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22:
205:. The Minister of Health put special emphasis on nutrition as an alternative to antiretroviral treatment. As the top health official of South Africa, she was a particular target of TAC activism. Tshabalala-Msimang was removed as Health Minister in September 2008 after President Mbeki left office, a move hailed by the Treatment Action Campaign.
122:, TAC became a much more broadly based group, with chapters in many regions of the nation and a largely black and poor constituency. The group campaigns for greater access to HIV treatment for all South Africans by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments.
300:
were not met with violence. Over 2000 people took part in the demonstrations. The TAC's objective was to deliver its five demands, which include the convening of a national meeting and plan for the HIV/AIDS crisis, the dismissal of the Health
Minister, the immediate treatment of prisoners, respect
185:
In the summer of 2003, TAC obtained and leaked an internally circulated government report showing that treatment would be cost-effective by reducing costly hospitalisations within the public-sector health system; however, the government did not endorse the report and condemned the leak. In August
186:
2003, at its next annual congress, TAC voted to resume civil disobedience. TAC members also voted to recommend that Achmat take his medications, which he agreed he would do. At the same time, TAC began a
Treatment Project to distribute medications to its activists and to other community members.
271:
pointed out the failure of South Africa's response to HIV/AIDS, calling their actions more " worthy of a lunatic fringe than of a concerned and compassionate state." He also announced that earlier in the morning, Zackie Achmat and 44 others had been arrested for occupying provincial offices in
189:
Shortly after the
Congress, and before the civil disobedience campaign resumed, the Cabinet voted to begin roll-out of antiretroviral access through public-sector health clinics. In the South African system, the Cabinet can overrule the President, and it appeared to have done so in this case.
240:
entitled "Time to
Deliver: The Price of Inaction". Towards the end of the session, supporters of TAC, many of whom were wearing the distinctive "HIV POSITIVE" T-shirts, took to the stage behind the panel and silently held placards containing messages such as "Fire Manto", in reference to the
177:
available, TAC began a campaign for universal access to AIDS treatment through the public health system. In a national congress in 2002, the group decided to confront the government on this issue, first enacting a thousands-strong march on
Parliament in February 2003, and then beginning a
279:
After the conclusion of the conference, TAC declared a Global Day of Action for
Thursday, 24 August 2006. Protests and marches were held in the U.S., Canada, Brazil, and China by TAC supporters and sympathisers. In South Africa, police used
133:
The TAC first confronted the South
African government for not ensuring that mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) prevention was available to pregnant mothers. It won this case on the basis of the South African constitutional guarantee of the
146:, submitting a brief in favour of the government's position. Although the withdrawal of the pharmaceutical companies from this case resulted in a government victory, the government showed no interest in providing access to the generic
169:
According to TAC's founder, two million South
Africans died prematurely of AIDS during the term of former President Mbeki, and many of these deaths could have been prevented by timely implementation of access to anti-HIV drugs.
1268:
228:, 13–18 August 2006, TAC had a significant presence. Many TAC staff presented in seminars and chaired sessions, most prominently TAC Secretary Sipho Mthathi and Treasurer Mark Heywood. Heywood was a panelist in a
343:
office and met with then TAC chairperson Zackie Achmat. During his visit, Obama emphasised the importance of HIV testing and urged the South
African government to "awake" from AIDS denialism.
1263:
276:
in protest of government's failure to treat prisoners with anti-retrovirals, and in particular the recent death of one plaintiff in the legal case against the government on this matter.
5108:
260:
inside the booth, attracting attention to the South
African government's expenditure on the elaborate booth and lack of corresponding commitment to the national treatment plan.
87:
calls "the most important dissident in the country since Nelson Mandela", joined with a group of ten other activists to found the group after anti-apartheid gay rights activist
138:, and the government was ordered to provide MTCT programs in public clinics. TAC also assisted the government by defending it in the case brought against the government by the
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campaign in March 2003. After assurances from people within the government that a treatment plan would be forthcoming, TAC suspended its civil disobedience campaign.
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103:
with the words "HIV Positive" printed boldly in front, a strategy inspired by the apocryphal story of the Danish king wearing the yellow star marking Jews under
2226:
153:
Indeed, far from embracing their common victory against the patent rights of multinational companies who were not making affordable drugs available, President
4435:
208:
Although antiretroviral access is now official policy, its implementation has been spotty. TAC continues to protest and sue the government (working with the
2942:
2221:
1275:
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view that HIV might not cause AIDS, and that AIDS medications were more toxic than helpful, inviting foreign AIDS denialists to advise his government.
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on protesters at the Department of Correctional Services building in central Cape Town, though no one was seriously hurt. Similar protests in
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Although the Cabinet voted to reaffirm that South African AIDS policy is based on the evidence that HIV causes AIDS, former President
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TAC members and supporters also took over the South African government's booth in the exhibitor's area. The booth contained bowls of
5031:
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528:"South African AIDS activist makes a striking impact; Zackie Achmat inspires L.A. audiences and celebrates a triumph won at home"
409:
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332:
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2740:
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5000:
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2513:
2001:
883:
92:
968:"The rich world's patents abandon the poor to die; Non-branded Aids drugs would save a generation in developing countries"
4937:
4882:
4798:
4645:
4309:
3872:
3539:
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1689:
256:, which the Health Minister has claimed contribute to fighting HIV. TAC members passed around these items mockingly, and
119:
57:
background of its founder. TAC has been credited with forcing the reluctant government of former South African President
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2029:
1291:
900:"HIV/AIDS Advocates Protest South Africa's HIV/AIDS Treatment Program, Call for Resignation of Health Minister"
74:
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was available to wealthy South Africans. Shortly thereafter, prompted by the murder of HIV-positive activist
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TAC has worked with and shown solidarity with a number of organisations and movements. This includes the
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1231:
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1096:
799:"The Story of the TAC Case: The Potential and Limits of Socio-Economic Rights Litigation in South Africa"
309:
The TAC has received support from many sectors of South African society, including Supreme Court Justice
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The Treatment Action Campaign produces Equal Treatment, a magazine dedicated to HIV and health issues.
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Photo from TAC march on Parliament, February 2003 - photo from Treatment Action Campaign website
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1911:
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99:, HIV-positive and HIV-negative members of the new group began wearing the group's now-famous
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for the rule of law and the Constitution, and the building of a people's health service.
173:
Following their legal victories, and facing continuing refusal by the government to make
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Cornell, Morna; Majola, Mandla; Johnson, Leigh F; Dubula-Majola, Vuyiseka (June 2021).
387:
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1083:(Press release). 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009
502:
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198:
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147:
108:
83:
212:) in order to continue to influence the speed of and approach to the rollout.
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Love in the Time of AIDS: Inequality, Gender and Rights in South Africa
619:
73:
The Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) was launched on 10 December 1998,
4195:
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4117:
3523:
3500:
3489:
2816:
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115:
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350:, a nonprofit organisation that promotes social entrepreneurship.
21:
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1544:
741:
293:
285:
225:
100:
4100:
3256:
3035:
1660:
715:
367:
253:
370:. In October 2009, TAC issued a statement of Solidarity with
3248:
1576:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
744:"HIV services in sub-Saharan Africa: the greatest gap is men"
249:
1694:
1655:
1119:
1179:
1160:
233:
164:
1259:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
118:
activists, a number of whom had political roots in the
107:. Achmat also became famous for his pledge to not take
5109:
Medical and health organisations based in South Africa
2227:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
1027:"South Africa must awake from AIDS denial, Obama says"
618:
Giliomee, Hermann; Mbenga, Bernard (9 November 2007).
111:
medicines until all South Africans could obtain them.
3024:
624:(First ed.). Tafelberg Publishers. p. 419.
1125:
Academic report on TAC from Centre for Civil Society
654:"TAC in the History of Patient Driven AIDS Activism"
114:
Quickly outgrowing its start among a small group of
2222:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
1611:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
1596:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
711:"South Africa's removal of health minister praised"
797:Berger, Jonathan Michael; Kapczynski, Amy (2009).
526:
5075:
2581:People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty
1025:Zeleny, Jeff; Goering, Laurie (21 August 2006).
796:
491:
489:
429:
427:
425:
216:2006 IAS Conference and the Global Day of Action
3814:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2476:Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa
1210:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
680:"Jimmy Carter pleased to see Mbeki booted out"
617:
3010:
2253:
1145:
1024:
672:
486:
422:
2267:
1077:"Attacks on Abahlali base Mjondolo Movement"
579:
577:
524:
263:During the conference's closing ceremonies,
16:South African HIV/AIDS activist organization
2520:South African Liberal Students' Association
1302:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
848:
846:
49:in 1998. TAC is rooted in the experiences,
3017:
3003:
2260:
2246:
1535:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
1152:
1138:
855:"South Africa HIV Policy Bashed at Summit"
852:
939:
702:
645:
574:
525:O'Connor, Anne-Marie (24 November 2003).
374:condemning the attacks by ANC members on
335:(COSATU). In August 2006, U.S. President
222:XVI International AIDS Society Conference
201:position, as did his Minister of Health,
3887:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1018:
843:
611:
20:
3483:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
996:"TAC, Cosatu bring in cheap Aids drugs"
965:
942:"TAC vows to get HIV treatment for all"
924:"KILLING HIM SOFTLY", Matt Steinglass,
433:
398:
128:
5076:
3964:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
708:
583:
554:
461:
333:Congress of South African Trade Unions
165:Campaign for access to antiretrovirals
150:medications that its victory allowed.
2998:
2241:
1571:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
1133:
651:
518:
495:
267:Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa
2514:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
993:
464:"Mbeki selfsabotage led to downfall"
455:
434:McGreal, Chris (12 September 2008).
93:highly active antiretroviral therapy
3894:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3540:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2602:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
1690:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
1159:
853:Duff-Brown, Beth (18 August 2006).
709:Nullis, Clare (27 September 2008).
686:. 27 September 2008. Archived from
555:Cronin, Jeremy (17 November 2010).
462:Makuni, Mavis (27 September 2008).
120:Marxist Workers Tendency of the ANC
13:
5099:Civil disobedience in South Africa
2537:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front
2482:Congress of South African Students
2331:
966:Sulston, John (18 February 2003).
940:Maclennon, Ben (1 December 2000).
881:TAC calls for Global Day of Action
14:
5125:
5046:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
4681:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1276:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
1113:
5089:Social movements in South Africa
5058:
5057:
2979:
2978:
2772:"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)
2508:Lesbian and Gay Equality Project
1737:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1297:AIDS-defining clinical condition
1006:from the original on 25 May 2005
660:. University of Michigan Library
584:Hunter, Mark (29 October 2010).
376:Kennedy Road informal settlement
339:, then a Senator, visited TAC's
4695:South African Party (1977–1980)
4688:South African Party (1911–1934)
4604:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4401:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2526:South African Students Congress
1069:
1051:
1047:– via High Beam Research.
987:
959:
933:
918:
892:
874:
825:
790:
735:
496:Power, Samantha (19 May 2003).
4013:2019 service delivery protests
3999:#FeesMustFall student protests
3744:1983 constitutional referendum
2440:South Africa political parties
994:Thom, Anso (29 January 2002).
652:Mbali, Mandisa (2 June 2005).
548:
75:International Human Rights Day
39:HIV/AIDS activist organisation
1:
4471:Johannesburg Reform Committee
3700:Israel–South Africa Agreement
3093:
3078:
3055:
3048:
2676:(Don't) touch me on my studio
2532:South African Wine Initiative
1606:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
1586:International AIDS Conference
1540:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
1483:Discrimination against people
760:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01163-6
415:
353:
142:. TAC entered the case as an
65:available to South Africans.
4126:Black Consciousness Movement
3880:Government of National Unity
2624:Unemployed Peoples' Movement
2470:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
1466:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
1347:HIV Drug Resistance Database
41:which was co-founded by the
7:
3837:Saint James Church massacre
3723:Weapons of mass destruction
2852:No Land! No House! No Vote!
2766:No Land! No House! No Vote!
1767:CĂ´te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
1601:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
1530:List of HIV-positive people
621:New History of South Africa
381:
366:, the AIDS Law Project and
68:
10:
5130:
3577:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3455:South West Africa campaign
3354:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
3319:French Huguenot settlement
1667:Reports from the Holocaust
1591:International AIDS Society
1581:Elton John AIDS Foundation
304:
5055:
5032:African National Congress
5021:
4927:
4760:
4492:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
4215:
4206:
4064:
3860:
3830:1992 apartheid referendum
3499:
3444:
3363:
3301:
3274:
3267:
3033:
2976:
2865:
2792:
2750:
2649:
2632:
2619:Treatment Action Campaign
2597:Landless Peoples Movement
2565:South Africa trade unions
2550:
2447:
2430:
2354:
2343:
2329:
2275:
2217:
2187:
2139:
2107:
2057:
2048:
2020:
1855:
1712:
1703:
1626:Treatment Action Campaign
1563:
1448:
1380:
1342:Tuberculosis co-infection
1284:
1205:disease progression rates
1172:
1120:Treatment Action Campaign
1101:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1081:Treatment Action Campaign
837:28 September 2006 at the
557:"COSATU and the Liberals"
245:, who was in attendance.
197:continued to support the
31:Treatment Action Campaign
5114:Protests in South Africa
5084:HIV/AIDS in South Africa
4485:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4478:Labour Party (1910–1958)
4034:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3992:#RhodesMustFall protests
3591:1960 republic referendum
2938:Political assassinations
2614:Social Justice Coalition
2576:Mandela Park Backyarders
2269:Politics of South Africa
1352:Innate resistance to HIV
1322:Neurocognitive disorders
436:"Zackie Achmat: Profile"
410:Social Justice Coalition
360:Social Justice Coalition
329:Médecins Sans Frontières
203:Manto Tshabalala-Msimang
4930:terrorist organisations
4020:2019 Johannesburg riots
3633:Constructive engagement
3598:International isolation
3416:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2778:One Settler, One Bullet
1673:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
1656:Gay Men's Health Crisis
1332:Opportunistic infection
803:SSRN Electronic Journal
322:Archbishop of Cape Town
140:pharmaceutical industry
91:died from AIDS even as
3943:Attack on Kennedy Road
3554:Congress of the People
3145:South African Republic
2736:Anti-Chinese sentiment
2721:White monopoly capital
2587:Poor People's Alliance
2337:
1500:HIV-affected community
1440:HIV and homosexual men
886:6 January 2009 at the
364:Anti-Eviction Campaign
26:
4513:Natal Indian Congress
4233:Afrikaner Broederbond
4087:Afrikaner nationalism
3873:1994 general election
3844:Bophuthatswana crisis
3737:Church Street bombing
3517:Apartheid legislation
3510:1948 general election
3430:South Africa Act 1909
3225:Union of South Africa
3045:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3025:Political history of
2923:Legacies of apartheid
2784:"Each One, Teach One"
2741:Anti-Indian sentiment
2686:Proudly South African
2592:Abahlali baseMjondolo
2367:Afrikaner nationalism
2335:
1680:Silence=Death Project
1478:Criminal transmission
1398:Multiple sex partners
534:The Los Angeles Times
468:The Financial Gazette
372:Abahlali baseMjondolo
37:) is a South African
24:
4147:Greater South Africa
3985:2014 platinum strike
3851:Shell House massacre
3779:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
3584:Sharpeville massacre
3347:Battle of Blaauwberg
3340:Battle of Muizenberg
3292:Battle of Salt River
3075:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2943:Political repression
2838:Long Walk to Freedom
2336:Flag of South Africa
2002:United Arab Emirates
1473:Circumcision and HIV
1430:City of Hope Patient
1190:structure and genome
1063:20 June 2010 at the
811:10.2139/ssrn.1323522
754:(10290): 2130–2132.
690:on 28 September 2008
399:Sister organisations
346:TAC is supported by
325:Njongonkulu Ndungane
157:began promoting the
136:right to health care
129:Suing the government
63:antiretroviral drugs
5039:Democratic Alliance
4216:Civic and political
4080:Afrikaner Calvinism
4073:African nationalism
3922:African Renaissance
3612:UNSC Resolution 591
3533:Internal resistance
3434:National Convention
3402:Transvaal Civil War
3326:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
3209:Orange River Colony
2933:Phala Phala robbery
2831:I Write What I Like
2656:African Renaissance
2382:Black consciousness
2362:African nationalism
1550:AIDS Memorial Quilt
1362:HIV-positive people
1039:on 18 February 2018
860:The Washington Post
474:on 18 February 2018
313:, former President
3786:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
3605:UN Resolution 1761
3570:Women's March 1956
3423:South African Wars
3409:Mineral Revolution
2338:
2127:Dominican Republic
1510:HIV/AIDS denialism
1435:Women and HIV/AIDS
1425:The London Patient
1292:Signs and symptoms
1200:CDC classification
1097:cite press release
1000:Independent Online
946:Independent Online
930:, 8 December 2002.
388:HIV/AIDS denialism
180:civil disobedience
27:
5094:HIV/AIDS activism
5071:
5070:
5024:political parties
5017:
5016:
4994:Orde van die Dood
4611:Progressive Party
4317:Congress Alliance
4133:Cape Independence
4065:Political culture
4060:
4059:
4027:COVID-19 pandemic
3957:Marikana massacre
3793:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
3547:Defiance Campaign
3137:Orange Free State
3067:Dutch Cape Colony
2992:
2991:
2883:Cape Independence
2861:
2860:
2803:African Communist
2759:Amandla Ngawethu!
2661:Alternative media
2650:Political culture
2642:South African law
2546:
2545:
2432:Political parties
2235:
2234:
2213:
2212:
2135:
2134:
1616:The SING Campaign
1505:HIV/AIDS activism
1493:Cost of treatment
1415:Timothy Ray Brown
1410:World AIDS Museum
723:on 1 October 2008
631:978-0-624-04359-1
5121:
5104:Health campaigns
5061:
5060:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4928:Paramilitary and
4920:
4918:Umkosi Wezintaba
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4763:social movements
4761:Trade unions and
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4282:Boerestaat Party
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4213:
4212:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4165:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4053:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3772:Dakar Conference
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3702:
3695:
3693:Israeli alliance
3688:
3681:
3674:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3647:Sporting boycott
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3619:Academic boycott
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3476:Great Depression
3471:
3464:
3462:Maritz rebellion
3457:
3437:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3312:Dutch settlement
3294:
3287:
3285:Bantu migrations
3272:
3271:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3217:Transvaal Colony
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3185:Nieuwe Republiek
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3121:Natalia Republic
3116:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3090:Ndwandwe Kingdom
3085:
3083:
3080:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2918:Land occupations
2913:Labour brokering
2845:Molotov Cocktail
2748:
2747:
2609:Reclaim the City
2557:Social movements
2488:Earthlife Africa
2387:Environmentalism
2352:
2351:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2205:Papua New Guinea
2055:
2054:
1710:
1709:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1035:. Archived from
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
937:
931:
927:The Boston Globe
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
896:
890:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
850:
841:
829:
823:
822:
794:
788:
787:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
719:. Archived from
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:
649:
643:
642:
640:
638:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
581:
572:
571:
569:
567:
552:
546:
545:
543:
541:
530:
522:
516:
515:
513:
511:
498:"The AIDS Rebel"
493:
484:
483:
481:
479:
470:. Archived from
459:
453:
452:
450:
448:
431:
210:AIDS Law Project
61:to begin making
5129:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4429:HNP (Herstigte)
4427:
4422:HNP (Herenigde)
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4240:Afrikaner Party
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4208:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4154:Honorary whites
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4056:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3915:Soweto bombings
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3716:Soweto Uprising
3714:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3640:Tar Baby Option
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:Freedom Charter
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3440:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3161:Griqualand West
3159:
3153:Griqualand East
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3029:
3023:
2993:
2988:
2972:
2953:Sexual violence
2873:Corrective rape
2857:
2794:
2788:
2746:
2726:Ungovernability
2681:Freedom Charter
2645:
2628:
2571:Equal Education
2555:
2542:
2451:
2443:
2426:
2346:
2339:
2327:
2271:
2266:
2236:
2231:
2209:
2183:
2131:
2103:
2044:
2016:
1962:Myanmar (Burma)
1851:
1699:
1685:Day Without Art
1631:The Global Fund
1559:
1488:Economic impact
1444:
1376:
1280:
1232:pathophysiology
1168:
1158:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1065:Wayback Machine
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1032:Chicago Tribune
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
992:
988:
978:
976:
964:
960:
950:
948:
938:
934:
923:
919:
909:
907:
904:KFF Health News
898:
897:
893:
888:Wayback Machine
879:
875:
865:
863:
851:
844:
839:Wayback Machine
830:
826:
795:
791:
740:
736:
726:
724:
707:
703:
693:
691:
684:Dispatch Online
678:
677:
673:
663:
661:
650:
646:
636:
634:
632:
616:
612:
602:
600:
598:
582:
575:
565:
563:
553:
549:
539:
537:
523:
519:
509:
507:
494:
487:
477:
475:
460:
456:
446:
444:
432:
423:
418:
405:Equal Education
401:
384:
356:
307:
243:Health Minister
230:plenary session
218:
175:antiretrovirals
167:
131:
105:Nazi occupation
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5069:
5068:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4987:Ossewabrandwag
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4730:Unionist Party
4726:
4719:
4712:
4709:Torch Commando
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4583:Orde Boerevolk
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4359:DP (1989–2000)
4355:
4352:DP (1973–1977)
4348:
4345:Dominion Party
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4226:Afrikaner Bond
4221:
4219:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4166:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4140:Day of the Vow
4136:
4129:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3908:Floor crossing
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3823:Bisho massacre
3819:
3818:
3817:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3765:Operation Vula
3761:
3758:Rubicon speech
3754:
3751:Langa massacre
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3469:Rand Rebellion
3465:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3395:Boer Republics
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3241:Bophuthatswana
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3201:Klein Vrystaat
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3086:
3071:
3063:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Tenderpreneurs
2698:
2693:
2691:Rainbow nation
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2561:
2559:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2498:Khanya College
2495:
2490:
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3276:Pre-colonial
3129:Natal Colony
3113:Zulu Kingdom
3027:South Africa
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2898:Farm attacks
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2478:(CONTRALESA)
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2323:Western Cape
2283:Eastern Cape
1992:Taiwan (ROC)
1982:Saudi Arabia
1832:South Africa
1665:
1651:Larry Kramer
1625:
1393:Epidemiology
1085:. Retrieved
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441:The Guardian
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282:pepper spray
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4162:Rooi gevaar
4041:2021 unrest
3971:Nkandlagate
3800:Third Force
3661:Rugby union
3259:(1981–1994)
3251:(1979–1994)
3243:(1977–1994)
3235:(1976–1994)
3227:(1910–1961)
3219:(1902–1910)
3211:(1902–1910)
3203:(1886–1891)
3195:(1885–1887)
3187:(1884–1888)
3179:(1882–1885)
3171:(1882–1883)
3163:(1870–1873)
3155:(1861–1879)
3147:(1856–1902)
3139:(1854–1902)
3131:(1843–1910)
3123:(1839–1843)
3115:(1816–1897)
3107:(1795–1910)
3105:Cape Colony
3097: 1780
3082: 1780
3069:(1652–1806)
3059: 1220
3052: 1075
2968:Third Force
2958:Shack fires
2795:periodicals
2276:By province
2200:New Zealand
2072:El Salvador
1977:Philippines
1947:North Korea
1900:China (PRC)
1865:Afghanistan
1555:Product Red
1456:AIDS orphan
1312:Nephropathy
1247:vaccination
1087:17 February
1010:13 February
979:17 February
951:17 February
910:13 February
866:17 February
637:17 February
603:17 February
566:17 February
540:16 November
510:16 November
341:Khayelitsha
258:toyi-toyied
195:Thabo Mbeki
155:Thabo Mbeki
89:Simon Nkoli
59:Thabo Mbeki
5078:Categories
4973:Greyshirts
4737:Volksparty
4275:Black Sash
3936:Xenophobia
3929:Travelgate
3686:Border War
3490:Bantustans
3388:Great Trek
3333:Xhosa Wars
3193:Upingtonia
3177:Stellaland
2731:Xenophobia
2671:Corruption
2422:Trotskyism
2402:Liberalism
2392:Federalism
2355:Ideologies
2313:North West
2308:Mpumalanga
2288:Free State
1912:East Timor
1885:Bangladesh
1875:Azerbaijan
1797:Mozambique
1782:Madagascar
1515:Red ribbon
1357:Serostatus
1285:Conditions
1237:prevention
1227:management
1185:Lentivirus
748:The Lancet
416:References
354:Solidarity
331:, and the
4196:Volkstaat
4187:Uitlander
4118:Boerehaat
4094:Anarchism
3901:Arms Deal
3864:apartheid
3524:Pass laws
3501:Apartheid
3446:1910–1948
3365:1815–1910
3303:1652–1815
2963:Terrorism
2893:e-tolling
2888:Elections
2817:ANC Today
2793:Books and
2706:Toyi-toyi
2493:Keep Left
2460:AfriForum
2450:political
2372:Anarchism
2347:movements
2345:Political
2195:Australia
2149:Argentina
2109:Caribbean
2087:Nicaragua
2077:Guatemala
1987:Sri Lanka
1922:Indonesia
1705:Locations
1646:"Free Me"
1372:Pregnancy
1367:Nutrition
1222:diagnosis
819:1556-5068
784:235273225
768:0140-6736
393:Quackdown
274:Cape Town
116:Cape Town
45:activist
5064:Category
4966:Boeremag
4464:Jeugkrag
4415:Het Volk
4109:Baasskap
4051:incident
3654:Olympics
3233:Transkei
3036:polities
3034:Defunct
2985:Category
2948:Protests
2908:HIV/AIDS
2696:Renaming
2583:(PASSOP)
2397:Feminism
2377:Anti-war
2164:Colombia
2082:Honduras
1997:Thailand
1972:Pakistan
1957:Malaysia
1895:Cambodia
1847:Zimbabwe
1827:Tanzania
1752:Ethiopia
1747:Eswatini
1732:Botswana
1621:Solidays
1520:Safe sex
1461:Religion
1405:Timeline
1327:Pruritus
1264:Children
1242:research
1217:HIV/AIDS
1195:subtypes
1061:Archived
1004:Archived
884:Archived
835:Archived
776:34087108
658:Passages
382:See also
319:Anglican
101:T-shirts
69:Founding
4869:SAAPAWU
4207:Defunct
4170:Slavery
3374:Mfecane
2928:Lindela
2810:Amandla
2751:Slogans
2528:(SASCO)
2522:(SALSA)
2516:(PAGAD)
2484:(COSAS)
2303:Limpopo
2293:Gauteng
2188:Oceania
2179:Uruguay
2154:Bolivia
2122:Jamaica
2040:Ukraine
2012:Vietnam
1880:Bahrain
1870:Armenia
1822:Senegal
1812:Nigeria
1802:Namibia
1777:Lesotho
1564:Culture
1545:HIV.gov
1388:History
1381:History
832:(video)
305:Support
294:Limpopo
286:Gauteng
226:Toronto
220:At the
81:, whom
4820:FOSATU
4674:SAYRCO
4646:SADECO
4562:Occupy
4101:Azania
4049:Lady R
3978:Racism
3807:CODESA
3268:Events
3257:Ciskei
3169:Goshen
3099:–1819)
3084:–1817)
2711:Ubuntu
2666:Azania
2539:(ZACF)
2510:(LGEP)
2448:Other
2169:Guyana
2159:Brazil
2067:Mexico
2062:Canada
2035:Russia
2022:Europe
2007:Turkey
1942:Jordan
1905:Yunnan
1890:Bhutan
1842:Zambia
1837:Uganda
1817:Rwanda
1787:Malawi
1762:Guinea
1722:Angola
1714:Africa
1661:ACT UP
1449:Social
1167:topics
817:
782:
774:
766:
716:APNews
628:
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368:COSATU
362:, the
348:Ashoka
296:, and
254:garlic
250:lemons
5001:PAGAD
4897:SATUC
4890:SARHU
4876:SACTU
4855:NURHS
4813:FNETU
4799:CTSWU
4792:CNETU
4785:BLATU
4667:SAYCO
4555:NUSAS
4436:IDASA
4247:AITUP
3862:Post-
3249:Venda
2878:Crime
2866:Other
2472:(AWB)
2117:Haiti
1967:Nepal
1937:Japan
1917:India
1807:Niger
1772:Kenya
1757:Ghana
1742:Egypt
1727:Benin
780:S2CID
5008:SANF
4938:APLA
4883:SAIF
4862:PAWE
4848:NEUM
4841:MUSA
4806:FCWU
4751:WOSA
4702:TNIP
4660:SASO
4653:SAIC
4639:SABP
4590:PAVN
4324:COSG
4303:CTEG
4296:CNIP
2824:Biko
2640:see
2563:see
2438:see
2174:Peru
1952:Laos
1932:Iraq
1927:Iran
1857:Asia
1792:Mali
1695:Ayds
1252:PrEP
1165:AIDS
1103:link
1089:2018
1045:2008
1012:2024
981:2018
953:2018
912:2024
868:2018
815:ISSN
772:PMID
764:ISSN
729:2008
696:2008
666:2008
639:2018
626:ISBN
605:2018
592:ISBN
568:2018
542:2008
512:2008
480:2008
449:2008
252:and
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4959:BBB
4952:AWB
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4827:ICU
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1161:HIV
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