Hebrew cantillation

2062: 1992: 1936: 38: 5858: 747: 1003:, who now use the Tiberian symbols, but tend to have musical motifs only for the disjunctives and render the conjunctives in a monotone. It is notable that the Yemenite Jews have only eight disjunctive motifs, thus clearly reflecting the Babylonian notation. The same is true of the Karaite mode for the haftarah; while in the Sephardi haftarah modes different disjunctives often have the same or closely similar motifs, reducing the total number of effective motifs to something like the same number. 1365:, joining the two words (like a slur in music). Thus, disjunctives divide a verse into phrases, and within each phrase all the words except the last carry conjunctives. (There are two types of exception to the rule about words having only one sign. A group of words joined by hyphens is regarded as one word so they only have one accent between them. Conversely, a long word may have two—e.g., a disjunctive on the stressed syllable and the related conjunctive two syllables before in place of 5849: 3747: 1901: 5418: 5831: 1326:. This function is accomplished through the use of various conjunctive signs (which indicate that words should be connected in a single phrase) and especially a hierarchy of dividing signs of various strength which divide each verse into smaller phrases. The function of the disjunctive cantillation signs may be roughly compared to modern punctuation signs such as periods, commas, semicolons, etc. 5840: 2171:. There is no special tune for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur in any Sephardic tradition. As with Ashkenazim, the normal musical value of cantillation signs is replaced by a "coda" motif at the end of each Torah reading and of each haftarah verse (though there is no special coda for the end of the haftarah), suggesting a common origin for the Sephardi and Ashkenazi chants. 4413:. Tifcha can appear without a Mercha, but Mercha cannot appear without a Tifcha (or other following disjunctive). Etnachta can appear without a Munach, but Munach cannot appear without an Etnachta (or other following disjunctive). Munach-Etnachta can appear without a Mercha-Tifcha, but a Mercha-Tifcha cannot appear without a Munach-Etnachta (or Etnachta on its own).: 2175:

many communities recite it every Friday night.) There are specialized tunes for Song of Songs, Ruth, Esther and Lamentations. The prose passages at the beginning and end of the book of Job may be read either to the tune of Song of Songs or to that of Ruth, depending on the community. The Ruth tune is generally the "default" tune for any book of the

3912:. Since in many printings it appears as a diamond-shape above the word, folk etymology associates "revi'a" with "ravua", meaning "square". In some printings it appears as a solid circle. A more likely explanation is that it is from the Aramaic for "crouching", referring to its position vertically above the word and its descending tone. 3984:"Diagonal", or "hand-breadth". Originally drawn as a straight diagonal line. In printed books, it is curved, apparently to make it a mirror image of Mercha, with which it is usually paired (the two together could be regarded as forming a slur). The name "tifcha" may be an allusion to a hand signal.:Sephardim call it 3786:"Pause", "rest", because it is the primary break in a verse, marked by a short pause. Because etnaḥta marks the halfway point in a verse, citing biblical verses, particularly in the poetic sections, some scholars will refer to everything up to the etnaḥta as "a", and everything after as "b" (example: Genesis 1:1a). 2159:

The Jews of North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Yemen all had local musical traditions for cantillation. When these Jewish communities emigrated (mostly to Israel) during the twentieth century, they brought their musical traditions with them. But as the immigrants themselves grew older,

1803:

is used widely by Jews of Moroccan descent, both in Israel and in the diaspora, especially France. It subdivides into a Spanish-Moroccan melody, used in the northern coastal strip, and an Arab-Moroccan melody, used in the interior of the country, with some local variations. The Algerian, Tunisian and

1035:

The manuscripts are extremely fragmentary, no two of them following quite the same conventions, and these marks may represent the individual reader's aide-memoire rather than a formal system of punctuation (for example, vowel signs are often used only where the word would otherwise be ambiguous). In

1023:

sequences, with or without intervening unaccented words. These sequences are generally linked by a series of dots, beginning or ending with a dash or a dot in a different place to show which sequence is meant. Unaccented words (which in the Tiberian system carry conjunctives) are generally shown by

932:

There are multiple traditions of cantillation. Within each tradition, there are multiple tropes, typically for different books of the Bible and often for different occasions. For example, different chants may be used for Torah readings on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur than for the same text on a normal

4092:

The last subdivision within a phrase must always be constituted by a disjunctive one level down, chosen to fit the disjunctive governing the phrase and called (in the Table below) its "near companion". Thus, a disjunctive may be preceded by a disjunctive of its own or a higher level, or by its near

2174:

Eastern Jewish communities have no liturgical tradition of reading Ecclesiastes, and there is no public liturgical reading of Song of Songs on Passover, though brief extracts may be read after the morning service during the first half of Nisan. (Individuals may read it after the Passover Seder, and

953:

period contain no cantillation marks in the current sense, but small Hebrew letters are used to mark significant divisions within a verse. Up to eight different letters are found, depending on the importance of the break and where it occurs in the verse: these correspond roughly to the disjunctives

3759: 1872:

and her records. That reconstruction assumes the signs represent the degrees of various musical scales, that is individual notes, which puts it at odds with all existing traditions where the signs invariably represent melodic motives. Some musicologists have rejected her results as dubious and her

1276:

A primary purpose of the cantillation signs is to guide the chanting of the sacred texts during public worship. Very roughly speaking, each word of text has a cantillation mark at its primary accent and associated with that mark is a musical phrase that tells how to sing that word. The reality is

1158:

The Tiberian system spread quickly and was accepted in all communities by the 13th century. Each community re-interpreted its reading tradition so as to allocate one short musical motif to each symbol: this process has gone furthest in the Western Ashkenazi and Ottoman (Jerusalem-Sephardi, Syrian

1111:

therefore developed a comprehensive notation with a symbol on each word, to replace the fragmentary systems previously in use. In particular, it was necessary to invent a range of different conjunctive accents to show how to introduce and elaborate the main motif in longer phrases. (For example,

2147:

Another recognisable family consists of the Iraqi (Mosul and Iraqi diaspora), Spanish-Moroccan and Spanish and Portuguese melodies. The probable reason for the occurrence of similar melodies at opposite ends of the Arab world is that they represent the remains of an old Arab-Jewish tradition not

2135:

At the beginning of the twentieth century there was a single Ottoman-Sephardic tradition (no doubt with local variations) covering Turkey, Syria, Israel and Egypt. Today the Jerusalem-Sephardic, Syrian, Egyptian and Baghdadi melodies recognisably belong to a single family. For example, in these

4493:

This pair is known as such when found together, and may precede a Mahpach, a Revi'a group or a Tevir group. A Kadma can also be found without an Azla before a Mahpach, and an Azla without a Kadma is known as Azla-Geresh or simply Geresh. Gershayim on its own fulfils the same function as Kadma

2007:

This is also the tune that is applied when reading the non-haftarah portions of the books of the Prophets and the latter Writings (Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, and Chronicles), although this usage is largely theoretical, as these are not subject to public reading as the other sections and books

3737:

The order of recitation bears some relation to the groups in which the signs are likely to occur in a typical Biblical verse, but differs in detail between different communities. Below are traditional Ashkenazi and Sephardi orders, though variations are found in both communities.

2167:, known as "High Na'um", which is also used for some other words and passages which it is desired to emphasize. Other communities, such as the Syrian Jews, observe the differences between the two sets of cantillation marks for the Ten Commandments but have no special melody for 2003:

In the haftarah mode, there is also a "coda" motif. In the Western Ashkenazic mode, this is applied to the end of every verse. A different coda is used at the end of the haftarah among both Eastern and Western Ashkenazim, modulating from minor to major to introduce the following

4721:, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. Recordings have been made for Israeli national archives, and Frank Alvarez-Pereyre has published a book-length study of the Syrian tradition of Mishnah reading on the basis of these recordings. 1289:

The cantillation signs also provide information on the syntactical structure of the text and some say they are a commentary on the text itself, highlighting important ideas musically. The tropes are not random strings but follow a set and describable grammar. The very word

1277:

more complex, with some words having two or no marks and the musical meaning of some marks dependent upon context. There are different sets of musical phrases associated with different sections of the Bible. The music varies with different Jewish traditions and individual

2140:. There are some variations, among individual readers as well as among communities: for example the Egyptian melody is related to the more elaborate and cantorial form of the Syrian melody and was transitioning toward Maqam Huzzam before the mass expulsion in 1950. The 2182:

Unlike the Ashkenazic tradition, the eastern traditions, in particular that of the Syrian Jews, include melodies for the special cantillation of Psalms, Proverbs and the poetic parts of Job. In many eastern communities, Proverbs is read on the six Sabbaths between

1692:

Cantillation signs guide the reader in applying a chant to Biblical readings. This chant is technically regarded as a ritualized form of speech intonation rather than as a musical exercise like the singing of metrical hymns: for this reason Jews always speak of

2199:

have no tradition for the rendering of the Psalms according to the cantillation marks, but the melody used for several psalms in the evening service is noticeably similar to that of Syrian psalm cantillation, and may represent the remnants of such a tradition.

2063: 3898:"precede", "before", "prior ", "going forward", "starting"; Always occurs at the beginning of a phrase (often before other conjunctives) with a shape like a hand leaning forward, identical to Pashta (see above). In particular it is the first member of the 2268:

used for studying the Mishnah and Talmud.) For example, the Yemenite community teaches a simplified melody for children, to be used both in school and when they are called to read the sixth aliyah. The simplified melody is also used for the reading of the

1993: 1485:

The fourth level is known as "Counts". These are found mainly in longer verses, and tend to cluster near the beginning of a half-verse: for this reason their musical realisation is usually more elaborate than that of higher level disjunctives. They are

3826:"Lengthener", because it prolongs the word that follows. In modern usage it is sometimes translated as "comma", but this usage is taken from the cantillation's appearance, and is misleading because merkha is conjunctive, whereas a comma marks a break. 1155:, literally "hand-breadth") may refer to the hand signals rather than to the syntactical functions or melodies denoted by them. Today in most communities there is no system of hand signals and the reader learns the melody of each reading in advance. 2035:

modulates from major to minor to produce a more serious effect. Certain short passages pertaining to the destruction of the temple are customarily read in the tune of Lamentations. There are also additional musical customs, such as saying the word

4543:

the same or similar at first glance, but most of them serve entirely different functions in these three books. (Only a few signs have functions similar to what they do in the rest of the Tanakh.) The short narratives at the beginning and end of

1937: 1294:, used in Hebrew to refer to the cantillation marks, literally means "taste" or "sense", the point being that the pauses and intonation denoted by the accents (with or without formal musical rendition) bring out the sense of the passage. 3918:"grape-bunch" (from its shape, which looks like a bunch of grapes), not to be confused with the vowel of the same name, which appears beneath a letter, whereas this appears above. The cantillation mark is an inversion of the vowel. 1056:

rather than original text, the Tiberian symbols have been added by a later hand. In general, it may be observed that the Jerusalem and Tiberian systems are far more closely related to each other than either is to the Babylonian.

4461:

The following combinations occur: Revia on its own; Munach Revia; Darga Munach Revia; Munach-with-Pesiq Revia; Munach-with-Pesiq Munach Revia. (Munach with Pesiq is a disjunctive, separate from Munach proper, and also known as

1174:

there was a move to abandon the system of cantillation and give Scriptural readings in normal speech (in Hebrew or in the vernacular). In recent decades, however, traditional cantillation has been restored in many communities.

1795:

melodies, one close to the Syrian melody and traditionally used in Baghdad (and sometimes in Israel), and another more distinctive melody originating in Mosul and generally used in the Iraqi Jewish diaspora, especially in

4102:

A disjunctive constituting a phrase on its own (i.e. not preceded by either a near companion or a conjunctive) may be substituted by a stronger disjunctive of the same level, called in the Table the "equivalent isolated

985:

Nothing is known of the musical realization of these marks, but it seems likely that they represent breaks or variations in a set melody applied to each verse. (A somewhat similar system is used in manuscripts of the

3808:"Turning round". Originally written like a sideways U, like a U turn. In printed books, it has a V shape, possibly because that was easier for the early printers to make. In Sephardi communities it is called 1823:, the Netherlands, England, Canada, the United States and other places in the Americas. It is closely related to the Spanish-Moroccan melody and has some resemblance to the Iraqi (Mosul and diaspora) melody. 3794:"Azla divorced" (if called "azla geresh") or "Expulsion, divorce" (if called just "geresh"). So called because it is often "partnered" with the Qadma (as an Azla) but here appears on its own, "separated." 3852:, "going-horn", because it appears as a horn, and makes the word it appears under "go" into the following word (i.e., it has the grammatical function of making the word secondary to the following one).: 2148:

overlaid by the later Ottoman-Sephardic tradition that spread to the countries in between. There may also have been some convergence between the London Spanish and Portuguese and Iraqi melodies during

5864: 4872:. It is possible that the Mosul melody represents the older Iraqi tradition and that the Baghdad melody was imported from Syria following the appointment of Chief Rabbi Sadka Bekhor Hussein in 1743. 2163:

As with the Ashkenazim, there is one tune for Torah readings and a different tune for haftarot. Spanish and Portuguese Jews have a special tune for the Ten Commandments when read according to the

1984:

There is a special coda used at the end of each of the five books of the Torah that leads to the traditional exclamation of "Hazak Hazak V'Nithazek!" (Be strong, be strong so we are strengthened!).

3840:; alternatively, "Tere" means "two", because it looks like two adjacent Ma`arikhs. There are only five occurrences in the whole Torah: Gen. 27:25, Ex. 5:15, Lev. 10:1, Num. 14:3, and Num. 32:42. 1724:

The musical value of the cantillation signs serves the same function for Jews worldwide, but the specific tunes vary between different communities. The most common tunes today are as follows.

1657:

A few signs always go on the first or last consonant of a word. This may have been for musical reasons, or it may be to distinguish them from other accents of similar shape. For example,

1011:

The Babylonian system, as mentioned above, is mainly concerned with showing breaks in the verse. Early manuscripts, by contrast, are mainly concerned with showing phrases: for example the

2112:

The Ashkenazic tradition preserves no melody for the special cantillation notes of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job, which were not publicly read in the synagogue by European Jews. However, the

970:. In general there are no symbols for the conjunctives, though some late manuscripts use the Tiberian symbols for these. There is also no equivalent for low-grade disjunctives such as 1036:

one manuscript, presumably of somewhat later date than the others, there are separate marks for different conjunctives, actually outnumbering those in the Tiberian system (for example,

941:

Three systems of Hebrew punctuation (including vowels and cantillation symbols) have been used: the Babylonian, the Jerusalem, and the Tiberian, only the last of which is used today.

1139:

As the accents were (and are) not shown on a Torah scroll, it was found necessary to have a person making hand signals to the reader to show the tune, as in the Byzantine system of

1107:

motifs in longer verses and because the realization of a phrase ending with a given type of break varied according to the number of words and syllables in the phrase. The Tiberian

2284:. It is probable that the simpler melody was originally a teaching mode. Today however it is the mode in general use, and is also an ancestor of the "Jerusalem-Sephardic" melody. 2316:

Cantillation marks are rarely supported in many default Hebrew fonts. They should display, however, on Windows with one of these fonts installed by default in Microsoft Office:

2264:

Some communities had a simplified melody for the Torah, used in teaching it to children, as distinct from the mode used in synagogue. (This should not be confused with the

3926:"Chain", either from its appearance or because it is a long chain of notes. There are only four occurrences in the whole Torah: Gen. 19:16, 24:12, 39:8, and Lev. 8:23. 2127:, in the Old City of Jerusalem, uses an adaptation of the Syrian cantillation-melody for these books, and this is becoming more popular among other Ashkenazim as well. 1654:

Most cantillation signs are written on the consonant of the stressed syllable of a word. This also shows where the most important note of the musical motif should go.

1959:

in various degrees (depending on the specific community). Echoes of it can also be heard for certain verses in the Torah reading for fast days in some communities.

4480:

Occasionally preceded by Darga, but usually on its own. Occurs only five times in the Torah, and once in Haftarah. Its function appears to be similar to Tebhir.:

1788:

melodies are related to the Jerusalem Sephardic melody. They are more sparsely used in Israel today, but are still heard in the Diaspora, especially in America.

4430:

can appear on its own in place of Pashta. Zaqef Qaton can appear without a Munach, but a Munach cannot appear without a Qaton (or other following disjunctive).

4740:

to Hebrew in 1865 with cantillation marks added. It is the only completely cantillated translation of the New Testament. The translation was published by the

1346:

with cantillation becomes a musical chant, where the music itself serves as a tool to emphasise the proper accentuation and syntax (as mentioned previously).

4869: 2342:

Additional fonts with support for cantillation marks can be found at the Culmus project in the Taamey Culmus section, which includes the following fonts:

4724:

On the relationship between the cantillation marks found in some manuscripts and the intonation used in Ashkenazi Talmud study, see Zelda Kahan Newman,

1124:, a more elaborate run of notes, in longer phrases.) The system they devised is the one in use today, and is found in Biblical manuscripts such as the 5865:

Khazdan E. (2021) From Masoretic Signs to Cantillation Marks: Initial Steps (On the Virtual Dialogue between Alfonso de Zamora and Johannes Reuchlin).

1835:. These vary greatly locally: for example the melody used in Rome resembles the Spanish and Portuguese melody rather than those used in northern Italy. 1060:

This system of phrasing is reflected in the Sephardic cantillation modes, in which the conjunctives (and to some extent the "near companions" such as

1639: 1322:

They divide biblical verses into smaller units of meaning, a function which also gives them a limited but sometimes important role as a source for

7472: 3774:"Going away", because it is often the end of the phrase 'Qadma ve'Azla' (lit. "go forward and depart", "start and leave", perhaps for its sound). 1874: 4548:

use the "regular" system, but the bulk of the book (the poetry) uses the special system. For this reason, these three books are referred to as

6122: 6079: 6046: 5919: 5895: 5823: 5770: 5524: 6023:

The Musical Realization of Biblical Cantillation Symbols in the Jewish Yemenite Tradition (Yuval: Studies of the Jewish Music Research Centre)

1259:. In this article, as in almost all Hebrew grammars, the Ashkenazi terminology is used. The names in other traditions are shown in the table 733: 6244: 5378: 4624:

but goes under the first letter of the word to the right of the vowel sign. The last stich in a two- or three-stich verse may be divided by

3908:

Usually Aramaic for "fourth ", for obscure reasons. Likely due to its four-note tune.: Some Ashkenazi Jews call it "revi'i" by a process of

1592:

as a semi-colon, second level disjunctives as commas and third level disjunctives as commas or unmarked. Where two words are written in the

5843:Евреи Европы и Ближнего Востока: история, языки, традиция, культура: Материалы Международной научной конференции памяти Т. Л. Гуриной. СПб. 4881:

Ross, M. S., Europäisches Zentrum für Jüdische Musik, CD-Projekt: "Synagogale Musik der romaniotischen Juden Griechenlands" -ongoing/2016-

1750:, but still survive in some communities, especially in Great Britain. They are of interest because a very similar melody was notated by 5963:————————————————; Wolff, Josée (2002), 5938: 5793: 5780: 4474:

Tevir is found either alone or preceded by Darga or Mercha. Darga occasionally precedes other combinations (e.g. Darga Munach Rebhia).

4096:

The other subdivisions within a phrase are constituted by the "default" disjunctive for the next lower level (the "remote companion").

6718: 4959: 2051:

Lamentations – a mournful tune. Echoes of it can also be heard for certain verses in Esther and in the Torah reading preceding the

7427: 4741: 2195:, and Psalms are read on a great many occasions. The cantillation melody for Psalms can also vary depending on the occasion. The 1052:), and the overall system approaches the Tiberian in comprehensiveness. In some other manuscripts, in particular those containing 1804:

Libyan melodies are somewhat similar, and may be regarded as intermediate between the Moroccan and "Jerusalem Sephardic" melodies.

6289: 4426:

One of the most common groups. Pashta can appear without a Mahpach, but a Mahpach cannot appear without a Pashta. Alternatively,

1868:, on the basis of the shapes and positions of the marks and without any reference to existing melodies, as described in her book 5000:) in certain verses, largely coinciding with those which Spanish and Portuguese Jews recite in High Na'um. For details, see the 3563:

The following additional symbols are found in the three poetical books; their names do not differ among the various traditions.

2252:

This is true equally of the system used for the Torah and the systems used for the other books. It appears to be a relic of the

1777:) melody is now the most widely used Sephardic melody in Israel, and is also used in some Sephardic communities in the diaspora. 4448:

Not a part of a group; replaces a Segol sequence. Occurs only four times in the Torah, and always at the beginning of a verse.:

2160:

many particular national melodies began to be forgotten, or to become assimilated into the "Jerusalem Sephardic" melting-pot.

1334:

Most of the cantillation signs indicate the specific syllable where the stress (accent) falls in the pronunciation of a word.

7514: 6097: 5972: 5948: 5621:

Park, Sung Jin (2014). ""Pointing to the Accents": The Functional Development of the Masoretic Accents in the Hebrew Bible".

4798: 2280:

community knows two types of Torah cantillation, a simpler one for general use and a more elaborate one used by professional

1024:

a dot following the word, as if to link it to the following word. There are separate symbols for more elaborate tropes like

5371: 1072:) are rendered as flourishes leading into the motif of the following disjunctive rather than as motifs in their own right. 4901:

Dalia Cohen and Daniel Weill. "Progress in Deductive Research on the Original Performance of Tiberian Accents (Te'amim)."

4717:. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic 2308:

The following table shows the names of the te'amim in the Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Italian traditions together with their

1372:

The disjunctives are traditionally divided into four levels, with lower level disjunctives marking less important breaks.

4698:

Some manuscripts of early Rabbinic literature contain marks for partial or systematic cantillation. This is true of the

6756: 5310: 5229:

Lier, Gudrun, "The Revia in the Context of Decoding Masoretic Accents", Journal of Semitics, 2011, Vol 21/1, pp. 28-51.

1159:

etc.) traditions. Learning the accents and their musical rendition is now an important part of the preparations for a

4004:"Upright/erect", from their vertical shape, or from their grammatical function to separate a phrase whatever follows.: 1808: 6213: 6064: 5991: 5714: 5567: 5424: 4790: 1136:

survives, though both the names and the classification of the accents differ somewhat from those of the present day.

726: 81: 59: 5850:

Khazdan E. (2018) Three Questions in the History of Studying the Jewish Signs of Cantillation. G. B. Shamilli (ed.)

4034:

Verse 90 of Parashat Mas`ei (Numbers 35 verse 5) contains the following two notes, found nowhere else in the Torah:

1075:

The somewhat inconsistent use of dots above and below the words as disjunctives is closely similar to that found in

100: 52: 5014: 2756: 2032: 1577:, double mercha. There is some argument about whether this is another conjunctive or an occasional replacement for 5650:

Park, Sung Jin (2013). "Application of the Tiberian Accentuation System for Colometry of Biblical Hebrew Poetry".

4516:

Not considered a part of a group, usually appears individually, sometimes after a Pazer. It often precedes Kadma.

1739:

descendants of eastern European Jews, is the most common tune in the world today, both in Israel and the diaspora.

4099:

Any disjunctive may or may not be preceded by one or more conjunctives, varying with the disjunctive in question.

1619: 7383: 7378: 6751: 5060: 4931: 2153: 6224: 5757:

Phonographierte Gesänge und Aussprachsproben des Hebräischen der jemenitischen, persischen und syrischen Juden

3948:"Detached" because they are never linked to the following note as one musical phrase. Gedolah = great (long); 1607:

The cantillation signs are often an important aid in the interpretation of a passage. For example, the words

6711: 6394: 17: 1918:

In the Ashkenazic musical tradition for Te'raim, each of the local geographical customs includes a total of

1672:

on a word of this kind is doubled, one going on the stressed syllable and the other on the last consonant.

7388: 3726:

table", showing both the names and the symbols themselves. These tables are often printed at the end of a

1785: 1631: 719: 6205: 7509: 7458: 6903: 6282: 4089:

A third-level phrase may be divided into two or more sub-phrases marked off by fourth-level disjunctives.

4086:

A second-level phrase may be divided into two or more sub-phrases marked off by third-level disjunctives.

3888:"Lavish" or "strewn", because it has a complex tune with many notes.:In Sephardi communities, its called 2196: 1816: 1812: 1792: 7162: 6057:

Hochmat Shelomoh (Wisdom of Solomon): Torah Cantillations according to the Spanish and Portuguese Custom

1873:

methodology as flawed. A similar reconstructive proposal was developed by American composer and pianist

7519: 4571:

A verse may be divided into one, two or three stichs. In a two-stich verse, the first stich ends with

2074: 5076:

shows tunes for "Prophets (other readings)" for both the Western Sephardi and the Baghdadi traditions.

6363: 1187:. One is used in the twenty-one prose books, while the other appears in the three poetical books of 1133: 5356:

The Jewish Quarterly Review , Jan. - Apr., 2000, Vol. 90, No. 3/4 (Jan. - Apr., 2000), pp. 293-336:

5129: 5118: 3848:"Resting", because it is shaped like a horn lying on its side.:In Sephardi communities it is called 7499: 7422: 7100: 6869: 6704: 5577: 1718: 1668:

Some signs are written (and sung) differently when the word is not stressed on its last syllable.

926: 46: 4012:, named so for its longer tune and because it more strongly separates the word as its own phrase.: 2287:

Some communities, such as the Portuguese community of Amsterdam, have a simplified melody for the

2208:

Yemenite cantillation has a total of eight distinctive motifs, falling within four main patterns:

1865: 1622:

as "The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the LORD". As the word

833:. The chants are written and notated in accordance with the special signs or marks printed in the 7465: 7444: 7407: 7295: 7095: 6877: 6844: 6765: 5595:

Masoreten des Ostens: Die Altesten Punktierten Handschriften des Alten Testaments und der Targume

5382: 2120: 7317: 7194: 5785:, vol. II: Songs of the Babylonian Jews, Jerusalem, Berlin and Vienna: Huji, archived from 4726:

The Jewish Sound of Speech: Talmudic Chant, Yiddish Intonation and the Origins of Early Ashkenaz

7494: 7105: 6761: 6275: 1216: 63: 7172: 4713:

Today, many communities have a special tune for the Mishnaic passage "Bammeh madliqin" in the

3812:, "reversed horn", either because of the above reason, or because it faces the other way from 7504: 7330: 7090: 6944: 5752: 4905:, Division D, Vol. II (Jerusalem, 1986): 265–80; cf. also, e.g., the review by P.T. Daniels, 4083:

A half verse may be divided into two or more phrases marked off by second-level disjunctives.

3998:, "Resting horn" or "sitting horn", probably because of its shape of a horn sitting upright.: 1831:

melodies are still used in Italy, as well as in two Italian minyanim in Jerusalem and one in

1828: 1800: 1236: 1148: 5984:

Learn to Lein: A Step-by-Step Tutorial Program for Developing Requisite Torah-Reading Skills

5954: 5859:

Khazdan E. (2020) From Masoretic Signs to Cantillation Marks: A Paradigm Shift (In Russian).

5799: 5786: 4856: 4556:

meaning "truth", but also being an acronym (אמ״ת) for the first letters of the three books (

4539:

is replaced by a very different system for these three poetic books. Many of the signs may

7290: 7210: 6939: 6358: 6342: 6017:(since reprinted): the parashah and haftarah melodies are set out at the end of the volume. 5685: 5550:

A Treatise on the Accentuation of the Twenty-One so-called Prose Books of the Old Testament

5278:. Which term is used for which accent varies among communities and even among individuals. 3645: 2023:

Esther – a mostly light and joyous tune with elements of drama and foreboding used for the

1442: 654: 185: 6033:

La Transmission Orale de la Mishnah. Une méthode d'analyse appliquée à la tradition d'Alep

4020:, named so for its relatively shorter tune and weaker grammatical function as compared to 27:

Jewish practice of reciting holy texts with specific pitch height for portions of the text

8: 7524: 7337: 7325: 7047: 6262: 6219: 6172: 5841:

Khazdan E. (2015) "Cantillation Marks: Why Not Writing Them Down Using Music Notation?".

5073: 4956: 4944: 673: 5242:

and the melodies are frequently confused. When it is desired to refer unambiguously to

2077:. All are read in the same melody, which may be considered the "general" melody for the 7411: 7352: 7347: 7225: 6182: 5638: 3623: 2445:) should not be drawn with the bottom vertical tick used in the mark drawn for U+05A2 ( 2137: 2073:

The three remaining scrolls are publicly read within Ashkenazic communities during the

638: 4397:(verse), and always includes the Sof-Pasuk at the very minimum. Either or both of the 7403: 7300: 7233: 7198: 7147: 6630: 6136: 6116: 6093: 6073: 6060: 6040: 5987: 5968: 5944: 5913: 5889: 5817: 5764: 5710: 5642: 5563: 5518: 5292: 4927: 4794: 4786: 3727: 3162: 1746:

melodies from central and western European Jewry are used far less today than before

992: 402: 384: 6236:

The recordings held at the Commons are organized by the Vayavinu Bamikra Project at

1962:

There are a number of variants employed for special sections, such as those for the

1357:

In general, each word in the Tanakh has one cantillation sign. This may be either a

1151:. It is speculated that both the shapes and the names of some of the accents (e.g. 7451: 6856: 6824: 6791: 5852:

Conceptualization of Music in the Abrahamic Traditions – 2018: collective monograph

5630: 5558: 5553: 5506: 5048: 4714: 4587:, on either the same word or two consecutive words, and the second stich ends with 4561: 1879: 1706: 1584:

Disjunctives have a function somewhat similar to punctuation in Western languages.

1192: 1080: 746: 477: 5484:, a medieval poem setting out the rules for the three poetical books; original in 5085: 3882:"Stretching out", because its shape is an abstraction of a hand stretched forward. 1207:

The current system of cantillation notes has its historical roots in the Tiberian

7529: 7398: 7362: 7268: 7204: 7182: 6959: 6861: 6851: 6829: 6803: 6798: 6786: 6746: 6741: 6727: 6676: 6368: 6167: 6132: 5533: 5326: 5314: 5196: 4963: 4064:

A verse is divided into two half verses, the first ending with, and governed by,

3522: 2141: 1970: 1964: 1846: 1751: 1593: 1564: 1076: 897: 853: 830: 750: 95: 5965:

The Art of Cantillation – A Step-by-step Guide to Chanting Haftarot and M'gillot

5832:

Khazdan E. (2015) "The Study of Cantillation Marks in Russia, Europe, America".

5673:

Trompelt, Kevin (2022). "Die exegetische Bedeutung der masoretischen Akzenten".

5613:

The Fundamentals of Hebrew Accents: Divisions and Exegetical Roles beyond Syntax

4494:

v'Azla, in that it can precede either a Mahpach, a Revia group or a Tevir group.

880:). Some of these signs were also sometimes used in medieval manuscripts of the 7215: 6934: 6924: 6839: 6834: 6650: 6384: 6322: 4565: 3976:"broken", "downward tumble", because of its tune. Frequently paired with darga. 3909: 3789: 3442: 3118: 3078: 1838: 1729: 1557: 1506: 1228: 1208: 1188: 1171: 834: 619: 360: 4838:

before other disjunctives, even though they look identical. Sephardim reserve

3988:, meaning "dragging", due to its tune, and possibly its grammatical function.: 1615: 7488: 7067: 6808: 6671: 6645: 6578: 6568: 6480: 6425: 6327: 6298: 6152: 6008: 5724: 5702: 5590: 5152: 4737: 3829: 3482: 3402: 2796: 2556: 2256:, which also recognised only eight types of disjunctive and no conjunctives. 2192: 2082: 2016: 1948: 1852: 1763: 1747: 1573: 1550: 1448: 1427: 1240: 1232: 1199:. Except where otherwise stated, this article describes the "prose" system. 1092: 1000: 549: 379: 290: 5304: 5061:

https://chazzanut-esnoga.org/Miscellaneous/Neginoth/parasha_and_haftarah.htm

2045: 1399:

The second level is known as "Kings". The usual second level disjunctive is

7342: 7258: 7190: 7032: 6992: 6972: 6919: 6420: 6337: 6332: 4890: 4778: 4703: 4047:"Moon of its day" because it looks like a crescent moon; sometimes called 2098: 2090: 1978: 1956: 1910: 1767: 1343: 1323: 1125: 823: 472: 6202:: gives full tables with the Unicode equivalent for each cantillation mark 5634: 5096: 4093:

companion, but not by any other disjunctive of a lower level than its own.

3866:, but occasionally before a pazer. It may be distinguished from ordinary 1855:

melody can be heard in Israel primarily, but also in some American cities.

1634:

translates "A voice cries out: 'In the wilderness prepare the way of the L

1440:

The third level is known as "Dukes". The usual third level disjunctive is

7417: 7263: 6987: 6929: 6681: 6620: 6475: 6177: 5729:

The Hebrew Language Tradition as Reflected in the Babylonian Vocalization

4557: 4545: 4522:

Occurs only once in the whole Torah, in the parashah Masei, on the words

3038: 2676: 2636: 2277: 2149: 2056: 2052: 1781: 1407: 1401: 1297: 1196: 1160: 421: 239: 220: 5882:

The Tunes of the Bible – Musical Principles of the Biblical Accentuation

5274:

appears on the left of the word); another term used for both accents is

5193:

Unicode Technical Note #27: "Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names"

5018: 1630:

this meaning is discouraged by the cantillation marks. Accordingly, the

7307: 6666: 6547: 6237: 6013:

Book of Prayer of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London

5357: 5140: 4947:

article on cantillation sets out a single melody for "Syria and Egypt".

4060:

The rules governing the sequence of cantillation marks are as follows.

3929: 3921: 3731: 2596: 2476: 2288: 2144:

tradition, being based on the Egyptian, also forms part of this group.

2113: 1952: 1743: 1736: 1433: 1144: 884:. The musical motifs associated with the signs are known in Hebrew as 778: 204: 134: 6199: 5940:

The Art of Torah Cantillation – A Step-by-step Guide to Chanting Torah

5192: 3954:= small (short);: Sephardim have different names for each of the two: 3746: 1676:

is doubled unless it occurs on a non-finally-stressed word or follows

7282: 7253: 6435: 6410: 4859:; Torah reading begins at about 9:15, and it is followed by Haftarah. 4736:

The Jewish-born Christian convert Ezekiel Margoliouth translated the

3797: 3687: 1864:

There has been an attempted reconstruction of the original melody by

1820: 1500: 1378: 1108: 987: 954:

of the Tiberian system. For example, in some manuscripts the letter

845: 827: 696: 7452:

Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

5582:

Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible

5379:"Vine of David | Remnant Repository : Ezekiel Margoliouth" 5374: 3758: 1425:. A stronger second level disjunctive, used in very long verses, is 7357: 6949: 6770: 6516: 6415: 6317: 6162: 6157: 5044: 5040: 4041:"Horns of a cow" named so because it resembles the horns of a cow.: 2516: 2292: 2184: 2086: 1927: 1392: 678: 169: 6696: 5675:

Trumah: Zeitschrift der Hochschule für Jüdische Studien Heidelberg

5602:———————— (2005) , 5303:", after effort comes rest: see the series of puns in the poem on 5256:

are used, on the analogy with the distinction between the letters

4030:"Scatterer", because of its complex tune of a scattering of notes. 1530:. Depending on which disjunctive follows, this may be replaced by 1095:

had clearly become more complex, both because of the existence of

6604: 6460: 5808:———————— (1929), 5779:———————— (1923), 5130:

Society of Biblical Literature - Biblical Fonts - SBL Hebrew Font

5119:

Society of Biblical Literature - Biblical Fonts - SBL BibLit Font

5107: 4707: 4526:(two thousand cubits). It is somewhat equivalent to Munach Pazer. 4506:

or a Telisha Gedolah. It may be preceded by one or more Munach's.

3322: 2309: 2295:: the distinction is mentioned in one medieval Sephardic source. 2188: 2176: 2116: 2094: 1832: 1538: 1212: 1163:, as this is the first occasion on which a person reads from the 1079:

texts. Kahle also notes some similarity with the punctuation of

904: 881: 603: 514: 437: 6267: 4409:

One of the most common groups, but can only appear once in each

2372:

Some further fonts with support for cantillation marks include:

2217:('moving') used for the conjunctives and some minor disjunctives 1178: 7248: 7157: 7152: 7137: 7132: 7082: 7037: 7022: 6594: 6573: 6563: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6470: 6465: 6389: 6231: 6209: 6090:

The Music of the Hebrew Bible – The Western Ashkenazi Tradition

5495: 5477: 5466: 5457: 5445: 4718: 4536: 3979: 3843: 3282: 3242: 2836: 2716: 2402:

The following default Hebrew fonts do not display these marks:

2281: 2270: 2102: 1842: 1532: 1526: 1494: 1458: 1413: 1361:, showing a division between that and the following word, or a 1278: 1184: 1053: 950: 838: 768: 533: 498: 309: 255: 6227:

A guide to the exegesis of Torah Oral Law, by Zalman Z. Fisher

5537: 5187:, use Unicode "HEBREW ACCENT ZINOR" (U+05AE), and to encode a 3834:"Kefulah" means "doubled", because it looks like two adjacent 999:

This system is reflected in the cantillation practices of the

7393: 7238: 7142: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7052: 6997: 6982: 6977: 6967: 6640: 6635: 6625: 6599: 6485: 6312: 4699: 3934:"End verse": The last note of every verse, sometimes called 3362: 3202: 2998: 2958: 2918: 2041: 2028: 1642:

has "A voice rings out: 'Clear in the desert a road for the L

1544: 1488: 1474: 1464: 1164: 1140: 900: 819: 584: 568: 456: 344: 325: 274: 150: 5439:

Sefer diqduqe ha-te'amim le-rabbi Aharon Ben-Moshe Ben-Asher

5238:

In the Sephardic tradition, both are equally referred to as

4769:, though their syntactical functions are not quite the same. 3722:

are arranged in a traditional order of recitation called a "

1981:" motif that is used for the last few words of each reading. 1147:

survives in some communities to the present day, notably in

7167: 7112: 7062: 7057: 7042: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 4903:

Proceedings of the Ninth World Conference of Jewish Studies

2291:

for study purposes, distinct from that used in reading the

2136:

traditions the Torah reading is always or almost always in

1610: 990:

to guide the reader in fitting the chant to the verse: see

5001: 4616:). The first (or only) stich in a verse may be divided by 4500:

Not considered part of a group, but usually followed by a

1227:

The names of some of the cantillation signs differ in the

94:"Trop" redirects here. For the mathematical notation, see 7072: 7027: 6430: 4920:

The Music of Psalms, Proverbs and Job in the Hebrew Bible

1661:, which goes on the last consonant, otherwise looks like 1922:

major and numerous minor separate melodies for Tera'im:

6220:

Western Ashkenazi Torah mode, notated by Salomon Sulzer

5370:

Scanned versions of this translation can be found here

4967: 4436:

Not a part of a group; replaces a Zaqef-qaton sequence.

1342:

The cantillation signs have musical value: reading the

4957:

http://www.orahsaddiqim.org/Liturgy/Cantillation.shtml

2233:('elongating') for most second level disjunctives; and 2059:

also use this melody, when read in non-Hasidic shuls.

1845:, Israel, and New York and is rooted in the Byzantine 1298:

Functions of cantillation signs in explanation of text

1222: 4575:. In a three-stich verse, the first stich ends with 4535:

The system of cantillation signs used throughout the

1431:: when it occurs on its own, this may be replaced by 909: 6130:

The Western Ashkenazi melody is also set out in the

5269: 5243: 4764: 4682: 4672: 4658: 4648: 4595: 4509: 4501: 4463: 4398: 4333: 4254: 4202: 4169: 4151: 3949: 3941: 3871: 3853: 3835: 2449:); however, some fonts draw these marks identically. 2228: 2220: 2212: 2179:(Hagiographa) that does not have a tune of its own. 1754:

as in use in Germany in his day (15th–16th century).

1555: 1511: 974:: these are generally replaced by the equivalent of 891: 885: 869: 857: 6109:

Learn to Leyn, The Cantillation of the Hebrew Bible

5665:

The Syntax of Masoretic Accents in the Hebrew Bible

5287:In Sephardic and Oriental communities it is called 4759:In more than one tradition, the melodic outline of 1183:There are two systems of cantillation marks in the 5930:Chanting the Hebrew Bible: The Art of Cantillation 5736: 2298: 1907:This section includes inline links to audio files. 1260: 6054: 5476:bar Kalonymus, Yosef (1886) , Berliner, A (ed.), 2130: 7486: 5482:(in Hebrew and German), Berlin: Hebrew books.org 5179:marks are wrongly named in Unicode. To encode a 3862:by itself" is a disjunctive, used mainly before 2303: 2019:(3 melodies are employed for these five scrolls) 7473:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament 6030: 4783:The Diacritical Point and the Accents in Syriac 4731: 4068:, and the second ending with, and governed by, 2273:, which is generally performed by a young boy. 1376:The first level, known as "Emperors", includes 844:These marks are known in English as 'accents' ( 5493: 5327:http://www.divreinavon.com/pdf/Shalshelet1.pdf 4687:sometimes occurs at the beginning of a stich. 1302:The cantillation signs serve three functions: 1120:, a short flourish, in shorter phrases but by 6712: 6283: 5511:Ta'amei hammiqra be-21 sefarim uvesifrei emet 5475: 5291:, meaning "dragging" or "effort". Hence the 5063:, seventh bullet point and links there shown. 3892:, meaning "great Pazer", for the same reason. 2225:('pausing') for most third level disjunctives 1600:, "the face of the waters"), the first noun ( 1179:Different systems for different sets of books 1091:By the tenth century CE, the chant in use in 916: 727: 6247:(currently lists thousands of recordings of 6232:Wikimedia cantillation projects (recordings) 6200:Hebrew Cantillation Marks And Their Encoding 5962: 5936: 4909:, Vol. 112, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep., 1992), p. 499. 4381:The following sequences are commonly found: 3802:Double Geresh, from its appearance and tune. 1757:The melody used by Ashkenazic Jews in Italy. 1446:. For musical reasons, this is replaced by 875: 863: 837:of the Bible, to complement the letters and 755:And God said, "Let the waters be collected." 5873: 4992:Syrian Jews have a tradition of prolonging 4530: 1974:(Song of the Sea), and the list of Masa'ot. 1909:If you have trouble playing the files, see 1215:as characters U+0591 through U+05AF in the 6719: 6705: 6290: 6276: 6121:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6078:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6045:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5918:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5894:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5822:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5810:Jewish Music in its Historical Development 5769:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5532: 5523:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1933:Torah (general melody for the whole year) 734: 720: 6015:, vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 5937:Portnoy, Marshall; Wolff, Josée (2008) , 5557: 5455: 5329:Symbolic Interpretation of the Shalshelet 4393:The group that occurs at the end of each 2048:sound, not indicated by the cantillation. 1211:. The cantillation signs are included in 949:Babylonian Biblical manuscripts from the 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 5927: 5854:. Moscow: SIAS. P. 264–287 (In Russian). 5807: 5778: 5751: 5683: 5672: 5576: 5542:(in Hebrew), Rödelheim: Hebrew books.org 5191:use "HEBREW ACCENT ZARQA" (U+0598). See 5004:website, under the tab "Torah readings". 4926:9), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2011, 4907:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4855:See the recording on the website of the 4106: 3765: 3757: 3745: 2055:. The Haftarot preceding and during the 745: 45:This article includes a list of general 6020: 5615:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5164: 5162: 4484: 4417: 1887: 1859: 1841:style of cantillation is used today in 1665:, which goes on the stressed syllable. 14: 7487: 6087: 6007: 5903: 5879: 5723: 5701: 5652:Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 5547: 5505: 5410: 4979:These are listed in Rodrigues Pereira, 4842:for the first of these: the second is 4594:Major disjunctives within a stich are 4452: 4423:(Mahpach) Pashta (Munach) Zaqef-qaton 4384: 4289:(occasionally Mercha or Qadma Mercha) 2253: 1892: 1735:The Polish-Lithuanian melody, used by 1640:New Jewish Publication Society Version 1417:when in the immediate neighborhood of 1284: 1243:traditions; for example Sephardim use 6700: 6271: 6127:(with CD: western Ashkenazic melody). 6106: 5782:Thesaurus of Oriental Hebrew Melodies 5662: 5601: 5589: 5436: 5072:The article on "Cantillation" in the 4693: 4477:Mercha-Kefula (Sephardic Tere ta'ame) 962:(break), does duty for both Tiberian 6193: 5709:, trans. EJ Revell, Scholars Press, 5707:Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah 5649: 5620: 5610: 5358:https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454758 5338:For a full study see Israel Yeivin, 5159: 5039:Compare the distinction between the 4690:All other accents are conjunctives. 3780:"stairstep" from its shape or sound. 2432:unless they are configured manually) 2259: 2203: 1884:and posthumously published in 2011. 1604:) invariably carries a conjunctive. 1588:could be thought of as a full stop, 1386:, marking the end of the verse, and 1202: 944: 31: 6726: 6216:(which may be downloaded for free). 6212:with cantillation marks in Unicode 5497:Sha'ar ta'ame sheloshah sifre eme"t 4390:(Mercha) Tifcha (Mercha) Sof-Pasuk 1223:Different naming according to rites 1006: 917: 876: 864: 796:way-yōmer ĕlōhīm yiqqāwū ham-mayim. 24: 6055:Rodrigues Pereira, Martin (1994), 5108:Ezra SIL - SIL Language Technology 5086:The Culmus Project - Taamey Culmus 4966:and recordings by Moshe Dabbah on 4406:(Mercha) Tifcha (Munach) Etnachta 4072:. A very short verse may have no 1132:(precise rules of the accents) by 1086: 51:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 7541: 6297: 6188: 6131: 6001: 5248:(the conjunctive), terms such as 1626:takes the high-level disjunctive 5981: 5416: 1977:In all Torah modes, there is a " 1955:. This tune is also employed on 1899: 1271: 36: 6031:Alvarez-Pereyre, Frank (1990), 5737:Music (general and comparative) 5405: 5364: 5349: 5346:24 (1960), pp. 47-231 (Hebrew). 5332: 5320: 5307:Shir u-Shbaḥah Hallel ve-Zimrah 5281: 5232: 5223: 5202: 5145: 5134: 5123: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5079: 5066: 5054: 5033: 5007: 4986: 4973: 4950: 4937: 4912: 4868:Specimens of both may be found 4442:Zarqa only occurs before Segol. 4261:Geresh, Telisha gedolah, Pazer 4120:disjunctive ("near companion") 3710: 2299:Names and shapes of the te'amim 1813:Spanish and Portuguese Sephardi 1405:(when on its own, this becomes 1128:. A Masoretic treatise called 5459:Darche ha-Niqqud ve-ha-neginot 5441:, Jerusalem: Hebrew University 5015:"ששי לפי סדר הפרשיות טקסט+שמע" 4895: 4891:Yemenite Synagogues in America 4884: 4875: 4862: 4849: 4816: 4804: 4772: 4753: 4510: 4502: 4399: 4334: 4255: 4203: 4170: 4152: 4123:Other lower level disjunctives 3950: 3942: 3836: 2154:British Mandate of Mesopotamia 2131:Sephardic and Eastern melodies 2031:. The coda at the end of each 1870:La musique de la Bible révélée 1609:qol qore bamidbar panu derekh 13: 1: 6395:Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum 5500:, Amsterdam: Hebrew books.org 5400: 4583:(above the word) followed by 4519:Yerach-ben-yomo Karnei-farah 4271:Qadma Munach or Qadma Mercha 4118:Nearest preceding lower level 3741: 2452: 2304:Names in different traditions 1809:Spanish and Portuguese melody 1255:to mean what Ashkenazim call 1247:to mean what Ashkenazim call 7515:Language of the Hebrew Bible 6240:in the following languages: 6225:Torah Cantillation Analytics 5340:Cantillation of the Oral Law 4766:(mahpach) pashta zaqef qaton 4732:In Christian missionary uses 4055: 3753: 1649: 1632:New Revised Standard Version 7: 6146: 5584:, Trinitarian Bible Society 5552:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 5494:ben Bil'am, Judah (1859) , 5462:, Hanover: Hebrew books.org 5437:Dotan, Aaron, ed. (1979) , 5270: 5244: 4765: 4683: 4673: 4659: 4649: 4596: 4552:(Books of Truth), the word 4464: 4458:Munach Paseq Munach Rebhia 3970:, also meaning "Detached".: 3872: 3854: 3830:Merkha-kefulah/Tere Ta`ameh 3718:For learning purposes, the 3345:‏(שׁוֹפָר) מְהֻפָּ֤ךְ 2229: 2221: 2213: 2197:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 1947:Torah – special melody for 1773:The "Jerusalem Sephardic" ( 1713:'read', derived from Latin 1556: 1524:The general conjunctive is 1512: 1170:In the early period of the 910: 892: 886: 870: 858: 10: 7546: 6762:Transliteration to English 5845:, С. 249–255. (In Russian) 5456:ha-Naqdan, Moshe (1822) , 5268:has a dot on the left and 4857:National Library of Israel 4785:: Oxford 1953, repr. 2003 2075:three pilgrimage festivals 1780:The Greek/Turkish/Balkan, 1266: 1044:has a different sign from 936: 93: 7436: 7371: 7316: 7281: 7224: 7181: 7081: 6958: 6912: 6896: 6889: 6817: 6779: 6734: 6659: 6613: 6587: 6556: 6525: 6494: 6453: 6444: 6403: 6377: 6351: 6305: 6208:has the full text of the 5928:Jacobson, Joshua (2002), 5745:Grove Dictionary of Music 5578:Ginsburg, Christian David 5539:Sefer Mishpete ha-Ta'amim 4834:is a different sign from 4376: 4322:Fourth level disjunctives 4179:Second level disjunctives 3701: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3464: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3424: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3392: 3384: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3352: 3344: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3247: 3241: 3232: 3224: 3216: 3207: 3201: 3192: 3184: 3176: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3100: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2900: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2866: 2858: 2850: 2841: 2835: 2826: 2818: 2810: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2778: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2721: 2715: 2706: 2698: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2498: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2037: 1701:a passage rather than of 1352: 1134:Aaron ben Moses ben Asher 896:(not to be confused with 822:ritual readings from the 714: 710: 702: 686: 668: 660: 644: 633: 625: 609: 598: 590: 574: 563: 555: 539: 528: 520: 504: 493: 485: 462: 451: 443: 427: 416: 408: 392: 374: 366: 350: 339: 331: 315: 304: 296: 280: 269: 261: 245: 234: 226: 210: 199: 191: 175: 164: 156: 140: 114: 110: 103: 7445:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar 5874:Polish/Lithuanian melody 5684:Trompelt, Kevin (2022), 5548:Wickes, William (1887), 5487:Maḥzor of Casal Maggiore 5426:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar 4747: 4531:Psalms, Proverbs and Job 4511:Telisha-Ketannah/Gedolah 4240:Third level disjunctives 4136:First level disjunctives 3943:Telisha Gedolah/Qetannah 1811:is in common use in the 1687: 1478:when in the vicinity of 1468:when in the vicinity of 1452:when in the vicinity of 6088:Tunkel, Victor (2004), 5611:Park, Sung Jin (2020), 5559:2027/mdp.39015012205574 5220:in all other positions. 5002:http://www.pizmonim.org 4962:March 19, 2008, at the 4943:The tables in the 1905 4667:): all of these except 4639:Minor disjunctives are 4316:Telisha gedolah, Pazer 4295:Telisha gedolah, Pazer 4277:Telisha gedolah, Pazer 3902:pair (see Azla, above). 3578:Hebrew name in Unicode 2123:, or (more informally) 2021: 1618:) is translated in the 1411:). This is replaced by 929:with the same meaning. 66:more precise citations. 6035:(in French), Jerusalem 5836:С. 10–39. (In Russian) 5753:Idelsohn, Abraham Zevi 5513:(in Hebrew), Jerusalem 5502:, original from Paris. 5479:Ta'ame eme"t baḥaruzim 4763:is similar to that of 4335:Telisha qetannah Qadma 4313:Geresh/Azla/Gershayim 4292:Geresh/Azla/Gershayim 4274:Geresh/Azla/Gershayim 3870:by the dividing line ( 3762: 3750: 798: 791:wy‘mr ‘lhym yqww hmym. 789:Bare transliteration: 6605:Telisha Ketana/Gedola 6107:Smith, Chani (2004), 6021:Sharvit, Uri (1982), 5943:(2nd ed.), URJ, 5884:(in Hebrew), Tel Aviv 5867:Lietuvos muzikologija 5663:Price, James (1990), 5635:10.1353/hbr.2014.0022 5604:Masoreten des Westens 4811:Masoreten des Westens 4468:, munach on its own.) 4228:Darga Mercha-kefulah 4125:("remote companion") 3876:) following the word. 3844:Munakh/Shophar Holekh 3766:Meanings of the names 3761: 3749: 2909:(שְׁנֵי) פַּ֨שְׁטִין֙ 2437:The mark for U+05AA ( 2150:British rule in India 1866:Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura 1717:, giving rise to the 1396:, marking the middle. 925:is sometimes used in 749: 438:Telisha gedola/talsha 7466:Strong's Concordance 6757:Ancient inscriptions 5967:, vol. 2, URJ, 5834:Еврейская речь. № 4. 5097:Cardo - Google Fonts 4968:http://pizmonim.org/ 4742:London Jews' Society 4715:Friday night service 4702:, and especially of 4600:(immediately before 4485:Fourth-level phrases 4418:Second-level phrases 3457:תְּלִישָא קְטַנָּה֩ 2332:Microsoft Sans Serif 1968:(Ten Commandments), 1911:Knowledge Media help 1888:Traditional melodies 1860:Reconstructed melody 1775:Sepharadi-Yerushalmi 1571:One other symbol is 604:Telisha qetana/tarsa 499:Munakh/shofar holekh 7459:Brown–Driver–Briggs 6306:Books that are read 6173:Bar and Bat Mitzvah 5904:Binder, AW (1959), 5880:Neeman, JL (1955), 5411:Grammar and masorah 5385:on January 19, 2012 5153:"Download Code2000" 5074:Jewish Encyclopedia 4945:Jewish Encyclopedia 4628:, which looks like 4620:, which looks like 4579:, which looks like 4453:Third-level phrases 4385:First-level phrases 4128:Equivalent isolated 4076:and be governed by 3545:יָרֵחַ בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ 3349:(Shofar) mehuppakh 3217:מֻנַּח לְגַרְמֵ֣הּ׀ 3093:תְּ֠לִישָא גְדוֹלָה 2893:שְׁנֵ֨י פַּשְׁטִין֙ 1893:Ashkenazic melodies 1307: 1285:Explanation to text 802:Hebrew cantillation 7510:Cantillation marks 7308:Law of attenuation 6818:Reading traditions 6183:Tone (linguistics) 6025:, pp. 179–210 5464:, earlier edition 5450:, Hebrew books.org 5443:, earlier edition 5313:2011-07-19 at the 4694:Mishnah and Talmud 4671:are followed by a 4660:mehuppach legarmeh 4645:shalshelet gedolah 4612:(which looks like 3790:Azla Geresh/Geresh 3763: 3751: 3553:יֶרַח בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ 3537:יֶרַח בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ 3513:תְּרֵין חוּטְרִ֦ין 3497:מֵרְכָא כְּפוּלָ֦ה 3193:שְׁנֵי גְרֵישִׁ֞ין 3185:שְׁנֵי גְרִישִׁ֞ין 1638:, ...'" while the 1620:Authorised Version 1305: 1130:Diqduqe ha-teʿamim 1093:medieval Palestine 799: 7520:Hebrew diacritics 7482: 7481: 7338:Verbal morphology 7277: 7276: 6795: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6194:Textual resources 6099:978-0-9531104-8-3 6092:, Tymsder Publ., 5974:978-0-8074-0756-1 5950:978-0-8074-0734-9 5667:, E. Mellen Press 5507:Breuer, Mordechai 5293:proverbial phrase 5021:on April 23, 2008 4799:978-1-59333-032-3 4706:fragments of the 4374: 4373: 4269:Munach or Mercha; 4110:Main disjunctive 4001:Zaqef Qaton/Gadol 3905:Rebhiya`/Rabhiya` 3708: 3707: 3596:גֵּרֵשׁ מֻקְדָּם֝ 3561: 3560: 3549:Yareach ben yomo 3461:Telisha qetannah 2941:(שׁוֹפָר) יְ֚תִיב 2901:תְּרֵ֨י קַדְמִין֙ 2260:Learning melodies 2254:Babylonian system 2204:Yemenite melodies 1721:verb "to leyn".) 1350: 1349: 1203:Traditional roots 1143:. This system of 945:Babylonian system 818:is the manner of 744: 743: 92: 91: 84: 16:(Redirected from 7537: 7428:Unicode and HTML 6894: 6893: 6882: 6874: 6866: 6847: 6792:northern dialect 6789: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6526:Sof Passuk group 6451: 6450: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6141: 6126: 6120: 6112: 6102: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6026: 6016: 5996: 5977: 5958: 5953:, archived from 5932: 5923: 5917: 5909: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5827: 5821: 5813: 5803: 5802:on July 19, 2011 5798:, archived from 5790: 5789:on July 19, 2011 5774: 5768: 5760: 5747: 5743:"Jewish Music", 5731: 5719: 5697: 5682: 5668: 5659: 5646: 5616: 5606: 5597: 5585: 5572: 5561: 5543: 5534:Heidenheim, Wolf 5528: 5522: 5514: 5501: 5489: 5483: 5471: 5463: 5451: 5442: 5431: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5381:. Archived from 5368: 5362: 5353: 5347: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5271:telisha qetannah 5247: 5245:telisha qetannah 5236: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5206: 5200: 5195:, and specially 5166: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5049:Quran recitation 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5017:. Archived from 5011: 5005: 4990: 4984: 4981:'Hochmat Shelomo 4977: 4971: 4954: 4948: 4941: 4935: 4916: 4910: 4899: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4757: 4686: 4676: 4662: 4652: 4608:(elsewhere) and 4599: 4513: 4512: 4505: 4504: 4503:Telisha Ketannah 4467: 4402: 4401: 4370:Yerach ben yomo 4351:Telisha gedolah 4337: 4336: 4306:Mercha or Darga; 4258: 4257: 4206: 4205: 4173: 4172: 4155: 4154: 4107: 3956:Telisha Qetannah 3953: 3952: 3945: 3944: 3875: 3857: 3839: 3838: 3810:shofar mehuppach 3703: 3694: 3681: 3672: 3661: 3652: 3639: 3630: 3617: 3616:אֶתְנָח הָפוּךְ֢ 3608: 3597: 3588: 3566: 3565: 3557:Yerach ben yomo 3554: 3546: 3541:Yerach ben yomo 3538: 3529: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3489: 3474: 3466: 3458: 3449: 3434: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3394: 3386: 3378: 3369: 3354: 3353:שׁוֹפָר הָפ֤וּךְ 3346: 3338: 3329: 3314: 3313:שׁוֹפָר עִלּ֣וּי 3306: 3305:שׁוֹפָר הוֹלֵ֣ךְ 3298: 3289: 3274: 3266: 3258: 3249: 3234: 3226: 3221:Munach legarmeh 3218: 3209: 3197:Shene ghereshin 3194: 3186: 3178: 3169: 3154: 3146: 3138: 3136: 3125: 3110: 3102: 3097:Telisha gedolah 3094: 3085: 3070: 3062: 3054: 3045: 3030: 3022: 3014: 3005: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2965: 2950: 2942: 2934: 2925: 2913:(Shene) pashtin 2910: 2902: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2843: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2803: 2788: 2780: 2772: 2763: 2748: 2740: 2732: 2723: 2708: 2700: 2692: 2683: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2643: 2628: 2620: 2612: 2603: 2588: 2580: 2572: 2563: 2548: 2540: 2532: 2523: 2508: 2500: 2492: 2483: 2453: 2362:Keter Aram Tsova 2358:Taamey David CLM 2346:Taamey Frank CLM 2276:Conversely, the 2236:the patterns of 2232: 2224: 2216: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2039: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1903: 1902: 1883: 1645: 1637: 1561: 1558:telisha qetannah 1515: 1308: 1304: 1081:Samaritan Hebrew 1007:Jerusalem system 920: 919: 913: 895: 889: 879: 878: 873: 867: 866: 861: 859:taʿamei ha-mikra 786: 775: 765: 736: 729: 722: 706: 704: 690: 688: 682: 664: 662: 648: 646: 629: 627: 613: 611: 594: 592: 578: 576: 559: 557: 543: 541: 524: 522: 508: 506: 489: 487: 481: 466: 464: 447: 445: 431: 429: 412: 410: 396: 394: 388: 370: 368: 354: 352: 335: 333: 319: 317: 300: 298: 284: 282: 265: 263: 249: 247: 230: 228: 214: 212: 195: 193: 179: 177: 160: 158: 144: 142: 101: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 62:this article by 53:inline citations 40: 39: 32: 21: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7500:Jewish services 7485: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7437:Reference works 7432: 7367: 7363:Vav-consecutive 7312: 7291:Biblical Hebrew 7273: 7220: 7205:Mater lectionis 7177: 7077: 6954: 6908: 6885: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6843: 6813: 6775: 6730: 6728:Hebrew language 6725: 6695: 6686: 6677:Yerach ben yomo 6655: 6609: 6583: 6552: 6521: 6490: 6440: 6399: 6373: 6369:Triennial cycle 6347: 6301: 6296: 6234: 6196: 6191: 6168:Yemenite Hebrew 6149: 6114: 6113: 6100: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6038: 6037: 6011:, ed. (1965) , 6004: 5994: 5975: 5957:on June 5, 2012 5951: 5911: 5910: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5815: 5814: 5792: 5762: 5761: 5742: 5739: 5717: 5686:"Winter Verlag" 5570: 5516: 5515: 5485: 5465: 5444: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5354: 5350: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5315:Wayback Machine 5286: 5282: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5207: 5203: 5167: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4964:Wayback Machine 4955: 4951: 4942: 4938: 4918:Jeffrey Burns, 4917: 4913: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4850: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4777: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4734: 4696: 4533: 4487: 4465:Munach legarmeh 4455: 4420: 4403:may be omitted. 4387: 4379: 4343: 4340: 4332: 4309: 4308:Qadma Mercha or 4307: 4288: 4286: 4270: 4256:Munach legarmeh 4250: 4227: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4115:conjunctive(s) 4114: 4058: 4044:Yerach ben Yomo 3964:Telisha Gedolah 3938:(taking leave). 3855:Munakh legarmeh 3823:Merkha/Ma'arikh 3768: 3756: 3744: 3716: 3556: 3548: 3540: 3523:Yerach ben yomo 3516: 3508: 3505:תְּרֵי טַעֲמֵ֦י 3501:Merekha kefula 3500: 3476: 3468: 3460: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3356: 3348: 3340: 3316: 3308: 3300: 3276: 3268: 3260: 3236: 3228: 3220: 3196: 3189:Shene gerishin 3188: 3180: 3156: 3148: 3140: 3112: 3104: 3096: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3032: 3029:פָּזֶר גָּד֡וֹל 3024: 3021:פָּזֶר גָּד֡וֹל 3016: 2992: 2984: 2976: 2952: 2949:שׁ֚וֹפָר יְתִיב 2945:(Shofar) yetiv 2944: 2936: 2912: 2904: 2896: 2889:U+0599, U+05A8 2870: 2862: 2854: 2830: 2822: 2814: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2750: 2742: 2734: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2670: 2662: 2654: 2630: 2622: 2614: 2590: 2582: 2574: 2550: 2542: 2534: 2510: 2502: 2494: 2439:yerach ben yomo 2350:Taamey Ashkenaz 2320:Times New Roman 2306: 2301: 2262: 2206: 2133: 2108: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2025:Megillat Esther 1994: 1991: 1990: 1965:Aseret haDibrot 1938: 1935: 1934: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1877: 1862: 1815:communities of 1801:Moroccan melody 1752:Johann Reuchlin 1690: 1652: 1643: 1635: 1594:construct state 1565:yerach ben yomo 1513:munach legarmeh 1355: 1300: 1287: 1274: 1269: 1225: 1205: 1181: 1172:Reform movement 1116:is preceded by 1089: 1087:Tiberian system 1030:telisha gedolah 1013:tifcha-etnachta 1009: 972:telisha gedolah 947: 939: 793: 788: 782: 781:marks) in red, 773: 763: 757: 740: 715: 701: 685: 676: 659: 643: 624: 608: 589: 573: 554: 538: 534:Merkha/ma’arikh 519: 503: 484: 475: 461: 442: 426: 407: 391: 382: 365: 349: 330: 314: 295: 279: 260: 244: 225: 209: 190: 174: 170:Etnakhta/atnakh 155: 139: 99: 96:tropicalization 88: 77: 71: 68: 58:Please help to 57: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7543: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7412:modern Israeli 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7303: 7301:Philippi's law 7298: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7216:Plene scriptum 7213: 7208: 7201: 7187: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6875: 6867: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6646:Kadma (V'Azla) 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6495:Etnachta group 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6323:Book of Esther 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6222: 6217: 6203: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:External links 6187: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6128: 6104: 6098: 6085: 6065: 6052: 6028: 6018: 6009:Ridler, Vivian 6003: 6002:Other melodies 6000: 5999: 5998: 5992: 5979: 5973: 5960: 5949: 5934: 5925: 5906:Biblical Chant 5901: 5875: 5872: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5805: 5776: 5749: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5725:Yeivin, Israel 5721: 5715: 5703:Yeivin, Israel 5699: 5670: 5660: 5647: 5623:Hebrew Studies 5618: 5608: 5599: 5587: 5574: 5568: 5545: 5530: 5503: 5491: 5473: 5453: 5434: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5363: 5348: 5331: 5319: 5280: 5231: 5222: 5218:qadma meḥabber 5201: 5158: 5144: 5133: 5122: 5111: 5100: 5089: 5078: 5065: 5053: 5032: 5006: 4985: 4972: 4949: 4936: 4924:Jüdische Musik 4911: 4894: 4883: 4874: 4861: 4848: 4844:qadma meḥabber 4815: 4803: 4771: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4733: 4730: 4695: 4692: 4663:(looking like 4653:(looking like 4632:combined with 4626:revia megurash 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524:alpayim b'amah 4520: 4517: 4514: 4507: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4404: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4002: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910:folk etymology 3906: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3846: 3841: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3755: 3752: 3743: 3740: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603:Atnach hafukh 3600: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3583:Geresh muqdam 3580: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3517:Teren chutrin 3510: 3502: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3462: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3443:Telisha ketana 3439: 3438: 3430: 3422: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3382: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3357:Shofar hafukh 3350: 3342: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3317:Shofar 'illui 3310: 3309:Shofar holekh 3302: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3262: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3150: 3142: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3106: 3098: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3079:Telisha gedola 3075: 3074: 3069:קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה 3066: 3061:קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה 3058: 3053:קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה 3050: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2898: 2897:Shene pashtin 2890: 2887: 2877: 2876:Shene pashtin 2873: 2872: 2864: 2856: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2816: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2736: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2707:זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל 2704: 2699:זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל 2696: 2691:זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל 2688: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2584: 2576: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2266:lernen steiger 2261: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2234: 2226: 2218: 2205: 2202: 2132: 2129: 2121:Aderet Eliyahu 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2071: 2049: 2020: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1975: 1945: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1836: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1805: 1797: 1791:There are two 1789: 1778: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1740: 1730:Ashkenazi Jews 1719:Jewish English 1689: 1686: 1651: 1648: 1596:(for example, 1574:mercha kefulah 1522: 1521: 1507:telisha gedola 1483: 1438: 1397: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1299: 1296: 1286: 1283: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1224: 1221: 1204: 1201: 1180: 1177: 1088: 1085: 1008: 1005: 993:Qur'an reading 946: 943: 938: 935: 927:Jewish English 848:), 'notes' or 835:Masoretic Text 794:With accents: 742: 741: 739: 738: 731: 724: 716: 712: 711: 708: 707: 699: 694: 691: 683: 670: 669: 666: 665: 657: 652: 649: 641: 635: 634: 631: 630: 622: 620:Yerah ben yomo 617: 614: 606: 600: 599: 596: 595: 587: 582: 579: 571: 565: 564: 561: 560: 552: 547: 544: 536: 530: 529: 526: 525: 517: 512: 509: 501: 495: 494: 491: 490: 482: 470: 467: 459: 453: 452: 449: 448: 440: 435: 432: 424: 418: 417: 414: 413: 405: 400: 397: 389: 376: 375: 372: 371: 363: 358: 355: 347: 341: 340: 337: 336: 328: 323: 320: 312: 306: 305: 302: 301: 293: 288: 285: 277: 271: 270: 267: 266: 258: 253: 250: 242: 236: 235: 232: 231: 223: 218: 215: 207: 201: 200: 197: 196: 188: 183: 180: 172: 166: 165: 162: 161: 153: 148: 145: 137: 131: 130: 128: 126: 124: 122: 119: 118: 112: 111: 108: 107: 90: 89: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7542: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Torah reading 7493: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7343:Semitic roots 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7296:Modern Hebrew 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7211:Abbreviations 7209: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Kubutz/shuruk 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6879: 6876: 6871: 6868: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6708: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6672:Mercha kefula 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588:Telisha group 6586: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6328:Song of Songs 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6299:Torah reading 6293: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Torah reading 6151: 6150: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6068: 6066:0-933676-37-9 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5993:1-58330-913-6 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5716:0-89130-373-1 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696:(25): 115–137 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5658:(2): 113–127. 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5591:Kahle, Paul E 5588: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5569:9780790527574 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5415: 5414: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208:It is called 5205: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5141:Taamey D font 5137: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4887: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4822:Technically, 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791:1-59333-032-4 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738:New Testament 4729: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4650:azla legarmeh 4646: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4602:oleh ve-yored 4598: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577:oleh ve-yored 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4508: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4490:Kadma v'Azla 4489: 4488: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439:Zarqa Segol 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4287:Qadma Mahpach 4284: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4251:Darga Munach 4248: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4103:disjunctive". 4101: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3996:Shofar yetibh 3993: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3980:Tifqha/Tarqha 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3900:Qadma ve-Azla 3897: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3850:shofar holekh 3847: 3845: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3814:shofar holekh 3811: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3783:Etnaḥta/Atnaḥ 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3760: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3567: 3564: 3551: 3543: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3503: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3483:Mercha kefula 3480: 3471: 3463: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3423: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3343: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3303: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3263: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3223: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3183: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3143: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3099: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3059: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2953:Shofar yetiv 2947: 2939: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2899: 2891: 2888: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2857: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2777: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2737: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2697: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2667:זָקֵף קָט֔וֹן 2665: 2659:זָקֵף קָט֔וֹן 2657: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2577: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2537: 2531:אֶתְנַחְתָּ֑א 2529: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2507:סוֹף פָּסֽוּק 2505: 2499:סוֹף פָּסֽוּק 2497: 2491:סוֹף פָּסֽוּק 2489: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2447:atnach hafukh 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 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1726: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1685: 1683: 1682:kadma ve-azla 1680:(to form the 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1647: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1598:pene ha-mayim 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1282: 1280: 1272:Synagogue use 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 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B. 4774: 4760: 4755: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4712: 4697: 4689: 4678: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4570: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4534: 4523: 4471:Darga Tebhir 4427: 4410: 4394: 4380: 4367:Qarne farah 4328:Geresh/Azla 4321: 4310:Qadma Darga 4239: 4218:Zaqef gadol 4178: 4135: 4130:disjunctive 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4048: 4033: 4021: 4017: 4014:Zaqef Qatton 4013: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3985: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3935: 3899: 3889: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3736: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3562: 3233:לְגַרְמֵ֣הּ׀ 3177:גֵּרְשַׁ֞יִם 3141:Azla Geresh 3073:Qarne farah 3065:Qarne farah 3057:Qarne farah 3033:Pazer gadol 3025:Pazer gadol 2905:Tere qadmin 2711:Zaqef Gadol 2703:Zaqef Gadol 2695:Zaqef Gadol 2671:Zaqef Qaton 2663:Zaqef Qaton 2655:Zaqef Qatan 2651:זָקֵף קָטָ֔ן 2627:שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת 2619:שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת 2611:שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת 2579:סְגוֹלְתָּא֒ 2446: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:(as well as 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2307: 2286: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2251: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2207: 2181: 2173: 2169:ta'am 'elyon 2168: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2124: 2111: 2099:Ecclesiastes 2078: 2024: 1969: 1963: 1957:Simhat Torah 1919: 1917: 1906: 1869: 1863: 1774: 1768:Mizrahi Jews 1723: 1714: 1710: 1709:the word is 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1627: 1623: 1608: 1606: 1602:nomen regens 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1563: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1517: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1344:Hebrew Bible 1314:Description 1301: 1291: 1288: 1275: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1226: 1206: 1182: 1169: 1157: 1152: 1138: 1129: 1126:Aleppo Codex 1121: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021:pashta-zaqef 1020: 1016: 1012: 1010: 998: 991: 984: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 948: 940: 931: 922: 921:): the word 908: 849: 843: 839:vowel points 824:Hebrew Bible 814: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800: 795: 790: 784:cantillation 783: 772: 769:vowel points 762: 758: 754: 473:Atnah hafukh 116:cantillation 115: 105:cantillation 104: 78: 72:January 2017 69: 50: 29: 7264:Shekel sign 7226:Punctuation 7191:with Niqqud 7101:Palestinian 6890:Orthography 6870:Palestinian 6682:Karne parah 6621:Zakef gadol 6557:Segol group 6476:Zakef katan 6454:Katan group 6421:Sefer Torah 6178:Melody type 5389:October 12, 4761:darga tevir 4641:pazer gadol 4606:revia gadol 4597:revia qaton 4550:sifrei emet 4433:Zakef-gadol 4204:Zaqef qaton 4197:Shalshelet 4171:Zaqef qaton 4153:Zaqef qaton 4038:Qarne Farah 4022:Zaqef Gadol 4006:Zaqef Gadol 3890:Pazer Gadol 3509:Tere taame 3039:Qarne farah 2677:Zakef gadol 2637:Zakef katan 2631:Shalshelet 2623:Shalshelet 2615:Shalshelet 2336:Courier New 2193:Ninth of Av 2165:ta'am elyon 2138:Maqam Sigah 2125:Zilberman's 2057:Ninth of Av 2053:Ninth of Av 1878: [ 1628:zakef katon 1616:Isaiah 40:3 1518:qarne farah 1408:zakef gadol 1402:zakef qatan 1363:conjunctive 1359:disjunctive 1167:in public. 1161:bar mitzvah 677: [ 476: [ 422:Karne parah 383: [ 240:Zakef gadol 221:Zakef katan 64:introducing 7525:Oral Torah 7489:Categories 7414:literature 7234:Diacritics 7096:Babylonian 6878:Babylonian 6667:Shalshelet 6548:Sof passuk 6238:Wikisource 5959:, with CD. 5908:, New York 5812:, New York 5681:: 115–137. 5401:References 5199:inside it. 5197:Appendix A 4932:344706191X 4681:without a 4445:Shalshelet 4346:Gershayim 4142:Sof pasuk 3994:Short for 3966:is called 3958:is called 3922:Shalshelet 3742:Ashkenazic 3732:Pentateuch 3702:צִנּוֹרִת֘ 3465:תַּלְשָׁא֩ 3393:דַּרְגָּ֧א 3385:דַּרְגָּ֧א 3377:דַּרְגָּ֧א 3273:מַאֲרִ֥יךְ 3265:מַאֲרִ֥יךְ 3181:Gershayim 3101:תַּ֠לְשָׁא 2867:פַּשְׁטָא֙ 2851:פַּשְׁטָא֙ 2597:Shalshelet 2511:Sof pasuq 2503:Sof pasuq 2495:Sof pasuq 2477:Sof passuk 2465:Ashkenazi 2430:monospaced 2426:sans-serif 2418:FrankRuehl 2388:SBL Hebrew 2384:SBL BibLit 2114:Ashkenazic 1953:Yom Kippur 1926:Torah and 1744:Ashkenazic 1737:Ashkenazic 1434:shalshelet 1331:Phonetics 1306:Functions 1145:cheironomy 868:) or just 865:טעמי המקרא 846:diacritics 779:gemination 761:in black, 205:Shalshelet 135:Sof passuk 47:references 7283:Phonology 7254:Gershayim 7106:Samaritan 6881:(extinct) 6873:(extinct) 6865:(extinct) 6857:Samaritan 6825:Ashkenazi 6735:Overviews 6631:Gershayim 6436:Ner Tamid 6404:Equipment 5982:Kohn, S, 5869:. T. 22. 5643:170240065 5629:: 73–88. 5593:(1966) , 5376:and here 5344:Leshonenu 5189:tsinnorit 5177:tsinnorit 5047:modes of 5025:April 25, 4679:Mehuppach 4160:Etnachta 4113:Preceding 4078:sof pasuk 4070:sof pasuk 4056:Sequences 4051:(circle). 3930:Sof Pasuk 3798:Gershayim 3754:Sephardic 3688:Tsinnorit 3473:תַּרְסָא֩ 3337:מַהְפַּ֤ך 3237:Legarmeh 3163:Gershayim 3145:גְּרִ֜ישׁ 3109:תִּ֠רְצָה 2535:Etnachta 2468:Sephardi 2312:symbols. 2246:sof pasuk 2119:known as 2044:) with a 2040:‎ ( 2004:blessing. 1989:Haftarot 1971:Az Yashir 1847:tradition 1839:Romaniote 1821:Gibraltar 1684:phrase). 1650:Phonetics 1586:Sof pasuk 1501:gershayim 1472:, and by 1419:sof pasuk 1379:sof pasuk 1311:Function 1279:cantorial 1229:Ashkenazi 1109:Masoretes 933:Shabbat. 903:) and in 852:, and in 828:synagogue 697:Tsinnorit 403:Gershayim 7423:Surnames 7399:Keyboard 7372:Academic 7358:Segolate 7353:Suffixes 7348:Prefixes 7326:Biblical 7269:Numerals 7183:Spelling 7091:Tiberian 6960:Alphabet 6950:Solitreo 6940:Crowning 6904:Biblical 6862:Tiberian 6852:Yemenite 6830:Sephardi 6804:Medieval 6799:Mishnaic 6787:Biblical 6771:Gematria 6747:Alphabet 6742:Language 6517:Etnachta 6352:Readings 6318:Haftarah 6257:megillot 6253:haftarot 6163:Megillot 6158:Haftarah 6147:See also 6117:citation 6111:, London 6074:citation 6041:citation 5914:citation 5890:citation 5818:citation 5791:also in 5765:citation 5759:, Vienna 5755:(1917), 5727:(1985), 5705:(1980), 5580:(1897), 5536:(1808), 5519:citation 5509:(1981), 5311:Archived 5045:mujawwad 5041:murattal 4960:Archived 4566:Tehillim 4285:Mahpach; 4074:etnachta 4066:etnachta 4016:= small 4008:= great 3951:Qetannah 3730:(Hebrew 3704:‎ 3695:‎ 3682:‎ 3673:‎ 3662:‎ 3660:עִלּוּי֬ 3653:‎ 3640:‎ 3631:‎ 3618:‎ 3609:‎ 3598:‎ 3589:‎ 3575:Unicode 3530:‎ 3490:‎ 3450:‎ 3433:קַדְמָ֨א 3425:אַזְלָ֨א 3417:קַדְמָ֨א 3410:‎ 3370:‎ 3341:Mahpakh 3330:‎ 3290:‎ 3277:Maarikh 3269:Maarikh 3257:מֵרְכָ֥א 3250:‎ 3225:פָּסֵ֣ק׀ 3210:‎ 3170:‎ 3153:גֵּ֜רֵשׁ 3135:גֵּ֜רֵשׁ 3133:אַזְלָא- 3126:‎ 3113:Tirtzah 3086:‎ 3046:‎ 3006:‎ 2989:תְּבִ֛יר 2981:תְּבִ֛יר 2973:תְּבִ֛יר 2966:‎ 2926:‎ 2886:‎ 2859:קַדְמָא֙ 2844:‎ 2827:זַרְקָא֮ 2819:זַרְקָא֮ 2811:זַרְקָא֮ 2804:‎ 2787:רְבִ֗יעַ 2779:רָבִ֗יעַ 2771:רְבִ֗יעַ 2764:‎ 2747:טַרְחָ֖א 2739:טַרְחָ֖א 2731:טִפְחָ֖א 2724:‎ 2684:‎ 2644:‎ 2604:‎ 2583:Segolta 2571:סֶגּוֹל֒ 2564:‎ 2547:אַתְנָ֑ח 2539:אַתְנָ֑ח 2524:‎ 2517:Etnachta 2484:‎ 2471:Italian 2462:Unicode 2396:Code2000 2392:Taamey D 2380:Ezra SIL 2366:Keter YG 2293:Haftarah 2289:Prophets 2282:hazzanim 2185:Passover 2152:and the 2087:Passover 2079:megillot 2046:neighing 1928:Haftarot 1853:Yemenite 1786:Egyptian 1764:Sephardi 1705:it. 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