505:
127:
759:
656:, was well-informed on negotiations for the Alliance and assured Louis that he could delay approval by bribes. However, Temple persuaded the States General to approve it before asking the provincial bodies although normal practice was the other way around. Once the States General announced their decision, public enthusiasm was so great that no one dared take d'Estrades' money. On 23 January 1668, the Alliance was signed by England and the Republic. Seeking to widen the coalition, Temple invited
266:
215:
170:
34:
398:
606:
191:
146:
237:
203:
158:
252:
801:
De Witt hoped the threat of the Triple
Alliance would force Louis to moderate his demands, but it simply showed the limits of his ability to control the States General. The Treaties of Breda and the Alliance were viewed as Dutch diplomatic triumphs, but while although De Witt understood the danger of
723:
The
Alliance guaranteed to enforce compliance by Spain by a secret clause requiring it to end the war with Portugal. With Louis clearly preparing action, another clause committed to forcing France back to its 1659 boundaries if it continued the war. The English Parliament approved ÂŁ300,000 if needed,
676:
The
Alliance contained three separate elements; a defensive alliance, a guarantee of terms for ending the War of Devolution and secret clauses. Spain was held partially responsible for the war by arranging the 1666 marriage between Leopold and Margaret Theresa and so had to bear some of the cost. As
797:
concept advocated by Temple had two important implications for
English policy: the ability to enforce it and a network of allies. From 1668 to 1674, Parliament voted large sums to strengthen the Royal Navy, and English diplomacy began to focus on powers like Sweden, Brandenburg and Denmark, instead
773:
In the short term, the Triple
Alliance was undermined by diverging interests. De Witt and Charles saw it as a way to improve their bargaining position with Louis, a perspective at odds with domestic opinion in both countries, which was strongly anti-French. In addition, the English were pro-peace,
585:
and the Dutch populace saw an
English alliance as essential for mutual survival. Although Charles preferred France as an ally, he viewed Breda as a personal humiliation and blamed Louis, who failed to deliver on a promise to ensure that the Dutch accepted English terms. This perspective was widely
750:
to agree to terms, which were used at Aix-la-Chapelle in May. In
Article 6, the Dutch and English undertook to enforce them if Spain did not comply, mirroring the 'secret' clause of the alliance against France. In reality, there was no English support for war with Spain on behalf of France or the
745:
French troops entered
Franche-Comté on 5 February; two weeks later, its conquest was complete and Louis decided to make peace. The cost of the war was far higher than expected, while Charles of Spain was reportedly close to death; if so, his agreement with Leopold meant Louis might achieve his
643:
In
September, De Witt asked Louis his conditions for withdrawing from the Spanish Netherlands and offered to mediate with Spain to ensure their acceptance. Louis agreed, but only if the Dutch enforced them on both parties; this meant when Spain rejected his terms, the
728:
in 1666, which it claimed was for the benefit of Spain. The Dutch and the
English refused to pay and passed the obligation onto Spain; after protracted debate, Sweden signed on 5 May (NS), bringing together the three major powers in the
724:
and the States General activated 48 warships, and the recruitment of 18,000 additional troops. As a condition of signing, Sweden demanded reimbursement of 480,000 rixdollars, costs incurred for its attempt to capture
648:
passed resolutions on 10 December and 14 January 1668, approving military support for France. On 20 January 1668, Louis and Leopold agreed to a secret Partition Treaty, dividing the Spanish Empire if Charles died.
802:
thwarting French ambitions, he failed to convince his colleagues. Louis now decided the best way to acquire the Spanish Netherlands was to defeat the Dutch and began preparations for the 1672-1678
335:
It consisted of three separate agreements: a defensive alliance, an undertaking to oblige Spain and France to make peace, and secret clauses that included mediating an end to the
789:
However, the treaty marked the end of the longstanding Franco-Dutch alliance and the first step in creating the anti-French coalition that continued until the end of the
497:
would never voluntarily agree to concessions and began planning to seize the area by force. As required by the 1662 Franco-Dutch Treaty of Paris, France entered the
1627:
538:, an obscure law restricting inheritance to children from a first marriage. He used it to claim much of the Spanish Netherlands. In April 1666, Charles' sister
377:
four years later, but it marked the point at which England and the Dutch came to see France as a common threat. That made it the forerunner of the
534:, as regent. Louis argued since the dowry remained unpaid, Maria Theresa's renunciation was invalid and so her rights "devolved" to him under the
1647:
1617:
640:
views Lisola's 1667 work 'The Buckler of State and Justice' as a key document in establishing France as England's enemy, rather than Spain.
1652:
1622:
1449:
794:
581:
opposition and ensured Dutch economic supremacy. By 1667, the prospect of France replacing Spain as a neighbour meant that most of the
501:
in July 1665; this gave Louis an excuse to expand his army, while he also calculated it would make harder for the Dutch to oppose him.
1597:
636:; he served as an imperial diplomat in London from 1667 to 1668 and The Hague from 1669 to 1673. Historian and political theorist
1612:
1607:
1269:
504:
1657:
1592:
1271:
Sweden and the Treaty of Breda in 1667 – Swedish diplomats help to end naval warfare between the Dutch Republic and England
645:
1632:
587:
378:
747:
1573:
1554:
1535:
1487:
1468:
1438:
1358:
1310:
1291:
1184:
420:
616:
from 1653 to 1672; although the treaty was seen as a Dutch triumph, he recognised the danger of antagonising Louis XIV
1165:
582:
554:
494:
367:
20:
621:
150:
38:
1407:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part II): The Peace Treaty of Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] (2 May 1668)"
1662:
1212:
219:
174:
1251:
Goldie, M; Levillain, Charles-Edouard (2018). "Francois-Paul de Lisola and English Opposition to Louis XIV".
790:
653:
471:
386:
329:
1667:
599:
558:
366:
if Charles died without an heir, and it awarded Louis the Spanish Netherlands and set the terms of the
336:
633:
131:
1177:
European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, Vol. 2: 1650–1697
578:
569:
on 31 July, and negotiations then began between the two countries for a common front against France.
549:
on 24 May, and by September, his troops had occupied much of the Spanish Netherlands. On 27 May, the
539:
1451:
French Diplomacy during the War of Devolution, the Triple Alliance and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1637:
632:, who viewed French expansion as a bigger threat than Dutch economic strength. He was supported by
542:
married Emperor Leopold; this meant on his death, Leopold would inherit the entire Spanish Empire.
1642:
550:
1602:
725:
660:
to join; it had signed a treaty with the Dutch in July 1667 and controlled the Baltic trade in
566:
498:
428:
416:
351:
373:
The alliance was short-lived since both Sweden and England backed France at the outset of the
775:
595:
455:
195:
758:
466:. Acquisition would give France control of its own export trade, currently dominated by the
762:
665:
591:
487:
8:
527:
459:
424:
359:
343:
313:
751:
Dutch, especially given the commercial terms of the 1667 Treaty of Madrid; besides, the
746:
objectives without fighting. In April, he met with English and Dutch representatives at
522:
the richest port in Europe; keeping it shut brought the Dutch into conflict with France.
475:
1514:
1393:
1385:
1337:
1239:
1235:
590:, many of whom also viewed Spain as a better ally than France. Losses from war and the
562:
531:
432:
382:
301:
242:
190:
145:
1406:
1569:
1550:
1531:
1518:
1483:
1464:
1434:
1427:
1397:
1354:
1341:
1306:
1287:
1208:
1180:
1161:
546:
440:
355:
321:
126:
1277:. De Oranje-boom; Historical and Archeology Circle of the City and Country of Breda.
545:
Talks on ending the Anglo-Dutch War opened in Breda in May 1667. Louis launched the
443:, Maria Theresa renounced her inheritance rights and in return Louis was promised a
1506:
1377:
1329:
1256:
1231:
803:
783:
677:
agreed in September, France would withdraw from the Spanish Netherlands but retain
613:
374:
293:
317:
782:
as the primary Dutch ally in the Baltic, and end concessions imposed by the 1656
1320:
Hutton, Richard (1986). "The Making of the Secret Treaty of Dover, 1668–1670".
779:
657:
467:
436:
411:; French expansion in this area threatened both England and the Dutch Republic.
363:
325:
309:
305:
285:
270:
257:
202:
157:
1333:
682:
1586:
661:
609:
402:
347:
207:
162:
1303:
A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War
448:
1547:
The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688 (Warfare in History)
774:
rather than pro-Dutch, and unresolved commercial disputes resulted in the
637:
1368:
Lee, Maurice D (1961). "The Earl of Arlington and the Treaty of Dover".
1243:
54:
England, the Dutch Republic and Sweden agree to a pact of mutual support
33:
1260:
1222:
Geyl, P (1936). "Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1653–72".
766:
752:
730:
697:
602:
wanted peace, which seemed best achieved by partnering with the Dutch.
1389:
332:
were not signatories, they were closely involved in the negotiations.
734:
713:
625:
605:
519:
483:
397:
94:
42:
1001:
439:
remained a huge global confederation. To prevent its acquisition by
265:
214:
169:
1510:
1381:
701:
629:
1497:
Rowen, Herbert H. (1954). "John de Witt and the Triple Alliance".
1175:
Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar, eds. (1917).
778:. For Sweden, it was an opportunity to replace its regional rival
577:
For De Witt, the French alliance secured his position against the
693:
686:
508:
479:
463:
312:
in May 1668. It was created in response to the occupation of the
1061:
1037:
709:
705:
470:, a long-time ally. However, this implied conflict with Spain,
106:
16:
Defensive treaty between England, the Dutch Republic and Sweden
769:, intended to provide military support for the Triple Alliance
435:. Despite being weakened by nearly a century of conflict, the
1429:
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)
690:
678:
444:
362:, and in January 1668, they signed a treaty that divided the
1073:
977:
1133:
798:
of only Spain, the Dutch, France or the Holy Roman Empire.
1097:
953:
888:
717:
526:
In September, Philip died, leaving his four-year-old son
1109:
1085:
1049:
840:
339:
and enforcing the peace by military action if required.
864:
1025:
876:
1121:
965:
816:
346:
had accepted that French and Dutch objectives in the
1461:
A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668
941:
917:
929:
1426:
1013:
989:
907:
905:
903:
828:
765:; launched in 1670 as part of an expansion of the
458:argued economic growth required possession of the
852:
586:shared by his advisors, including chief minister
1584:
1174:
1043:
1007:
561:in return for commercial concessions. The Dutch
478:that confirmed independence from Spain shut the
248:
1628:Military alliances involving the Dutch Republic
1250:
983:
900:
557:, and England agreed to mediate an end to the
358:in May 1667. He and Leopold were co-heirs to
1544:
1202:
1067:
1528:The Balance Of Power: History & Theory
32:
1447:
1193:
1091:
1079:
1055:
894:
870:
233:
1477:
1281:
1267:
1205:Age of Louis XIV (Story of Civilization)
1139:
1103:
1031:
822:
757:
604:
503:
490:. Keeping it shut was a Dutch priority.
396:
1525:
1351:Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740
1115:
971:
565:in June forced England to agree to the
1585:
1480:The Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667)
1458:
1348:
1319:
1155:
959:
923:
846:
1496:
1127:
1019:
995:
947:
858:
45:and driving force behind the Alliance
1618:Military alliances involving England
1563:
1454:(PhD thesis). Ohio State University.
1424:
1404:
1300:
1221:
1203:Durant, Ariel; Durant, Will (1963).
935:
911:
882:
834:
482:estuary, closing Antwerp and making
1623:Military alliances involving Sweden
1568:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.
1367:
1158:Modern Spain: A Documentary History
13:
1236:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00103.x
1179:(2018 ed.). Forgotten Books.
451:, a huge sum that was never paid.
14:
1679:
1448:Macintosh, Claude Truman (1973).
495:States General of the Netherlands
493:By 1663, Louis had concluded the
454:In 1661, French Finance Minister
19:For other uses of this term, see
1648:Dutch Republic–England relations
755:was in no state to fight a war.
264:
250:
235:
213:
201:
189:
168:
156:
144:
125:
21:Triple Alliance (disambiguation)
1653:Dutch Republic–Sweden relations
1598:17th-century military alliances
572:
486:the richest commercial city in
474:as well as the Dutch. The 1648
350:were incompatible and used the
1613:Treaties of the Swedish Empire
1608:Treaties of the Dutch Republic
1284:The British Navy in the Baltic
1196:Batailles françaises, Volume V
668:, essential for shipbuilding.
337:war between Spain and Portugal
1:
1499:The Journal of Modern History
809:
791:War of the Spanish Succession
518:, whose closure in 1648 made
512:
405:
392:
387:War of the Spanish Succession
381:, which fought the 1688-1697
1305:. Cornell University Press.
1160:. U. of Pennsylvania Press.
1044:Davenport & Paullin 1917
1008:Davenport & Paullin 1917
740:
7:
1593:Political history of France
1545:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010).
1353:. Oxford University Press.
984:Goldie & Levillain 2018
10:
1684:
1633:1668 in the Dutch Republic
1370:Journal of British Studies
1349:Israel, Jonathan (1990) .
1149:
654:Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades
559:Portuguese Restoration War
18:
1526:Sheehan, Michael (1995).
1334:10.1017/S0018246X00018756
1194:De PĂ©rini, HardĂż (1896).
620:Negotiations were led by
368:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
227:
182:
137:
120:
97:23 January 1668
90:
63:23 January 1668
58:
50:
31:
1658:England–Sweden relations
1301:Hull, Isabel V. (2014).
1268:Gooskens, Frans (2016).
671:
624:, English ambassador in
530:as king, and his widow,
73:England, Dutch Republic
41:, English ambassador in
1478:Rommelse, Gijs (2006).
1282:Grainger, John (2014).
652:The French ambassador,
634:François-Paul de Lisola
132:François-Paul de Lisola
76:25 April 1668
1459:Newitt, Malyn (2004).
1322:The Historical Journal
770:
617:
523:
499:Second Anglo-Dutch War
429:Maria Theresa of Spain
417:Treaty of the Pyrenees
412:
352:Second Anglo-Dutch War
297:
289:
1663:Charles II of England
776:Third Anglo-Dutch War
761:
608:
507:
456:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
431:, eldest daughter of
400:
196:Charles II of England
1198:. Ernest Flammarion.
1156:Cowans, Jon (2003).
592:Great Fire of London
553:ended the 1654-1660
488:North Western Europe
415:As part of the 1659
300:) was signed by the
109:5 May 1668
1564:Wolf, John (1968).
1425:Lynn, John (1996).
1405:Lesaffer, Randall.
1142:, pp. 198–201.
1082:, pp. 120–123.
1070:, pp. 431–432.
1010:, p. 144, 152.
962:, pp. 299–300.
885:, pp. 311–312.
849:, pp. 197–198.
528:Charles II of Spain
460:Spanish Netherlands
425:Louis XIV of France
314:Spanish Netherlands
28:
27:The Triple Alliance
1261:10.17863/CAM.35128
1253:Historical Journal
1207:. TBS Publishing.
771:
622:Sir William Temple
618:
563:raid on the Medway
532:Mariana of Austria
524:
433:Philip IV of Spain
421:Franco-Spanish War
413:
385:and the 1701-1714
302:Kingdom of England
151:Sir William Temple
39:Sir William Temple
26:
1668:War of Devolution
1549:. Boydell Press.
1286:. Boydell Press.
1118:, pp. 40–41.
1106:, pp. 57–58.
1068:Van Nimwegen 2010
897:, pp. 33–34.
646:States of Holland
555:Anglo-Spanish War
547:War of Devolution
356:War of Devolution
278:
277:
1675:
1579:
1560:
1541:
1522:
1493:
1474:
1455:
1444:
1432:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1401:
1364:
1345:
1316:
1297:
1278:
1276:
1264:
1247:
1218:
1199:
1190:
1171:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1130:, pp. 9–12.
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
804:Franco-Dutch War
795:balance of power
784:Treaty of Elbing
614:Grand Pensionary
551:Treaty of Madrid
540:Margaret Theresa
536:Jus Devolutionis
517:
514:
476:Peace of MĂĽnster
462:and the port of
447:of 500,000 gold
410:
407:
375:Franco-Dutch War
360:Charles of Spain
298:Trippelalliansen
290:Triple Alliantie
269:
268:
260:
256:
254:
253:
245:
241:
239:
238:
218:
217:
206:
205:
194:
193:
173:
172:
161:
160:
149:
148:
130:
129:
116:
114:
104:
102:
83:
81:
70:
68:
36:
29:
25:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1638:1668 in England
1583:
1582:
1576:
1557:
1538:
1490:
1471:
1441:
1415:
1413:
1361:
1313:
1294:
1274:
1230:(80): 303–319.
1215:
1187:
1168:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
950:, pp. 5–7.
946:
942:
938:, pp. 311.
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
901:
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
812:
743:
674:
575:
567:Treaty of Breda
515:
472:Emperor Leopold
419:that ended the
408:
395:
383:Nine Years' War
330:Emperor Leopold
282:Triple Alliance
263:
251:
249:
236:
234:
212:
200:
188:
167:
155:
143:
124:
112:
110:
105:
100:
98:
85:
79:
77:
74:
72:
66:
64:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:1668 in Sweden
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1581:
1580:
1575:978-0575000889
1574:
1561:
1556:978-1843835752
1555:
1542:
1537:978-0415119313
1536:
1523:
1511:10.1086/237659
1494:
1489:978-9065509079
1488:
1475:
1470:978-1134553044
1469:
1456:
1445:
1440:978-0582056299
1439:
1422:
1402:
1382:10.1086/385435
1365:
1360:978-0198211396
1359:
1346:
1328:(2): 297–318.
1317:
1312:978-0801470646
1311:
1298:
1293:978-1843839477
1292:
1279:
1265:
1248:
1219:
1213:
1200:
1191:
1186:978-0483158924
1185:
1172:
1166:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1094:, p. 307.
1092:De PĂ©rini 1896
1084:
1080:Macintosh 1973
1072:
1060:
1058:, p. 165.
1056:Macintosh 1973
1048:
1046:, p. 158.
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
926:, p. 228.
916:
899:
895:Macintosh 1973
887:
875:
873:, p. 298.
871:De PĂ©rini 1896
863:
851:
839:
837:, p. 117.
827:
814:
813:
811:
808:
780:Denmark-Norway
742:
739:
673:
670:
600:City of London
588:Lord Arlington
583:States General
574:
571:
468:Dutch Republic
437:Spanish Empire
394:
391:
379:Grand Alliance
364:Spanish Empire
354:to launch the
310:Dutch Republic
306:Swedish Empire
276:
275:
274:
273:
271:Swedish Empire
261:
258:Dutch Republic
246:
229:
225:
224:
223:
222:
210:
198:
184:
180:
179:
178:
177:
165:
153:
139:
135:
134:
122:
118:
117:
92:
88:
87:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1680:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:1668 treaties
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:. Routledge.
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:. Routledge.
1462:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
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1376:(1): 58–70.
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1111:
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1015:
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979:
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573:Negotiations
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1505:(1): 1–14.
1433:. Longman.
960:Hutton 1986
924:Newitt 2004
847:Israel 1990
683:Armentières
638:Mark Goldie
594:meant both
516: 1645
409: 1700
324:. Although
220:Count Dohna
183:Signatories
175:Count Dohna
138:Negotiators
1587:Categories
1214:0207942277
1128:Rowen 1954
1020:Rowen 1954
996:Rowen 1954
948:Rowen 1954
859:Rowen 1954
810:References
767:Royal Navy
753:Royal Navy
698:Oudenaarde
596:Parliament
393:Background
113:1668-05-05
101:1668-01-23
80:1668-04-25
67:1668-01-23
1566:Louis XIV
1519:145695238
1416:9 October
1398:159658912
1342:159787254
936:Geyl 1936
883:Geyl 1936
835:Wolf 1968
741:Aftermath
735:North Sea
714:Charleroi
626:The Hague
520:Amsterdam
484:Amsterdam
344:Louis XIV
342:By 1663,
121:Mediators
95:The Hague
43:the Hague
1244:24401084
912:Lesaffer
702:Kortrijk
630:Brussels
598:and the
579:Orangist
427:married
308:and the
91:Location
1224:History
1150:Sources
694:Tournai
687:Bergues
509:Antwerp
480:Scheldt
464:Antwerp
294:Swedish
243:England
228:Parties
111: (
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726:Bremen
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710:Binche
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666:timber
658:Sweden
441:France
322:France
304:, the
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107:London
86:Sweden
59:Signed
1515:S2CID
1394:S2CID
1386:JSTOR
1338:S2CID
1275:(PDF)
1240:JSTOR
691:Douai
679:Lille
672:Terms
662:pitch
445:dowry
326:Spain
286:Dutch
1570:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1418:2019
1411:OPIL
1355:ISBN
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733:and
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