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2210:. In some geographical settings, however, the source language is the translator's first language because not enough people speak the source language as a second language. For instance, a 2005 survey found that 89% of professional Slovene translators translate into their second language, usually English. In cases where the source language is the translator's first language, the translation process has been referred to by various terms, including "translating into a non-mother tongue", "translating into a second language", "inverse translation", "reverse translation", "service translation", and "translation from A to B". The process typically begins with a full and in-depth analysis of the original text in the source language, ensuring full comprehension and understanding before the actual act of translating is approached.
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11590:, vol. 46, no. 9 (9 May 2024), p. 13. "The 'fixer' is a slippery figure: Stahuljak, who used to work as an interpreter in war zones, uses the term by analogy with the local interpreters-guides-brokers who make it possible for modern journalists to function in alien terrain. She emphasises that the work they do as interpreters â just one of the many ways in which they enable networks of exchange â is more creative than we might assume. Medieval writers, readers and travellers understood translation as a dynamic process, something that has been obscured by the later emphasis on the value of the
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3186:, also called "certified translation," aims at legal equivalence between two documents written in different languages. It is performed by someone authorized to do so by local regulations, which vary widely from country to country. Some countries recognize self-declared competence. Others require the translator to be an official state appointee. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, certain government institutions require that translators be accredited by certain translation institutes or associations in order to be able to carry out certified translations.
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2007:
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2487:'s 1611 phrase, "the bodies that those souls were frighted from", though he did not provide the rationale for his preference. Dryden often translated his writing into Latin, to check whether his writing was concise and elegant, Latin being considered an elegant and long-lived language with which to compare; then he back-translated his writing back to English according to Latin-grammar usage. As Latin does not have sentences ending in prepositions, Dryden may have applied Latin grammar to English, thus forming the controversial rule of
3010:
2600:, "comes close to being a lifetime job." The complexity of the translator's task cannot be overstated; one author suggests that becoming an accomplished translatorâafter having already acquired a good basic knowledge of both languages and culturesâmay require a minimum of ten years' experience. Viewed in this light, it is a serious misconception to assume that a person who has fair fluency in two languages will, by virtue of that fact alone, be consistently competent to translate between them.
2269:'s definition of translation, "the process of translation between two different written languages involves the changing of an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL)". The terms 'source text' and 'target text' are preferred over 'original' and 'translation' because they do not have the same positive vs. negative value judgment.
3335:. These produce rough translations that, under favorable circumstances, approximate the meaning of the source text. With the Internet, translation software can help non-native-speaking individuals understand web pages published in other languages. Whole-page-translation tools are of limited utility, however, since they offer only a limited potential understanding of the original author's intent and context; translated pages tend to be more erroneously humorous and confusing than enlightening.
90:
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2003:". Depending on the given translation, the two qualities may not be mutually exclusive. The criteria for judging the fidelity of a translation vary according to the subject, type and use of the text, its literary qualities, its social or historical context, etc. The criteria for judging the transparency of a translation appear more straightforward: an unidiomatic translation "sounds wrong" and, in extreme cases of word-for-word translation, often results in patent nonsense.
2070:. In his seminal lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move "the writer toward ", i.e., transparency, and those that move the "reader toward ", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote
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the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.
600:
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2021:
4139:
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3368:-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error; therefore, to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved, such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human.
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its own store of perceptions, memories, and values. Weinberger pushes this insight further when he writes that "every reading of every poem, regardless of language, is an act of translation: translation into the reader's intellectual and emotional life." Then he goes still further: because a reader's mental life shifts over time, there is a sense in which "the same poem cannot be read twice."
4689:'s Latin Vulgate similarly to Pope Francis. A.J.B. Higgins in 1943 showed that among the earliest Christian authors, the understanding and even the text of this devotional verse underwent considerable changes. These ancient writers suggest that, even if the Greek and Latin texts are left unmodified, something like "do not let us fall" could be an acceptable English rendering. Higgins cited
4149:
1721:, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosophical works of Arab and oriental origins. Arabic, and to a lesser degree Persian, became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions, which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions.
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effectively. Play translators must also take into account several other aspects: the final performance, varying theatrical and acting traditions, characters' speaking styles, modern theatrical discourse, and even the acoustics of the auditorium, i.e., whether certain words will have the same effect on the new audience as they had on the original audience.
5850:, points out (more explicitly than Charles McNamara) that Luke gives a shorter version of Jesus's Lord's Prayer, leaving off the request that God "deliver us from evil"; that (as Charles McNamara also says) accurate translation is not the question here; and that the Bible records a number of incidents when God commands evil actions, such as that
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ambassador, the translators decided the substance of the exchange. Historians have tended to attribute meaning to the speakers and not to their humble interpreters. But... it was the intermediaries â ambassadors, negotiators, translators â who delivered the meanings. The important persons in this process were those in between." (p. 32.)
2123:; but the two approaches are applicable to any translation. "Formal equivalence" corresponds to "metaphrase", and "dynamic equivalence" to "paraphrase". "Formal equivalence" (sought via "literal" translation) attempts to render the text literally, or "word for word" (the latter expression being itself a word-for-word rendering of the
3047:, either simultaneously or consecutively, between two, or among three or more, speakers who are not speaking, or signing, the same language. The term "interpreting," rather than "interpretation," is preferentially used for this activity by Anglophone interpreters and translators, to avoid confusion with other meanings of the word "
10196:, vol. LXIII, no. 19 (8 December 2016), pp. 22â24. "I like to reproduce the word order, and the order of ideas, of the original whenever possible. ranslation is, eternally, a compromise. You settle for the best you can do rather than achieving perfection, though there is the occasional perfect solution ." (p. 23.)
6109:, vol. LXIII, no. 19 (8 December 2016), pp. 22â24. "I like to reproduce the word order, and the order of ideas, of the original whenever possible. ranslation is, eternally, a compromise. You settle for the best you can do rather than achieving perfection, though there is the occasional perfect solution ." (p. 23.)
1611:, and common even in modern Chinese prose, to omit subjects; the reader or listener infers a subject. The grammars of some Western languages, however, require that a subject be stated (although this is often avoided by using a passive or impersonal construction). Most of the translators cited in Eliot Weinberger's
2351:". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick's
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performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning
3203:
Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergence
870:
When appear... literally graceful, it were an injury to the author that they should be changed. But since... what is beautiful in one is often barbarous, nay sometimes nonsense, in another, it would be unreasonable to limit a translator to the narrow compass of his author's words: 'tis enough if he
5114:
vocabulary, and fictional representation of the translation process, the translation of science-fiction texts involves specific concerns. The science-fiction translator tends to acquire specific competences and assume a distinctive publishing and cultural agency. As in the case of other mass-fiction
2213:
Translation for specialized or professional fields requires a working knowledge, as well, of the pertinent terminology in the field. For example, translation of a legal text requires not only fluency in the respective languages but also familiarity with the terminology specific to the legal field in
1555:
lines in classical
Chinese poems normally are read. Chinese characters are pronounced in one syllable apiece, so producing such rhythms in Chinese is not hard and the results are unobtrusive; but any imitation in a Western language is almost inevitably stilted and distracting. Even less translatable
1259:
Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by
4273:
While a poet's words endure in his own language, even the greatest translation is destined to become part of the growth of its own language and eventually to perish with its renewal. Translation is so far removed from being the sterile equation of two dead languages that of all literary forms it is
4248:
Twelfth-century
Persian and contemporary English are as different as sky and sea. The best I can do as a poet is to reflect one into the other. The sea can reflect the sky with its moving stars, shifting clouds, gestations of the moon, and migrating birdsâbut ultimately the sea is not the sky.
2288:
A "back-translation" is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text. Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy
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and back again. But... written texts are not so fixed as one might assume. Neither the
Chinese nor the British officials read the originals of the messages from the other side; they were content to receive translations... In such circumstances... meanings become elusive. More than king, emperor or
4772:
over disparities between
Catholic and Protestant renderings of crucial words and passages (and due to a Protestant-perceived need to reform the Roman Catholic Church). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures, and languages of their respective countries were exerted by such Bible translations as
4441:
Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but
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As a language evolves, texts in an earlier version of the languageâoriginal texts, or old translationsâmay become difficult for modern readers to understand. Such a text may therefore be translated into more modern language, producing a "modern translation" (e.g., a "modern
English translation" or
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There is, however, no sharp boundary between formal and functional equivalence. On the contrary, they represent a spectrum of translation approaches. Each is used at various times and in various contexts by the same translator, and at various points within the same text â sometimes simultaneously.
2030:
While current
Western translation practice is dominated by the dual concepts of "fidelity" and "transparency", this has not always been the case. There have been periods, especially in pre-Classical Rome and in the 18th century, when many translators stepped beyond the bounds of translation proper
1663:
Dilemmas about translation do not have definitive right answers (although there can be unambiguously wrong ones if misreadings of the original are involved). Any translation (except machine translation, a different case) must pass through the mind of a translator, and that mind inevitably contains
1572:
Once the untranslatables have been set aside, the problems for a translator, especially of
Chinese poetry, are two: What does the translator think the poetic line says? And once he thinks he understands it, how can he render it into the target language? Most of the difficulties, according to Link,
1238:
ranslation... is in fact an art both estimable and very difficult, and therefore is not the labor and portion of common minds; should be by those who are themselves capable of being actors, when they see greater use in translating the works of others than in their own works, and hold higher than
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Other considerations in writing a singing translation include repetition of words and phrases, the placement of rests and punctuation, the quality of vowels sung on high notes, and rhythmic features of the vocal line that may be more natural to the original language than to the target language. A
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presented in the book, such as poetic forms, various prose types including memorials, letters, proclamations, praise poems, edicts, and historical, philosophical and political disquisitions, threnodies and laments for the dead, and examination essays. Thus the literary translator must be familiar
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Views on the possibility of satisfactorily translating poetry show a broad spectrum, depending partly on the degree of latitude desired by the translator in regard to a poem's formal features (rhythm, rhyme, verse form, etc.), but also relating to how much of the suggestiveness and imagery in the
4354:
The translation of plays poses many problems such as the added element of actors, speech duration, translation literalness, and the relationship between the arts of drama and acting. Successful play translators are able to create language that allows the actor and the playwright to work together
2016:
Nevertheless, in certain contexts a translator may consciously seek to produce a literal translation. Translators of literary, religious, or historic texts often adhere as closely as possible to the source text, stretching the limits of the target language to produce an unidiomatic text. Also, a
1685:
and
Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly
5182:
A team approach is recommended in the survey-translation process, to include translators, subject-matter experts, and persons helpful to the process. For example, even when project managers and researchers do not speak the language of the translation, they know the study objectives well and the
3272:
These tools speed up and facilitate human translation, but they do not provide translation. The latter is a function of tools known broadly as machine translation. The tools speed up the translation process by assisting the human translator by memorizing or committing translations to a database
1618:
supply a subject. Weinberger points out, however, that when an "I" as a subject is inserted, a "controlling individual mind of the poet" enters and destroys the effect of the
Chinese line. Without a subject, he writes, "the experience becomes both universal and immediate to the reader." Another
3676:. There Arabic texts, Hebrew texts, and Latin texts were translated into the other tongues by Muslim, Jewish, and Christian scholars, who also argued the merits of their respective religions. Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European
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are becoming more popular. These tools show one or more possible equivalents for each word or phrase. Human operators merely need to select the likeliest equivalent as the mouse glides over the foreign-language text. Possible equivalents can be grouped by pronunciation. Also, companies such as
1994:
Where I have taken away some of
Expressions, and cut them shorter, it may possibly be on this consideration, that what was beautiful in the Greek or Latin, would not appear so shining in the English; and where I have enlarg'd them, I desire the false Criticks would not always think that those
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in which classical poems were written is another important but untranslatable dimension. Since Chinese characters do not vary in length, and because there are exactly five characters per line in a poem like , another untranslatable feature is that the written result, hung on a wall, presents a
1387:
Translations into European languages from Arabic versions of lost Greek and Roman texts began in the middle of the eleventh century, when the benefits to be gained from the Arabsâ knowledge of the classical texts were recognised by European scholars, particularly after the establishment of the
4453:
Translations of sung textsâwhether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be readâare also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as
2820:. As Empson demonstrates, any piece of language seems susceptible to "alternative reactions", or as Joseph Conrad once wrote, "No English word has clean edges." All expressions, Conrad thought, carried so many connotations as to be little more than "instruments for exciting blurred emotions."
1995:
thoughts are wholly mine, but that either they are secretly in the Poet, or may be fairly deduc'd from him; or at least, if both those considerations should fail, that my own is of a piece with his, and that if he were living, and an Englishman, they are such as he wou'd probably have written.
1986:, without distortion. Transparency is the extent to which a translation appears to a native speaker of the target language to have originally been written in that language, and conforms to its grammar, syntax and idiom. John Dryden (1631â1700) wrote in his preface to the translation anthology
5155:
Technical translation renders documents such as manuals, instruction sheets, internal memos, minutes, financial reports, and other documents for a limited audience (who are directly affected by the document) and whose useful life is often limited. Thus, a user guide for a particular model of
3950:
Throughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in
1873:, "with a freedom that is rarely witnessed today ... No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools, interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness. It had come to include virtually any intellectual production anywhere in the world." One of the
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2655:
The translator's role, in relation to the original text, has been compared to the roles of other interpretive artists, e.g., a musician or actor who interprets a work of musical or dramatic art. Translating, especially a text of any complexity (like other human activities), involves
2289:
of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as approximate checks, are not always precisely reliable. Back-translation must in general be less accurate than back-calculation because
2475:(1631â1700), the dominant English-language literary figure of his age, illustrates, in his use of back-translation, translators' influence on the evolution of languages and literary styles. Dryden is believed to be the first person to posit that English sentences should not end in
4592:(354â430 CE), who endorsed precise translation, Jerome believed in adaptation, and sometimes invention, in order to more effectively bring across the meaning. Jerome's colorful Vulgate translation of the Bible includes some crucial instances of "overdetermination". For example,
5156:
refrigerator is useful only for the owner of the refrigerator, and will remain useful only as long as that refrigerator model is in use. Similarly, software documentation generally pertains to a particular software, whose applications are used only by a certain class of users.
3161:(1852 â 1924), who knew no foreign languages, rendered Western literary classics into Chinese with the help of his friend Wang Shouchang (çćŁœæ), who had studied in France. Wang interpreted the texts for Lin, who rendered them into Chinese. Lin's first such translation, ć·Žé»è¶è±ć„łéșäș (
8134:
3303:
for machine translation (pre-editing), and with reworking of the machine translation by a human translator (post-editing), commercial machine-translation tools can produce useful results, especially if the machine-translation system is integrated with a translation memory or
4358:
Audiences in Shakespeare's time were more accustomed than modern playgoers to actors having longer stage time. Modern translators tend to simplify the sentence structures of earlier dramas, which included compound sentences with intricate hierarchies of subordinate clauses.
2632:
texts, but it is also true of literary translation in general: it is very difficult. Most readers of foreign languages are not translators; most writers are not translators. Translators have to read and write at the same time, as if always playing multiple instruments in a
4075:
Modern translation often involves literary scholarship and textual revision, as there is frequently not one single canonical text. This is particularly noteworthy in the case of the Bible and Shakespeare, where modern scholarship can result in substantive textual changes.
1747:
and the government had exercised a monopoly over knowledge. Now an expanding elite benefitted from a stream of information on virtually anything that interested them. Between 1880 and 1908... more than six hundred newspapers and periodicals were founded in Egypt alone.
3194:
Many commercial services exist that will interpret spoken language via telephone. There is also at least one custom-built mobile device that does the same thing. The device connects users to human interpreters who can translate between English and 180 other languages.
3117:
3627:, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort, alongside sages of various nationalities), the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the
2845:
concerning the text; and, when reviewing the resulting translation, to adopt the reader's unfamiliarity with it. Analogously, "n the process, the translator is also constantly seesawing between the respective linguistic and cultural features of his two languages."
5086:
eras into contemporary Caribbean, Latin American, and Nuyorican Spanish expressions. Braschi's translations of classical texts in Iberian Spanish (into other regional and historical linguistic and poetic frameworks) challenge the concept of national languages.
1027:
that are found in a source language, translators have borrowed those terms, thereby enriching the target language. Thanks in great measure to the exchange of calques and loanwords between languages, and to their importation from other languages, there are few
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text of the New Testament make much more sense when back-translated to Aramaic: that, for example, some incomprehensible references are in fact Aramaic puns that do not work in Greek. Due to similar indications, it is believed that the 2nd century Gnostic
1799:
viceroy of Egypt, alâTahtawi became head of the new school of languages and embarked on an intellectual revolution by initiating a program to translate some two thousand European and Turkish volumes, ranging from ancient texts on geography and geometry to
4090:
called Homeric Greek â into contemporary English is no easy task, and translators bring their own skills, opinions, and stylistic sensibilities to the text. The result is that every translation is different, almost a new poem in itself." An example is
814:
concept, because a given word in a given language often carries more than one meaning; and because a similar given meaning may often be represented in a given language by more than one word. Nevertheless, "metaphrase" and "paraphrase" may be useful as
9126:
Braschi and Acker employ certain techniques to produce writing that eschews fixed meaning in favour of facilitating the emergence of fluid and interpermeating textual resonances, as well as to establish a meta-discourse on the writing and translation
4975:, that adds to the usual similar difficulties encountered in translating between any two languages. There is always an element of human judgmentâof interpretationâinvolved in understanding and translating a text. Muslims regard any translation of the
3235:. Web-based human translation also appeals to private website users and bloggers. Contents of websites are translatable but URLs of websites are not translatable into other languages. Language tools on the internet provide help in understanding text.
5187:
states that a linguistically appropriate translation cannot be wholly sufficient to achieve the communicative effect of the source-language survey; the translation must also incorporate the social practices and cultural norms of the target language.
4397:
Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another languageâsometimes called "singing translation"âis closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to
2373:(1761â1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813â14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation, made by
1383:
Bayt al-Hikma, the famous library in Baghdad, was generously endowed and the collection included books in many languages, and it became a leading centre for the translation of works from antiquity into Arabic, with its own Translation Department.
2926:
has schooled many a novice painter. A translator who can competently render an author's thoughts into the translator's own language, should certainly be able to adequately render, in his own language, any thoughts of his own. Translating (like
2770:, often in multiple ways. Our brain is so good at comprehending language that we do not usually notice." An example of linguistic ambiguity is the "pronoun disambiguation problem" ("PDP"): a machine has no way of determining to whom or what a
5730:
Rebecca Armstrong writes: "A translator has to make choices; any word they choose will carry its own nuance, a particular set of interpretations, implications and associations. need to render the same word differently in different
1036:" among the modern European languages. A greater problem, however, is translating terms relating to cultural concepts that have no equivalent in the target language. For full comprehension, such situations require the provision of a
11599:
6959:
3273:(translation memory database) so that if the same sentence occurs in the same project or a future project, the content can be reused. This translation reuse leads to cost savings, better consistency and shorter project timelines.
1577:. At the literalist extreme, efforts are made to dissect every conceivable detail about the language of the original Chinese poem. "The dissection, though," writes Link, "normally does to the art of a poem approximately what the
10520:." Another proposal has been to give machines the same standardized tests of science and other disciplines that schoolchildren take. A so far insuperable stumbling block to artificial intelligence is an incapacity for reliable
3951:
translation. For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors, and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages, or from languages that they hardly knew, orâas in the case of
5048:(1998), features a translative writing that highlights discomforts of the interlingual and translingual encounters and literary translation as a creative practice. These authors weave their own translations into their texts.
9165:
This epilinguistic awareness is apparent in the constant language games and in the way in which she so often plays with this translingual reality and with all the factors with which it contrasts and among which it moves so
2301:, whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal. In the context of machine translation, a back-translation is also called a "round-trip translation." When translations are produced of material used in medical
4730:â397 CE), followed Cyprian's interpretation. Augustine of Hippo (354â430), familiar with Jerome's Latin Vulgate rendering, observed that "many people... say it this way: 'and do not allow us to be led into temptation.'"
2407:
When historians suspect that a document is actually a translation from another language, back-translation into that hypothetical original language can provide supporting evidence by showing that such characteristics as
5179:, the model TRAPD (Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretest, and Documentation) is now "widely used in the global survey research community, although not always labeled as such or implemented in its complete form".
3388:
exigencies of the target language require to be resolved. Such research is a necessary prelude to the pre-editing necessary in order to provide input for machine-translation software, such that the output will not be
54:
8146:
9629:
Iannuzzi, Giulia (2015). "The Translation of East Asian Science Fiction in Italy: An Essay on Chinese and Japanese Science Fiction, Anthological Practices and Publishing Strategies beyond the Anglo-American Canon".
3924:
speak "in words such as he would probably have written if he were living and an Englishman". As great as Dryden's poem is, however, one is reading Dryden, and not experiencing the Roman poet's concision. Similarly,
4499:
An important role in history has been played by translation of religious texts. Such translations may be influenced by tension between the text and the religious values the translators wish to convey. For example,
3249:
Computer-assisted translation (CAT), also called "computer-aided translation," "machine-aided human translation" (MAHT) and "interactive translation," is a form of translation wherein a human translator creates a
440:
2660:: choices must be made, which implies interpretation. Mark Polizzotti writes: "A good translation offers not a reproduction of the work but an interpretation, a re-representation, just as the performance of a
2962:, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between
4998:. Moreover, the interpretation of a Quranic passage will also depend on the historic context of Muhammad's life and of his early community. Properly researching that context requires a detailed knowledge of
1260:
Western traditions and practiced by translators taught in Western-style educational systems, Chinese and related translation traditions retain some theories and philosophies unique to the Chinese tradition.
5078:, 2011) deals with the very subject of translation. Her trilogy presents the evolution of the Spanish language through loose translations of dramatic, poetic, and philosophical writings from the Medieval,
4302:, but as Bellos notes, the attribution is as dubious as the idea itself. A translation is an assemblage of words, and as such it can contain as much or as little poetry as any other such assemblage. The
4013:, who translated Plato into simple, straightforward language. Jowett's example was not followed, however, until well into the new century, when accuracy rather than style became the principal criterion.
2362:
When a document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel
4205:, another Russian-born author, took a view similar to Jakobson's. He considered rhymed, metrical, versed poetry to be in principle untranslatable and therefore rendered his 1964 English translation of
4249:
By nature, it is liquid. It ripples. There are waves. If you are a fish living in the sea, you can only understand the sky if its reflection becomes part of the water. Therefore, this translation of
3231:(now defunct), as of 2010 web-based human translation has been gaining popularity by providing relatively fast, accurate translation of business communications, legal documents, medical records, and
65:. First square shows his ordering the translation; second square, the translation being made. Third and fourth squares show the finished translation being brought to, and then presented to, the King.
5171:
consists of a list of questions and answer categories aimed at extracting data from a particular group of people about their attitude, behavior, or knowledge. In cross-national and cross-cultural
1010:) have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax (sentence-structure) characteristics of a text's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language.
4234:'s notion of language as a "third universe" existing "midway between the phenomenal reality of the 'empirical world' and the internalized structures of consciousness." Perhaps this is what poet
3509:
In the 2010s a substantial gender imbalance was noted in literary translation into English, with far more male writers being translated than women writers. In 2014 Meytal Radzinski launched the
3972:
The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text", except for any
2400:
translations from the Arabic, thus at a second remove from the original. To better understand Galen, scholars have attempted back-translation of such works in order to reconstruct the original
1467:, texts and with the governance of the Chinese empire. Classical Indian translation is characterized by loose adaptation, rather than the closer translation more commonly found in Europe; and
691:, substituting their respective Slavic or Germanic root words for the Latin roots. The remaining Slavic languages instead calqued their words for "translation" from an alternative Latin word,
6278:
Monastra, Y., and W. J. Kopycki. 2009. Libraries. In: The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. edited by J.L. Esposito, 2nd ed., vol.3, 424-427. New York: Oxford University Press.
885:
Dryden cautioned, however, against the license of "imitation", i.e., of adapted translation: "When a painter copies from the life... he has no privilege to alter features and lineaments..."
3372:
writes that machine translation, at its best, automates the easier part of a translator's job; the harder and more time-consuming part usually involves doing extensive research to resolve
1547:
rectangle. Translators into languages whose word lengths vary can reproduce such an effect only at the risk of fatal awkwardness.... Another imponderable is how to imitate the 1-2, 1-2-3
4179:
argued that a good translation of a poem must convey as much as possible not only of its literal meaning but also of its form and structure (meter, rhyme or alliteration scheme, etc.).
3291:
and, in principle, produces a target text without human intervention. In reality, however, machine translation typically does involve human intervention, in the form of pre-editing and
2951:: "The work of translation is the best teacher you'll ever have." Merwin, translator-poet who took Pound's advice to heart, writes of translation as an "impossible, unfinishable" art.
5674:, which include the concepts of perfectly solid bodies, perfectly rigid bodies, perfectly plastic bodies, perfectly black bodies, perfect crystals, perfect fluids, and perfect gases.
4261:
writes: "The task is not to reproduce the content, but with the flint and the steel of one's own language to spark what Robert Lowell has called 'the fire and finish of the original.
10516:." One such test, a "Construction Challenge", would test perception and physical actionâ"two important elements of intelligent behavior that were entirely absent from the original
2732:
Emily Wilson writes that "translation always involves interpretation, and every translator... to think as deeply as humanly possible about each verbal, poetic, and interpretative
1377:
The first translations of Greek and Coptic texts into Arabic, possibly indirectly from Syriac translations, seem to have been undertaken as early as the late seventh century CE.
1861:
languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized
1100:, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an
6287:
Hussain, S.V. 1960. Organization and Administration of Muslim Libraries: From 786 A.D. to 1492 A.D. Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Library Association 1 (1), July: 8-11.
3850:
led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato,
5059:âs Latin text in ways that tease out its semantics and syntax without wholly appropriating them, a method that unsettles the notion of any fixed and finished translation.
4006:(1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original.
114:
11500:
students of this work get hold of Beaney's and Booth's translations too â and maybe Searls's, but they will need to treat the last with a great deal of caution." (p. 35.)
1398:(Sayings of the Philosophers, 1477) was a translation into English of an eleventh-century Egyptian text which reached English via translation into Latin and then French.
11382:
9875:
1982:" to suggest that translations can be either faithful or beautiful, but not both. Fidelity is the extent to which a translation accurately renders the meaning of the
7391:
3408:. Writes Paul Taylor: "Perhaps there is a limit to what a computer can do without knowing that it is manipulating imperfect representations of an external reality."
1740:, explosion in publishing ... ensued. Along with expanding secular education, printing transformed an overwhelmingly illiterate society into a partly literate one.
5807:. It is impossible however to imagine a literary-translation machine less complex than the human brain itself, with all its knowledge, reading, and discrimination."
1573:
arise in addressing the second problem, "where the impossibility of perfect answers spawns endless debate." Almost always at the center is the letter-versus-spirit
4983:
text, and not as a full equivalent of that divinely communicated original. Hence such a translation is often called an "interpretation" rather than a translation.
2434:. This seems clear evidence that these tales (or at least large portions of them) were originally written in Low German and translated into High German by an over-
2381:
have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki's Polish version.
4101:, where by conscious choice Wilson "lays bare the morals of its time and place, and invites us to consider how different they are from our own, and how similar."
3101:
slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subsequently, given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the
1783:
A translator who contributed mightily to the advance of the Islamic Enlightenment was the Egyptian cleric Rifaa al-Tahtawi (1801â73), who had spent five years in
5018:
requires a knowledge not only of the Arabic language and of the target language, including their respective evolutions, but also a deep understanding of the two
1717:
Arabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the
1197:(1790), emphasized that assiduous reading is a more comprehensive guide to a language than are dictionaries. The same point, but also including listening to the
1043:
Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of
5753:
Elsewhere Merwin recalls Pound saying: "t your age you don't have anything to write about. You may think you do, but you don't. So get to work translating. The
3891:
and modern Latin writers, forming a new poetic style on those models. The English poets and translators sought to supply a new public, created by the rise of a
9739:
8047:
3537:
between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE. The dispersed Jews had forgotten their ancestral language and needed Greek versions (translations) of their Scriptures.
2343:
provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his
1174:(1483â1546), is credited with being the first European to posit that one translates satisfactorily only toward his own language. L.G. Kelly states that since
7977:
4329:(The Little Prince), are meant to be informative, and can name the protagonist, and indicate the theme of the book. An example of a symbolic book title is
2891:â no two translations of a literary work, by different hands or by the same hand at different times, are likely to be identical. As has been observed â by
2697:
Il s'agit donc de trouver les équivalents. Et là , ma chÚre, je vous prie laissez vous guider plutÎt par votre tempérament que par une conscience sévÚre ...
1656:. According to Link, Weinberger's insight about subjectlessnessâthat it produces an effect "both universal and immediate"âapplies to timelessness as well.
862:(1631â1700), who described translation as the judicious blending of these two modes of phrasing when selecting, in the target language, "counterparts," or
11658:
2911:
Translators may render only parts of the original text, provided that they inform readers of that action. But a translator should not assume the role of
921:, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking
9842:
7192:
Gilman, E. Ward (ed.). 1989. "A Brief History of English Usage", Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Springfield (Mass.): Merriam-Webster, pp. 7a-11a
11569:
10528:, often in multiple ways." A prominent example is known as the "pronoun disambiguation problem": a machine has no way of determining to whom or what a
3261:
and grammar software. The term, however, normally refers to a range of specialized programs available to the translator, including translation memory,
1478:
has been the use and reading of Chinese texts, which also had substantial influence on the Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages, with substantial
8021:
4956:, as the miraculous and inimitable word of Allah, is recited only in Arabic. However, as of 1936, it had been translated into at least 102 languages.
11459:
10576:
7866:
7835:
7509:
7497:
7481:
6551:
6543:
1999:
A translation that meets the criterion of fidelity (faithfulness) is said to be "faithful"; a translation that meets the criterion of transparency, "
9442:
Un laboratorio di fantastici libri. Riccardo Valla intellettuale, editore, traduttore. Con un'appendice di lettere inedite a cura di Luca G. Manenti
1714:. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.
1497:
material into the local languages, the literate elites and scribes more commonly used Sanskrit as their primary language of culture and government.
1108:. Dryden observed that "Translation is a type of drawing after life..." Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to
11447:
11379:, chapter 5: "Danger! Language at Work" (pp. 35â42), chapter 6: "The Pursuit of Translation" (pp. 43â50), Barnes & Noble Books, 1973.
10312:
8725:
8674:
8623:
7240:
Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, 2002, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, p. 627f.
5126:, many European countries were swept by a wave of translations from the English. Due to the prominence of English as a source language, the use of
2707:
of a language and the language's force and its picturesquenessâby which last I mean the picture-producing power of arranged words." Conrad thought
2195:
differences between the source language and the target language, which differences tend to be greater between two languages belonging to different
450:
10019:
L'épreuve de l'étranger: culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin
5824:" consistently omits the saint's analogies comparing God to a nursing mother, references to Bible stories such as the rape of Tamar, and so forth.
3646:
world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions
2610:
emeritus professor, writes: "ranslation, like language itself, involves contexts, conventions, class, irony, posture and many other regions where
680:
8991:
8729:
8678:
8627:
8351:
5580:
4127:
2348:
2333:
10952:, Warsaw University Press, Center of Universalism, 1992, pp. 9â51 (the book is a collection of papers by and about Professor Tatarkiewicz).
5141:
More recently, the international market in science-fiction translations has seen an increasing presence of source languages other than English.
2676:, one among many possible representations." A translation of a text of any complexity is â as, itself, a work of art â unique and unrepeatable.
1659:
Link proposes a kind of uncertainty principle that may be applicable not only to translation from the Chinese language, but to all translation:
11496:
translation has one compelling claim to retain its status as the standard, namely... its wonderful index. That said, I strongly recommend that
9465:
8619:
7395:
5925:
1156:
8696:. Bullock, Marcus Paul, 1944-, Jennings, Michael William., Eiland, Howard., Smith, Gary, 1954-. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. p. 256.
5183:
intent behind the questions, and therefore have a key role in improving the translation. In addition, a survey-translation framework based on
1592:
specificity, offer advantages to poets (and, simultaneously, challenges to poetry translators) that are associated primarily with absences of
11294:
7489:
6535:
4681:â110 CE), should more properly be translated, "do not let us fall into temptation", commenting that God does not lead people into temptationâ
4549:, Egypt. According to legend, each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and all seventy versions proved identical. The
353:
4545:", a name that refers to the supposedly seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at
2265:) is a translated text written in the intended target language, which is the result of a translation from a given source text. According to
12495:
7195:
10644:
8509:
7212:
5687:(1613-92) commented on translations by humanist Perrot Nicolas d'Ablancourt (1606-64): "They remind me of a woman whom I greatly loved in
2280:
have represented the different approaches to translation as falling broadly into source-text-oriented or target-text-oriented categories.
9184:
CarriĂłn notes, the idea of an only tongue ruling over a considerable number of different nations and peoples is fundamentally questioned.
2217:
While the form and style of the source language often cannot be reproduced in the target language, the meaning and content can. Linguist
462:
10820:
Schleiermacher, Friedrich (2004) , "On the different methods of translating (Ăber die verschiedenen Methoden des Ăbersetzens 1813)", in
7124:
1828:
In France al-Tahtawi had been struck by the way the French language... was constantly renewing itself to fit modern ways of living. Yet
12488:
4274:
the one charged with the special mission of watching over the maturing process of the original language and the birth pangs of its own.
1959:
488:
4371:, Barnstone argues that poetry "can't be made to sing through a mathematics that doesn't factor in the creativity of the translator".
4056:, into contemporary vernacular English; in 2019, off-off-Broadway, the canon was premiered in a month-long series of staged readings.
3683:
The broad historic trends in Western translation practice may be illustrated on the example of translation into the English language.
1947:." As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as
12656:
11581:
11479:
11467:
11455:
11351:
11000:
10984:
10968:
10746:
9936:
8306:
8290:
8274:
7463:
7162:
The Jumping Frog: In English, Then in French, and Then Clawed Back into a Civilized Language Once More by Patient, Unremunerated Toil
5198:
3397:
567:
Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to
3910:
equivalence, but even to the end of this period, which actually reached to the middle of the 17th century, there was no concern for
3416:
12463:
11926:
6024:
4025:
Such modern rendering is applied either to literature from classical languages such as Latin or Greek, notably to the Bible (see "
3066:) translators. Even English does not always make the distinction, frequently using "translating" as a synonym for "interpreting."
11651:
11250:
11230:
7355:
7335:
7055:
6894:
6779:
6751:
5329:
1153:
that he is to translate; and finding that few translators did, he wanted to do away with translation and translators altogether.
435:
6926:
6803:
4346:
When translators are working with long book titles, the translated titles are often shorter and indicate the theme of the book.
537:
communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of
9767:
6866:
6677:
5118:
Translation of science fiction accounts for the transnational nature of science fiction's repertoire of shared conventions and
4533:
One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the 3rd century BCE rendering of some books of the biblical
3647:
3575:
11940:
11562:. "'As a translator, I was determined to make the whole human experience of the poems accessible,' Wilson said." (p. 47.)
11360:, vol. 44, no. 16 (18 August 2022), pp. 31â32. "Historians have fastened their attention on the letters that passed from
9586:"The speech bewrayeth thee: thou shalt not steal the prestige of foregin literatures Pseudotranslations in Hungary after 1989"
8481:
6033:
917:
of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the
10633:
9893:
9825:
9817:
The Translation of Measurement Instruments for Cross-Cultural Surveys (Chapter 19) in The SAGE Handbook of Survey Methodology
9150:
9093:
8701:
8595:
8562:
8171:
6867:
Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-oriented Text Analysis
5334:
3017:
2136:
equivalence") conveys the essential thoughts expressed in a source textâif necessary, at the expense of literality, original
322:
297:
8326:
6269:
Hitti, P.K. 1970. History of the Arabs from the Earliest Times to the Present. 10th ed. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
12424:
11222:
11185:, Liveright, November 2018; by Jeffrey Scott Bernstein, Carcanet, April 2020; and by David Mulroy, Wisconsin, April 2018),
8070:
7327:
5273:
5064:
4380:, an anthology representative of major works of Chinese literature. Translating this work requires a high knowledge of the
4198:
3175:), published in 1899, was an immediate success and was followed by many more translations from the French and the English.
2699:" Conrad advised another translator that the prime requisite for a good translation is that it be "idiomatic". "For in the
2624:
and herself a translator, writes: "t is to produce a good literary translation. This is certainly true of translations of
2159:
Common pitfalls in translation, especially when practiced by inexperienced translators, involve false equivalents such as "
10535:
McNamara, Charles, "Lead Us Not into Temptation? Francis Is Not the First to Question a Key Phrase of the Lord's Prayer",
4367:
In translating Chinese literature, translators struggle to find true fidelity in translating into the target language. In
4298:
skewered by David Bellos is the old saw that "poetry is what gets lost in translation." The saying is often attributed to
2849:
Thus, writes Kasparek, "Translating a text of any complexity, like the performing of a musical or dramatic work, involves
2683:
has described as verging on "auto-translation" from Conrad's Polish and French linguistic personae, advised his niece and
2488:
11932:
11242:
9016:
Charles McNamara, "Lead Us Not into Temptation? Francis Is Not the First to Question a Key Phrase of the Lord's Prayer",
7347:
5283:
4059:
Modern translation is applicable to any language with a long literary history. For example, in Japanese the 11th-century
2966:; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of
552:
into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language
9142:
Yo-Yo Boing! Or Literature as a Translingual Practice (Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: on the writings of Giannina Braschi)
8089:
8048:"Translation Services USA's Crowdsourcing Translator, Ackuna.com, Raises the Bar for More Accurate Machine Translations"
4853:
in 1415 declared him a heretic and decreed that his works and earthly remains should be burned; the order, confirmed by
2355:(p. 116) under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent
2221:
went so far as to assert that all cognitive experience can be classified and expressed in any living language. Linguist
11644:
11430:
11065:
10920:
10614:
9066:
7040:
7009:
6028:
5510:
5258:
3639:
1252:
and cultural dominance in recent centuries, Western translation traditions have largely replaced other traditions. The
348:
8453:
2257:) is a text written in a given source language which is to be, or has been, translated into another language, while a
1976:), dual ideals in translation, are often (though not always) at odds. A 17th-century French critic coined the phrase "
1560:
arrangement in classical Chinese poetry. Each syllable (character) belongs to one of two categories determined by the
754:
their equivalent words for "translation"; instead, they simply adapted the second of the two alternative Latin words,
11948:
11087:
10833:
10728:
10697:
10675:
10559:
10450:
10324:
10113:
10094:
10069:
10047:
10026:
10004:
9958:
9798:
9568:
9500:
9449:
9272:
9248:
9180:
Bilingual Big Bang: Giannina Braschi's Trilogy Levels the Spanish-English Playing Field (Poets, Philosophers, Lovers)
8650:
7261:
7075:
6979:
6968:
6942:
6910:
6882:
6819:
6791:
6767:
6260:
Wakim, K.G. 1944. Arabic Medicine in Literature. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 32 (1), January: 96-104.
5555:
5550:
5288:
4894:" in a context where it more plausibly means "beam of light": as a result, for centuries artists, including sculptor
4026:
3404:
and the like, was unlikely to threaten human translators anytime soon, because machines would never grasp nuance and
2310:
2132:) â if necessary, at the expense of features natural to the target language. By contrast, "dynamic equivalence" (or "
430:
338:
11397:, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 81â82. "This murder mystery competition has revealed that although NLP (
8002:
4253:, while faithful to the original text, aims at its re-creation into a still living and breathing work of literature.
6780:
Similarity and Difference in Translation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Similarity and Translation
1919:, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the
7088:
6804:
A Career in Language Translation: Insightful Information to Guide You in Your Journey as a Professional Translator
1096:
The translator's role as a bridge for "carrying across" values between cultures has been discussed at least since
11627:, vol. LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 34â35. Discusses some pitfalls in interpreting and translating the
11558:, 18 September 2023, pp. 46â53. A biography, and presentation of the translation theories and practices, of
11210:
10755:
Translation: agent of communication: an international review of arts and ideas (volume 5, issue 1, special issue)
8384:
8121:
7315:
7251:
5525:
4986:
To complicate matters further, as with other languages, the meanings and usages of some expressions have changed
4335:
2603:
12236:
11344:
The Perils of Interpreting: The Extraordinary Lives of Two Translators between Qing China and the British Empire
2838:. Therefore, translation of a text of any complexity typically requires some research on the translator's part.
11156:
9003:
7634:
5744:", below, for a similar observation concerning the occasional superiority of the translation over the original.
5495:
4343:(Men Who Hate Women). Such symbolic book titles usually indicate the theme, issues, or atmosphere of the work.
2320:
2153:
2094:
1253:
922:
889:
863:
513:
481:
404:
210:
10269:
Godayol, Pilar (February 2013). "Metaphors, women and translation: from les belles infidĂšles to la frontera".
10086:
9350:"Science fiction, cultural industrialization and the translation of techno-science in post-World War II Italy"
8113:
4223:, criticized Nabokov's attitude toward verse translation. In 1999 Hofstadter published his own translation of
3420:
A 1998 nonfiction book by Robert Wechsler on literary translation as a performative, rather than creative, art
2077:
In recent decades, prominent advocates of such "non-transparent" translation have included the French scholar
12270:
11983:
11726:
10897:
9407:"Traduttore, consulente editoriale, intellettuale: Riccardo Valla e la fantascienza angloamericana in Italia"
5590:
5575:
5570:
4109:
3305:
3244:
1059:
is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English
572:
251:
236:
17:
11391:, which has stumped humans for decades, reveals the limitations of natural-language-processing algorithms",
9267:. Kaindl, Klaus., Spitzel, Karlheinz. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2014. pp. 345â362.
8025:
2774:
in a sentenceâsuch as "he", "she" or "it"ârefers. Such disambiguation is not infallible by a human, either.
2081:, who identified twelve deforming tendencies inherent in most prose translations, and the American theorist
12641:
11904:
11623:
11203:
11161:
10812:
10593:
10581:
10509:
10484:
10372:
10355:
10338:
10304:
10192:
10139:
9815:
8752:
8248:
7871:
7840:
7810:
7796:
7769:
7743:
7639:
7605:
7434:
6515:
6493:
6471:
6441:
6411:
6386:
6359:
6338:
6105:
5439:
4994:, and modern Arabic. Thus a modern Arabic speaker may misinterpret the meaning of a word or passage in the
3668:
3464:
1564:
in which it is read; in a classical Chinese poem the patterns of alternation of the two categories exhibit
31:
4572:
Still considered one of the greatest translators in history, for having rendered the Bible into Latin, is
3906:
The Elizabethan period of translation saw considerable progress beyond mere paraphrase toward an ideal of
2085:, who has called on translators to apply "foreignizing" rather than domesticating translation strategies.
11398:
10945:
10929:
10904:
7711:, "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish artificial intelligence from the natural kind",
7693:, "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish artificial intelligence from the natural kind",
6065:
5545:
5490:
4240:
4047:
4046:(which is understandable to most modern readers only through heavy dependence on footnotes). In 2015 the
3217:
2940:
2537:
1633:
in Chinese. "If," writes Link, "you want to talk in Chinese about one rose, you may, but then you use a "
374:
343:
169:
38:
9198:"Geography, (M)Other Tongues and the Role of Translation in Giannina Braschi's El imperio de los sueños"
4320:
4122:
An opposite process involves translating modern literature into classical languages, for the purpose of
4050:
commissioned professional translation of the entire Shakespeare canon, including disputed works such as
2922:
Translating has served as a school of writing for many an author, much as the copying of masterworks of
1923:âin violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomyâthere came an immediate reaction: the
312:
10134:
9296:
8986:
8533:
A discussion of Hofstadter's otherwise latitudinarian views on translation is found in Tony Dokoupil, "
7921:
7738:
5445:
5248:
4800:
4734:
4066:
3131:
3013:
2621:
2377:
in 1847 from a complete French copy that has since been lost. French-language versions of the complete
2314:
1468:
1414:
5803:
J.M. Cohen observes: "Scientific translation is the aim of an age that would reduce all activities to
5115:
genres, this professional specialization and role often is not recognized by publishers and scholars.
1037:
53:
12543:
12071:
11559:
11263:
Zethsen, Karen Korning; Askehave, Inger (February 2013). "Talking translation: Is gender an issue?".
11194:
11168:
11140:
11014:
8945:
8239:
7936:
7618:
7373:
6700:
5649:(verb) in the sense of "translation" and "to translate", respectively, are considered archaic. While
5404:
4092:
3797:
3585:
3475:
3360:
Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in
3216:
applications, translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to
2617:
2420:
structures, etc., are in fact derived from the original language. For example, the known text of the
2104:
1973:
474:
10182:
10177:
9487:, Benjamins Translation Library, vol. 32, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 171â179,
5653:
may still be found in early modern literary works, it has been replaced entirely in modern Dutch by
4857:, was carried out in 1428, and Wycliffe's corpse was exhumed and burned and the ashes cast into the
4446:
sung translation may be considerably or completely different from the original, thus resulting in a
4319:
Book-title translations can be either descriptive or symbolic. Descriptive book titles, for example
3467:
annually present prizes for the best English-to-French and French-to-English literary translations.
2644:â who had long had little contact with everyday spoken Polish â attempted to translate into English
660:
is "a carrying across" or "a bringing across"âin this case, of a text from one language to another.
12548:
12260:
11837:
11704:
11405:
they receive. This could cause for researchers who hope to use them to do things such as analyze
10799:
7164:, illustrated by F. Strothman, New York and London, Harper & Brothers, Publishers, MCMIII [1903
6506:
6484:
6458:
6428:
6402:
4866:
4283:
4105:
3998:
3993:
3944:
3907:
3827:
3147:
2859:
2857:, aspiring to felicitous understanding of literary works, wrote in the preface to his 1901 volume,
2801:
2365:
2067:
2010:
1940:
1870:
425:
11325:
10508:
tests of artificial-intelligence efficacy are needed because, "just as there is no single test of
5102:
with a recognizable set of conventions and literary genealogies, in which language often includes
1401:
The translation of foreign works for publishing in Arabic was revived by the establishment of the
1284:
12502:
12281:
11401:) models are capable of incredible feats, their abilities are very much limited by the amount of
10888:
10495:
10473:
10126:
8365:
8221:
7730:
6323:
5847:
5470:
5359:
5268:
5165:
5074:
3456:
2831:
1711:
1614:
1523:
1479:
1175:
1135:
307:
215:
154:
129:
9699:
9672:
8984:
MJC Warren, "âLead us not into temptationâ: why Pope Francis is wrong about the Lordâs Prayer",
7191:
4481:
4310:, roughly "hypertranslation") to designate a version that deliberately improves on the original.
3756:. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with
3171:
1759:
that had begun earlier in the century with military and medical manuals and highlights from the
12646:
12573:
12553:
11586:
11484:
11356:
11255:
11187:
11133:
11124:
11005:
10151:
9941:
8311:
8188:
7534:
7525:
7468:
7400:
7360:
7032:
7026:
6576:
6567:
6238:
5308:
5176:
4968:
4757:
4231:
3470:
Other writers, among many who have made a name for themselves as literary translators, include
3390:
2813:
2721:
2582:
1178:
in the 18th century, "it has been axiomatic" that one translates only toward his own language.
955:
938:
737:
390:
276:
174:
144:
10872:
10808:
Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century
10782:
7001:
6995:
6467:
Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century
6437:
Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century
4963:
accurately stems from the fact that an Arabic word, like a Hebrew or Aramaic word, may have a
4865:
over different translations of religious texts continue, as demonstrated by, for example, the
4838:, was strangled to death while tied at the stake, and then his dead body was burned. Earlier,
3933:'s endeavor to reduce the Greek poet's "wild paradise" to order. Both works live on as worthy
3146:
Indians and thus had become bilingual. Sacagawea facilitated the expedition's traverse of the
1214:
The translator's special role in society is described in a posthumous 1803 essay by "Poland's
12600:
12568:
12165:
11618:
11402:
10537:
10417:
10164:
9310:
Mossop, Brian (1 April 1996). "The Image of Translation in Science Fiction & Astronomy".
9018:
8161:
7135:
6954:
5560:
5535:
5394:
5369:
5364:
5313:
5243:
5150:
5052:
4627:
4588:), though even this translation stirred controversy. By contrast with Jerome's contemporary,
4581:
4399:
4104:
Modern translation meets with opposition from some traditionalists. In English, some readers
4033:(which are largely understandable by a modern audience, though with some difficulty) or with
3775:
3232:
3166:
2834:â generally requires more information about the subject matter than is present in the actual
2777:
Ambiguity is a concern both to translators and â as the writings of poet and literary critic
2480:
2479:
because Latin sentences cannot end in prepositions. Dryden created the proscription against "
2222:
2017:
translator may adopt expressions from the source language in order to provide "local color".
1920:
1792:
1565:
926:
723:
719:
588:
445:
302:
205:
149:
134:
11505:
10668:
Translating style: a literary approach to translation - a translation approach to literature
10542:
9023:
3054:
Unlike English, many languages do not employ two separate words to denote the activities of
12636:
12275:
12066:
11529:
11439:
10956:
10937:
10912:
10426:
10380:
10365:
9700:"Introduction: Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research"
8262:
7670:
7661:
7598:
7277:
6807:
6701:"Analysis of the translation strategies used for non-equivalent Grade 4 geography concepts"
6664:
6590:
6080:
5977:
5890:
5817:
5324:
5218:
5134:
became common in countries such as Italy and Hungary, and English has often been used as a
4850:
4765:
4171:
3819:
3762:
3716:
3566:
3228:
3059:
3037:
2823:
2708:
2607:
1760:
1736:
had conceded defeat in their centuries-old battle to contain the corrupting effects of the
584:
505:
457:
317:
159:
73:
10645:"Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job"
8510:"Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job"
6960:
Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
6251:
Bakir, K.H. 1984. Arabization of Higher Education in Iraq. PhD thesis, University of Bath.
4210:
3962:
1208:
8:
12661:
12610:
12563:
12558:
12538:
12299:
12160:
11988:
11899:
11694:
11667:
11393:
11265:
10705:
10547:
10500:
10333:
10271:
8226:
7713:
7695:
7175:
7067:
5788:." For a time in the 18th century, however, for "translator," some writers used a word, "
5585:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5203:
5006:
4742:
4435:
4030:
3731:
3445:
3385:
3282:
2928:
2826:
also cautions that competent translation â analogously to the dictum, in mathematics, of
2385:
2038:
1820:. This was the biggest, most meaningful importation of foreign thought into Arabic since
1249:
832:
782:
568:
384:
241:
200:
190:
164:
139:
58:
9411:
Rivista Internazionale di Tecnica della Traduzione: International Journal of Translation
8135:"Statistical machine translation and translation memory: An integration made in heaven!"
7159:
5010:, which are themselves vast and complex texts. Hence, analogously to the translating of
4952:
incrementally between 609 and 632 CE, the year of Muhammad's death. During prayers, the
3619:
led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The
3400:. As of 2018, professional translator Mark Polizzotti held that machine translation, by
2006:
1474:
In the East Asian sphere of Chinese cultural influence, more important than translation
1380:
The second Abbasid Caliph funded a translation bureau in Baghdad in the eighth century.
1104:. The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as
12651:
12474:
12287:
12076:
11862:
11610:
11339:
11317:
11044:
10879:
10860:
10770:
10603:
10394:
9899:
9459:
9387:
9290:
9145:. Aldama, Frederick Luis; Stavans, Ilan; O'Dwyer, Tess. Pittsburgh, Pa.: U Pittsburgh.
8967:
8900:
8892:
8844:
8796:
8719:
8668:
8613:
8486:
8458:
7429:
6874:
6132:
5605:
5565:
5429:
5349:
5339:
5213:
5172:
5135:
5119:
5107:
5079:
4794:
4589:
4476:
4472:
4385:
with the writings, lives, and thought of a large number of its 130 authors, making the
4176:
4142:
3779:
3705:
3663:
3659:
3209:
3110:
2990:
2691:: "on't trouble to be too scrupulous ... I may tell you (in French) that in my opinion
2063:
2056:
2052:
1924:
1840:
variations: the word for airplane, for example, has the same root as the word for bird.
1630:
1597:
1557:
1539:
1256:
draw on both ancient and medieval traditions, and on more recent European innovations.
819:
concepts that mark the extremes in the spectrum of possible approaches to translation.
668:
246:
124:
119:
10828:, translated by Bernofsky, Susan (2nd ed.), New York: Routledge, pp. 43â63,
10804:
The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle between Faith and Reason, 1798 to Modern Times
9522:
Gouanvic, Jean-Marc (1 November 1997). "Translation and the Shape of Things to Come".
8163:
The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation: English-Arabic-English
7579:
7563:
7547:
7413:
6463:
The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle between Faith and Reason, 1798 to Modern Times
6433:
The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle between Faith and Reason, 1798 to Modern Times
4029:"), or to literature from an earlier stage of the same language, as with the works of
2688:
2680:
1836:
tongues such as Hebrew is capable of expanding the meanings of words using structured
944:
12518:
12147:
11973:
11816:
11771:
11746:
11689:
11577:
11475:
11463:
11451:
11426:
11387:
11347:
11246:
11226:
11083:
11061:
11048:
11036:
10996:
10980:
10964:
10936:(On Perfection), Warsaw, PaĆstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1976; English translation by
10916:
10883:
10848:
10829:
10758:
10742:
10724:
10693:
10671:
10629:
10610:
10555:
10446:
10404:
10385:
10320:
10258:
10109:
10090:
10065:
10043:
10022:
10000:
9980:
9954:
9932:
9903:
9889:
9821:
9794:
9790:
9721:
9608:
9564:
9539:
9496:
9445:
9422:
9406:
9379:
9327:
9278:
9268:
9244:
9219:
9156:
9146:
9089:
9062:
8971:
8904:
8707:
8697:
8656:
8646:
8601:
8591:
8568:
8558:
8302:
8286:
8270:
8167:
7959:
7459:
7351:
7331:
7286:
7257:
7071:
7059:
7036:
7005:
6975:
6964:
6938:
6906:
6878:
6815:
6787:
6763:
6716:
6119:
5895:
5701:
5600:
5540:
5485:
5379:
5374:
5354:
5175:, translation is crucial to collecting comparable data. Originally developed for the
5131:
4972:
4746:
4660:
4566:
4562:
4206:
4169:
host poem can be recaptured or approximated in the target language. In his 1997 book
4123:
4052:
3767:
3735:
3726:; and completed a translation of Boethius from the Latin. Chaucer founded an English
3483:
3183:
2892:
2422:
2397:
2196:
2071:
1833:
1699:
1648:-less: there are several ways to specify when something happened or will happen, but
1645:
1601:
1593:
1402:
1333:
1219:
580:
369:
220:
104:
11321:
9585:
9391:
5833:
For another example of poetry translation, including translation of sung texts, see
4685:
does. Some important early Christian authors interpreted the Bible's Greek text and
4286:, makes approving reference to some views on the translating of poetry expressed by
3651:
3254:
with the assistance of a computer program. The machine supports a human translator.
2187:â is the language being translated into. Difficulties in translating can arise from
12221:
12186:
11894:
11867:
11842:
11801:
11791:
11741:
11493:
11406:
11365:
11309:
11274:
11026:
10463:
10280:
10243:
10234:
9968:
9881:
9854:
9711:
9659:
Technical Translation: Usability Strategies for Translating Technical Documentation
9639:
9600:
9535:
9531:
9488:
9414:
9369:
9361:
9323:
9319:
9209:
8957:
8884:
8836:
8788:
7951:
7884:
6845:
6708:
6329:
6313:
6218:
5754:
5621:
5505:
5208:
5184:
5111:
5039:
4980:
4909:
4738:
4656:
4515:
4202:
4162:
4042:
4034:
3952:
3770:
so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great
3722:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3590:
3551:
3479:
3471:
3401:
3361:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3224:
2944:
2782:
2755:
Part of the ambiguity, for a translator, involves the structure of human language.
2453:
2306:
1877:
that, in a way, came to characterize the infusion of new ideas via translation was
1858:
1511:
1463:
civilizations), connected especially with the rendering of religious, particularly
1432:
1356:
1190:
1052:
1007:
747:
727:
664:
615:
395:
10421:
9365:
8022:"How Ackuna wants to fix language translation by crowdsourcing it | Wired UK"
7665:
6712:
5684:
4230:
However, a number of more contemporary literary translators of poetry lean toward
1832:
has its own sources of reinvention. The root system that Arabic shares with other
1816:
810:
Strictly speaking, the concept of metaphraseâof "word-for-word translation"âis an
630:
12578:
12393:
12388:
12368:
12216:
12155:
12099:
11968:
11857:
11335:
11152:
11075:
10845:
Nimrod's sin: treason and translation in a multilingual world (volume 8, issue 2)
10821:
10122:
10035:
9558:
9238:
9110:
8117:
7630:
7199:
6862:
6648:
6202:
5910:
5767:
5595:
5520:
5500:
5434:
5233:
5095:
4820:
4558:
4325:
4303:
4266:
4010:
3966:
3839:
3801:
3495:
3452:
2684:
2634:
2466:
2462:
2442:
2374:
2203:
2145:
2124:
2082:
2024:
1909:
1901:
1805:
1436:
1328:
1316:
1231:
1198:
1160:
1003:
991:
987:
930:
843:
649:
560:
that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of
400:
379:
45:
12201:
10430:, translated from the Polish, with foreword and notes, by Christopher Kasparek,
10238:
9716:
7674:, translated from the Polish, with foreword and notes, by Christopher Kasparek,
4596:'s prophecy announcing that the Savior will be born of a virgin, uses the word '
4235:
3009:
1854:
The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and
699:
636:
12437:
12030:
11998:
11909:
11766:
11736:
11731:
11554:
11549:
10944:, vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979)âvol. VIII, no 2 (spring 1981), and reprinted in
10795:
10789:
10588:
10521:
10295:
10291:
10078:
10057:
10014:
9992:
9418:
9081:
7955:
7791:
7760:
7726:
6632:
6454:
6424:
5713:"Interpretation" in this sense is to be distinguished from the function of an "
5460:
5303:
4891:
4750:
4694:
4671:
4194:
4152:
4038:
3930:
3831:
3787:
3742:
3643:
3624:
3487:
3460:
3425:
3139:
3094:
2778:
2760:
2749:
2669:
2661:
2356:
2302:
2218:
2207:
2078:
1948:
1897:
1889:
1855:
1848:
1796:
1737:
1608:
1535:
1531:
1448:
1391:
1364:
1345:
1113:
1109:
1033:
995:
948:
847:
672:
520:
10443:
The true interpreter: A history of translation theory and practice in the West
9604:
9160:
6849:
6699:
Mudau, Thama; Kabinde-Machate, Martha L.; Mandende, Itani P. (15 March 2024).
3048:
2652:, he predictably missed many crucial nuances of contemporary Polish language.
2152:
Competent translation entails the judicious blending of formal and functional
1331:) go back several millennia. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian
12630:
12615:
12513:
12378:
12373:
12343:
12328:
12211:
12056:
12008:
11811:
11796:
11716:
11628:
11591:
11565:
11471:
11414:
11372:
11234:
11214:
11182:
11096:
11040:
10762:
10431:
10254:
10223:
9927:
9843:"Survey Translation: Why and How Should Researchers and Managers be Engaged?"
9725:
9612:
9543:
9480:
9426:
9383:
9331:
9282:
9223:
9054:
8605:
8572:
8482:"A Shakespeare Festival Presents Modern Translations. Cue the Debate (Again)"
7963:
7937:"An Analysis of Lin Shu's Translation Activity from the Cultural Perspective"
7756:
7675:
7485:
7454:
7387:
7339:
7319:
7063:
6991:
6922:
6747:
6720:
6597:(The Idea of Fidelity in Translation), Paris, Didier Ărudition, 1990, p. 231.
6531:
5821:
5718:
5515:
5450:
5389:
5293:
5223:
5168:
4854:
4839:
4790:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4605:
4534:
4330:
4258:
4087:
4061:
3981:
3847:
3757:
3677:
3673:
3623:
was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented
3620:
3546:
3503:
3433:
3205:
3151:
3127:
3070:
3063:
3044:
3041:
2904:
2880:
2841:
A translator faces two contradictory tasks: when translating, to strive for
2737:
2736:." Translation of other than the simplest brief texts requires painstakingly
2712:
2645:
2641:
2625:
2457:
2456:âseek to prove their case by showing that difficult passages in the existing
2449:
2401:
2277:
2266:
2164:
2055:, and the stories are different in each. Similar examples are to be found in
1928:
1862:
1678:
1620:
1561:
1427:
1360:
1223:
1171:
1017:
975:
764:
603:
534:
292:
195:
11636:
11423:
Found in Translation: How Language Shapes Our Lives and Transforms the World
8711:
8660:
8315:, vol. 43, no. 2 (21 January 2021), pp. 37â39. Paul Taylor quotation: p. 39.
3920:
In the second half of the 17th century, the poet John Dryden sought to make
3396:
The weaknesses of pure machine translation, unaided by human expertise, are
3287:
Machine translation (MT) is a process whereby a computer program analyzes a
2827:
875:
12605:
12206:
12035:
11978:
11852:
11847:
11756:
11711:
11442:, "A Tove on the Table" (review of 3 translations of Ludwig Wittgenstein's
11410:
11173:
11108:
11031:
10852:
10712:
10513:
10491:
10346:
9984:
9643:
9214:
9197:
9140:
8962:
8875:
Kruger, Loren (2007). "Keywords and Contexts: Translating Theatre Theory".
8743:
8201:
7893:(Polish Writers on the Art of Translation, 1440â1974: an Anthology), 1977,
7505:
7378:
6547:
6227:(Polish Writers on the Art of Translation, 1440â1974: an Anthology), p. 79.
5384:
5298:
5263:
5228:
5123:
5044:
4895:
4809:
4805:
4652:
4577:
4527:
4493:
4489:
4447:
4299:
4287:
4279:
4003:
3892:
3783:
3771:
3369:
3354:
3292:
3266:
3098:
3033:
3028:
3002:
2998:
2900:
2854:
2756:
2529:
2446:
2160:
1844:
1810:
1687:
1634:
1519:
971:
901:
607:
544:
A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words,
529:
89:
11278:
9885:
9859:
9747:
Task Force Report, American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)
4741:'s "Apostles to the Slavs", began translating parts of the Bible into the
3696:
The first fine translations into English were made in the 14th century by
3365:
2640:
When in 1921, three years before his death, the English-language novelist
1189:
can ever be a fully adequate guide in translating. The Scottish historian
1131:
799:). "Metaphrase" corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "
711:
12595:
12383:
12333:
12316:
12181:
11993:
11806:
11606:
11489:
11116:
10988:
10972:
10568:
10517:
10467:
10411:
10284:
10200:
10187:
9560:
The Cultural Transfer of Science Fiction and Fantasy in Hungary 1989-1995
9492:
9374:
8888:
8585:
8294:
8278:
8217:
7858:
7827:
7708:
7690:
7517:
6930:
6811:
6755:
6559:
6317:
6145:
6100:
5480:
5475:
5465:
5319:
5253:
5031:
4858:
4782:
4554:
4538:
4191:
3876:
3808:
3541:
3530:
3499:
3491:
3405:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3262:
3074:
2994:
2986:
2948:
2896:
2888:
2864:
2842:
2835:
2817:
2763:
2741:
2673:
2586:
2476:
2472:
2427:
2370:
2344:
2329:
2273:
2249:
2242:
2192:
2116:
2066:, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher
1983:
1963:
1944:
1916:
1764:
1725:
1718:
1543:
1308:
1215:
1145:
wrote that if a translation is to be true, the translator must know both
1142:
1024:
925:â"literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessaryâfor the original
918:
859:
836:
561:
271:
266:
10398:
9111:"These lips that are not (d)one: Writing with the 'pash' of translation"
8896:
8110:
4418:, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of
4158:
4112:
of the Bible to modern translations, and Shakespeare in the original of
3311:
Unedited machine translation is publicly available through tools on the
2744:
and the draft translation, so as to resolve the ambiguities inherent in
1272:
904:, famously and literally cautioned against translating "word for word" (
564:, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated.
12414:
12338:
12127:
12061:
11699:
11497:
11361:
11313:
10955:
Taylor, Paul, "Insanely Complicated, Hopelessly Inadequate" (review of
10459:
10204:
10146:
9772:
Task Force Report, World Association of Public Opinion Research (WAPOR)
8848:
8800:
7099:
6608:
6381:
6354:
6309:
6071:
5926:
The Turns of Translation Studies: New Paradigms or Shifting Viewpoints?
5911:
Early Years in Machine Translation: Memoirs and Biographies of Pioneers
5804:
5455:
5424:
5083:
4761:
4719:â258 CE, "do not allow us to be led into temptation"). A later author,
4690:
4546:
4542:
4411:
4079:
3988:-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a
3594:
3563:
3534:
3522:
3258:
2975:
2936:
2916:
2912:
2876:
2611:
2562:
2484:
2435:
2431:
2340:
2325:
2290:
2141:
2033:
1939:
and Turkey. "oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East," writes
1874:
1866:
1649:
1515:
1504:
1444:
1182:
1048:
1044:
963:
934:
811:
786:
778:
420:
11574:
Fixers: Agency, Translation and the Early Global History of Literature
10159:
Darwish, Ali (1999). "Towards a theory of constraints in translation".
9001:
A.J.B. Higgins, "'Lead Us Not into Temptation': Some Latin Variants",
8261:
Paul Taylor, "Insanely Complicated, Hopelessly Inadequate" (review of
6678:"How to Overcome These 5 Challenges of English to Spanish Translation"
6180:
L.G. Kelly, cited in Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 86.
3992:
classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period,
3959:âfrom texts that were actually of the "translator's" own composition.
3871:
3444:, etc.) is considered a literary pursuit in its own right. Notable in
2907:? by all of them? â "A work of art is never finished, only abandoned."
1772:
1051:
that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in
1013:
842:
Discussions of the theory and practice of translation reach back into
12363:
12311:
12191:
12132:
12020:
11821:
11776:
11761:
11751:
11178:
10685:
10663:
10525:
10262:
7404:, vol. 42, no. 19 (8 October 2020), pp. 9â12, 14. (Quotation: p. 14.)
7383:
7299:
6934:
6870:
6759:
5671:
5344:
5278:
5127:
5103:
4455:
4426:.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church
4415:
3851:
3823:
3339:
3135:
3021:
2959:
2790:
2767:
2597:
2533:
2298:
2000:
1888:
One of the most influential liberal Islamic thinkers of the time was
1882:
1837:
1653:
1452:
1371:
1352:
1186:
1121:
1079:("present", "current," "topical", "timely", "feasible"), the Swedish
1056:
676:
261:
62:
11538:
10605:
Introducing Translation Studies: theories and applications (4th ed.)
9349:
8840:
8817:, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 129-39.
8792:
8534:
7028:
Introducing Translation Studies: theories and applications (4th ed.)
6997:
Introducing Translation Studies: theories and applications (4th ed.)
4655:
has suggested that the phrase "lead us not into temptation", in the
3940:
599:
12583:
12469:
12293:
12265:
12196:
12122:
12107:
12015:
10362:
Kaiser, Walter, "A Hero of Translation" (a review of Jean Findlay,
8539:
6778:
Bai Liping, "Similarity and difference in Translation." Taken from
6146:"Translating the 17th of May into English and other horror stories"
5615:
5056:
4964:
4941:
4926:
Such fallibility of the translation process has contributed to the
4877:
4849:â 1384) had managed to die a natural death, but 30 years later the
4501:
4376:
4187:
3977:
3914:
3896:
3888:
3815:
3686:
3616:
3580:
3332:
3312:
3213:
2955:
2932:
2923:
2745:
2594:
2590:
2566:
2100:
2047:
2020:
1969:
1905:
1801:
1652:
is not one of them. For poets, this creates the great advantage of
1552:
1494:
1487:
1464:
1423:
1320:
1227:
1146:
983:
937:, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech
576:
557:
11525:
Columbia University Studies in English and Comparative Literature,
10300:
Critical Revolutionaries: Five Critics Who Changed the Way We Read
7765:
Critical Revolutionaries: Five Critics Who Changed the Way We Read
7595:
Walter Kaiser, "A Hero of Translation" (a review of Jean Findlay,
6893:
Gerard-Rene de Groot, "Translating legal information." Taken from
4138:
1943:, "Islamism and militarism, received a major impetus from Western
1303:
Traditions of translating material among the languages of ancient
12508:
12482:
12226:
12051:
12025:
11889:
11171:, "Ah, how miserable!" (review of three separate translations of
10529:
10407:
9977:
Polish Writers on the Art of Translation, 1440â1974: an Anthology
8691:
7376:, "Ah, how miserable!" (review of three separate translations of
6902:
5851:
5667:
5019:
4949:
4927:
4835:
4786:
4720:
4709:
4639:
4601:
4585:
4523:
4431:
4423:
4148:
4097:
4009:
In advance of the 20th century, a new pattern was set in 1871 by
3843:
3598:
3559:
3437:
3320:
3158:
3143:
3120:
3055:
2967:
2963:
2771:
2574:
2525:
familiarity with the subject matter of the text being translated;
2417:
2188:
1821:
1695:
1681:
in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of
1589:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1500:
1312:
1230:
of the first Polish novel, and translator from French and Greek,
1205:
1150:
1125:
1097:
1064:
1029:
967:
684:
545:
538:
256:
27:
Transfer of the meaning of something in one language into another
9265:
Transfiction: Research into the Realities of Translation Fiction
8865:, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p. 129.
8769:, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p. 122.
7125:"Back Translation for Quality Control of Informed Consent Forms"
6201:
Cited by Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 87, from
4905:
4638:, according to Mark Polizzotti, could equally well have been an
4630:'s miraculous nature with moral horror of sex)." The apple that
3984:' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or
2871:
It is due to the inescapable necessity of interpretation that â
2062:
Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from
2059:
literature, which adjusted the text to local customs and mores.
1619:
approach to the subjectlessness is to use the target language's
30:
This article is about language translation. For other uses, see
12231:
12117:
12112:
12003:
11786:
11721:
11409:. In some cases, there are few historical records on long-gone
11146:
10434:
9923:
7678:
7624:
7472:, vol. 43, no. 5 (4 March 2021), pp. 35â36. (Quotation: p. 35.)
7450:
6005:
5530:
5238:
5000:
4971:. This is said to be a linguistic feature, particularly of all
4917:
4862:
4831:
4816:
4686:
4623:
4593:
4573:
4485:
4419:
4183:
3956:
3921:
3880:
3866:
3727:
3555:
3350:
3344:
3106:
2884:
2809:
2786:
2733:
2665:
2578:
2393:
2137:
1829:
1788:
1744:
1674:
1548:
1483:
1324:
1105:
1101:
959:
897:
893:
888:
This general formulation of the central concept of translationâ
879:
553:
549:
415:
410:
10961:
The Promise of Artificial Intelligence: Reckoning and Judgment
8267:
The Promise of Artificial Intelligence: Reckoning and Judgment
6011:. The Afrikaans for "translation", derived from the Dutch, is
5704:: "This is the type of pedantry up with which I will not put."
3223:
While not instantaneous like its machine counterparts such as
1419:
1181:
Compounding the demands on the translator is the fact that no
858:. This distinction was adopted by English poet and translator
12323:
12304:
11781:
11197:, "The Pleasures of Translation" (review of Mark Polizzotti,
10893:
9483:, in Beeby, Allison; Ensinger, Doris; Presas, Marisa (eds.),
8454:"Translating Shakespeare? 36 Playwrights Taketh the Big Risk"
8242:, "The Pleasures of Translation" (review of Mark Polizzotti,
6527:
6525:
5855:
5688:
5666:"Ideal concepts" are useful as well in other fields, such as
5099:
4945:
4932:
4899:
4764:(local) European languagesâa development that contributed to
4682:
4618:
4557:
for later translations into many languages, including Latin,
4519:
4511:
4508:
4459:
4407:
4403:
4381:
4290:, an accomplished French-to-English translator. Hays writes:
4083:
3973:
3937:
epics, more than as a point of access to the Latin or Greek.
3926:
3911:
3855:
3835:
3811:
3753:
3655:
3635:
3628:
3441:
3429:
3102:
3090:
2971:
2867:'s plays for one of the prefaces he ought to have written.'"
2794:
2700:
2629:
2409:
2389:
2120:
2042:
1932:
1893:
1791:
students. After returning to Cairo with the encouragement of
1784:
1729:
1707:
1703:
1682:
1460:
1456:
1304:
1167:
1117:
999:
790:
768:
619:
523:
distinction (which does not exist in every language) between
10265:, and others discuss the theory and practice of translation.
10104:
Billiani, Francesca (2001), "Ethics", in Baker, Mona (ed.),
7978:"Translation, Please: Hand-Held Device Bridges Language Gap"
6782:, pg. 339. Eds. Stefano Arduini and Robert Hodgson. 2nd ed.
6698:
6509:, "Dreams of Islamic Liberalism" (review of Marwa Elshakry,
6487:, "Dreams of Islamic Liberalism" (review of Marwa Elshakry,
6405:, "Dreams of Islamic Liberalism" (review of Marwa Elshakry,
5834:
4604:'s court, and simply means young and nubile. Jerome, writes
3752:), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English
3521:
The first important translation in the West was that of the
3109:, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to
1493:
Though Indianized states in Southeast Asia often translated
1471:
identifies various criteria and limitations in translation.
871:
choose out some expression which does not vitiate the sense.
12590:
12457:
11600:
Performing Without a Stage: The Art of Literary Translation
10977:
Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust
10942:
Dialectics and Humanism: The Polish Philosophical Quarterly
10792:, Islam in the World, Granta, 2006, ISBN 978-1-86207-906-9.
8385:"Biblibio: Exclusion is a choice - Bias in "Best of" lists"
8283:
Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust
6783:
6085:
Dialectics and Humanism: The Polish Philosophical Quarterly
5994:
4635:
4518:
occasionally adjusted their translations to better reflect
4504:
4427:
3884:
3814:, a new period in the history of translation had opened in
3612:
3570:
2805:
2570:
2294:
1936:
1641:
1626:
1239:
their own glory the service that they render their country.
11099:, "The Politics of Translation" (a review of Kate Briggs,
10554:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
10478:, New Directions, 88 pp., $ 10.95 ; and Eliot Weinberger,
8827:
Carlson, Harry G. (1964). "Problems in Play Translation".
8779:
Carlson, Harry G. (1964). "Problems in Play Translation".
8352:"Women in Translation: An Interview with Meytal Radzinski"
6522:
5138:
to translate from languages such as Chinese and Japanese.
3347:
produce pocket devices that provide machine translations.
3116:
2614:
hang out. This is why it helps to compare translations ."
2119:
and originally coined to describe ways of translating the
2115:
equivalence" â expressions associated with the translator
10494:, "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish
8220:, "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish
7815:
7420:, Camden House, 2007, ISBN 978-1-57113-347-2, pp. 538â39.
7220:
6705:
Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies
4643:
4631:
4613:
4201:", declared that "poetry by definition untranslatable".
3526:
2919:
passages merely to please a political or moral interest.
2752:
approach the most accurate rendering of the source text.
2430:
but contains puns that work only when back-translated to
2413:
1912:
with its own laws of evolution paralleled Abduh's ideas.
1892:(1849â1905), Egypt's senior judicial authorityâits chief
1691:
1623:; but this again particularizes the experience too much.
1374:
were the first to establish translation as a profession.
1204:, had earlier, in 1783, been made by the Polish poet and
982:. The grammatical differences between "fixed-word-order"
10488:, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (24 November 2016), pp. 49â50.
10383:(1983). "The translator's endless toil (book reviews)".
8590:. Wolpé, Sholeh (First ed.). New York. p. 24.
7776:
7089:"Back Translation: Same questions â different continent"
5846:
MJC Warren, Lecturer in Biblical and Religious Studies,
5055:
fiction both fragments and preserves the materiality of
3861:
Non-scholarly literature, however, continued to rely on
785:", or "word-for-word", translation)âas contrasted with "
10816:, vol. LXIV, no. 11 (22 June 2017), pp. 22, 24â25.
10143:), vol. LXIV, no. 16 (26 October 2017), pp. 50â52.
9973:
Pisarze polscy o sztuce przekĆadu, 1440â1974: Antologia
9053:
Fatani, Afnan (2006). "Translation and the Qur'an". In
7890:
Pisarze polscy o sztuce przekĆadu, 1440â1974: Antologia
6953:
6224:
Pisarze polscy o sztuce przekĆadu, 1440â1974: Antologia
4940:) from the original Arabic, as received by the prophet
4389:
one of the most difficult literary works to translate.
4374:
A notable piece of work translated into English is the
3666:
in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a
11191:, vol. 42, no. 19 (8 October 2020), pp. 9â12, 14.
11149:: Theogony, Works and Days, and The Shield of Herakles
11058:
Antes de Babel. Una historia retĂłrica de la traducciĂłn
10591:, "Painters and Writers: When Something New Happens",
10585:, vol. LXIV, no. 19 (7 December 2017), pp. 45â46.
10342:, vol. LXIV, no. 3 (23 February 2017), pp. 34â36.
9920:
Armstrong, Rebecca, "All Kinds of Unlucky" (review of
8071:"Speaklike offers human-powered translation for blogs"
7908:
Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes and the Fall of Old Mexico
7794:, "Painters and Writers: When Something New Happens",
7627:: Theogony, Works and Days, and The Shield of Herakles
7364:, vol. 46, no. 1 (4 January 2024), pp. 37â38. (p. 38.)
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
4815:
Efforts to translate the Bible into English had their
4600:, which is also used to describe the dancing girls at
3130:, a comparable role as interpreter was played for the
2853:: choices must be made, which entails interpretation.
10597:, vol. LXIV, no. 1 (19 January 2017), pp. 33â35.
10308:, vol. LXIX, no. 15 (6 October 2022), pp. 16â18.
8640:
7447:
Rebecca Armstrong, "All Kinds of Unlucky" (review of
7213:"Three Books for the Grammar Lover in Your Life: NPR"
6171:
Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", pp. 85-86.
5816:
For instance, Henry Benedict Mackey's translation of
2637:. And most one-person bands do not sound very good."
2499:
Competent translators show the following attributes:
2107:
has also been formulated in terms of, respectively, "
2041:
retains currency in some non-Western traditions. The
1686:
study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the
913:
Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual
11552:, "Mother Tongue: Emily Wilson makes Homer modern",
11165:, vol. LXV, no. 1 (18 January 2018), pp. 34â36.
11137:, vol. 40, no. 19 (11 October 2018), pp. 21â24.
10993:
The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect
10798:, "The Islamic Road to the Modern World" (review of
10753:
Rose, Marilyn Gaddis (guest editor) (January 1980).
10359:, vol. LXIV, no. 11 (22 June 2017), pp. 56, 58.
8299:
The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect
6457:, "The Islamic Road to the Modern World" (review of
6427:, "The Islamic Road to the Modern World" (review of
6144:
Some examples of this are described in the article,
5611:
3069:
Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in
2947:, advised a visitor, the 18-year-old beginning poet
1935:, and regimes led by army officers came to power in
1083:("topical", "presently of importance"), the Russian
954:
In general, translators have sought to preserve the
892:âis as adequate as any that has been proposed since
11523:Ross Amos, Flora, "Early Theories of Translation",
11009:, vol. 43, no. 2 (21 January 2021), pp. 37â39.
9979:] (in Polish). PoznaĆ: Wydawnictwo PoznaĆskie.
9841:Sha, Mandy; Immerwahr, Stephen (19 February 2018).
8208:(The Language Challenge), Paris, L'Harmattan, 1994.
6836:Pokorn, Nike K. (2007). "In defense of fuzziness".
6377:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6350:
6348:
6342:, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (24 November 2016), pp. 49â50.
5960:
4622:, free from this linguistic trap, does not connect
4616:disgust that shaped Christian moral theology (the
4612:, "adding divine authority to the virulent cult of
4406:. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of
4238:, translator of the 12th-century Iranian epic poem
3257:Computer-assisted translation can include standard
2785:. Ambiguity may be desirable, indeed essential, in
1896:âat the turn of the 20th century and an admirer of
866:, for the expressions used in the source language:
777:, "a speaking across"), has supplied English with "
11488:, vol. 46, no. 15 (1 August 2024), pp. 31-35. "he
11292:
10721:The language challenge: from chaos to common sense
10602:
10376:, vol. LXII, no. 10 (4 June 2015), pp. 54â56.
8586:Ê»AáčáčÄr, FarÄ«d al-DÄ«n, -approximately 1230 (2017).
7747:), vol. LXIV, no. 16 (26 October 2017), pp. 50â52.
1439:â world's oldest known dated printed book (868 CE)
11199:Sympathy for the Traitor: A Translation Manifesto
11113:Sympathy for the Traitor: A Translation Manifesto
11013:Tobler, Stefan; SabÄu, Antoaneta (1 April 2018).
10739:Sympathy for the Traitor: A Translation Manifesto
10532:in a sentenceâsuch as "he", "she" or "it"ârefers.
10345:Hays, Gregory, "Found in Translation" (review of
8944:Tobler, Stefan; SabÄu, Antoaneta (1 April 2018).
8244:Sympathy for the Traitor: A Translation Manifesto
7910:, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1993, pp. 171-72.
7514:Sympathy for the Traitor: A Translation Manifesto
6737:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), p. 228.
6556:Sympathy for the Traitor: A Translation Manifesto
6192:Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 86.
6188:
6186:
6162:Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 85.
6158:
6156:
6154:
6056:Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 84.
6052:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6042:
5858:(whose execution is canceled at the last moment).
5062:Whereas Braschi's trilogy of experimental works (
3976:passages and the addition of copious explanatory
2561:A competent translator is not only bilingual but
2179:is the language being translated from, while the
37:"Translator" redirects here. For other uses, see
12628:
11385:, "A Murder Mystery Puzzle: The literary puzzle
11207:, vol. LXV, no. 9 (24 May 2018), pp. 46â47.
10504:, vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), pp. 58â63.
10370:, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 351 pp., $ 30.00),
10351:Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature
10222:Fatani, Afnan, "Translation and the Qur'an", in
9945:, vol. 43, no. 5 (4 March 2021), pp. 35â36.
9138:
8748:Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature
8742:Gregory Hays, "Found in Translation" (review of
8555:After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation
8552:
7256:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 47.
6398:
6396:
6366:
6363:, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (November 24, 2016), p. 49.
6345:
4756:The periods preceding and contemporary with the
3903:, had they been writing in England in that day.
3734:and translations from those earlier-established
2536:correlates between the two languages, including
2225:suggests that the limits are not of translation
2206:, while the target language is the translator's
1443:There is a separate tradition of translation in
750:, deriving directly from Latin, did not need to
516:
509:
11262:
10915:. The Hague, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff.
10847:. Hamilton, New Zealand: Outrigger Publishers.
10757:. Hamilton, New Zealand: Outrigger Publishers.
8535:Translation: Pardon My French: You Suck at This
7657:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7649:
6390:, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (24 November 2016), p. 50.
6217:(Works in Verse and Prose), 1803, reprinted in
5581:Translation services of the European Parliament
5014:, an attempt at an accurate translation of the
4128:List of Latin translations of modern literature
2507:knowledge of the language, written and spoken,
2349:The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
2334:The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
1951:, largely had to yield to retrograde currents.
11015:"Translating Confession: Editorial RES 1/2018"
10909:A history of six ideas: an essay in aesthetics
10819:
10512:prowess, there cannot be one ultimate test of
9236:
8946:"Translating Confession, Editorial RES 1/2018"
8153:
7935:Chen, Weihong; Cheng, Xiaojuan (1 June 2014).
6183:
6151:
6039:
4065:is generally read in modern translation (see "
3550:of the western learned world. The 9th-century
2452:or its sources were originally written in the
2309:, a back-translation is often required by the
2202:Often the source language is the translator's
2170:
11962:Cinema / television / video
11666:
11652:
11420:
11259:, vol. 46, no. 1 (4 January 2024), pp. 37â38.
10239:"FEATURE: Como conversazione: on translation"
10106:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
10062:Pour une critique des traductions: John Donne
9951:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
9948:
9677:World Association for Public Opinion Research
9243:. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 13â46.
9202:Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature
8090:"MyGengo Is Mechanical Turk For Translations"
7875:, vol. LXIV, no. 19 (7 December 2017), p. 45.
7844:, vol. LXIV, no. 19 (7 December 2017), p. 45.
7488:, "The Politics of Translation" (a review of
7438:, vol. LXIV, no. 3 (23 February 2017), p. 36.
7253:Word by Word: The Secret Life of Dictionaries
6947:
6667:, "The Translator's Endless Toil", pp. 83-87.
6534:, "The Politics of Translation" (a review of
6393:
5929:, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, 2006, p. 133.
3720:; began a translation of the French-language
3562:, was far ahead of his time in commissioning
2557:between the source and target language texts.
1518:'s discussion of translating the work of the
1084:
703:("to lead across" or "to bring across")âfrom
482:
12496:Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree
10903:
10462:, "A Magician of Chinese Poetry" (review of
9840:
9813:
9673:"Special Issue on Questionnaire Translation"
9624:
9622:
9182:. Pittsburgh: U Pittsburgh. pp. 63â75.
9118:TEXT: Journal of Writing and Writing Courses
8934:, Indiana University Press, 1995, pp. 42â43.
8724:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8673:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8645:. University of Georgia Press. p. 107.
7888:
7800:, vol. LXIV, no. 1 (19 January 2017), p. 35.
7773:, vol. LXIX, no. 15 (6 October 2022), p. 17.
7646:
6497:, vol. LXII, no. 10 (4 June 2015), p. 77â78.
6312:, "A Magician of Chinese Poetry" (review of
6222:
6212:
6206:
5879:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
5789:
5783:
5782:." Both "translator" and "interpreter" are "
5777:
5771:
4959:A fundamental difficulty in translating the
4881:
4793:(New Testament, 1526 and revisions) and the
4402:, especially verse in regular patterns with
4082:writes: "Translating the long-dead language
3834:to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of
3741:The first great English translation was the
3251:
2585:, but also a vast interconnecting system of
2551:, so as to assure true rather than spurious
1977:
1954:
1482:and writing system. Notable is the Japanese
1074:
1068:
958:itself by reproducing the original order of
11012:
9698:Behr, Dorothée; Sha, Mandy (25 July 2018).
8943:
8622:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8438:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8412:
7643:, vol. LXV, no. 1 (18 January 2018), p. 36.
7538:, vol. 40, no. 19 (11 October 2018), p. 21.
7132:Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices
6580:, vol. 40, no. 19 (11 October 2018), p. 22.
6087:, and reprinted in WĆadysĆaw Tatarkiewicz,
3163:Past Stories of the Camellia-woman of Paris
3097:. As a child she had been sold or given to
2729:) to be preferable to the French original.
2522:they are translating (the target language);
2511:they are translating (the source language);
2359:precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.
2127:
1388:Escuela de Traductores de Toledo in Spain.
966:âwhen necessary, reinterpreting the actual
905:
755:
741:
731:
704:
692:
623:
11659:
11645:
10717:Le défi des langues: du gùchis au bon sens
10083:Toward a translation criticism: John Donne
9877:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation
9464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9104:
9102:
9048:
9046:
8756:, vol. LXIV, no. 11 (22 June 2017), p. 58.
8728:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8692:Benjamin, Walter, 1892-1940. (1996â2003).
8677:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8626:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8618:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8479:
8452:Schuessler, Jennifer (30 September 2016).
8451:
8230:, vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), pp. 58â63.
7056:Measurement in Nursing and Health Research
6786:: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 2007.
6475:, vol. LXIV, no. 11 (22 June 2017), p. 24.
6445:, vol. LXIV, no. 11 (22 June 2017), p. 22.
6415:, vol. LXII, no. 10 (June 4, 2015), p. 77.
5025:
4979:as but one possible interpretation of the
4930:world's ambivalence about translating the
4642:, orange, or banana; but Jerome liked the
4278:Gregory Hays, in the course of discussing
3899:, with works such as the original authors
2620:, a professor of classical studies at the
2236:
2051:, appears in many versions in the various
489:
475:
11213:, "Break your bleedin' heart" (review of
11030:
9967:
9858:
9814:Behr, Dorothe; Shishido, Kuniaki (2016).
9715:
9619:
9373:
9213:
8961:
8382:
8159:
7934:
7609:, vol. LXII, no. 10 (4 June 2015), p. 55.
7318:, "Break your bleedin' heart" (review of
6519:, vol. LXII, no. 10 (4 June 2015), p. 78.
6300:, New Delhi, India, Bookmanâs Club, 1984.
5980:, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 83.
5717:" who translates orally or by the use of
5199:American Literary Translators Association
4880:text is the rendering of the Hebrew word
3680:, and thus European science and culture.
2793:; it can be more problematic in ordinary
2766:notes that "virtually every sentence is
2491:, subsequently adopted by other writers.
1510:Some special aspects of translating from
994:) and "free-word-order" languages (e.g.,
970:structure, for example, by shifting from
109:
11609:, "A Wild and Indecent Book" (review of
10843:Simms, Norman T. (guest editor) (1983).
10379:
10125:, "In Praise of Ambiguity" (a review of
10103:
9991:
9949:Baker, Mona; Saldanha, Gabriela (2008).
9784:
9628:
9521:
9439:
9404:
9347:
8921:, Washington, Copper Canyon Press, 2004.
8427:
8409:
8324:
8111:annually performed NIST tests since 2001
8105:
8103:
7729:, "In Praise of Ambiguity" (a review of
6083:subsequently serialized in 1979â1981 in
5881:, Namit Bhatia, ed., 1992, pp. 1,051â54.
5144:
4904:
4799:
4785:'s into Polish (1599, as revised by the
4480:
4157:
4147:
4137:
3961:
3939:
3796:
3685:
3415:
3349:
3115:
3008:
2985:
2954:Translators, including monks who spread
2319:
2019:
2005:
1958:
1843:
1787:in the late 1820s, teaching religion to
1585:instructor does to the life of a frog."
1499:
1418:
1348:languages of the second millennium BCE.
1155:
1130:
1012:
943:
874:
831:
598:
52:
11503:
11295:"Translation as a Blending of Cultures"
10723:] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
10311:
10268:
10233:
10158:
10021:(in French). Paris: Gallimard, Essais.
9874:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (9 July 2019).
9697:
9195:
9099:
9043:
8826:
8778:
8252:, vol. LXV, no. 9 (24 May 2018), p. 47.
7944:Theory and Practice in Language Studies
7249:
7031:. London/New York: Routledge. pp.
7000:. London/New York: Routledge. pp.
5330:International Federation of Translators
5011:
3593:frowned on even partial adaptations of
3411:
3398:those of artificial intelligence itself
2144:, the source text's active vs. passive
941:movements) as determined from context.
14:
12629:
11568:, "Stop talking englissh " (review of
11536:
11421:Kelly, Nataly; Zetzsche, Jost (2012).
11074:
10623:
10600:
10546:
10482:, New Directions, 211 pp., $ 16.95 ),
10077:
10056:
10034:
10013:
9873:
9478:
9343:
9341:
9309:
9108:
9052:
9033:
8874:
8132:
8068:
7717:, vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), p. 61.
7699:, vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), p. 63.
7024:
6990:
6927:Translation: An Advanced Resource Book
6835:
6752:Translation: An Advanced Resource Book
6075:(first published in Polish in 1976 as
5899:, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, pp. 84-87.
4990:, between the Classical Arabic of the
4902:with horns growing from his forehead.
3276:
2693:il vaut mieux interpréter que traduire
1900:who in 1903 visited Darwin's exponent
1405:(School of Tongues) in Egypt in 1813.
1396:Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres
1195:Essay on the Principles of Translation
846:and show remarkable continuities. The
441:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
61:the Wise commissions a translation of
11640:
11539:"Translation and Translation Studies"
11338:, "We possess all things" (review of
11143:, "A Doggish Translation" (review of
11055:
10842:
10711:
10662:
10642:
10571:, "Whole Earth Troubador" (review of
10440:
10190:, "Eleven Pleasures of Translating",
10089:. Ohio: Kent State University Press.
10042:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
9656:
9583:
9556:
9240:The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction
9177:
8507:
8480:Schuessler, Jennifer (3 April 2019).
8327:"Where Are the Women in Translation?"
8100:
7861:, "Whole Earth Troubador" (review of
7830:, "Whole Earth Troubador" (review of
7621:, "A Doggish Translation" (review of
7290:, vol. XXXI, nos. 2â3 (1986), p. 135.
6963:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6831:
6829:
6827:
6103:, "Eleven Pleasures of Translating",
5335:Internationalization and localization
5159:
4362:
4016:
3126:Nearly three centuries later, in the
2935:and of their usage. In 1946 the poet
2725:âor, in Scott Moncrieff's rendering,
1972:(or "faithfulness") and felicity (or
1755:... was the popular expression of a
1490:Chinese texts for Japanese speakers.
573:mechanically aid the human translator
298:Internationalization and localization
10752:
10294:, "Corrections of Taste" (review of
9999:. London & New York: Routledge.
9778:
9348:Iannuzzi, Giulia (2 November 2018).
9196:CarriĂłn, MarĂa M. (1 January 1996).
9139:Moreno Fernandez, Francisco (2020).
8087:
7759:, "Corrections of Taste" (review of
5691:, who was beautiful but unfaithful."
5274:Dictionary-based machine translation
4768:'s split into Roman Catholicism and
4749:that they had devised, based on the
4199:On Linguistic Aspects of Translation
3178:
2875:the story about the 3rd century BCE
2547:("translate literally") and when to
2175:In the practice of translation, the
1637:" to say "one blossom-of roseness."
1267:
618:word "translation" derives from the
11504:Nabokov, Vladimir (4 August 1941).
10684:
10336:, "Can We Ever Master King Lear?",
10302:, Yale University Press, 323 pp.),
10230:, Routledge, 2006, pp. 657â69.
9338:
9237:Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan Jr. (2008).
8366:"Meytal Radzinski - The Bookseller"
7767:, Yale University Press, 323 pp.),
7432:, "Can We Ever Master King Lear?",
7086:
6595:La notion de fidélité en traduction
6511:Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860â1950
6489:Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860â1950
6407:Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860â1950
5893:, "The Translator's Endless Toil",
4890:), which has several meanings, as "
4882:
4760:saw translations of the Bible into
4708:, "do not allow us to be led") and
4584:used his translation (known as the
4541:. The translation is known as the "
3774:translations are, accordingly, the
3451:as translators are figures such as
2469:, was originally written in Greek.
2283:
1243:
1089:("urgent", "topical") or the Dutch
1073:("present", "current"), the Polish
789:" ("a saying in other words", from
519:text. The English language draws a
24:
11417:for such a purpose." (p. 82.)
11286:
11121:The 100 Best Novels in Translation
11025:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 5â9.
10692:. New York: New American Library.
10199:
8950:Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu
8019:
7853:Merwin's introduction to his 2013
7522:The 100 Best Novels in Translation
7210:
6901:, pg. 132. Ed. Giuseppe Zaccaria.
6824:
6606:
6564:The 100 Best Novels in Translation
6384:, "A Magician of Chinese Poetry",
6357:, "A Magician of Chinese Poetry",
6298:The Arab Experiment in Translation
6029:Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal
5914:, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2000.
5511:Semantic equivalence (linguistics)
5259:Communication accommodation theory
5090:
4580:of translators. For centuries the
4466:
4339:, whose original Swedish title is
4197:, however, had in his 1959 paper "
3818:with the arrival, at the court of
3640:large-scale efforts at translation
3238:
3157:The famous Chinese man of letters
2396:translation. Some survive only in
1751:The most prominent among them was
1023:When a target language has lacked
929:and other crucial "values" (e.g.,
431:Books and magazines on translation
25:
12673:
10806:, Liveright; and Wael Abu-'Uksa,
10579:, Copper Canyon, 338 pp., 2017),
9481:"The Translation of Mass Fiction"
8383:Radzinski, Meytal (3 July 2018).
7869:, Copper Canyon, 338 pp., 2017),
7838:, Copper Canyon, 338 pp., 2017),
6465:, Liveright; and Wael Abu-'Uksa,
6435:, Liveright; and Wael Abu-'Uksa,
5951:
5714:
5551:Translating for legal equivalence
5289:Example-based machine translation
5030:Experimental literature, such as
4027:Modern English Bible translations
3875:, England's Tudor poets, and the
3529:Scriptures translated into early
2593:references whose mastery, writes
1542:has a beauty of its own, and the
827:
736:pattern, whereas Russian and the
575:. More recently, the rise of the
12657:Meaning (philosophy of language)
11615:The New Testament: A Translation
11129:The Work of Literary Translation
10643:North, Anna (20 November 2017).
10552:The history of Polish literature
10445:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
9867:
9834:
9807:
9768:"Quality in Comparative Surveys"
9760:
9740:"Quality in Comparative Surveys"
9732:
9691:
9665:
9650:
9577:
9550:
9515:
9472:
9433:
9398:
9303:
9257:
9230:
9189:
9171:
9132:
9109:Fisher, Abigail (October 2020).
9075:
9027:
9010:
8995:
8978:
8937:
8924:
8911:
8868:
8855:
8820:
8807:
8772:
8759:
8736:
8685:
8634:
8579:
8546:
8527:
8508:North, Anna (20 November 2017).
8501:
8473:
8445:
8400:
8391:
8376:
8358:
8344:
8325:Anderson, Alison (14 May 2013).
8318:
8255:
8233:
8211:
8195:
8180:
8126:
8088:Toto, Serkan (11 January 2010).
8081:
8062:
8040:
8013:
7995:
7970:
7814:: one-hour documentary shown on
7530:The Work of Literary Translation
7250:Stamper, Kory (1 January 2017).
7180:The History of Polish Literature
7098:(Winter 2004): 5. Archived from
6572:The Work of Literary Translation
6409:, University of Chicago Press),
6091:, Warsaw University Press, 1992.
5840:
5827:
5810:
5797:
5614:
5284:European Master's in Translation
4414:has also been practiced in some
3220:, individuals, and enterprises.
2863:: 'I would give half a dozen of
2553:
2543:a finely tuned sense of when to
2528:a profound understanding of the
1668:
1588:Chinese characters, in avoiding
1480:borrowings of Chinese vocabulary
1271:
1063:should not be confused with the
804:
800:
88:
11151:, translated from the Greek by
10810:, Cambridge University Press),
10524:. "irtually every sentence is
10364:Chasing Lost Time: The Life of
10183:Work in progress version (pdf).
10064:(in French). Paris: Gallimard.
9914:
9061:. Routledge. pp. 657â669.
8557:. Open Road Media. p. 85.
8122:Bilingual Evaluation Understudy
7928:
7913:
7900:
7878:
7847:
7821:
7803:
7785:
7750:
7720:
7702:
7684:
7629:, translated from the Greek by
7612:
7597:Chasing Lost Time: The Life of
7589:
7573:
7557:
7541:
7475:
7441:
7423:
7407:
7394:, Carcanet, April 2020; and by
7390:, Liveright, November 2018; by
7367:
7309:
7293:
7270:
7243:
7234:
7204:
7185:
7169:
7153:
7117:
7080:
7058:, pg. 454. Eds. Carolyn Waltz,
7049:
7018:
6984:
6915:
6887:
6856:
6796:
6772:
6740:
6727:
6692:
6670:
6658:
6642:
6626:
6600:
6583:
6500:
6478:
6469:, Cambridge University Press),
6448:
6439:, Cambridge University Press),
6418:
6303:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6230:
6195:
6174:
6165:
6138:
6125:
6112:
6094:
6059:
6018:
5989:The Dutch for "translation" is
5760:
5747:
5734:
5724:
5707:
5694:
5677:
5660:
5526:Statistical machine translation
4463:of the words they are singing.
4336:The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
4095:'s 2017 translation of Homer's
2981:
2648:'s short Polish-language play,
2489:no sentence-ending prepositions
2272:Translation scholars including
1724:In the 19th century, after the
1677:expanded after the creation of
11444:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
11157:University of California Press
10979:, Ballantine, September 2019,
10826:The translation studies reader
10609:. London/New York: Routledge.
10368:: Soldier, Spy, and Translator
10040:The translation studies reader
9704:Translation & Interpreting
9536:10.1080/13556509.1997.10798995
9324:10.1080/13556509.1996.10798961
9004:Journal of Theological Studies
8932:Translating Chinese Literature
8930:Eugene Eoyang and Lin Yao-fu,
8641:Santos, Sherod, 1948- (2000).
8285:, Ballantine, September 2019,
8069:Boutin, Paul (26 March 2010).
7635:University of California Press
7601:: Soldier, Spy, and Translator
5983:
5945:
5932:
5917:
5902:
5884:
5872:
5683:French philosopher and writer
5635:
5496:Rule-based machine translation
4526:, emphasizing notions such as
4314:
3879:translators adapted themes by
3338:Interactive translations with
3299:work, with preparation of the
2931:) compels precise analysis of
2915:and surreptitiously delete or
2879:translations of some biblical
2569:is not merely a collection of
2494:
2483:" in 1672 when he objected to
2384:Many works by the influential
2095:Dynamic and formal equivalence
2088:
463:Kural translations by language
436:Bible translations by language
211:Dynamic and formal equivalence
13:
1:
12425:Pierre Menard, Author of the
12271:Archetypal literary criticism
11831:Literature / theatre
11201:, MIT Press, 2018, 182 pp.),
11080:The translator's invisibility
10898:Institute of European History
10353:, Harvard University Press),
10319:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
9787:Cross-cultural survey methods
9366:10.1080/0907676X.2018.1496461
8750:, Harvard University Press),
8246:, MIT Press, 2018, 182 pp.),
6899:Journal of Legal Hermeneutics
6802:Carline FĂ©Railleur-Dumoulin,
6713:10.2989/16073614.2023.2257744
6653:The Translator's Invisibility
6211:("On Translating Books"), in
5865:
5591:Translation-quality standards
5571:Translation-quality standards
4912:translation, verses 33â34 of
4843:
4824:
4724:
4713:
4698:
4675:
4664:
4392:
4113:
4110:Authorized King James Version
3778:(1525), which influenced the
3746:
3602:
3306:translation management system
3245:Computer-assisted translation
2717:Ă la recherche du temps perdu
1673:Translation of material into
1530:Some of the art of classical
1455:(primarily of texts from the
1338:
1124:, while Homer himself used a
715:, ("to lead" or "to bring").
541:within a language community.
451:List of most translated works
252:Translation management system
12237:Source criticism in the arts
11905:Readymades of Marcel Duchamp
11624:The New York Review of Books
11204:The New York Review of Books
11162:The New York Review of Books
11019:Review of Ecumenical Studies
10882:; Schopp, JĂŒrgen F. (2013).
10813:The New York Review of Books
10594:The New York Review of Books
10582:The New York Review of Books
10485:The New York Review of Books
10373:The New York Review of Books
10356:The New York Review of Books
10339:The New York Review of Books
10305:The New York Review of Books
10228:The Qur'an: An Encyclopaedia
10193:The New York Review of Books
10155:, 1986, vol. 27, p. 14.
10140:The New York Review of Books
10087:Massardier-Kenney, Françoise
9584:SohĂĄr, AnikĂł (August 2000).
9059:The Qur'an: An Encyclopaedia
8753:The New York Review of Books
8249:The New York Review of Books
8003:"The many voices of the web"
7872:The New York Review of Books
7841:The New York Review of Books
7811:W.S. Merwin: To Plant a Tree
7797:The New York Review of Books
7770:The New York Review of Books
7744:The New York Review of Books
7640:The New York Review of Books
7606:The New York Review of Books
7435:The New York Review of Books
7062:and Elizabeth Lenz. 4th ed.
6905:: LIT Verlag Munster, 2000.
6516:The New York Review of Books
6494:The New York Review of Books
6472:The New York Review of Books
6442:The New York Review of Books
6412:The New York Review of Books
6387:The New York Review of Books
6360:The New York Review of Books
6339:The New York Review of Books
6106:The New York Review of Books
5794:," that is no longer in use.
5440:National Translation Mission
4693:, the earliest of the Latin
3608:, the standard Latin Bible.
3189:
3142:woman had been kidnapped by
1769:Considerations on the Romans
1607:It is the norm in classical
1538:. The internal structure of
1534:must simply be set aside as
1263:
640:, "to carry" or "to bring" (
594:
504:is the communication of the
32:Translation (disambiguation)
7:
12438:Reality Hunger: A Manifesto
11399:natural-language processing
11293:Abu-Mahfouz, Ahmad (2008).
11105:Translation as Transhumance
11060:. Granada, Spain: Comares.
10940:subsequently serialized in
10900:, retrieved 29 August 2013.
10420:, translator's foreword to
10317:Translation as a profession
9717:10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01
8829:Educational Theatre Journal
8781:Educational Theatre Journal
8588:The conference of the birds
8186:J.M. Cohen, "Translation",
8160:Altarabin, Mahmoud (2020).
7664:, translator's foreword to
7502:Translation as Transhumance
7284:and Curtin's Translation,"
6680:. Jr Language. 23 June 2017
6236:J.M. Cohen, "Translation",
5822:Treatise on the Love of God
5741:
5546:Transcription (linguistics)
5491:Register (sociolinguistics)
5191:
4674:(the third Gospel, written
4663:(the first Gospel, written
4434:translated into English by
4251:The Conference of the Birds
4241:The Conference of the Birds
4048:Oregon Shakespeare Festival
4022:"modernized translation").
3838:'s works was undertaken by
3830:shortly before the fall of
3672:(School of Translation) in
3198:
2668:is a representation of the
2171:Source and target languages
822:
39:Translator (disambiguation)
10:
12678:
12544:Appropriation in sociology
11576:, Chicago, February 2024,
11462:, Penguin, December 2023,
11245:, Oxford, September 2023,
10135:Princeton University Press
9931:, Profile, November 2020,
8145:(6): 18â20. Archived from
7956:10.4304/tpls.4.6.1201-1206
7922:The Encyclopedia Americana
7782:Billiani, Francesca (2001)
7739:Princeton University Press
7458:, Profile, November 2020,
7398:, Wisconsin, April 2018),
7350:, Oxford, September 2023,
6735:The Poetics of Translation
6148:, retrieved 15 April 2010.
6079:); English translation by
5942:, 5th ed., 1994, p. 2,361.
5700:Cf. a supposed comment by
5446:Neural machine translation
5249:Chinese translation theory
5148:
4981:Quranic (Classical) Arabic
4735:Saints Cyril and Methodius
4470:
3980:. In regard to style, the
3516:
3513:campaign to address this.
3280:
3269:, and alignment programs.
3242:
3132:Lewis and Clark Expedition
3026:
2727:Remembrance of Things Past
2711:'s English translation of
2622:University of Pennsylvania
2315:institutional review board
2240:
2092:
1469:Chinese translation theory
1415:Chinese translation theory
1412:
900:, who, in 1st-century-BCE
854:(literal translation) and
791:
769:
610:for the art of translation
43:
36:
29:
12549:Articulation in sociology
12527:
12450:
12402:
12352:
12249:
12174:
12146:
12098:
12089:
12072:Revivalism (architecture)
12044:
11961:
11918:
11885:
11876:
11830:
11682:
11675:
11383:Hughes-Castleberry, Kenna
11377:The Art of Clear Thinking
11111:, 2017; Mark Polizzotti,
11103:, 2017; Mireille Gansel,
10624:Najder, ZdzisĆaw (2007).
10573:The Essential W.S. Merwin
10403:Includes a discussion of
9820:. SAGE Publications Ltd.
9605:10.1556/HStud.14.2000.1.3
9485:Investigating Translation
9440:Iannuzzi, Giulia (2019).
9405:Iannuzzi, Giulia (2017).
8553:Steiner, George. (2013).
8166:. Routledge. p. 15.
7925:, 1986, volume 24, p. 72.
7863:The Essential W.S. Merlin
7832:The Essential W.S. Merlin
6850:10.1075/target.19.2.10pok
6754:, Introduction, pg. 171.
5940:The Columbia Encyclopedia
5405:List of women translators
4791:William Tyndale's version
4244:, means when she writes:
4133:
3586:Consolation of Philosophy
3465:Governor General's Awards
2465:, which survives only in
2392:survive only in medieval
2369:by the Polish aristocrat
1955:Fidelity and transparency
1355:document is the 1274 BCE
1085:
803:"; and "paraphrase", to "
12261:Aesthetic interpretation
11537:Sharma, Sandeep (2017).
11506:"The Art of Translation"
10800:Christopher de Bellaigue
10498:from the natural kind",
10437:, 2020, ASIN:BO8MDN6CZV.
10237:, Jonathan (June 2000).
10033:Excerpted in English in
9785:Harkness, Janet (2003).
9419:10.13137/2421-6763/17363
9034:Farris, Michael (2007),
8919:The Poem Behind the Poem
8224:from the natural kind",
8139:ClientSide News Magazine
7681:, 2020, ASIN:BO8MDN6CZV.
6929:, Introduction, pg. 10.
6507:Christopher de Bellaigue
6485:Christopher de Bellaigue
6459:Christopher de Bellaigue
6429:Christopher de Bellaigue
6403:Christopher de Bellaigue
5628:
5556:Translation associations
5110:, techno-scientific and
4948:(God) through the angel
4867:King James Only movement
4830:â1536) was convicted of
4369:The Poem Behind the Poem
4349:
4321:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
4284:ancient Greek literature
4282:adapted translations of
4119:to modern translations.
3828:Georgius Gemistus Pletho
3148:North American continent
3089:, an early-16th-century
3058:and live-communication (
2941:St. Elizabeth's Hospital
2860:Three Plays for Puritans
2538:sociolinguistic register
2518:command of the language
2366:The Saragossa Manuscript
2328:back-translated his own
2068:Friedrich Schleiermacher
1871:Christopher de Bellaigue
767:term for "translation",
426:Journalistic translation
44:Not to be confused with
12503:The Pictures Generation
12282:The Death of the Author
11543:There's a Double Tongue
11082:. New York: Routledge.
10930:Tatarkiewicz, WĆadysĆaw
10905:Tatarkiewicz, WĆadysĆaw
10889:European History Online
10670:. New York: Routledge.
10601:Munday, Jeremy (2016).
10496:artificial intelligence
10466:, with an afterword by
10108:, New York: Routledge,
9953:. New York: Routledge.
9088:, Granta, 2006, p. 90,
9036:From Tyndale to Madison
8222:artificial intelligence
8192:, 1986, vol. 27, p. 14.
8024:. Wired. Archived from
7392:Jeffrey Scott Bernstein
7198:1 December 2008 at the
7025:Munday, Jeremy (2016).
6651:, "Call to Action", in
6637:L'Ă©preuve de l'Ă©tranger
6316:, with an afterword by
6242:, 1986, vol. 27, p. 12.
6214:DzieĆa wierszem i prozÄ
5848:University of Sheffield
5757:is the real source...."
5471:Phono-semantic matching
5360:Language interpretation
5269:Contrastive linguistics
5177:European Social Surveys
5075:United States of Banana
5026:Experimental literature
4861:. Debate and religious
4733:In 863 CE the brothers
3895:and the development of
3846:' Latin edition of the
3700:, who adapted from the
3642:. Having conquered the
3093:woman from the Mexican
3036:is the facilitation of
2832:incompleteness theorems
2781:have demonstrated â to
2679:Conrad, whose writings
2353:Greek Prose Composition
2237:Source and target texts
1712:Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad
1408:
1176:Johann Gottfried Herder
1136:Johann Gottfried Herder
308:Video game localization
216:Contrastive linguistics
12574:Copyright infringement
12554:Cultural appropriation
11603:, Catbird Press, 1998.
11587:London Review of Books
11485:London Review of Books
11474:, Norton, April 2024,
11357:London Review of Books
11302:Journal of Translation
11256:London Review of Books
11188:London Review of Books
11134:London Review of Books
11032:10.2478/ress-2018-0001
11006:London Review of Books
10946:WĆadysĆaw Tatarkiewicz
10741:, MIT, 168 pp., 2018,
10472:19 Ways of Looking at
10172:Cite journal requires
10152:Encyclopedia Americana
9942:London Review of Books
9661:. Dordrecht: Springer.
9644:10.5281/zenodo.3604992
9295:: CS1 maint: others (
9215:10.4148/2334-4415.1385
8963:10.2478/ress-2018-0001
8863:The Art of Translation
8815:The Art of Translation
8767:The Art of Translation
8312:London Review of Books
8189:Encyclopedia Americana
8133:Vashee, Kirti (2007).
7889:
7535:London Review of Books
7469:London Review of Books
7401:London Review of Books
7361:London Review of Books
6577:London Review of Books
6328:, New Directions; and
6322:19 Ways of Looking at
6239:Encyclopedia Americana
6223:
6213:
6207:
6066:WĆadysĆaw Tatarkiewicz
6000:, itself derived from
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5770:, a "translation" is "
5309:Homophonic translation
4923:
4812:
4758:Protestant Reformation
4496:
4422:forms with or without
4312:
4276:
4255:
4232:Alexander von Humboldt
4165:
4155:
4145:
3969:
3947:
3929:arguably suffers from
3804:
3693:
3576:Ecclesiastical History
3421:
3357:
3123:
3024:
3006:
2968:grammatical structures
2909:
2722:In Search of Lost Time
2337:
2307:informed-consent forms
2128:
2027:
2013:
1997:
1978:
1966:
1927:emerged in Egypt, the
1910:society as an organism
1851:
1842:
1781:
1666:
1613:19 Ways of Looking at
1570:
1507:
1440:
1351:An early example of a
1241:
1218:", the Roman Catholic
1166:The translator of the
1163:
1138:
1075:
1069:
1020:
951:
906:
882:
873:
850:distinguished between
839:
756:
742:
738:South Slavic languages
732:
710:
705:
698:
697:, itself derived from
693:
624:
611:
391:Telephone interpreting
277:Multimedia translation
66:
12601:Participatory culture
12569:Intellectual property
11619:Yale University Press
11279:10.1558/genl.v7i1.117
11056:VĂ©lez, Fabio (2016).
10995:, Penguin, May 2019,
10963:, MIT, October 2019,
10913:Kasparek, Christopher
10690:The story of language
10626:Joseph Conrad: A Life
10441:Kelly, Louis (1979).
10418:Kasparek, Christopher
10381:Kasparek, Christopher
10076:English translation:
9886:10.4324/9780429294914
9880:. London: Routledge.
9860:10.29115/SP-2018-0016
9557:SohĂĄr, AnikĂł (1999).
9479:Milton, John (2000),
8643:A poetry of two minds
8543:, 18 May 2009, p. 10.
8406:J.M Cohen, pp. 12-13.
8370:www.thebookseller.com
8331:Words Without Borders
8301:, Penguin, May 2019,
8269:, MIT, October 2019,
8149:on 28 September 2007.
8116:22 March 2009 at the
7855:Selected Translations
7584:Joseph Conrad: A Life
7568:Joseph Conrad: A Life
7552:Joseph Conrad: A Life
7418:Joseph Conrad: A Life
7304:The Story of Language
7211:Greene, Robert Lane.
6208:"O tĆumaczeniu ksiÄ
g"
5561:Translation criticism
5536:Technical translation
5395:Linguistic validation
5370:Language professional
5365:Language localisation
5314:Humour in translation
5244:Certified translation
5151:Technical translation
5145:Technical translation
4908:
4803:
4797:into English (1611).
4582:Roman Catholic Church
4484:
4471:Further information:
4430:, such as the German
4341:MĂ€n som hatar kvinnor
4292:
4271:
4246:
4161:
4151:
4141:
3965:
3955:'s "translations" of
3943:
3800:
3776:Tyndale New Testament
3689:
3631:centuries to render.
3419:
3353:
3233:software localization
3167:Alexandre Dumas, fils
3119:
3073:. A prime example is
3012:
2989:
2869:
2540:when appropriate; and
2481:preposition stranding
2323:
2023:
2009:
1992:
1962:
1921:Sykes-Picot agreement
1847:
1826:
1734:
1732:clerics and copyists
1661:
1528:
1503:
1422:
1413:Further information:
1236:
1159:
1141:In the 13th century,
1134:
1016:
947:
878:
868:
835:
724:East Slavic languages
602:
589:language localisation
587:and has facilitated "
527:(a written text) and
323:Software localization
303:Language localization
206:Translation criticism
135:Linguistic validation
56:
12276:Artistic inspiration
12100:Intertextual figures
12067:Parody advertisement
11450:, Oxford, May 2023,
10991:and Dana Mackenzie,
10957:Brian Cantwell Smith
10938:Christopher Kasparek
10366:C.K. Scott Moncrieff
10285:10.1558/genl.v7i1.97
9657:Byrne, Jody (2006).
9493:10.1075/btl.32.21mil
9178:Stanchich, Maritza.
8889:10.1353/tj.2007.0146
8297:and Dana Mackenzie,
8263:Brian Cantwell Smith
7662:Christopher Kasparek
7599:C.K. Scott Moncrieff
7278:Christopher Kasparek
6665:Christopher Kasparek
6591:Amparo Hurtado Albir
6081:Christopher Kasparek
5978:Christopher Kasparek
5891:Christopher Kasparek
5818:St. Francis de Sales
5576:Translation scholars
5325:Indirect translation
5219:Bilingual dictionary
4851:Council of Constance
4777:'s into German (the
4766:Western Christianity
4745:language, using the
4221:Le Ton beau de Marot
4172:Le Ton beau de Marot
4126:(for examples, see "
4086:used â a variant of
3717:Troilus and Criseyde
3648:were made into Latin
3511:Women in Translation
3476:Tadeusz Boy-Ć»eleĆski
3412:Literary translation
3172:La Dame aux Camélias
2824:Christopher Kasparek
2709:C.K. Scott Moncrieff
2608:Princeton University
2379:Saragossa Manuscript
1979:les belles infidĂšles
1908:. Spencer's view of
1779:had been favorites.)
1757:translation movement
1556:are the patterns of
687:of "translation" on
683:their words for the
644:in turn coming from
585:translation services
569:automate translation
512:text by means of an
318:Website localization
12642:Applied linguistics
12611:Recontextualisation
12564:Information society
12559:History of printing
12539:Academic dishonesty
12300:Genius (literature)
11989:Literal music video
11900:Photographic mosaic
11695:Chopped and screwed
11545:. HP University: 1.
11394:Scientific American
11346:, Princeton, 2022,
11266:Gender and Language
11225:, NYRB, June 2023,
10706:Stuart Berg Flexner
10501:Scientific American
10480:The Ghosts of Birds
10334:Greenblatt, Stephen
10272:Gender and Language
10205:"Preface to Sylvae"
9997:Translation studies
9632:Quaderni di Cultura
8227:Scientific American
8206:Le défi des langues
8094:The Washington Post
7714:Scientific American
7696:Scientific American
7330:, NYRB, June 2023,
7068:Springer Publishing
6955:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
6609:"Preface to Sylvae"
6336:, New Directions),
6334:The Ghosts of Birds
6133:synthetic languages
6004:, "language", plus
5854:kill his only son,
5586:Translation studies
5420:Medical translation
5415:Machine translation
5410:Literal translation
5400:List of translators
5204:Applied linguistics
4743:Old Church Slavonic
4608:, translates it as
4507:who translated the
4492:of translators and
4436:Catherine Winkworth
4031:William Shakespeare
3463:; and the Canadian
3446:Canadian literature
3283:Machine translation
3277:Machine translation
2929:analytic philosophy
2816:â are fraught with
2445:âthe view that the
2039:Adapted translation
1514:are illustrated in
1250:Western colonialism
1055:of words, a common
805:dynamic equivalence
628:, which comes from
385:Video relay service
242:Machine translation
201:Translation project
191:Translation studies
12288:Divine inspiration
12077:Video game modding
11919:By source material
11611:David Bentley Hart
11597:Wechsler, Robert,
11425:. TarcherPerigee.
11340:Henrietta Harrison
11314:10.54395/jot-x8fne
11159:, 2017, 184 pp.),
10975:and Ernest Davis,
10880:Snell-Hornby, Mary
10871:has generic name (
10781:has generic name (
10737:Polizzotti, Mark,
10708:, revised edition.
10541:, 1 January 2018.
10253:Poets and critics
9444:. Chieti (Italy).
9086:Islam in the World
9022:, 1 January 2018.
8990:, 8 December 2017
8487:The New York Times
8459:The New York Times
8442:J.M. Cohen, p. 14.
8424:J.M. Cohen, p. 13.
8397:J.M. Cohen, p. 12.
8281:and Ernest Davis,
7637:, 2017, 184 pp.),
7430:Stephen Greenblatt
6895:Translation in Law
6733:Willis Barnstone,
6120:analytic languages
5835:Rhymes from Russia
5606:Vehicular language
5566:Translation memory
5430:Mobile translation
5350:Language brokering
5340:Interpreting notes
5214:Bible translations
5160:Survey translation
5136:vehicular language
5132:pseudotranslations
5108:invented languages
5012:Chinese literature
4924:
4900:Moses the Lawgiver
4813:
4795:King James Version
4661:Gospels of Matthew
4590:Augustine of Hippo
4576:(347â420 CE), the
4497:
4477:Quran translations
4473:Bible translations
4363:Chinese literature
4306:even have a word (
4177:Douglas Hofstadter
4166:
4156:
4146:
4017:Modern translation
3970:
3948:
3901:would have written
3805:
3780:Authorized Version
3768:Arthurian romances
3766:âan adaptation of
3736:literary languages
3706:Giovanni Boccaccio
3694:
3669:Schola Traductorum
3660:Alfonso X the Wise
3525:, a collection of
3422:
3358:
3210:translation memory
3138:. As a child, the
3124:
3025:
3007:
3005:, 8 November 1519.
2338:
2247:In translation, a
2223:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
2183:â also called the
2111:equivalence" and "
2064:German Romanticism
2057:medieval Christian
2031:into the realm of
2028:
2014:
1967:
1925:Muslim Brotherhood
1852:
1824:times (750â1258).
1540:Chinese characters
1508:
1441:
1431:, translated into
1283:. You can help by
1254:Western traditions
1164:
1139:
1021:
952:
883:
840:
801:formal equivalence
669:Germanic languages
612:
247:Mobile translation
67:
12624:
12623:
12531:artistic concepts
12519:Russian formalism
12245:
12244:
12085:
12084:
11974:Anime music video
11957:
11956:
11949:Statue of Liberty
11747:Musical quotation
11690:Bootleg recording
11582:978 0 226 83039 1
11530:Project Gutenberg
11480:978 1 324 09243 8
11468:978 0 241 68195 4
11456:978 0 19 886137 9
11407:ancient languages
11352:978 0 691 22545 6
11001:978 0 14 198241 0
10985:978 1 5247 4825 8
10969:978 0 262 04304 5
10747:978 0 262 03799 0
10635:978-1-57113-347-2
10405:European-language
10386:The Polish Review
10259:Charles Tomlinson
10149:, "Translation",
9969:Balcerzan, Edward
9937:978 1 78816 267 8
9895:978-0-429-29491-4
9827:978-1-4739-5789-3
9593:Hungarian Studies
9152:978-0-8229-4618-2
9094:978-1-86207-906-9
8703:978-0-674-00896-0
8694:Selected writings
8597:978-0-393-29218-3
8564:978-1-4804-1185-2
8307:978 0 14 198241 0
8291:978 1 5247 4825 8
8275:978 0 262 04304 5
8173:978-1-000-19763-1
7464:978 1 78816 267 8
7287:The Polish Review
7060:Ora L. Strickland
6869:, pg. 1. 2nd ed.
5938:"Rosetta Stone",
5923:M. Snell-Hornby,
5896:The Polish Review
5702:Winston Churchill
5601:Untranslatability
5541:Textual criticism
5486:Pseudotranslation
5380:Legal translation
5375:Language transfer
5355:Language industry
4973:Semitic languages
4965:range of meanings
4747:Glagolitic script
4537:from Hebrew into
4458:projected during
4227:, in verse form.
4207:Alexander Pushkin
4124:extensive reading
4070:modern readership
3994:Edward FitzGerald
3945:Edward FitzGerald
3820:Cosimo de' Medici
3763:Le Morte d'Arthur
3589:. Meanwhile, the
3484:Jorge Luis Borges
3184:Sworn translation
3179:Sworn translation
2933:language elements
2893:Leonardo da Vinci
2426:folk tales is in
2423:Till Eulenspiegel
2398:Renaissance Latin
2197:language families
2185:receptor language
2072:German literature
1808:, along with the
1795:(1769â1849), the
1743:In the past, the
1403:Madrasat al-Alsun
1334:Epic of Gilgamesh
1301:
1300:
1220:Primate of Poland
1209:Onufry KopczyĆski
1149:, as well as the
1053:ecological niches
748:Romance languages
581:world-wide market
499:
498:
370:Untranslatability
221:Polysystem theory
16:(Redirected from
12669:
12443:
12433:
12420:
12251:Related artistic
12217:Imitation in art
12187:Assemblage (art)
12096:
12095:
11895:Combine painting
11883:
11882:
11868:Verbatim theatre
11843:Cut-up technique
11742:Music plagiarism
11680:
11679:
11661:
11654:
11647:
11638:
11637:
11594:and its author."
11570:Zrinka Stahuljak
11546:
11520:
11518:
11516:
11510:The New Republic
11436:
11366:Qianlong emperor
11336:Crossley, Pamela
11332:
11331:on 9 March 2012.
11330:
11324:. Archived from
11299:
11282:
11251:978 0 19 8871521
11241:, translated by
11231:978 1 68137 6295
11221:, translated by
11107:, translated by
11093:
11076:Venuti, Lawrence
11071:
11052:
11034:
10926:
10911:. Translated by
10876:
10870:
10866:
10864:
10856:
10839:
10822:Venuti, Lawrence
10786:
10780:
10776:
10774:
10766:
10734:
10704:Introduction by
10703:
10681:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10639:
10628:. Camden House.
10620:
10608:
10565:
10476:(with More Ways)
10464:Eliot Weinberger
10456:
10414:, "translation".
10402:
10330:
10288:
10252:
10244:The Paris Review
10219:
10217:
10215:
10181:
10175:
10170:
10168:
10160:
10119:
10100:
10085:. Translated by
10075:
10053:
10036:Venuti, Lawrence
10032:
10010:
9988:
9964:
9926:, translated by
9908:
9907:
9871:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9811:
9805:
9804:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9764:
9758:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9744:
9736:
9730:
9729:
9719:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9679:. 21 August 2018
9669:
9663:
9662:
9654:
9648:
9647:
9626:
9617:
9616:
9590:
9581:
9575:
9574:
9554:
9548:
9547:
9519:
9513:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9476:
9470:
9469:
9463:
9455:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9377:
9345:
9336:
9335:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9294:
9286:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9217:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9115:
9106:
9097:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9050:
9041:
9039:
9031:
9025:
9014:
9008:
8999:
8993:
8987:The Conversation
8982:
8976:
8975:
8965:
8941:
8935:
8928:
8922:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8872:
8866:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8824:
8818:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8776:
8770:
8763:
8757:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8723:
8715:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8672:
8664:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8617:
8609:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8550:
8544:
8531:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8449:
8443:
8440:
8425:
8422:
8407:
8404:
8398:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8322:
8316:
8259:
8253:
8237:
8231:
8215:
8209:
8199:
8193:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8157:
8151:
8150:
8130:
8124:
8107:
8098:
8097:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8017:
8011:
8010:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7950:(6): 1201â1206.
7941:
7932:
7926:
7917:
7911:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7885:Edward Balcerzan
7882:
7876:
7851:
7845:
7825:
7819:
7807:
7801:
7789:
7783:
7780:
7774:
7754:
7748:
7724:
7718:
7706:
7700:
7688:
7682:
7659:
7644:
7616:
7610:
7593:
7587:
7577:
7571:
7561:
7555:
7545:
7539:
7504:, translated by
7479:
7473:
7453:, translated by
7445:
7439:
7427:
7421:
7411:
7405:
7371:
7365:
7356:978 0 19 8871521
7346:, translated by
7336:978 1 68137 6295
7326:, translated by
7313:
7307:
7297:
7291:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7247:
7241:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7208:
7202:
7189:
7183:
7173:
7167:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7140:
7134:. Archived from
7129:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7104:
7093:
7087:Crystal, Scott.
7084:
7078:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7022:
7016:
7015:
6988:
6982:
6974:
6951:
6945:
6921:Basil Hatim and
6919:
6913:
6897:, vol. 5 of the
6891:
6885:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6833:
6822:
6800:
6794:
6776:
6770:
6746:Basil Hatim and
6744:
6738:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6646:
6640:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6604:
6598:
6587:
6581:
6546:, translated by
6529:
6520:
6504:
6498:
6482:
6476:
6452:
6446:
6422:
6416:
6400:
6391:
6379:
6364:
6352:
6343:
6330:Eliot Weinberger
6326:(with More Ways)
6314:Eliot Weinberger
6307:
6301:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6252:
6249:
6243:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6219:Edward Balcerzan
6216:
6210:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6181:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6149:
6142:
6136:
6129:
6123:
6116:
6110:
6098:
6092:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6037:
6022:
6016:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5958:
5957:
5956:. pp. 3â21.
5949:
5943:
5936:
5930:
5921:
5915:
5906:
5900:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5859:
5844:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5814:
5808:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5766:For example, in
5764:
5758:
5751:
5745:
5738:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5711:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5681:
5675:
5664:
5658:
5639:
5624:
5622:Languages portal
5619:
5618:
5506:Self-translation
5209:Back-translation
5185:sociolinguistics
5112:pseudoscientific
5106:, neosemes, and
5065:Empire of Dreams
5040:Giannina Braschi
4898:, have rendered
4885:
4884:
4848:
4847: mid-1320s
4845:
4829:
4826:
4804:Mistranslation:
4739:Byzantine Empire
4729:
4726:
4718:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4680:
4677:
4669:
4666:
4264:
4203:Vladimir Nabokov
4118:
4115:
4043:Canterbury Tales
4035:Geoffrey Chaucer
3953:James Macpherson
3751:
3748:
3723:Roman de la Rose
3698:Geoffrey Chaucer
3691:Geoffrey Chaucer
3615:, the spread of
3607:
3604:
3591:Christian Church
3569:translations of
3552:Alfred the Great
3544:, Latin was the
3480:Vladimir Nabokov
3472:Vasily Zhukovsky
3402:Google Translate
3329:DeepL Translator
3317:Google Translate
3225:Google Translate
3212:techniques, and
3077:, also known as
2945:Washington, D.C.
2783:literary critics
2761:neural scientist
2573:and of rules of
2454:Aramaic language
2311:ethics committee
2284:Back-translation
2131:
2129:verbum pro verbo
2099:The question of
2053:Indian languages
1981:
1804:'s biography of
1361:ancient Egyptian
1357:Treaty of Kadesh
1343:
1340:
1296:
1293:
1275:
1268:
1244:Other traditions
1191:Alexander Tytler
1112:'s remark about
1088:
1087:
1078:
1072:
909:
907:verbum pro verbo
794:
793:
772:
771:
759:
745:
735:
708:
696:
665:Slavic languages
627:
491:
484:
477:
446:Translated books
396:Language barrier
313:Dub localization
92:
69:
68:
21:
12677:
12676:
12672:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12667:
12666:
12627:
12626:
12625:
12620:
12606:Pirate politics
12579:Derivative work
12532:
12530:
12523:
12446:
12441:
12431:
12418:
12407:
12405:
12398:
12394:Story structure
12389:Stock character
12369:Formula fiction
12357:
12355:
12354:Standard blocks
12348:
12254:
12252:
12241:
12170:
12142:
12091:
12081:
12040:
11969:Abridged series
11953:
11941:Michelangelo's
11933:Michelangelo's
11914:
11879:
11872:
11858:Jukebox musical
11826:
11671:
11665:
11634:
11550:Thurman, Judith
11514:
11512:
11460:Alexander Booth
11433:
11328:
11297:
11289:
11287:Further reading
11233:, 450 pp.; and
11153:Barry B. Powell
11101:This Little Art
11090:
11068:
10923:
10868:
10867:
10858:
10857:
10836:
10796:Ruthven, Malise
10790:Ruthven, Malise
10778:
10777:
10768:
10767:
10731:
10700:
10678:
10653:
10651:
10636:
10617:
10589:Muhlstein, Anka
10577:Michael Wiegers
10562:
10548:MiĆosz, CzesĆaw
10453:
10327:
10313:Gouadec, Daniel
10251:(155): 255â312.
10213:
10211:
10173:
10171:
10162:
10161:
10123:Bromwich, David
10116:
10097:
10079:Berman, Antoine
10072:
10058:Berman, Antoine
10050:
10029:
10015:Berman, Antoine
10007:
9993:Bassnett, Susan
9961:
9917:
9912:
9911:
9896:
9872:
9868:
9847:Survey Practice
9839:
9835:
9828:
9812:
9808:
9801:
9783:
9779:
9766:
9765:
9761:
9751:
9749:
9742:
9738:
9737:
9733:
9696:
9692:
9682:
9680:
9671:
9670:
9666:
9655:
9651:
9627:
9620:
9588:
9582:
9578:
9571:
9555:
9551:
9520:
9516:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9477:
9473:
9457:
9456:
9452:
9438:
9434:
9403:
9399:
9346:
9339:
9308:
9304:
9288:
9287:
9275:
9263:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9235:
9231:
9194:
9190:
9176:
9172:
9153:
9137:
9133:
9113:
9107:
9100:
9080:
9076:
9069:
9051:
9044:
9032:
9028:
9015:
9011:
9000:
8996:
8983:
8979:
8942:
8938:
8929:
8925:
8917:Frank Stewart,
8916:
8912:
8877:Theatre Journal
8873:
8869:
8860:
8856:
8841:10.2307/3204378
8825:
8821:
8812:
8808:
8793:10.2307/3204378
8777:
8773:
8764:
8760:
8741:
8737:
8717:
8716:
8704:
8690:
8686:
8666:
8665:
8653:
8639:
8635:
8611:
8610:
8598:
8584:
8580:
8565:
8551:
8547:
8532:
8528:
8518:
8516:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8478:
8474:
8464:
8462:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8428:
8423:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8396:
8392:
8381:
8377:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8354:. 25 July 2016.
8350:
8349:
8345:
8335:
8333:
8323:
8319:
8260:
8256:
8238:
8234:
8216:
8212:
8200:
8196:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8158:
8154:
8131:
8127:
8118:Wayback Machine
8108:
8101:
8086:
8082:
8067:
8063:
8053:
8051:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8031:
8029:
8018:
8014:
8009:. 4 March 2010.
8001:
8000:
7996:
7986:
7984:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7939:
7933:
7929:
7918:
7914:
7905:
7901:
7883:
7879:
7867:Michael Wiegers
7852:
7848:
7836:Michael Wiegers
7826:
7822:
7808:
7804:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7755:
7751:
7725:
7721:
7707:
7703:
7689:
7685:
7660:
7647:
7631:Barry B. Powell
7617:
7613:
7594:
7590:
7586:, 2007, p. 332.
7580:ZdzisĆaw Najder
7578:
7574:
7570:, 2007, p. 524.
7564:ZdzisĆaw Najder
7562:
7558:
7548:ZdzisĆaw Najder
7546:
7542:
7510:Mark Polizzotti
7498:Mireille Gansel
7494:This Little Art
7482:Mark Polizzotti
7480:
7476:
7446:
7442:
7428:
7424:
7414:ZdzisĆaw Najder
7412:
7408:
7372:
7368:
7338:, 450 pp.; and
7314:
7310:
7298:
7294:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7235:
7225:
7223:
7209:
7205:
7200:Wayback Machine
7190:
7186:
7174:
7170:
7158:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7023:
7019:
7012:
6989:
6985:
6971:
6952:
6948:
6920:
6916:
6892:
6888:
6863:Christiane Nord
6861:
6857:
6834:
6825:
6801:
6797:
6777:
6773:
6745:
6741:
6732:
6728:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6649:Lawrence Venuti
6647:
6643:
6631:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6605:
6601:
6588:
6584:
6552:Mark Polizzotti
6544:Mireille Gansel
6540:This Little Art
6530:
6523:
6505:
6501:
6483:
6479:
6453:
6449:
6423:
6419:
6401:
6394:
6380:
6367:
6353:
6346:
6308:
6304:
6296:S.A. El Gabri,
6295:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6235:
6231:
6203:Ignacy Krasicki
6200:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6152:
6143:
6139:
6130:
6126:
6117:
6113:
6099:
6095:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6040:
6023:
6019:
5988:
5984:
5976:
5961:
5950:
5946:
5937:
5933:
5922:
5918:
5908:W.J. Hutchins,
5907:
5903:
5889:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5845:
5841:
5832:
5828:
5815:
5811:
5802:
5798:
5765:
5761:
5752:
5748:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5712:
5708:
5699:
5695:
5682:
5678:
5665:
5661:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5620:
5613:
5610:
5596:Transliteration
5521:Sound symbolism
5501:Second language
5435:Multilingualism
5234:Bridge language
5194:
5173:survey research
5162:
5153:
5147:
5096:Science fiction
5093:
5091:Science fiction
5028:
4967:, depending on
4846:
4827:
4821:William Tyndale
4727:
4716:
4705:
4701:
4678:
4667:
4479:
4469:
4467:Religious texts
4395:
4365:
4352:
4326:Le Petit Prince
4317:
4267:Walter Benjamin
4265:" According to
4262:
4219:Hofstadter, in
4136:
4116:
4019:
4011:Benjamin Jowett
3967:Benjamin Jowett
3840:Marsilio Ficino
3802:Marsilio Ficino
3749:
3605:
3540:Throughout the
3519:
3496:Haruki Murakami
3453:Sheila Fischman
3424:Translation of
3414:
3285:
3279:
3247:
3241:
3239:Computer assist
3204:of translation
3201:
3192:
3181:
3031:
3018:Native American
3014:Lewis and Clark
2984:
2748:and thereby to
2689:Aniela ZagĂłrska
2681:ZdzisĆaw Najder
2650:The Book of Job
2635:one-person band
2581:for generating
2497:
2463:Gospel of Judas
2443:Aramaic primacy
2375:Edmund Chojecki
2303:clinical trials
2286:
2245:
2239:
2214:each language.
2204:second language
2181:target language
2177:source language
2173:
2125:classical Latin
2097:
2091:
2083:Lawrence Venuti
1957:
1945:empire-builders
1904:at his home in
1902:Herbert Spencer
1814:and the entire
1806:Peter the Great
1671:
1486:, a system for
1417:
1411:
1346:Southwest Asian
1342: 2000 BCE
1341:
1329:Hebrew language
1317:Syriac language
1297:
1291:
1288:
1281:needs expansion
1266:
1246:
1232:Ignacy Krasicki
1161:Ignacy Krasicki
986:(e.g. English,
830:
825:
650:past participle
597:
579:has fostered a
517:target-language
510:source-language
495:
401:Fan translation
380:Transliteration
170:Sense-for-sense
49:
46:Transliteration
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12675:
12665:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12587:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12535:
12533:
12528:
12525:
12524:
12522:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12499:
12492:
12485:
12480:
12472:
12467:
12464:De Copia Rerum
12460:
12454:
12452:
12448:
12447:
12445:
12444:
12434:
12421:
12410:
12408:
12403:
12400:
12399:
12397:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12360:
12358:
12353:
12350:
12349:
12347:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12320:
12319:
12309:
12308:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12285:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12257:
12255:
12250:
12247:
12246:
12243:
12242:
12240:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12178:
12176:
12175:Other concepts
12172:
12171:
12169:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12152:
12150:
12144:
12143:
12141:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12104:
12102:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12048:
12046:
12042:
12041:
12039:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12012:
12011:
12001:
11999:Re-cut trailer
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11965:
11963:
11959:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11952:
11951:
11946:
11938:
11930:
11922:
11920:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11886:
11880:
11877:
11874:
11873:
11871:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11834:
11832:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11767:Plunderphonics
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11708:
11707:
11697:
11692:
11686:
11684:
11677:
11673:
11672:
11664:
11663:
11656:
11649:
11641:
11632:
11631:
11604:
11595:
11566:Turner, Marion
11563:
11555:The New Yorker
11547:
11534:
11521:
11501:
11458:, 100 pp.; by
11448:Michael Beaney
11437:
11432:978-0399537974
11431:
11418:
11388:Cain's Jawbone
11380:
11373:Flesch, Rudolf
11370:
11333:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11283:
11273:(1): 117â134.
11260:
11208:
11192:
11166:
11138:
11097:Warner, Marina
11094:
11088:
11072:
11067:978-8490454718
11066:
11053:
11010:
10953:
10934:O doskonaĆoĆci
10927:
10922:978-8301008246
10921:
10901:
10877:
10840:
10834:
10817:
10793:
10787:
10750:
10735:
10729:
10709:
10698:
10682:
10676:
10660:
10640:
10634:
10621:
10616:978-1138912557
10615:
10598:
10586:
10566:
10560:
10544:
10533:
10522:disambiguation
10489:
10457:
10451:
10438:
10415:
10377:
10360:
10343:
10331:
10325:
10309:
10296:Terry Eagleton
10292:Gorra, Michael
10289:
10266:
10231:
10220:
10197:
10185:
10174:|journal=
10156:
10144:
10120:
10114:
10101:
10095:
10070:
10054:
10048:
10027:
10011:
10005:
9989:
9971:, ed. (1977).
9965:
9959:
9946:
9916:
9913:
9910:
9909:
9894:
9866:
9833:
9826:
9806:
9799:
9777:
9759:
9731:
9690:
9664:
9649:
9618:
9576:
9569:
9563:. Peter Lang.
9549:
9530:(2): 125â152.
9524:The Translator
9514:
9501:
9471:
9450:
9432:
9413:(in Italian).
9397:
9360:(6): 885â900.
9337:
9312:The Translator
9302:
9273:
9256:
9249:
9229:
9188:
9170:
9151:
9131:
9098:
9082:Malise Ruthven
9074:
9068:978-0415775298
9067:
9055:Leaman, Oliver
9042:
9026:
9009:
8994:
8977:
8936:
8923:
8910:
8867:
8854:
8819:
8806:
8771:
8758:
8735:
8702:
8684:
8651:
8633:
8596:
8578:
8563:
8545:
8526:
8500:
8472:
8444:
8426:
8408:
8399:
8390:
8375:
8357:
8343:
8317:
8254:
8232:
8210:
8194:
8179:
8172:
8152:
8125:
8099:
8080:
8061:
8039:
8028:on 17 May 2012
8020:Graham, Paul.
8012:
7994:
7969:
7927:
7912:
7899:
7877:
7846:
7820:
7802:
7792:Anka Muhlstein
7784:
7775:
7761:Terry Eagleton
7749:
7727:David Bromwich
7719:
7701:
7683:
7645:
7611:
7588:
7572:
7556:
7554:, 2007, p. IX.
7540:
7474:
7440:
7422:
7406:
7366:
7308:
7292:
7269:
7262:
7242:
7233:
7203:
7184:
7176:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
7168:
7152:
7116:
7105:on 20 May 2006
7079:
7048:
7042:978-1138912557
7041:
7017:
7011:978-1138912557
7010:
6992:Munday, Jeremy
6983:
6969:
6946:
6914:
6886:
6855:
6844:(2): 190â191.
6823:
6795:
6771:
6739:
6726:
6691:
6669:
6657:
6641:
6633:Antoine Berman
6625:
6607:Dryden, John.
6599:
6582:
6521:
6499:
6477:
6455:Malise Ruthven
6447:
6425:Malise Ruthven
6417:
6392:
6365:
6344:
6302:
6289:
6280:
6271:
6262:
6253:
6244:
6229:
6194:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6150:
6137:
6124:
6111:
6093:
6077:O doskonaĆoĆci
6058:
6038:
6017:
5982:
5959:
5954:Antes de Babel
5952:VĂ©lez, Fabio.
5944:
5931:
5916:
5901:
5883:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5839:
5826:
5809:
5796:
5759:
5746:
5733:
5723:
5706:
5693:
5676:
5659:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5461:Phonaesthetics
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5306:
5304:First language
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5161:
5158:
5149:Main article:
5146:
5143:
5092:
5089:
5027:
5024:
4936:(also spelled
4874:mistranslation
4751:Greek alphabet
4695:Church Fathers
4649:(apple/evil).
4494:encyclopedists
4468:
4465:
4394:
4391:
4364:
4361:
4351:
4348:
4316:
4313:
4195:Roman Jakobson
4135:
4132:
4039:Middle-English
4018:
4015:
3931:Alexander Pope
3832:Constantinople
3807:Meanwhile, in
3788:Jean Froissart
3743:Wycliffe Bible
3625:block printing
3518:
3515:
3488:Robert Stiller
3461:Linda Gaboriau
3457:Robert Dickson
3426:literary works
3413:
3410:
3362:human language
3340:pop-up windows
3295:. With proper
3281:Main article:
3278:
3275:
3243:Main article:
3240:
3237:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3140:Lemhi Shoshone
3049:interpretation
3027:Main article:
2983:
2980:
2851:interpretation
2779:William Empson
2750:asymptotically
2658:interpretation
2559:
2558:
2541:
2526:
2523:
2512:
2496:
2493:
2441:Supporters of
2285:
2282:
2238:
2235:
2229:but rather of
2219:Roman Jakobson
2208:first language
2172:
2169:
2165:false cognates
2093:Main article:
2090:
2087:
2079:Antoine Berman
2011:Schleiermacher
1956:
1953:
1949:Muhammad Abduh
1931:took over the
1890:Muhammad Abduh
1849:Muhammad Abduh
1738:printing press
1670:
1667:
1609:Chinese poetry
1568:and mirroring.
1551:in which five-
1536:untranslatable
1532:Chinese poetry
1526:(699â759 CE).
1410:
1407:
1392:William Caxton
1365:Hittie empires
1299:
1298:
1278:
1276:
1265:
1262:
1245:
1242:
1114:Alexander Pope
1110:Samuel Johnson
1034:untranslatable
949:Samuel Johnson
848:ancient Greeks
829:
828:Western theory
826:
824:
821:
730:) adopted the
596:
593:
521:terminological
497:
496:
494:
493:
486:
479:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
454:
453:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
405:of video games
398:
393:
388:
382:
377:
372:
364:
363:
362:Related topics
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
333:
332:
328:
327:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
287:
286:
282:
281:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
231:
230:
226:
225:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
185:
184:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
155:Interpretation
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
99:
98:
94:
93:
85:
84:
78:
77:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12674:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12647:Communication
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12634:
12632:
12617:
12616:Remix culture
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12571:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12536:
12534:
12526:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12514:Postmodernism
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12504:
12500:
12498:
12497:
12493:
12491:
12490:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12478:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12465:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12455:
12453:
12449:
12440:
12439:
12435:
12429:
12428:
12422:
12417:
12416:
12412:
12411:
12409:
12404:Epoch-marking
12401:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12379:Jazz standard
12377:
12375:
12374:Genre fiction
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12351:
12345:
12344:Western canon
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12329:Genre studies
12327:
12325:
12322:
12318:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12310:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12295:
12291:
12290:
12289:
12286:
12283:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12258:
12256:
12248:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12173:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12149:
12145:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12105:
12103:
12101:
12097:
12094:
12088:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12057:Internet meme
12055:
12053:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12043:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12010:
12009:Shot-for-shot
12007:
12006:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11984:Found footage
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11964:
11960:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11944:
11939:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11929:
11928:
11924:
11923:
11921:
11917:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11887:
11884:
11881:
11875:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11829:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11797:Sound collage
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11727:Interpolation
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11717:Cover version
11715:
11713:
11710:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11681:
11678:
11674:
11669:
11668:Appropriation
11662:
11657:
11655:
11650:
11648:
11643:
11642:
11639:
11635:
11630:
11629:New Testament
11626:
11625:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11596:
11593:
11592:original text
11589:
11588:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11564:
11561:
11557:
11556:
11551:
11548:
11544:
11540:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11522:
11511:
11507:
11502:
11499:
11495:
11491:
11487:
11486:
11481:
11477:
11473:
11472:Damion Searls
11470:, 94 pp.; by
11469:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11438:
11434:
11428:
11424:
11419:
11416:
11415:training data
11412:
11411:civilizations
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11395:
11390:
11389:
11384:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11334:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11296:
11291:
11290:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11267:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11239:The Swann Way
11236:
11235:Marcel Proust
11232:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11216:
11215:Marcel Proust
11212:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11200:
11196:
11195:Wilson, Emily
11193:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11183:Oliver Taplin
11180:
11176:
11175:
11170:
11169:Wilson, Emily
11167:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11148:
11145:The Poems of
11142:
11141:Wilson, Emily
11139:
11136:
11135:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11102:
11098:
11095:
11091:
11089:9780415115384
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11063:
11059:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11042:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11011:
11008:
11007:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10982:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10951:
10950:On Perfection
10947:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10928:
10924:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10890:
10885:
10884:"Translation"
10881:
10878:
10874:
10862:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10841:
10837:
10835:9780415319201
10831:
10827:
10823:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10797:
10794:
10791:
10788:
10784:
10772:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10730:9782738424327
10726:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10713:Piron, Claude
10710:
10707:
10701:
10699:9780452008700
10695:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10677:9781905763047
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10650:
10646:
10641:
10637:
10631:
10627:
10622:
10618:
10612:
10607:
10606:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10590:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10567:
10563:
10561:9780520044777
10557:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10534:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10502:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10477:
10475:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10458:
10454:
10452:9780631196402
10448:
10444:
10439:
10436:
10433:
10432:Amazon Kindle
10429:
10428:
10423:
10422:BolesĆaw Prus
10419:
10416:
10413:
10409:
10406:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10367:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10335:
10332:
10328:
10326:9789027216816
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10279:(1): 97â116.
10278:
10274:
10273:
10267:
10264:
10260:
10256:
10255:Seamus Heaney
10250:
10246:
10245:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10229:
10225:
10224:Oliver Leaman
10221:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10179:
10166:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10148:
10145:
10142:
10141:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10121:
10117:
10115:9780415255172
10111:
10107:
10102:
10098:
10096:9781606350096
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10073:
10071:9782070733354
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10049:9780415319201
10045:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10028:9782070700769
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10006:9780415065283
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9960:9780415369305
9956:
9952:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9929:
9928:Shadi Bartsch
9925:
9919:
9918:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9878:
9870:
9861:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9837:
9829:
9823:
9819:
9818:
9810:
9802:
9800:0-471-38526-3
9796:
9792:
9788:
9781:
9773:
9769:
9763:
9748:
9741:
9735:
9727:
9723:
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9713:
9709:
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9668:
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9653:
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9633:
9625:
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9614:
9610:
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9598:
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9587:
9580:
9572:
9570:9780820443485
9566:
9562:
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9553:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9518:
9504:
9502:9789027216373
9498:
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9490:
9486:
9482:
9475:
9467:
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9451:9788833051031
9447:
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9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9376:
9375:11368/2930475
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9344:
9342:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
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9313:
9306:
9298:
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9280:
9276:
9274:9789027270733
9270:
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9250:9780819568892
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8940:
8933:
8927:
8920:
8914:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8883:(3): 355â58.
8882:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8858:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8835:(1): 55â58 .
8834:
8830:
8823:
8816:
8810:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8787:(1): 55â58 .
8786:
8782:
8775:
8768:
8762:
8755:
8754:
8749:
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8739:
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8727:
8721:
8713:
8709:
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8699:
8695:
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8680:
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8662:
8658:
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8652:0-8203-2204-0
8648:
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8625:
8621:
8615:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8589:
8582:
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8511:
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8439:
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8403:
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8314:
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8300:
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8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8240:Wilson, Emily
8236:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8207:
8203:
8198:
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8183:
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8095:
8091:
8084:
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8065:
8049:
8043:
8027:
8023:
8016:
8008:
8007:The Economist
8004:
7998:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7924:
7923:
7919:"Sacagawea",
7916:
7909:
7906:Hugh Thomas,
7903:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7850:
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7842:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7824:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7806:
7799:
7798:
7793:
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7779:
7772:
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7766:
7762:
7758:
7757:Michael Gorra
7753:
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7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7723:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7680:
7677:
7676:Amazon Kindle
7673:
7672:
7667:
7666:BolesĆaw Prus
7663:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7626:
7623:The Poems of
7620:
7615:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7600:
7592:
7585:
7581:
7576:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7553:
7549:
7544:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7486:Marina Warner
7483:
7478:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7455:Shadi Bartsch
7452:
7444:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7419:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7388:Oliver Taplin
7385:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7344:The Swann Way
7341:
7340:Marcel Proust
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7320:Marcel Proust
7317:
7312:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7265:
7263:9781101870945
7259:
7255:
7254:
7246:
7237:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7207:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7182:, pp. 193â94.
7181:
7177:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7156:
7141:on 5 May 2006
7137:
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7126:
7120:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7077:
7076:9780826105080
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7044:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7021:
7013:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6980:9780199812776
6977:
6972:
6970:9780199812790
6966:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6943:9780415283052
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6923:Jeremy Munday
6918:
6912:
6911:9783825848620
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6883:9789042018082
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6821:
6820:9781467052047
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6792:9788884983749
6789:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6768:9780415283052
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6748:Jeremy Munday
6743:
6736:
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6722:
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6710:
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6702:
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6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6532:Marina Warner
6528:
6526:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6503:
6496:
6495:
6490:
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6481:
6474:
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6399:
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6378:
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6370:
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6361:
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6341:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6311:
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6299:
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6233:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6189:
6187:
6177:
6168:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6147:
6141:
6134:
6128:
6121:
6115:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6090:
6089:On Perfection
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6067:
6062:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6025:"overzetting"
6021:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5935:
5928:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5806:
5800:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5756:
5750:
5743:
5737:
5727:
5720:
5719:sign language
5716:
5710:
5703:
5697:
5690:
5686:
5685:Gilles MĂ©nage
5680:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5623:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:Skopos theory
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5451:Original text
5449:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Lingua franca
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:False cognate
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Bilingual pun
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:questionnaire
5167:
5157:
5152:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4855:Pope Martin V
4852:
4841:
4840:John Wycliffe
4837:
4833:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4779:New Testament
4776:
4775:Martin Luther
4771:
4770:Protestantism
4767:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4722:
4711:
4706: 240 CE
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4673:
4662:
4659:found in the
4658:
4657:Lord's Prayer
4654:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4606:Marina Warner
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4535:Old Testament
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:subtitles or
4451:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4360:
4356:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4331:Stieg Larsson
4328:
4327:
4322:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:Sherod Santos
4254:
4252:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4225:Eugene Onegin
4222:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4212:Eugene Onegin
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:ancient Greek
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:Tale of Genji
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:New Testament
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:' version of
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3758:Thomas Malory
3755:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3730:tradition on
3729:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:Knight's Tale
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Scholasticism
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:, chiefly at
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:Tangut Empire
3618:
3614:
3609:
3606: 384 CE
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:lingua franca
3543:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3504:Jhumpa Lahiri
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:short stories
3431:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:-management,
3264:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:crowdsourcing
3196:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3152:Pacific Ocean
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:of 1804â6 by
3133:
3129:
3128:United States
3122:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:Hernån Cortés
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:human history
3067:
3065:
3064:sign-language
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:communication
3043:
3042:sign-language
3039:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3020:interpreter,
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:Hernån Cortés
2988:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2905:Pablo Picasso
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:Old Testament
2878:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:close reading
2735:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2713:Marcel Proust
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:Bruno Winawer
2643:
2642:Joseph Conrad
2638:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2626:ancient Greek
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:New Testament
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2357:ancient Greek
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2281:
2279:
2278:Peter Newmark
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:Jeremy Munday
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2234:
2233:translation.
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:false friends
2157:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:House of Saud
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:civil service
1860:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1817:Code Napoléon
1813:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Enlightenment
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1679:Arabic script
1676:
1669:Islamic world
1665:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:passive voice
1617:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:pitch contour
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1428:Diamond Sutra
1425:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1279:This section
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:encyclopedist
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:Martin Luther
1170:into German,
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:("current").
1092:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1018:Martin Luther
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:passive voice
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
881:
877:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
834:
820:
818:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
788:
784:
780:
776:
766:
765:Ancient Greek
761:
758:
753:
749:
746:pattern. The
744:
739:
734:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
713:
709:("across") +
707:
702:
701:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
634:, "across" +
633:
632:
626:
621:
617:
609:
605:
604:Rosetta Stone
601:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
473:
472:
470:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
452:
449:
448:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Transcription
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
361:
360:
355:
352:
350:
349:Organizations
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
331:Institutional
330:
329:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
293:Glocalization
291:
290:
289:
288:
284:
283:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:
228:
227:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
196:Skopos theory
194:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Word-for-word
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:Bhagavad-gita
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
96:
95:
91:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
18:Translational
12529:Related non-
12501:
12494:
12487:
12476:
12462:
12451:Theorization
12436:
12426:
12413:
12292:
12207:Found object
12202:DĂ©tournement
12137:
12036:YouTube poop
12031:Video mashup
11979:Collage film
11942:
11934:
11925:
11853:Found poetry
11848:Flarf poetry
11757:Parody music
11737:Music mashup
11712:Contrafactum
11633:
11622:
11621:, 577 pp.),
11614:
11607:Wills, Garry
11598:
11585:
11584:, 345 pp.),
11573:
11560:Emily Wilson
11553:
11542:
11528:
11524:
11513:. Retrieved
11509:
11483:
11482:, 181 pp.),
11443:
11422:
11413:to serve as
11392:
11386:
11376:
11355:
11354:, 341 pp.),
11343:
11326:the original
11305:
11301:
11270:
11264:
11254:
11253:, 430 pp.),
11243:Brian Nelson
11238:
11223:James Grieve
11218:
11211:Michael Wood
11202:
11198:
11186:
11174:The Oresteia
11172:
11160:
11144:
11132:
11128:
11120:
11112:
11109:Ros Schwartz
11104:
11100:
11079:
11057:
11022:
11018:
11004:
11003:, 418 pp.),
10992:
10976:
10960:
10949:
10941:
10933:
10908:
10887:
10869:|first=
10844:
10825:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10779:|first=
10754:
10738:
10720:
10716:
10689:
10667:
10652:. Retrieved
10648:
10625:
10604:
10592:
10580:
10575:, edited by
10572:
10569:Mlinko, Ange
10551:
10536:
10514:intelligence
10505:
10499:
10492:Marcus, Gary
10483:
10479:
10471:
10442:
10425:
10393:(2): 83â87.
10390:
10384:
10371:
10363:
10354:
10350:
10347:Denis Feeney
10337:
10316:
10303:
10299:
10276:
10270:
10248:
10242:
10227:
10212:. Retrieved
10209:Bartelby.com
10208:
10201:Dryden, John
10191:
10188:Davis, Lydia
10165:cite journal
10150:
10138:
10130:
10127:Michael Wood
10105:
10082:
10061:
10039:
10018:
9996:
9976:
9972:
9950:
9940:
9939:, 400 pp.),
9921:
9915:Bibliography
9876:
9869:
9850:
9846:
9836:
9816:
9809:
9786:
9780:
9771:
9762:
9750:. Retrieved
9746:
9734:
9707:
9703:
9693:
9681:. Retrieved
9676:
9667:
9658:
9652:
9635:
9631:
9599:(1): 56â82.
9596:
9592:
9579:
9559:
9552:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9506:, retrieved
9484:
9474:
9441:
9435:
9410:
9400:
9357:
9354:Perspectives
9353:
9315:
9311:
9305:
9264:
9259:
9239:
9232:
9205:
9201:
9191:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9164:
9141:
9134:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9085:
9077:
9058:
9038:, p. 37
9035:
9029:
9017:
9012:
9002:
8997:
8985:
8980:
8953:
8949:
8939:
8931:
8926:
8918:
8913:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8862:
8857:
8832:
8828:
8822:
8814:
8809:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8766:
8761:
8751:
8747:
8744:Denis Feeney
8738:
8693:
8687:
8642:
8636:
8587:
8581:
8554:
8548:
8538:
8529:
8517:. Retrieved
8513:
8503:
8491:. Retrieved
8485:
8475:
8463:. Retrieved
8457:
8447:
8402:
8393:
8378:
8369:
8360:
8346:
8334:. Retrieved
8330:
8320:
8310:
8309:, 418 pp.),
8298:
8282:
8266:
8257:
8247:
8243:
8235:
8225:
8213:
8205:
8202:Claude Piron
8197:
8187:
8182:
8162:
8155:
8147:the original
8142:
8138:
8128:
8093:
8083:
8074:
8064:
8052:. Retrieved
8042:
8030:. Retrieved
8026:the original
8015:
8006:
7997:
7985:. Retrieved
7981:
7972:
7947:
7943:
7930:
7920:
7915:
7907:
7902:
7894:
7880:
7870:
7865:, edited by
7862:
7857:, quoted by
7854:
7849:
7839:
7834:, edited by
7831:
7823:
7809:
7805:
7795:
7787:
7778:
7768:
7764:
7752:
7742:
7734:
7731:Michael Wood
7722:
7712:
7704:
7694:
7686:
7669:
7638:
7622:
7619:Emily Wilson
7614:
7604:
7596:
7591:
7583:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7551:
7543:
7533:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7506:Ros Schwartz
7501:
7493:
7484:, quoted in
7477:
7467:
7466:, 400 pp.),
7448:
7443:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7409:
7399:
7396:David Mulroy
7379:The Oresteia
7377:
7374:Emily Wilson
7369:
7359:
7358:, 430 pp.),
7348:Brian Nelson
7343:
7328:James Grieve
7323:
7316:Michael Wood
7311:
7303:
7295:
7285:
7281:
7272:
7252:
7245:
7236:
7224:. Retrieved
7216:
7206:
7187:
7179:
7171:
7161:
7160:Mark Twain,
7155:
7143:. Retrieved
7136:the original
7131:
7119:
7107:. Retrieved
7100:the original
7095:
7082:
7051:
7027:
7020:
6996:
6986:
6958:
6949:
6917:
6898:
6889:
6858:
6841:
6837:
6806:, pgs. 1-2.
6798:
6774:
6742:
6734:
6729:
6704:
6694:
6684:30 September
6682:. Retrieved
6672:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6616:. Retrieved
6613:Bartelby.com
6612:
6602:
6594:
6585:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6548:Ros Schwartz
6539:
6514:
6510:
6502:
6492:
6488:
6480:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6450:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6420:
6410:
6406:
6385:
6358:
6337:
6333:
6321:
6305:
6297:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6197:
6176:
6167:
6140:
6127:
6114:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6032:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5953:
5947:
5939:
5934:
5924:
5919:
5909:
5904:
5894:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5842:
5829:
5812:
5799:
5791:przekĆadowca
5762:
5749:
5736:
5726:
5709:
5696:
5679:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5385:Lexicography
5299:False friend
5264:Contrafactum
5229:Bilingualism
5181:
5163:
5154:
5140:
5124:World War II
5117:
5094:
5073:
5072:, 1998, and
5070:Yo-Yo Boing!
5069:
5063:
5061:
5050:
5045:Yo-Yo Boing!
5043:
5035:
5029:
5015:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4976:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4921:(chapter) 36
4918:
4913:
4896:Michelangelo
4887:
4873:
4871:
4814:
4810:horned Moses
4806:Michelangelo
4755:
4732:
4670:â90 CE) and
4653:Pope Francis
4651:
4646:
4617:
4609:
4597:
4578:patron saint
4571:
4550:
4532:
4528:filial piety
4522:'s distinct
4498:
4490:patron saint
4452:
4448:contrafactum
4444:
4440:
4396:
4386:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4324:
4318:
4307:
4300:Robert Frost
4296:idées reçues
4295:
4293:
4288:David Bellos
4277:
4272:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4239:
4236:Sholeh Wolpé
4229:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4211:
4181:
4170:
4167:
4121:
4103:
4096:
4093:Emily Wilson
4078:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4051:
4041:
4024:
4020:
4008:
4004:Omar Khayyam
3997:
3989:
3985:
3971:
3949:
3934:
3919:
3905:
3900:
3893:middle class
3870:
3862:
3860:
3806:
3791:
3784:Lord Berners
3782:(1611), and
3761:
3740:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3695:
3682:
3667:
3633:
3610:
3584:
3574:
3545:
3539:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3469:
3449:specifically
3448:
3423:
3395:
3380:, which the
3370:Claude Piron
3359:
3355:Claude Piron
3337:
3310:
3293:post-editing
3286:
3271:
3256:
3248:
3222:
3202:
3193:
3182:
3170:
3162:
3156:
3125:
3105:conquest of
3086:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3053:
3034:Interpreting
3032:
3029:Interpreting
3003:Tenochtitlan
2999:Moctezuma II
2982:Interpreting
2953:
2921:
2910:
2901:E.M. Forster
2872:
2870:
2858:
2855:Bernard Shaw
2850:
2848:
2840:
2822:
2818:connotations
2799:
2776:
2757:Psychologist
2754:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2678:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2639:
2618:Emily Wilson
2616:
2604:Michael Wood
2602:
2587:connotations
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2530:etymological
2519:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2477:prepositions
2471:
2440:
2438:translator.
2436:metaphrastic
2421:
2406:
2383:
2378:
2364:
2361:
2352:
2339:
2297:) are often
2287:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2150:
2133:
2112:
2108:
2105:transparency
2098:
2076:
2061:
2046:
2032:
2029:
2015:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1974:transparency
1968:
1941:de Bellaigue
1914:
1887:
1878:
1853:
1827:
1815:
1811:Marseillaise
1809:
1793:Muhammad Ali
1782:
1776:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1723:
1716:
1688:Al-Karaouine
1672:
1662:
1658:
1639:
1635:measure word
1625:
1612:
1606:
1587:
1571:
1529:
1520:Tang dynasty
1509:
1492:
1475:
1473:
1442:
1426:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1359:between the
1350:
1332:
1302:
1289:
1285:adding to it
1280:
1258:
1247:
1237:
1213:
1199:
1194:
1180:
1165:
1140:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1060:
1042:
1022:
979:
962:, and hence
953:
939:articulatory
914:
912:
887:
884:
869:
855:
851:
841:
816:
809:
796:
774:
762:
751:
740:adopted the
726:(except for
717:
688:
671:(other than
662:
657:
653:
645:
641:
635:
629:
613:
608:secular icon
566:
562:sacred texts
543:
530:interpreting
528:
524:
501:
500:
339:Associations
285:Localization
229:Technologies
81:
50:
12637:Translation
12596:Open source
12384:Plot device
12334:Originality
12317:Fan fiction
12182:After (art)
12138:Translation
11994:Parody film
11878:Visual arts
11807:Tribute act
11670:in the arts
11440:Moore, A.W.
11219:Swann's Way
11125:Clive Scott
11117:Boyd Tonkin
10989:Judea Pearl
10987:, 304 pp.;
10973:Gary Marcus
10971:, 157 pp.;
10654:9 September
10518:Turing test
10468:Octavio Paz
10460:Link, Perry
10147:Cohen, J.M.
9853:(2): 1â10.
9318:(1): 1â26.
9124:(2): 1â25.
8861:JiĆĂ LevĂœ,
8813:JiĆĂ LevĂœ,
8765:JiĆĂ LevĂœ,
8519:9 September
8295:Judea Pearl
8293:, 304 pp.;
8279:Gary Marcus
8277:, 157 pp.;
8218:Gary Marcus
8075:VentureBeat
7859:Ange Mlinko
7828:Ange Mlinko
7709:Gary Marcus
7691:Gary Marcus
7526:Clive Scott
7518:Boyd Tonkin
7490:Kate Briggs
7324:Swann's Way
7109:20 November
7096:Communicate
6931:Milton Park
6812:AuthorHouse
6808:Bloomington
6756:Milton Park
6568:Clive Scott
6560:Boyd Tonkin
6536:Kate Briggs
6318:Octavio Paz
6131:Typically,
6118:Typically,
6101:Lydia Davis
5993:, from the
5779:tĆumaczenie
5715:interpreter
5645:(noun) and
5643:overzetting
5481:Pre-editing
5476:Postediting
5466:Phonestheme
5320:Hybrid word
5316:("howlers")
5254:Code mixing
5038:(1986) and
5036:Don Quixote
5032:Kathy Acker
4859:River Swift
4828: 1494
4783:Jakub Wujek
4647:malus/malum
4634:offered to
4555:source text
4553:became the
4539:Koine Greek
4315:Book titles
4192:semiotician
4117: 1600
3877:Elizabethan
3842:. This and
3809:Renaissance
3794:(1523â25).
3750: 1382
3732:adaptations
3708:in his own
3567:Anglo-Saxon
3542:Middle Ages
3531:Koine Greek
3500:Achy Obejas
3492:Lydia Davis
3406:connotation
3391:meaningless
3382:grammatical
3378:source text
3374:ambiguities
3301:source text
3297:terminology
3289:source text
3267:concordance
3263:terminology
3252:target text
3087:Doña Marina
3075:La Malinche
2995:La Malinche
2949:W.S. Merwin
2897:Paul Valery
2889:Koine Greek
2883:books from
2865:Shakespeare
2843:omniscience
2836:source text
2802:expressions
2800:Individual
2764:Gary Marcus
2742:source text
2687:translator
2612:speech acts
2554:equivalents
2495:Translators
2473:John Dryden
2428:High German
2418:grammatical
2416:, peculiar
2371:Jan Potocki
2345:short story
2330:short story
2274:Eugene Nida
2259:target text
2250:source text
2243:Source text
2193:syntactical
2154:equivalents
2117:Eugene Nida
2089:Equivalence
1984:source text
1917:World War I
1879:"darwiniya"
1838:consonantal
1765:Montesquieu
1753:al-Muqtataf
1726:Middle East
1719:Renaissance
1710:), and the
1590:grammatical
1566:parallelism
1544:calligraphy
1372:Babylonians
1309:Mesopotamia
1216:La Fontaine
1143:Roger Bacon
968:grammatical
923:equivalents
919:Middle Ages
890:equivalence
864:equivalents
860:John Dryden
837:John Dryden
797:paraphrasis
775:metaphrasis
525:translating
502:Translation
458:Translators
272:Postediting
267:Pre-editing
82:Translation
12662:Vocabulary
12631:Categories
12489:Nachahmung
12475:Dionysian
12415:L.H.O.O.Q.
12339:Simulacrum
12148:Adaptation
12128:Plagiarism
12062:Joke theft
12045:Other arts
11838:Assemblage
11700:Contrafact
11515:19 January
11498:anglophone
11494:McGuinness
11362:George III
11308:(1): 1â5.
10686:Pei, Mario
10664:Parks, Tim
10538:Commonweal
9710:(2): 1â4.
9683:21 October
9638:: 85â108.
9161:1143649021
9019:Commonweal
8956:(1): 5â9.
8050:. Benzinga
7145:1 February
6589:Quoted in
6382:Perry Link
6355:Perry Link
6310:Perry Link
6072:Perfection
5866:References
5805:techniques
5731:contexts."
5647:overzetten
5641:The Dutch
5456:Paraphrase
5425:Metaphrase
5128:pseudonyms
5104:neologisms
5080:Golden Age
5053:Postmodern
5022:involved.
4762:vernacular
4728: 340
4717: 200
4704: â c.
4702: 155
4691:Tertullian
4551:Septuagint
4547:Alexandria
4543:Septuagint
4412:free verse
4393:Sung texts
4294:Among the
4143:Hofstadter
4080:Anna North
4053:Edward III
3982:Victorians
3863:adaptation
3792:Chronicles
3638:undertook
3595:St. Jerome
3564:vernacular
3554:, king of
3535:Alexandria
3523:Septuagint
3259:dictionary
3229:Babel Fish
3218:businesses
3095:Gulf Coast
3016:and their
2976:vocabulary
2939:, then at
2937:Ezra Pound
2917:bowdlerize
2877:Septuagint
2828:Kurt Gödel
2563:bicultural
2549:paraphrase
2545:metaphrase
2520:into which
2509:from which
2485:Ben Jonson
2432:Low German
2388:physician
2341:Mark Twain
2326:Mark Twain
2305:, such as
2291:linguistic
2241:See also:
2142:word order
2134:functional
2045:epic, the
2034:adaptation
1875:neologisms
1867:skepticism
1865:expressed
1777:Telemachus
1650:verb tense
1516:Perry Link
1505:Perry Link
1437:KumÄrajÄ«va
1292:March 2012
1206:grammarian
1183:dictionary
1086:Đ°ĐșŃŃĐ°Đ»ŃĐœŃĐč
1049:paraphrase
1045:metaphrase
1032:that are "
980:vice versa
964:word order
935:verse form
856:paraphrase
852:metaphrase
792:ÏαÏÎŹÏÏαÏÎčÏ
787:paraphrase
779:metaphrase
770:ΌΔÏÎŹÏÏαÏÎčÏ
733:translÄtiĆ
689:translatio
658:translatio
625:translatio
514:equivalent
421:Scanlation
262:Subtitling
175:Homophonic
145:Regulatory
12652:Semantics
12364:Archetype
12356:and forms
12312:Fan labor
12192:Bricolage
12133:Quotation
12021:TV format
11927:Mona Lisa
11822:Vaporwave
11817:Variation
11777:Quodlibet
11772:Potpourri
11762:Pasticcio
11752:Nightcore
11527:1920. At
11179:Aeschylus
11131:, 2018),
11049:188019915
11041:2359-8107
10861:cite book
10771:cite book
10763:224073589
10526:ambiguous
10263:Tim Parks
10137:, 2017),
10131:On Empson
10038:(2004) .
9904:198632812
9752:2 October
9726:1836-9324
9613:0236-6568
9544:1355-6509
9460:cite book
9427:1722-5906
9384:0907-676X
9332:1355-6509
9291:cite book
9283:868285393
9224:2334-4415
9166:liquidly.
8972:188019915
8905:191603013
8720:cite book
8669:cite book
8614:cite book
8606:951070853
8573:892798474
8493:11 August
8465:11 August
7987:9 October
7964:1799-2591
7741:, 2017),
7735:On Empson
7532:, 2018),
7384:Aeschylus
7306:, p. 424.
7300:Mario Pei
7280:, "Prus'
6935:Routledge
6871:Amsterdam
6760:Routledge
6721:1607-3614
6574:, 2018),
6013:vertaling
5991:vertaling
5755:Provençal
5672:chemistry
5655:vertaling
5651:omzetting
5345:Inttranet
5279:Diglossia
5084:Modernist
5042:âs novel
5034:âs novel
4988:over time
4872:A famous
4781:, 1522),
4679: 80
4668: 80
4456:surtitles
4416:art music
3978:footnotes
3908:stylistic
3852:Aristotle
3824:Byzantine
3822:, of the
3190:Telephone
3136:Sacagawea
3083:Malinalli
3079:Malintzin
3022:Sacagawea
2960:East Asia
2958:texts in
2814:sentences
2791:diplomacy
2768:ambiguous
2705:clearness
2598:Mario Pei
2583:sentences
2534:idiomatic
2516:excellent
2505:very good
2447:Christian
2386:Classical
2324:In 1903,
2299:ambiguous
2293:symbols (
2001:idiomatic
1883:Darwinism
1869:, writes
1654:ambiguity
1453:East Asia
1449:Southeast
1353:bilingual
1264:Near East
1193:, in his
1187:thesaurus
1147:languages
1122:flageolet
1057:etymology
984:languages
844:antiquity
812:imperfect
757:trÄductiĆ
743:trÄductiĆ
694:trÄductiĆ
677:Afrikaans
595:Etymology
558:loanwords
533:(oral or
150:Technical
63:Aristotle
59:Charles V
12584:Fair use
12477:imitatio
12470:Diegesis
12294:Afflatus
12266:Anti-art
12253:concepts
12197:Citation
12161:Literary
12123:Pastiche
12108:Allusion
12092:concepts
12090:General
12016:Supercut
11802:Standard
11792:Sampling
11676:By field
11322:62020741
11123:, 2018;
11115:, 2018;
11078:(1994).
10907:(1980).
10715:(1994).
10688:(1984).
10666:(2007).
10550:(1983).
10510:athletic
10506:Multiple
10474:Wang Wei
10408:cognates
10399:25777966
10315:(2007).
10214:27 April
10081:(2009).
10060:(1995).
10017:(1984).
9995:(1990).
9392:69992861
9127:process.
8897:25070054
8712:34705134
8661:43114993
8540:Newsweek
8114:Archived
8109:See the
7524:, 2018;
7516:, 2018;
7508:, 2017;
7496:, 2017;
7196:Archived
7070:, 2010.
7064:New York
6994:(2016).
6957:(2020).
6937:, 2004.
6877:, 2005.
6814:, 2009.
6762:, 2004.
6707:: 1â12.
6618:27 April
6566:, 2018;
6558:, 2018;
6550:, 2017;
6542:, 2017;
6324:Wang Wei
5998:vertalen
5773:przekĆad
5192:See also
5122:. After
5098:being a
5068:, 1988;
5057:Catullus
5051:Acker's
5020:cultures
4942:Muhammad
4878:Biblical
4567:Georgian
4563:Armenian
4502:Buddhist
4432:chorales
4424:refrains
4420:stanzaic
4387:Wen Xuan
4377:Wen Xuan
4304:Japanese
4214:in prose
4188:linguist
4153:Jakobson
3999:Rubaiyat
3915:accuracy
3897:printing
3889:Petrarch
3826:scholar
3816:Florence
3617:Buddhism
3581:Boethius
3333:StarDict
3315:such as
3313:Internet
3214:internet
3199:Internet
2964:cultures
2956:Buddhist
2924:painting
2746:language
2595:linguist
2591:cultural
2567:language
2101:fidelity
2048:Ramayana
1970:Fidelity
1906:Brighton
1802:Voltaire
1763:canon. (
1700:Al-Azhar
1640:Chinese
1629:have no
1615:Wang Wei
1553:syllable
1524:Wang Wei
1495:Sanskrit
1488:glossing
1465:Buddhist
1424:Buddhist
1321:Anatolia
1222:, poet,
1202:language
1116:playing
1076:aktualny
1030:concepts
915:practice
823:Theories
667:and the
656:). Thus
577:Internet
160:Cultural
110:Literary
74:a series
72:Part of
12509:Pop art
12483:Mimesis
12427:Quixote
12227:Reprise
12166:Theatre
12052:In-joke
12026:Vidding
11890:Collage
11403:context
11364:to the
11119:, ed.,
10853:9719326
10824:(ed.),
10530:pronoun
10427:Pharaoh
10410:of the
10235:Galassi
9985:4365103
9508:6 April
9057:(ed.).
9007:, 1943.
8849:3204378
8801:3204378
8336:28 July
7671:Pharaoh
7520:, ed.,
7282:Pharaoh
7217:NPR.org
6903:Hamburg
6655:, 1994.
6639:, 1984.
6562:, ed.,
6221:, ed.,
5852:Abraham
5785:tĆumacz
5668:physics
4969:context
4950:Gabriel
4928:Islamic
4910:Chinese
4836:Antwerp
4817:martyrs
4789:), and
4787:Jesuits
4721:Ambrose
4710:Cyprian
4640:apricot
4602:Solomon
4586:Vulgate
4524:culture
4516:Chinese
4308:chĆyaku
4184:Russian
4163:Nabokov
4098:Odyssey
3990:foreign
3935:English
3872:Pléiade
3844:Erasmus
3702:Italian
3664:Castile
3658:. King
3652:CĂłrdoba
3629:Chinese
3599:Vulgate
3560:England
3517:History
3386:lexical
3376:in the
3366:context
3325:Babylon
3321:Almaany
3159:Lin Shu
3150:to the
3144:Hidatsa
3121:Lin Shu
3103:Spanish
3056:written
2810:phrases
2772:pronoun
2740:of the
2703:is the
2672:or the
2575:grammar
2231:elegant
2189:lexical
2148:, etc.
2113:dynamic
1859:Turkish
1856:Ottoman
1834:Semitic
1822:Abbasid
1797:Ottoman
1773:FĂ©nelon
1745:sheikhs
1730:Islamic
1696:Morocco
1594:subject
1583:anatomy
1579:scalpel
1575:dilemma
1512:Chinese
1461:Chinese
1433:Chinese
1344:) into
1313:Assyria
1248:Due to
1151:science
1126:bassoon
1098:Terence
1091:actueel
1081:aktuell
1067:French
1065:cognate
1008:Russian
960:sememes
956:context
927:meaning
783:literal
728:Russian
700:trÄdĆ«cĆ
685:concept
681:calqued
679:) have
616:English
554:calques
546:grammar
539:writing
506:meaning
354:Schools
257:Dubbing
140:Medical
12442:(2010)
12432:(1939)
12419:(1919)
12232:Satire
12222:Mashup
12212:Homage
12118:Parody
12113:Calque
12004:Remake
11787:Riddim
11732:Medley
11722:DJ mix
11580:
11478:
11466:
11454:
11429:
11350:
11320:
11249:
11229:
11147:Hesiod
11086:
11064:
11047:
11039:
10999:
10983:
10967:
10919:
10851:
10832:
10761:
10745:
10727:
10696:
10674:
10632:
10613:
10558:
10449:
10435:e-book
10397:
10391:XXVIII
10323:
10112:
10093:
10068:
10046:
10025:
10003:
9983:
9957:
9935:
9924:Aeneid
9902:
9892:
9824:
9797:
9724:
9611:
9567:
9542:
9499:
9448:
9425:
9390:
9382:
9330:
9281:
9271:
9247:
9222:
9159:
9149:
9092:
9065:
8970:
8903:
8895:
8847:
8799:
8710:
8700:
8659:
8649:
8604:
8594:
8571:
8561:
8305:
8289:
8273:
8170:
7962:
7895:passim
7679:e-book
7625:Hesiod
7462:
7451:Aeneid
7354:
7334:
7260:
7226:18 May
7074:
7039:
7008:
6978:
6967:
6941:
6909:
6881:
6875:Rodopi
6838:Target
6818:
6790:
6766:
6719:
6006:prefix
5776:" or "
5768:Polish
5742:Poetry
5531:Syntax
5239:Calque
5166:survey
5120:tropes
5082:, and
5001:hadith
4914:Quran'
4863:schism
4832:heresy
4737:, the
4687:Jerome
4624:Mariam
4614:sexual
4594:Isaiah
4574:Jerome
4565:, and
4559:Coptic
4512:sutras
4509:Indian
4486:Jerome
4382:genres
4186:-born
4134:Poetry
4106:prefer
4068:Genji:
3986:pseudo
3957:Ossian
3922:Virgil
3912:verbal
3881:Horace
3867:France
3728:poetic
3674:Toledo
3556:Wessex
3527:Jewish
3502:, and
3459:, and
3430:novels
3345:Ectaco
3331:, and
3107:Mexico
2974:, and
2972:idioms
2913:censor
2885:Hebrew
2787:poetry
2734:choice
2685:Polish
2670:script
2666:sonata
2579:syntax
2467:Coptic
2410:idioms
2394:Arabic
2227:per se
2163:" and
2138:sememe
2109:formal
2043:Indian
2025:Venuti
1988:Sylvae
1964:Dryden
1915:After
1898:Darwin
1881:, or "
1830:Arabic
1789:Muslim
1675:Arabic
1631:number
1600:, and
1598:number
1581:of an
1549:rhythm
1484:kanbun
1476:per se
1457:Indian
1325:Israel
1323:, and
1228:author
1200:spoken
1106:Cicero
1102:artist
1070:actuel
1061:actual
1004:Polish
992:German
988:French
972:active
898:Horace
894:Cicero
880:Cicero
781:" (a "
752:calque
648:, the
642:-latio
571:or to
550:syntax
535:signed
416:Fandub
411:Fansub
344:Awards
183:Theory
12406:works
12324:Genre
12305:Muses
11943:PietĂ
11935:David
11910:Swipe
11863:Trope
11812:Trope
11782:Remix
11683:Music
11490:Pears
11446:: by
11329:(PDF)
11318:S2CID
11298:(PDF)
11181:: by
11045:S2CID
10894:Mainz
10719:[
10395:JSTOR
9975:[
9900:S2CID
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