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213:, Sibley decided to treat with the Upper Dakota bands – the Sisseton and Wahpetons – first. McLeod reported that after a succession of bad winters, the western bands had suffered from hunger, often bordering on starvation, and were desperate for relief. In fact, he was confident that "they would sign almost anything." Once the Upper Dakota had signed a treaty, they reasoned, the Mdewakantons and Wahpekutes would surely follow.
341:, stood. The trader's paper sat on the barrel, and the assembled chiefs, assuming it was a third copy of the treaty, signed the paper without comment. This paper ensured that the cash annuity, to be paid the Sioux for fifty years, went directly to the traders instead for several years. Further claims that were subsequently added ultimately ensured the tribe received no money from the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux.
166:
By 1850, Ramsey and Sibley had arrived at an understanding. Governor Ramsey agreed to raise his offer from 2 1/2 cents to 10 cents per acre, and agreed to find a way of securing funds for the traders and their "mixed-blood" clerks and kin. Sibley also encouraged Ramsey to replace the previous treaty
336:
The Sioux also resented the separate "trader's paper" that was included in the treaty. Traders' papers were documents that contained the names of traders, included in the aforesaid claims, who were due fees from previous trades. At signing of the
Traverse des Sioux treaty, the assembled chiefs were
162:
Sibley informed
Governor Ramsey that he would withhold his support for future land cession treaties, if the Dakota were not "allowed" to pay off their "past debts." Ramsey came to appreciate that Sibley and other traders wielded significant influence among the Dakota, and that he was more likely to
385:
Articles of a treaty made and concluded at
Traverse des Sioux, upon the Minnesota River, in the Territory of Minnesota, on the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, between the United States of America, by Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Alexander Ramsey, governor
368:
The US intended the treaties to encourage the Sioux to convert from being nomadic hunters gathers to Anglo
European farming, offering them compensation in the transition. The forced change in lifestyle and the much lower than expected payments from the federal government caused economic suffering
224:(Tiwakan), to help build support for the treaty among Sisseton and Wahpeton leaders. Historian Gary Clayton Anderson writes, "Given the circumstances, Renville, in working with Brown, obviously assumed that he was helping his people out of what had become an increasingly unsustainable lifestyle."
333:. The Upper Sioux were not satisfied with their reservation because of low food supplies, but as it included several of their old villages, they agreed to stay. The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands, and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie.
201:
To win over the missionaries, Sibley emphasized how a massive sale of land would make it impossible for the Dakota to hunt and force them into farming. By replacing their communal lands with individually owned farm plots, the Dakota would become more "civilized" and more open to embracing
143:
had tried and failed to purchase land from the Dakota. Ramsey had initially offered less than three cents per acre – an offer that failed to gain much interest among Dakota leaders – and was largely ignored.
306:
bands of the Lower Sioux ceded territory of nearly 24,000,000 acres (97,000 km) of land. The US paid the Dakota an annuity the equivalent of 7.5 cents an acre and charged settlers $ 1.25 an acre.
82:
314:, each about 20 miles (30 km) wide and 70 miles (110 km) long. Later the government declared these were intended to be temporary, in an effort to force the Sioux out of Minnesota.
259:
bands of the Upper Dakota (sometimes spelled
Dahkotah on treaties) were hesitant to sign away so much land, but older members of the tribes believed that the results of the 1825
182:, he directed his traders to go back to awarding credit and giving gifts liberally to reinforce their kinship ties, even if they resulted in short-term losses. To win over the
963:
The treaty of
Traverse des Sioux in 1851 : under Governor Alexander Ramsey, with notes of the former treaty there, in 1841, under Governor James D. Doty, of Wisconsin
390:
superintendent of Indian affairs in said
Territory, commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, and See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians ...
155:
passed on March 3, 1847 prohibited annuities, money and goods to be paid to anyone other than heads of families or individuals in all future treaties. Nevertheless,
349:
Despite these issues, the crush of settlers moving into the area meant more Anglo
European people encroaching on Sioux land. As the US had promised increased
984:
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994:
752:
999:
952:
951:. Treaty as ratified (i.e., with Section 3 stricken). Archived copy of University of Oklahoma reproduction of relevant pages of
353:
payments in exchange for more land cessions, Sioux leaders went to
Washington, D.C. in 1858 to sign another pair of treaties, the
851:
279:
Treaty of
Traverse des Sioux land cession area shown in green across northern Iowa, southern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota.
240:, traveling with a large group including newspaper reporters, as well as traders and "mixed-blood" assistants associated with
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The Wahpeton and Sisseton bands ceded their lands in southern and western Minnesota Territory, along with some lands in
62:
bands. In this land cession treaty, the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands sold 21 million acres of land in present-day
856:
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198:. The land had remained largely unoccupied, but it was communally owned and they lacked the right to sell it.
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on the basis of an "overwhelming tide of migration...increasing and irresistible in its westward progress."
93:
and the traders who sought compensation for business losses which appeared on their books as "Indian debts."
480:
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Gabriel Renville: From the Dakota War to the Creation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Reservation, 1825–1892
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Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History
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Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota–White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650–1862
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6. Rules and regulations to protect the rights of persons and property among the Indians.
8:
112:
51:
291:. In exchange, the United States promised payment of $ 1,665,000 in cash and annuities.
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Governor Ramsey and Commissioner Lea justified the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the
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966:. Library of Congress. Description in 1905 of background and signing of treaty.
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Dakota Dawn: The Decisive First Week of the Sioux Uprising, August 17-24, 1862
485:. Vol. 1. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. pp. 272, 278, 281.
329:
was established about 30 miles (50 km) downstream near what developed as
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and increased social tensions within the tribes. Tensions erupted in the
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Sibley proceeded to build support for a new treaty. To win over the
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175:, with another commissioner less likely to oppose these measures.
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led to an upright barrel where an old acquaintance of the tribe,
545:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 186–189.
656:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 122.
603:. Pierre: South Dakota Historical Society Press. p. 15.
284:
232:
At 5:30 am on June 29, 1851, the treaty commissioners left
63:
16:
Upper Dakota land cession treaty of 1851 with United States
310:
The US set aside two reservations for the Sioux along the
89:
They were assisted by territorial Congressional delegate
759:. 2010-05-31. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010
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was determined to collect compensation for the traders.
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Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851
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Treaty with the Sioux-Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851
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had already become a national scandal. An act of the
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community, he promised to lobby for the sale of the
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704:The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indian
294:Through the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the
81:, the first governor of Minnesota Territory, and
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706:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 8–10.
845:
681:. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 111.
409:4. Payments and other payments held in trust.
924:. Nicollet County Historical Society Press.
135:Congressional delegate Henry Hastings Sibley
361:; these ceded the reservation north of the
985:United States and Native American treaties
411:5. Laws against liquors in Indian country.
403:1. Peace and friendship shall be perpetual
400:The abbreviated terms of the treaty were:
220:recruited his mixed-blood brother-in-law,
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852:Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota
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567:"1851 Dakota Land Cession Treaties"
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1000:Pre-statehood history of Minnesota
857:Minnesota Historical Society Press
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757:Minnesota State University Mankato
46:) was signed on July 23, 1851, at
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119:was the region's elder statesman.
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261:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
874:Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019).
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627:Anderson, Gary Clayton (1984).
599:Anderson, Gary Clayton (2018).
479:Folwell, William Watts (1921).
407:3. Stricken out by U.S. Senate.
248:before noon the following day.
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196:1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien
897:Wingerd, Mary Lethert (2010).
827:(2nd ed.). New York, NY:
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449:Sisseton-Wahpeton Treaty, 1858
139:In the fall of 1849, Governor
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903:University of Minnesota Press
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77:The treaty was instigated by
74:to the U.S. for $ 1,665,000.
880:University of Oklahoma Press
802:Minnesota Historical Society
753:"Ish Tak Ha Be (Sleepy Eye)"
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36:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux
24:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux
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1025:1851 in Minnesota Territory
507:(6): 328–329. Summer 2001.
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829:W. W. Norton & Company
819:Lass, William E. (1998) .
798:The Sioux Uprising of 1862
381:The preamble begins with,
127:Governor Alexander Ramsey
920:Lass, William E. (2011).
776:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
652:Gilman, Rhoda R. (2004).
270:
194:, granted to them in the
163:succeed with their help.
796:Carley, Kenneth (1976).
727:Michno, Gregory (2011).
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359:Sisseton-Wahpeton Treaty
331:Redwood Falls, Minnesota
323:Granite Falls, Minnesota
209:On the advice of trader
147:Past treaty payments to
849:; White, Bruce (2012).
702:Andrist, Ralph (1964).
267:limited their choices.
236:on board the steamboat
677:Lass, William (1998).
482:A History of Minnesota
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153:United States Congress
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102:United States Congress
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1005:1851 in American law
823:Minnesota: A History
679:Minnesota: A History
29:Francis Davis Millet
1010:Minnesota Territory
800:(Second ed.).
58:government and the
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980:Dakota War of 1862
497:"Curator's Choice"
371:Dakota War of 1862
327:Lower Sioux Agency
319:Upper Sioux Agency
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244:. They arrived at
216:Former fur trader
188:"half-breed tract"
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931:978-0-9834668-1-9
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713:978-0-8061-3308-9
610:978-1-941813-06-5
552:978-0-8166-4868-9
501:Minnesota History
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416:Signers included
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300:Mdewakanton
184:mixed-blood
149:fur traders
974:Categories
763:2013-03-06
576:2021-08-22
455:References
418:Sleepy Eye
388:ex officio
192:Lake Pepin
117:Sleepy Eye
108:Background
420:, of the
345:Aftermath
304:Wahpekute
238:Excelsior
171:Governor
68:Minnesota
38:(10
772:cite web
513:20188266
428:See also
393:—
357:and the
263:and the
257:Sisseton
253:Wahpeton
83:Luke Lea
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180:Dakotas
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40:Stat.
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884:ISBN
861:ISBN
833:ISBN
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733:ISBN
708:ISBN
683:ISBN
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633:ISBN
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547:ISBN
386:and
317:The
302:and
287:and
285:Iowa
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64:Iowa
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50:in
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