from damaged crop fields caused by

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Packer, C.; Brink, H.; Kissui, B.M.; Maliti, H.; Kushnir, H.; Caro, T (2011). "Effects of Trophy Hunting on Lion and Leopard Populations in Tanzania".

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regulations and laws proposing constant proportions or thresholds of community members for these species have been proposed in African nations such as

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Trophy hunting can provide economic incentives to conserve areas for wildlife: 'if it pays it stays'; there are research studies corroborating this in

4349: 710:, trophy hunting provides an economic incentive for ranchers to continue to breed those species, which reduces the threat of the species' extinction. 4236: 3066: 1046:

The development of a certification system, whereby hunting operators are rated on three criteria, would help alleviate shortcomings in the industry:

4430:"Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable" 3345:"Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable" 2408:"Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable" 1356: 4684: 1775: 1737: 1618: 625: 396:. Prices for these animals can reach into the hundreds of thousands in South African rands, equivalent to tens of thousands of American dollars. 1588: 2157: 2131: 788: 669: 1871: 1505: 979: 256:

at the turn of the 20th century. The organization monitors the conservation success of this practice through its Big Game Records data set.

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The $ 200 million question. How much does trophy hunting really contribute to African communities? A report for the African Lion Coalition

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On the hunt for a gun room?: Business celebrates a love of firearms, hunting big animals, Knight Ridder, 10/11/2009 (retrieved 10/11/2009)

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efforts in the areas where these animals are indigenous. Hunting of endangered animals in the United States is normally illegal under the

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Nuzzo, MC; Traill, LW (2013). "What 50 years of trophy hunting records illustrate for hunted African elephant and bovid populations".

1315:", a classic story famous in the mid twentieth century that was inspired by and explores the philosophy of hunting for sheer pleasure. 3323: 852: 4134: 3940: 2365:

Hurt, Robin; Ravn, Pauline (2000). "Hunting and Its Benefits: An Overview of Hunting in Africa with Special Reference to Tanzania".

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conducted by some, attract negative press. While locals may hunt certain species as pests, particularly carnivorous species such as

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of land in the country. Game ranches attract wealthy tourists interested in hunting, as well as foreign investors on a large scale.

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Ranch hunting is a form of big-game hunting where the animals hunted are specifically bred on a ranch for trophy hunting purposes.

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Batavia, Chelsea; Nelson, Michael Paul; Darimont, Chris T.; Paquet, Paul C.; Ripple, William J.; Wallach, Arian D. (2018-05-09).

3509: 1953: 4407: 971: 737: 4863: 4261: 3674: 3438: 2382: 1556:"WHY WE STILL KILL COUGARS: California voters banned mountain lion hunting three decades ago, but the shooting never stopped" 757: 226:, resulting in the expansion of natural habitats and increase of populations of big game hunting species across the country. 4112: 2530:

Milner, JM; Nilsen, EB; Andreassen, HP (2007). "Demographic side effects of selective hunting in ungulates and carnivores".

2219:"PLOS ONE: The Significance of African Lions for the Financial Viability of Trophy Hunting and the Maintenance of Wild Land" 1526: 384:

horns and tusks, present additional risks to game farm operations, and do not typically sell well at auction. However other

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claims that the selective harvest of older males aids in the recovery of many big game species which were on the brink of

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represents adequate benefits for them? Some researchers also continue to express concern that allowing trophy hunts for

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Booth VR. (2010). Contribution of Hunting Tourism: How Significant Is This to National Economies. Joint publication of

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preserving natural areas where wildlife populations have boosted since the early 20th century while generating jobs.

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animals can adapt quickly to new environments. Removing these males reverses this effect and could have serious and

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Trophies are often displayed in trophy rooms or game rooms, or in gun rooms along with the hunter's gun collection.

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Baker, Joni E. (1997). "Trophy Hunting as a Sustainable Use of Wildlife Resources in Southern and Eastern Africa".

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Frost, Peter G.H.; Bond, Ivan (May 2008). "The CAMPFIRE programme in Zimbabwe: Payments for wildlife services".

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but is permitted on these ranches since the rare animals hunted there are not indigenous to the United States.

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Mexico has a hunting industry valued at approximately $ 200 million with about 4,000 hunting ranches.

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Yahya M. Musakhel 2005: Identification of Biodiversity hotspots in Musakhel district Balochistan Pakistan.

4827:"American Public Roars After It Gets a Glimpse of International Trophy Hunting of Lions · A Humane Nation" 4225: 3063: 3046: 99:, or manes. Most trophies consist of only select parts of the animal, which are prepared for display by a 4041:"African Activist Slams Trump for Reversing Ban on Elephant Trophies from Hunts in Zimbabwe & Zambia" 3721:"The Fish and Wildlife Service said we have to kill elephants to help save them. The data says otherwise" 3035: 2685:"Social structure of lions (Panthera leo) is affected by management in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, Benin" 1391: 914: 4382: 4171: 2591:

Rasmussen, HB; Okello, JB; Wittemyer, G; Siegismund, HR; Arctander, P; Vollrath, F; et al. (2007).

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The League Against Cruel Sports writes a "2004 study by the University of Port Elizabeth estimated that

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Sogbohossou, E A; Bauer, H; Loveridge, A; Funston, PJ; De Snoo, GR; Sinsin, B; et al. (2014).

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Lindsey, PA; Balme, GA; Funston, P; Henschel, P; Hunter, L; Madzikanda, H; et al. (2013).

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Popescu, Viorel D.; Pop, Mihai I.; Rozylowicz, Laurentiu (2021-06-04). Sills, Jennifer (ed.).

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Trophy hunting has been practiced in Africa for centuries. Popularized by British hunters and

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Lindsey, P. A.; Alexander, R.; Frank, L. G.; Mathieson, A.; Romanach, S. S. (August 2006).

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to kill members of an endangered species. There is an organisation which campaigns against

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years. For example, hunters assure that they were much less willing to hunt in areas where

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for 2014–2015. But the ban was lifted and it has currently granted permits afterwards.

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P. A. Lindsey; R. Alexander; L. G. Frank; A. Mathieson; S. S. Romañach (August 2006).

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From 2005 to 2014, the top ten trophy species imported into the United States were:

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Guiding Principles on Trophy Hunting as a Tool for Creating Conservation Incentives

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assert that trophy hunting is a key factor in the "silent extinction" of giraffes.

833: 483: 377: 179: 163: 114: 4994: 4691: 3906: 3330: 3279: 3178: 3070: 3050: 3039: 2991: 2894:(2011). "Effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania". 2876: 2709: 2650: 2374: 2235: 1562: 1194: 1184: 1139: 1050:

Their commitment to conservation, e.g. by adhering to quotas and contributing to

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members in 2008 was approximately US$ 190 million. Economists at Large, an

4962: 4262:"Modernizing the Pittman-Robertson Fund | Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation" 4045: 3439:"Modernizing the Pittman-Robertson Fund | Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation" 901: 781: 753: 749: 745: 585: 518: 361:, one of the continent's largest economic sectors, accounting for almost 5% of 260: 88: 76: 4722: 4705: 2963: 2946: 2343: 1419: 793:

The baby and the bathwater: trophy hunting, conservation and rural livelihoods

5030: 4545: 4517: 4463: 3914: 3825: 3187: 2192: 2088: 2077:"U.S. Allows Hunters to Import Some Elephant Trophies From African Countries" 2050: 1933: 1838: 1771: 1733: 1483: 1427: 1296: 1271: 1266: 1211: 1051: 962:

Organizations that support trophy hunting as a tool for conservation include

866: 529: 421: 323: 187: 167: 4635:"Hunting Lions: Unpalatable but Necessary for Conservation? | Panthera" 2609: 2592: 1925: 1474: 1457: 37: 3758: 3205: 3123: 2923: 2728: 2669: 2569: 2508: 2300: 2254: 2034: 1941: 1856: 1328: 1286: 1281: 1145: 1121: 825: 491: 468: 362: 354: 171: 103:. The parts most commonly kept vary by species but often include the head, 64: 4074:"Giraffes must be listed as endangered, conservationists formally tell US" 207: 4320: 3343:

Lindsey, PA; Alexander, R; Frank, LG; Mathieson, A; Romanach, SS (2006).

1291: 844: 764: 601: 331: 104: 84: 68: 3858: 3840: 3816: 2560: 4811: 4292:"White-tailed Deer | Wildlife | New Hampshire Fish and Game Department" 4105:"Killing for Trophies: Report analyses trophy hunting around the world" 3978:"Trophy Hunting Fees Do Little to Help Threatened Species, Report Says" 3806: 3789: 1189: 1109: 1071: 947: 856: 434: 413: 373: 327: 291: 264: 253: 4802: 3253: 3251: 3154:"Sport Hunting, Predator Control and Conservation of Large Carnivores" 2798: 2763: 2270: 1829: 1392:

http://www.cic-wildlife.org/fileadmin/Press/Technical_Series/EN/8_.pdf

1349:"TROPHY HUNTING (noun) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary" 1220: 4890:"Exclusive: Hard Data Reveal Scale of America's Trophy-Hunting Habit" 4759: 2833: 2811: 2593:"Age- and tactic-related paternity success in male African elephants" 1157: 951: 495: 393: 385: 350: 279: 100: 4634: 3790:"The elephant (head) in the room: A critical look at trophy hunting" 3257: 2150:"Lions face new threat: they're rich, American and they've got guns" 479:, successfully lobbied the Botswanan government to reverse the ban. 4659: 3538: 3248: 2891: 2854: 1611:"B&C Position Statement - Big Game Trophies and Trophy Hunting" 1229: 1163: 685: 614: 606: 498:. Some conservationists claim trophy hunting is more effective for 464: 457: 453: 429: 389: 369: 151: 72: 45: 3644:"COMMERCIAL WILDLIFE RANCHING'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE GREEN ECONOMY" 2590: 578: 404: 3883: 1872:"The Top Countries For U.S. Trophy Hunters [Infographic]" 1151: 1115: 855:

in 2016 concluded that trophy hunting may be contributing to the

589: 346: 196: 80: 60: 2682: 357:

with their wildlife. These facilities are important in terms of

4781:

Buckley, R (2014). "Mixed signals from hunting rare wildlife".

3227:"Can trophy hunting actually help conservation? - Conservation" 3043: 1696:"Texas Exotic Hunting - Texas trophy exotic hunting in West TX" 1133: 721: 610: 597: 442: 287: 283: 234: 211:

Hunter with a bear's head and hide strapped to his back on the

92: 49: 4427: 3342: 3093: 3032: 2741: 1302:

International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC)

1021:

Organizations that are neutral towards trophy hunting include

824:

Evidence has been found that wild game hunting can impact the

4378: 4163: 717: 438: 381: 4567: 4565: 3754:"What Trophy Hunting Does to the Elephants It Leaves Behind" 1238: 663: 636:

A 2005 paper by Nigel Leader-Williams and colleagues in the

452:

imposed a ban on imports, limited to elephant trophies from

4988:

IUCN Briefing Paper - Informing Decisions on Trophy Hunting

4605: 3787: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3007:"The Evolution and Reform of Tanzanian Wildlife Management" 2623: 1455: 1174: 1003: 877: 873: 593: 259:

North American trophy hunting should not be confused with '

4706:"hunting and lion conservation: a question of governance?" 1456:

Van der Merwe, P.; Saayman, M.; Krugell, W. (2004-12-19).

525:

banned the transportation of hunting trophies on flights.

4562: 4350:"Returning Elk to the Southeast: A 20-year Retrospective" 3592:. news.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-08-04. Archived from 741: 96: 3468:"Hunting in America. An Economic Force for Conservation" 3212: 3151: 2977: 2890:

Packer, C; Brink, H; Kissui, BM; Maliti, H; Kushnir, H;

2216: 730:

International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation

3615:"Molewa: Hunting brings much to South Africa's economy" 2889: 2476: 1064: 4958:

Against Trophy Hunting - A Marxian-Leopoldian Critique

4694:

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

2529: 2217:

Lindsey, PA; Balme, GA; Booth, VR; Midlane, N (2012).

1527:"Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act explained" 763:

However, South African Environmental Affairs Minister

392:

species, tend to fetch exponentially higher sums than

87:

interests, usually of large sizes, holding impressive

79:", is typically a mature male specimen from a popular 4986:

IUCN (2016) Informing Decisions About Trophy Hunting

4736: 3295:"Opinion | A Trophy Hunt That's Good for Rhinos" 1688: 1899: 1663: 736:, the revenue generated by hunting tourism in seven 4194:"Does hunting elephants help conserve the species?" 4010:"Error | House Committee on Natural Resources" 3004: 2039:"U.S. Lifts Ban on Some Elephant and Lion Trophies" 2006:"Is Trophy Hunting Helping Save African Elephants?" 1638: 1578: 1405: 4703: 3582: 3565:"The $ 200 million question | Economists at Large" 3534:"Can hunting endangered animals save the species?" 1975:"Costa Rica passes law banning hunting as a sport" 1060:Whether they comply with agreed ethical standards. 883:According to Jeff Flocken, the IFAW's analysis of 445:are countries have chosen to ban trophy hunting.. 2118:Dark Star Safari: Overland from Cairo to Capetown 1307:Junta Nacional de Homologación de Trofeos de Caza 859:of certain animals. The 25-page report is called 5028: 3316: 2143: 2141: 656:According to the American writer and journalist 638:Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 202: 1803:Dalerum, Fredrik; Miranda, Maria (2016-02-25). 1498:"The Conservation Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt" 1057:How much they benefit and involve local people. 579:Effects of trophy hunting on animal populations 4573:"Wildlife Organizations: Positions on Hunting" 3841:"The Trophy Hunting Debate: A Case for Ethics" 2266: 2264: 1802: 789:International Union for Conservation of Nature 670:International Union for Conservation of Nature 475:, including prominent member former President 4856:"Charges Dropped Against Professional Hunter" 4685:People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? 2138: 2111: 2109: 535: 4529: 4527: 4164:"Campaign Against Canned Hunting Home Page" 3965:. Website: The League Against Cruel Sports. 3719:Ingraham, Christopher (November 17, 2017). 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 2784: 2261: 2181:"A Hunting Ban Saps a Village's Livelihood" 399: 75:. The animal being targeted, known as the " 4135:"Trophy Hunting - - In Defense of Animals" 3963:The Myth of Trophy Hunting as Conservation 3926: 3924: 3590:"Opinion: Why Are We Still Hunting Lions?" 3403:10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-12/ccatz/p13 3005:Nelson, F; Nshala, R; Rodgers, WA (2007). 2130:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1458:"Factors that determine the price of game" 1408:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 982:, Outdoor Writers Association of America, 620: 433:required. However, some countries such as 124: 4810: 4721: 4704:Nelson, F; Lindsey, PA; Balme, G (2013). 4487: 4453: 3960: 3815: 3805: 3401: 3368: 3322:IUCN Species Survival Commission (2012). 3195: 3177: 3075:Economists at large, Melbourne, Australia 2962: 2718: 2708: 2659: 2649: 2608: 2559: 2431: 2244: 2234: 2106: 1846: 1828: 1473: 853:U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources 664:Financial support of conservation efforts 150:A hunter and local guides posing with an 129: 5008:Trophy hunting: Killing or conservation? 4783:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4524: 4321:"Deer eating away at forests nationwide" 4235:. David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust. 2013. 3718: 3080: 2446: 2367:Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use 2364: 1902:"Trophy hunting undermines public trust" 1760:"The Ultimate Pursuit in Hunting: Sheep" 1722:"The Ultimate Pursuit in Hunting: Sheep" 712: 624: 555:Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use 416:killed by him in an expedition with the 403: 278:Many species of game such as the Indian 206: 145: 133: 36: 4780: 4598:"Informing decisions on trophy hunting" 4102: 3921: 3292: 2944: 2440: 2210: 2147: 2115: 1203: 895:Trophy hunting is opposed by the group 14: 5029: 4289: 4206:from the original on November 17, 2017 4168:Campaign Against Canned Hunting (CACH) 4071: 4053:from the original on November 16, 2017 3930: 3766:from the original on November 19, 2017 3752:Morell, Virginia (November 18, 2017). 3751: 3733:from the original on November 18, 2017 3704:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3391: 2178: 2003: 1997: 1757: 1719: 1581:"BIG GAME TROPHIES AND TROPHY HUNTING" 738:Southern African Development Community 4883: 4881: 4483: 4481: 4242:from the original on October 31, 2017 4192:Ebbs, Stephanie (November 17, 2017). 3975: 3933:"Trophy hunting removes 'good genes'" 3838: 3783: 3781: 3637: 3635: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 2447:Songorwa, Alexander N. (2013-03-17). 2321: 2074: 2033: 1985:from the original on January 28, 2021 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1651:from the original on 11 February 2017 1591:from the original on 11 February 2017 1387: 1385: 1041: 1036: 758:International Fund for Animal Welfare 701: 142:with hunting trophies in Uganda, 1908 4970:Should We Kill Animals to Save Them? 4887: 4226:"Dead or Alive? Valuing an Elephant" 4191: 3865:from the original on 13 October 2022 1869: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1401: 1399: 1324:Shooting, shoveling, and shutting up 1065:Challenges to the certificate system 996:Wildlife Legislative Fund of America 27:Hunting of wild animals for trophies 4949: 4660:"Tiger Preservation to be Enhanced" 4542:National Shooting Sports Foundation 4084:from the original on April 30, 2018 3475:National Shooting Sports Foundation 3394:"The Myths and the Legendary Tapes" 976:The Izzaak Walton League of America 944:National Shooting Sports Foundation 311:Humane Society of the United States 229:After the public response from the 24: 5019:Missouri Monarch World Record Buck 4920: 4878: 4862:. 11 November 2016. Archived from 4478: 4103:Flocken, Jeffrey (June 14, 2016). 3778: 3632: 3138: 1789: 1382: 980:North American Wildlife Foundation 728:According to a study sponsored by 25: 5063: 5000: 4072:Milman, Oliver (April 19, 2017). 2160:from the original on 22 July 2018 1554:SABALOW, RYAN AND PHILLIP REESE. 1442: 1396: 998:, Wildlife Management Institute, 992:The American Forestry Association 734:Food and Agriculture Organization 675:A study published in the journal 629:Surveyed Views of Trophy Hunters 4934:After Big Game in Central Africa 4455:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x 3990:from the original on May 2, 2018 3976:Smith, Jada F. (June 13, 2016). 3370:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x 3116:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00594.x 2916:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01576.x 2552:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00591.x 2501:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01576.x 2433:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x 2293:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01576.x 2179:Onishi, Norimitsu (2015-09-12). 1246: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1210: 968:The National Wildlife Federation 316: 270: 4848: 4837:from the original on 2015-11-22 4819: 4774: 4730: 4697: 4677: 4666:from the original on 2015-07-03 4652: 4641:from the original on 2015-08-27 4627: 4590: 4579:from the original on 2015-08-10 4421: 4410:from the original on 2008-05-09 4396: 4385:from the original on 2021-09-15 4371: 4360:from the original on 2021-01-04 4342: 4331:from the original on 2022-05-13 4313: 4283: 4272:from the original on 2022-05-11 4254: 4218: 4185: 4174:from the original on 2020-02-14 4156: 4145:from the original on 2015-11-23 4127: 4096: 4065: 4033: 4022:from the original on 2020-04-20 4002: 3969: 3961:Morley MP, Elliott (Dec 2004). 3954: 3943:from the original on 2017-11-30 3877: 3832: 3745: 3712: 3687:from the original on 2019-01-16 3667: 3656:from the original on 2014-03-03 3641: 3621:from the original on 2014-07-14 3607: 3571:from the original on 2021-08-03 3557: 3546:from the original on 2014-08-25 3526: 3515:from the original on 2014-07-14 3495: 3484:from the original on 2022-05-01 3460: 3449:from the original on 2022-05-11 3431: 3385: 3336: 3305:from the original on 2017-07-09 3293:Conniff, Richard (2014-01-20). 3286: 3237:from the original on 2014-07-15 3056: 3025: 2998: 2971: 2938: 2883: 2848: 2805: 2778: 2735: 2676: 2617: 2584: 2523: 2470: 2459:from the original on 2013-06-20 2399: 2358: 2315: 2199:from the original on 2015-09-13 2172: 2116:Theroux, Paul (April 5, 2004). 2095:from the original on 2022-05-13 2068: 2057:from the original on 2022-05-13 2027: 1967: 1956:from the original on 2021-11-05 1893: 1882:from the original on 2020-10-21 1863: 1778:from the original on 2022-05-13 1751: 1740:from the original on 2022-05-13 1713: 1677:from the original on 2014-02-26 1632: 1621:from the original on 2020-09-26 1603: 1537:from the original on 2022-05-11 1508:from the original on 2022-05-12 1359:from the original on 2021-10-09 1078: 872:Conservationist groups such as 182:. Professional hunters such as 4740:Journal of Wildlife Management 4510:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.018 4290:Department, NH Fish and Game. 2814:Journal of Wildlife Management 2324:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2148:McGreal, Chris (27 Apr 2001). 1572: 1548: 1519: 1490: 1370: 1341: 957: 933: 923:David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust 830:health of a species population 799: 708:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 551:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 450:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 13: 1: 4535:"What They Say About Hunting" 4354:Wildlife Management Institute 3846:Economic and Political Weekly 2120:. Mariner Books. p. 414. 2075:Green, Miranda (2022-04-01). 1334: 1319:Reindeer hunting in Greenland 1097: 1016: 804: 692: 502:than a complete hunting ban. 467:instituted a one-year ban on 203:North American trophy hunting 67:in which parts of the hunted 4888:Bale, Rachael (2016-02-06). 3931:Briggs, Helen (2017-11-29). 3907:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.08.005 3839:Ahmad, Aejaz (5 June 2016). 3280:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.005 3179:10.1371/journal.pone.0005941 3017:(2): 232–261. Archived from 2992:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.022 2877:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.010 2710:10.1371/journal.pone.0084674 2651:10.1371/journal.pone.0073808 2375:10.1007/978-94-011-4012-6_15 2236:10.1371/journal.pone.0029332 1993:– via www.reuters.com. 1673:. huntingtexastrophies.com. 1023:The National Audubon Society 890: 809: 592:, these animals, as well as 540: 107:, tusks, horns, or antlers. 48:on a trophy hunting trip in 7: 5052:Environmental controversies 2004:Cruise, Adam (2015-11-17). 1758:Branch, John (2017-02-16). 1720:Branch, John (2017-02-16). 1353:www.macmillandictionary.com 1255: 915:League Against Cruel Sports 776:; it is less about animals 724:mounted as hunting trophies 10: 5068: 4266:congressionalsportsmen.org 3477:. 2018 Edition: 12. 2018. 3443:congressionalsportsmen.org 3011:Conservation & Society 2787:African Journal of Ecology 1082: 928: 71:are kept and displayed as 29: 4723:10.1017/s003060531200035x 2964:10.1017/s0030605303000085 2344:10.1080/09669589708667294 1639:Boone and Crockett Club. 1579:Boone and Crockett Club. 1420:10.3957/0379-4369-37.1.71 1262:Animal–industrial complex 1085:Killing of Cecil the lion 536:Influence in conservation 507:killing of Cecil the lion 473:Safari Club International 231:killing of Cecil the lion 4980: 4925: 4894:National Geographic News 4296:www.wildlife.state.nh.us 2010:National Geographic News 732:in partnership with the 400:Legal issues and effects 4139:- In Defense of Animals 3887:Biological Conservation 3260:Biological Conservation 2980:Biological Conservation 2857:Biological Conservation 1926:10.1126/science.abj4014 1645:Boone and Crockett Club 1615:Boone and Crockett Club 1585:Boone and Crockett Club 1475:10.4102/koedoe.v47i2.86 1313:The Most Dangerous Game 964:Boone and Crockett Club 838:unintended consequences 651:Biological Conservation 646:Biological Conservation 644:A study in the journal 621:Effects on habitat loss 600:, are known to exhibit 410:17th Duke of Medinaceli 250:Boone and Crockett Club 125:Types of trophy hunting 44:standing beside a dead 32:Trophy (disambiguation) 4937:. St. Martin's Press. 4404:"Grand Slam Club Ovis" 3419:Cite journal requires 972:The Wilderness Society 725: 633: 425: 418:18th Duke of Peñaranda 304:Endangered Species Act 215: 155: 143: 130:African trophy hunting 53: 4049:. November 16, 2017. 2610:10.1093/beheco/arm093 1981:. December 11, 2012. 1083:Further information: 1027:Defenders of Wildlife 897:In Defense of Animals 716: 631:Lindsey et al. (2006) 628: 407: 224:Pittman Robertson Act 210: 149: 137: 40: 4967:Paterniti, Michael. 4490:Ecological Economics 3794:Conservation Letters 3349:Conservation Biology 3096:Conservation Biology 3062:Campbell R. (2013). 2896:Conservation Biology 2532:Conservation Biology 2480:Conservation Biology 2449:"The New York Times" 2369:. pp. 295–313. 2273:Conservation Biology 1204:Examples of trophies 1000:The Wildlife Society 942:groups, such as the 568:Conservation Biology 547:Conservation Biology 30:For other uses, see 4975:National Geographic 4860:National Geographic 4795:2014FrEE...12..321B 4752:2014JWMan..78..122S 4502:2008EcoEc..65..776F 4446:2006AnCon...9..283L 4434:Animal Conservation 4327:. 18 January 2005. 3899:2011BCons.144..114D 3726:The Washington Post 3617:. 30 October 2012. 3542:. 30 January 2012. 3392:Derbyshire, Delia. 3361:2006AnCon...9..283L 3272:2007BCons.134..455L 3170:2009PLoSO...4.5941P 3108:2007ConBi..21..880L 2945:Hussain, S (2003). 2908:2011ConBi..25..142P 2869:2007BCons.134..548L 2826:2014JWMan..78..133F 2756:2013AnCon..16..648C 2744:Animal Conservation 2701:2014PLoSO...984674S 2642:2013PLoSO...873808L 2544:2007ConBi..21...36M 2493:2011ConBi..25..142P 2424:2006AnCon...9..283L 2412:Animal Conservation 2336:1997JSusT...5..306B 2285:2011ConBi..25..142P 1918:2021Sci...372.1049P 1821:2016NatSR...621922D 1569:(November 3, 2017). 1128:American black bear 988:World Wildlife Fund 818:National Geographic 677:Animal Conservation 559:Animal Conservation 505:In the wake of the 500:wildlife management 4993:2018-09-16 at the 4961:(September 2016), 4955:Simon, Alexander. 4690:2023-07-05 at the 3983:The New York Times 3807:10.1111/conl.12565 3329:2014-07-22 at the 3299:The New York Times 3069:2015-01-19 at the 3049:2001-06-26 at the 3038:2013-11-06 at the 2597:Behavioral Ecology 2453:The New York Times 2185:The New York Times 2081:The New York Times 2043:The New York Times 1809:Scientific Reports 1764:The New York Times 1726:The New York Times 1567:The Sacramento Bee 1561:2017-12-14 at the 1042:Certificate system 1037:Proposed solutions 726: 702:Economic influence 634: 426: 216: 213:Kodiak Archipelago 176:Theodore Roosevelt 156: 144: 140:Henry Hesketh Bell 54: 42:Theodore Roosevelt 4866:on 31 August 2017 4803:10.1890/14.WB.008 4115:on August 1, 2019 2799:10.1111/aje.12104 2764:10.1111/acv.12043 2384:978-94-010-5773-8 1870:McCarthy, Niall. 1830:10.1038/srep21922 1140:Common wildebeest 1009:The President of 904:in South Africa. 834:sexually selected 774:rural development 706:According to the 682:African wild dogs 515:American Airlines 511:Emirates Airlines 477:George H. 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Retrieved 1352: 1343: 1329:White hunter 1287:Elephant gun 1282:Deer hunting 1199: 1169: 1146:Greater kudu 1122:Canada goose 1116:Mallard duck 1104: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1079:In the media 1068: 1045: 1020: 1008: 961: 937: 920: 912: 906: 894: 882: 871: 865: 860: 850: 842: 826:reproductive 823: 816: 813: 792: 786: 777: 770: 762: 727: 705: 696: 676: 674: 667: 655: 650: 645: 643: 637: 635: 602:infanticidal 582: 573: 566: 563: 558: 554: 550: 546: 544: 527: 504: 481: 469:lion hunting 462: 447: 430:Restrictions 427: 344: 320: 308: 300: 277: 274: 258: 247: 243: 228: 221: 217: 178:and his son 172:Samuel Baker 157: 119:conservation 112: 109: 69:wild animals 56: 55: 5015:documentary 4812:10072/62747 2603:(1): 9–15. 1502:www.doi.gov 1292:Fox hunting 845:eco-tourism 800:Controversy 791:reports in 765:Edna Molewa 332:stone sheep 192:Harry Selby 168:Walter Bell 101:taxidermist 85:collectable 5031:Categories 4904:2016-02-07 4841:2015-11-21 4670:2015-08-02 4645:2015-08-02 4620:2016-07-18 4583:2015-08-02 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