944:
1730:
155:, balance bikes rapidly gained favour in cycling pedagogy after their introduction in 1997. Balance bikes are bicycles without pedals that allow children to develop balance and coordination naturally without the use of training wheels. Learning to ride with a balance bike delivers greater long-term benefits for young riders than training wheels. Balance bikes began to supplant training wheels globally during the 2010s.
93:
30:
129:
Delayed confidence building: Training wheels can create a false sense of security for young riders. As they become accustomed to the stability provided by the training wheels, they may not feel confident enough to ride without them. This can lead to a longer learning period and hinder the development
116:
Researchers have demonstrated that training wheels delay the development of proper balance and steering skills. Reliance on training wheels prevents riders from fully experiencing the dynamic nature of riding a bicycle and leads to difficulties in transitioning to riding without them. Training wheels
125:
Limited balance development: Training wheels, while offering initial stability, inhibit the development of essential balance and coordination skills. The extra wheels prevent the rider from fully experiencing the natural side-to-side motion required for balance. As a result, riders may become overly
133:
Ineffective steering control: Training wheels limit the rider's ability to steer the bicycle effectively. Since the training wheels primarily support the weight, the rider has less control over the direction of the bicycle. This restriction can impede the development of essential manoeuvring skills
142:
Training wheels particularly become an obstacle to learning if they are adjusted incorrectly, because they prevent the bike from leaning if they are too low, and inhibit braking if too much weight is taken off the rear wheel by training wheels that are too low. Adjusting training wheels correctly,
77:
outward from the bicycle frame, ideally keeping the training wheels just above the ground. The bracket is meant to be adjustable to accommodate different heights and angles of the training wheels, allowing for customization based on the rider's needs, but this is difficult to achieve in practice.
137:
Difficulty transitioning: Removing training wheels can be a challenging and intimidating process for young riders. The sudden shift from a supported riding experience to unsupported riding can be overwhelming and frustrating. Many children experience setbacks and become discouraged during this
76:
introduced training wheels in 1949 with its 'Convertible' bike. The typical design for training wheels has not changed since this time. They are composed of two small wheels, one on each side of the rear wheel of the bicycle. They are attached laterally to a metal bracket or frame that extends
99:
97:
94:
107:
The functionality of training wheels is based on the premise that a learner rider can gradually develop their balance and coordination skills by relying on the support of the extra wheels. As the rider gains confidence and proficiency, the training wheels are gradually raised or removed,
98:
785:
Cordovil, Rita; Mercê, Cristiana; Branco, Marco; Lopes, Frederico; Catela, David; Hasanen, Elina; Laukkanen, Arto; Tortella, Patrizia; Fumagalli, Guido; Sá, Cristina; Jidovtseff, Boris; Zeuwts, Linus; De
Meester, An; Bardid, Farid; Fujikawa, Ricardo (28 April 2022).
96:
716:
MercĂŞ, Cristiana; Pereira, Joana Vilar; Branco, Marco; Catela, David; Cordovil, Rita (23 November 2021). "Training programmes to learn how to ride a bicycle independently for children and youths: A systematic review".
95:
683:
Cain, Stephen M.; Ulrich, Dale A.; Perkins, Noel C. (17 October 2012). "Using measured bicycle kinematics to quantify increased skill as a rider learns to ride a bicycle".
550:
Shim, Andrew L.; Norman, Shannon (2 January 2015). "Incorporating pedal-less bicycles into a pre-K through third-grade curriculum to improve stability in children".
624:
MercĂŞ, Cristiana; Cordovil, Rita; Catela, David; Galdino, Flávia; Bernardino, Mafalda; Altenburg, Mirjam; AntĂłnio, Gonçalo; BrĂgida, Nancy; Branco, Marco (2022).
1690:
1568:
415:
Becker, Andrew; Jenny, Seth E. (4 May 2017). "No need for training wheels: Ideas for including balance bikes in elementary physical education".
1710:
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143:
and raising them higher as the child's skill increases, helps to mitigate but does not completely eliminate these problems.
685:
ASME 2012 5th annual dynamic systems and control conference joint with the JSME 2012 11th motion and vibration conference
80:
The concept of training wheels can refer figuratively in
English to any artificial support for a machine, especially in
1695:
1292:
1206:
769:
396:
241:
138:
transition phase, often requiring additional time and support to become comfortable riding without training wheels.
121:, so that, as with a tricycle, children learn to turn the handlebars the wrong way, which must be unlearned later.
1715:
1700:
1272:
1267:
1138:
856:
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1458:
995:
626:"Learning to cycle: Is velocity a control parameter for children's cycle patterns on the balance bike?"
1553:
1158:
213:
179:
1478:
1754:
849:
218:
184:
273:"Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling"
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8:
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MercĂŞ, Cristiana; Branco, Marco; Catela, David; Lopes, Frederico; Cordovil, Rita (2022).
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theoretically allowing the rider to transition to riding without additional support.
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61:
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60:
have gradually replaced training wheels as a more effective tool for developing a
1548:
1533:
1515:
1510:
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1395:
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1262:
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563:
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reliant on the training wheels and struggle to transition to riding without them.
118:
1628:
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738:
651:
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595:"Wheels up: Spiral progression pedagogy towards creative movers using wheels"
571:
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485:
436:
355:
296:
57:
45:
642:
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1385:
1297:
1103:
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314:
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outside North
America, are a set of additional wheels attached to the rear
476:
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1163:
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19:
1659:
1613:
1490:
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1375:
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1153:
1032:
975:
788:"Learning to cycle: A cross-cultural and cross-generational comparison"
288:
1573:
1505:
1123:
1041:
898:
1312:
1307:
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1008:
928:
913:
134:
and make it harder for the rider to navigate corners and obstacles.
53:
1453:
1257:
1215:
1082:
980:
334:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
49:
29:
841:
56:
as beginners learn to ride independently. Since the late 1990s,
1027:
965:
73:
687:. Vol. 3. Fort Lauderdale, FL: ASME. pp. 195–199.
1184:
623:
1423:
330:"Learning to cycle: From training wheels to balance bike"
784:
715:
205:
762:
Two wheels good: The history and mystery of the bicycle
327:
552:
Journal of
Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
417:
Journal of
Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
171:
593:Murray, Alison; Howells, Kristy (6 February 2023).
1691:List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies
206:
172:
682:
457:
242:"How to teach a kid to ride a bike in 30 minutes"
1746:
270:
117:that prevent the bike from leaning also prevent
1569:Bicycle transportation planning and engineering
458:Carroll, John M.; Carrithers, Caroline (1984).
146:
1200:
857:
599:Journal of Early Childhood Education Research
592:
507:Davies, Sarah (2 May 2020). "On your bike!".
239:
321:
240:Clark, Nick; Rowntree, Isla (7 April 2023).
414:
277:British Journal of Developmental Psychology
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864:
850:
549:
821:
803:
659:
641:
475:
386:
363:
345:
304:
151:Returning to the bicycle's origin in the
1711:List of films about bicycles and cycling
410:
408:
91:
28:
271:Blommenstein, Biko; Kamp, John (2022).
1747:
586:
506:
266:
264:
262:
1188:
845:
759:
719:Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy
460:"Training wheels in a user interface"
405:
676:
227:participating institution membership
193:participating institution membership
391:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 144.
389:A history of cycling in 100 objects
259:
13:
14:
1771:
1696:List of BMX bicycle manufacturers
1293:History of cycling infrastructure
871:
1729:
1728:
942:
52:, effectively turning it into a
1716:List of doping cases in cycling
1701:List of bicycle-sharing systems
778:
753:
709:
693:10.1115/DSCC2012-MOVIC2012-8541
617:
543:
500:
451:
380:
233:
199:
165:
111:
1:
731:10.1080/17408989.2021.2005014
429:10.1080/07303084.2016.1270789
158:
564:10.1080/07303084.2015.978681
147:Replacement by balance bikes
103:Training wheels in use, 2020
7:
1214:
10:
1776:
1410:Sports-related cycling and
792:Frontiers in Public Health
521:10.12968/eyed.2020.22.1.S4
67:
17:
1724:
1678:
1642:
1554:Bicycle poverty reduction
1524:
1409:
1321:
1250:
1222:
1091:
1055:
994:
951:
940:
879:
805:10.3389/fpubh.2022.861390
464:Communications of the ACM
214:Oxford English Dictionary
180:Oxford English Dictionary
1589:Bike Week (Bicycle Week)
387:Clemitson, Suze (2017).
18:Not to be confused with
764:. London: Bodley Head.
643:10.3390/children9121937
219:Oxford University Press
185:Oxford University Press
1624:Protected intersection
1604:Cycling infrastructure
1346:Bicycle-sharing system
1288:History of the bicycle
347:10.3390/ijerph19031814
104:
87:
34:
1686:List of bicycle types
1670:Sustainable transport
1429:Cross-country cycling
1412:fast-paced recreation
1251:General and technical
477:10.1145/358198.358218
102:
72:The American company
32:
986:Quick release skewer
760:Rosen, Jody (2022).
509:Early Years Educator
82:software development
1496:Road bicycle racing
1366:Cold-weather biking
1341:Bicycle rental/hire
1278:Bicycle performance
217:(Online ed.).
183:(Online ed.).
1650:Bicycle collecting
1525:Health, safety and
289:10.1111/bjdp.12409
130:of self-assurance.
105:
35:
1760:Cycling equipment
1742:
1741:
1634:Vehicular cycling
1401:Vehicular cycling
1336:Bicycle messenger
1331:Bicycle commuting
1182:
1181:
702:978-0-7918-4531-8
225:(Subscription or
191:(Subscription or
100:
1767:
1732:
1731:
1706:List of cyclists
1599:Cycling advocacy
1584:Bike-to-Work Day
1539:Bicycle-friendly
1419:Artistic cycling
1361:Challenge riding
1322:Utility and slow
1283:Electric bicycle
1273:Bicycle geometry
1268:Bicycle dynamics
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208:"training wheel"
203:
197:
196:
188:
176:
169:
101:
62:sense of balance
33:A training wheel
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1764:
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1743:
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1720:
1674:
1638:
1549:Bicycle parking
1534:Active mobility
1526:
1520:
1516:Unicycle trials
1511:Unicycle hockey
1474:Mountain biking
1411:
1405:
1396:Utility cycling
1391:Utility bicycle
1351:Bicycle touring
1323:
1317:
1263:Bicycle culture
1246:
1218:
1213:
1183:
1178:
1174:Training wheels
1134:Luggage carrier
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149:
119:countersteering
114:
92:
90:
70:
38:Training wheels
27:
12:
11:
5:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:Bicycle wheels
1740:
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1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
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1631:
1629:Tegelijk groen
1626:
1621:
1619:Lane splitting
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Bicycle safety
1561:
1556:
1551:
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1536:
1530:
1528:
1527:infrastructure
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1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
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1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1469:Gravel cycling
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:Cycle speedway
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
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1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Indoor cycling
1368:
1363:
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1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
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1310:
1305:
1303:Tandem bicycle
1300:
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926:
924:Bottom bracket
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869:
868:
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837:
777:
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725:(5): 530–545.
708:
701:
675:
616:
585:
542:
499:
470:(8): 800–806.
450:
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397:
379:
320:
283:(2): 242–253.
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232:
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24:Trailing wheel
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1579:Bike registry
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1559:Bicycle rodeo
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1501:Track cycling
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1449:Cyclosportive
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1119:Cyclocomputer
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873:Bicycle parts
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771:9781847923073
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58:balance bikes
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1609:Hand signals
1386:Road cycling
1298:Balance bike
1173:
1068:Bowden cable
971:Spoke nipple
795:
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636:(12): 1937.
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605:(1): 54–78.
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558:(1): 50–51.
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515:(1): S4–S5.
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15:
1665:Quadracycle
1655:Cycling kit
1594:Cyclability
1544:Bicycle law
1444:Cyclo-cross
1439:Cycle sport
1164:Skirt guard
1109:Bottle cage
1092:Peripherals
1073:Cable guide
1023:Master link
340:(3): 1814.
153:dandy horse
112:Limitations
42:stabilizers
40:, known as
20:Train wheel
1749:Categories
1660:Pentacycle
1614:Idaho stop
1491:Pump track
1464:Goldsprint
1376:Rail trail
1356:Cargo bike
1324:recreation
1159:Reflectors
1154:Spoke card
1033:Derailleur
996:Drivetrain
976:Valve stem
934:Suspension
889:Handlebars
798:: 861390.
229:required.)
195:required.)
159:References
1574:Bike rage
1506:Triathlon
1454:Fatbiking
1231:Outlines
1149:Saddlebag
1139:Mudguards
1124:Kickstand
1042:Gear case
1037:Hub gears
899:Head tube
814:2296-2565
747:244650340
739:1740-8989
652:2227-9067
611:2323-7414
580:154141926
572:0730-3084
537:218789762
529:1465-931X
486:0001-0782
445:113778276
437:0730-3084
356:1660-4601
297:0261-510X
246:BikeRadar
1734:Category
1479:Downhill
1459:Freeride
1313:Unicycle
1308:Tricycle
1235:Bicycles
1227:Glossary
1144:Panniers
1129:Lighting
1047:Sprocket
1009:Crankset
929:Fork end
914:Seatpost
832:35570950
670:36553380
630:Children
374:35162834
315:35262200
54:tricycle
1258:Bicycle
1240:Cycling
1216:Cycling
1114:Fairing
1083:Ferrule
1063:Shifter
1056:Cabling
981:Dustcap
904:Headset
823:9096157
661:9776492
494:2269827
365:8834827
306:9310799
251:11 June
68:History
50:bicycle
1484:Trials
1169:Fender
1099:Basket
1028:Cogset
953:Wheels
919:Saddle
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1679:Lists
1643:Other
1078:Brake
1014:Chain
1004:Pedal
966:Spoke
881:Frame
743:S2CID
576:S2CID
533:S2CID
490:S2CID
441:S2CID
223:
189:
74:Huffy
48:of a
46:wheel
1104:Bell
1018:Belt
961:Tire
909:Fork
894:Stem
828:PMID
810:ISSN
766:ISBN
735:ISSN
697:ISBN
666:PMID
648:ISSN
607:ISSN
568:ISSN
525:ISSN
482:ISSN
433:ISSN
393:ISBN
370:PMID
352:ISSN
311:PMID
293:ISSN
253:2023
1424:BMX
818:PMC
800:doi
727:doi
689:doi
656:PMC
638:doi
560:doi
517:doi
472:doi
425:doi
360:PMC
342:doi
301:PMC
285:doi
88:Use
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